<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001493152-22-005408.txt : 20220224
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<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20220224163058
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001493152-22-005408
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	10-Q/A
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		45
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20210630
FILED AS OF DATE:		20220224
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20220224

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			RESEARCH FRONTIERS INC
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0000793524
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	PATENT OWNERS & LESSORS [6794]
		IRS NUMBER:				112103466
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		10-Q/A
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	000-14893
		FILM NUMBER:		22671579

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		240 CROSSWAYS PARK DR
		CITY:			WOODBURY
		STATE:			NY
		ZIP:			11797-2033
		BUSINESS PHONE:		5163641902

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		240 CROSSWAYS PARK DR
		CITY:			WOODBURY
		STATE:			NY
		ZIP:			11797-2033
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<TYPE>10-Q/A
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></span></p>

<!-- Field: Rule-Page --><div style="width: 100%"><div style="border-top: Black 4pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-size: 1pt">&#160;</div></div><!-- Field: /Rule-Page -->

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 18pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>UNITED
STATES</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 18pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>SECURITIES
AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>WASHINGTON,
D.C. 20549</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 18pt"><b>FORM
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 18pt"><b>Amendment
No. 1</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">QUARTERLY
REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) of</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">THE
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(Exact
name of registrant as specified in its charter)</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; width: 2%; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; width: 49%; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_903_edei--EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_c20210101__20210630_zpDADskUD7q"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" name="dei:EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">11-2103466</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; white-space: nowrap"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(State
    or other jurisdiction of</span></p>
    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">incorporation
    or organization)</span></p></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; white-space: nowrap"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(I.R.S.
    Employer</span></p>
    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Identification
    No.)</span></p></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; white-space: nowrap">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center">&#160;</td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; white-space: nowrap">&#160;</td></tr>

<tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; width: 2%; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; width: 49%; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(Address
    of principal executive offices)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(Zip
    Code)</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Registrant&#8217;s
telephone number, including area code <span id="xdx_901_edei--CityAreaCode_c20210101__20210630_zGgjhYydZ8S9"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" name="dei:CityAreaCode">(516)</ix:nonNumeric></span> <span id="xdx_90D_edei--LocalPhoneNumber_c20210101__20210630_zgGHKAYUszQk"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" name="dei:LocalPhoneNumber">364-1902</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; width: 49%; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Securities
    registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; width: 2%; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; width: 49%; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Name
    of Exchange</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Title
    of Class</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">on
    Which Registered</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Common
    Stock, $0.0001 Par Value</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
    NASDAQ Stock Market</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Securities
registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Indicate
by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes&#160;&#9744; No&#160;&#9746;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Indicate
by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes&#160;&#9744;
No&#160;&#9746;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2)
has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. <span id="xdx_90D_edei--EntityCurrentReportingStatus_c20210101__20210630_zaa5JBMke9N3"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" name="dei:EntityCurrentReportingStatus">Yes</ix:nonNumeric></span>&#160;&#9746;  No&#160;&#9744;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant
to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (&#167; 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant
was required to submit and post such files). <span id="xdx_901_edei--EntityInteractiveDataCurrent_c20210101__20210630_zYFMCwy0EKwi"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" name="dei:EntityInteractiveDataCurrent">Yes</ix:nonNumeric></span>&#160;&#9746;  No&#160;&#9744;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company
or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of &#8220;large accelerated filer,&#8221; &#8220;accelerated filer,&#8221; &#8220;smaller
reporting company&#8221; and &#8220;emerging growth company&#8221; in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 37%; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Large
    accelerated filer &#9744;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 28%; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Accelerated
    filer &#9744;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 35%; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_90E_edei--EntityFilerCategory_c20210101__20210630_zJscf5dEHt59"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" format="ixt-sec:entityfilercategoryen" name="dei:EntityFilerCategory">Non-accelerated filer</ix:nonNumeric></span> &#9744;</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 50%; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Smaller
    reporting company <span id="xdx_901_edei--EntitySmallBusiness_c20210101__20210630_zD1AP6hAQrxb"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" format="ixt:booleantrue" name="dei:EntitySmallBusiness">&#9746;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 50%; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Emerging
    growth company <span id="xdx_903_edei--EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_c20210101__20210630_zTeErVLWGJue"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" format="ixt:booleanfalse" name="dei:EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">If
an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying
with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.&#160;&#9744;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.25in"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes&#160;&#9744;   <span id="xdx_906_edei--EntityShellCompany_c20210101__20210630_zLYkElEpSrF2"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" format="ixt:booleanfalse" name="dei:EntityShellCompany">No</ix:nonNumeric></span>&#160;&#9746;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Securities
registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 36%; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Title
    of Each Class</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 2%"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 24%; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Trading
    Symbol(s)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 2%"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 36%; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Name
    of each exchange on which registered</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_909_edei--Security12bTitle_c20210101__20210630_z5CAfr4aLOKb"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" name="dei:Security12bTitle">Common
    Stock, par value $0.0001 per share</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_902_edei--TradingSymbol_c20210101__20210630_zZPswu81Rtol"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" name="dei:TradingSymbol">REFR</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
    <span id="xdx_90B_edei--SecurityExchangeName_c20210101__20210630_z3EVGV0BdYoa"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" format="ixt-sec:exchnameen" name="dei:SecurityExchangeName">NASDAQ</ix:nonNumeric></span> Stock Market</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Indicate
the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer&#8217;s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date: As of February
24, 2022, there were outstanding <span id="xdx_90D_edei--EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding_iI_c20220224_zQ1FwUp2jCY1"><ix:nonFraction name="dei:EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding" contextRef="AsOf2022-02-24" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">31,650,396</ix:nonFraction> </span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">shares
of Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 1; Options: NewSection -->
    <div style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; margin-bottom: 6pt"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font-size: 10pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left"><td style="text-align: center; width: 100%">&#160;</td></tr></table></div>
    <div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font-size: 10pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left"><td style="text-align: center; width: 100%">&#160;</td></tr></table></div>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">EXPLANATORY
NOTE</span> <span id="xdx_902_edei--AmendmentDescription_c20210101__20210630_zNDukSXiSzU3"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" name="dei:AmendmentDescription">This Amendment No. 1 on Form 10-Q/A amends our quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2021, initially
filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 5, 2021 (the Original Form 10-Q). This Form 10-Q/A amends and restates Items
1, 2 and 4 of Part I of the Original Form 10-Q and adds Item 1A of Part II to the Original Form 10-Q and no other items in the Original
Form 10-Q are amended hereby. In Item 1, this Form 10-Q/A includes our restated condensed consolidated interim financial statements for
the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, including certain notes thereto. The restatement relates to certain investments of the
Company which were classified as cash equivalents on the June 30, 2021 balance sheet which the Company has determined do not qualify
as cash equivalents. Such investments have been reclassified and are now presented as marketable securities, the statement of cashflows
also reflects the purchase and sale activity of such marketable securities for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and notes 1 and 11
to the condensed consolidated financial statements have also been amended. This restatement did not impact the results of operations,
loss per share or shareholders&#8217; equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021. This restatement, which only relates to
the reclassification of certain investments from cash to marketable securities, does not affect the company&#8217;s net income/loss for
any period nor does it have any material impact on liquidity and capital resources.</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company identified this error during the performance of certain specific internal controls performed during our year end reporting process.
Management has reassessed its evaluation of the effectiveness of its Disclosure Controls and Procedures as of June 30, 2021 and has concluded
that there was a material weakness in the Company&#8217;s management quarterly review control related to the assessment of the classification
of cash equivalents and marketable securities. For a description of the material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting
and our plan to remediate the material weakness, see Part II &#8211; Item 4. Controls and Procedures of this Amendment No. 1 on Form
10-Q/A.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
addition, pursuant to the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission, Item 6 of Part II of the Original Form 10-Q has been amended
to contain currently-dated certifications from our Chief Executive Officer and Acting Interim Chief Financial Officer, as required by
Sections 302 and 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. This Amendment No. 1 on Form 10-Q/A has not been updated for events occurring
after the filing of the Original Form 10-Q, except to reflect the foregoing.</span></p>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>TABLE
    OF CONTENTS</b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.1in"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; width: 0.5in; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Page(s)</b></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><a href="#vi_001">Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets &#8211; June 30, 2021 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2020</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><a href="#vi_002">Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 (Unaudited)</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><a href="#vi_003">Condensed
    Consolidated Statements of Shareholders&#8217; Equity for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 (Unaudited)</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">5</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><a href="#vi_004">Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 (Unaudited)</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">6</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><a href="#vi_005">Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">7-12</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><a href="#vi_006">Item 2. Management&#8217;s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">13-16</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><a href="#vi_007">Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">17</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><a href="#vi_008">Item 4. Controls and Procedures</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">17</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><a href="#vi_009">PART II - OTHER INFORMATION</a></b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCEEFF">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
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  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="vi_001"></span>RESEARCH
FRONTIERS INCORPORATED</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Condensed
Consolidated Balance Sheets</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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                                                                                <p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">(Restated)</p></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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  <tr id="xdx_403_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent_i02I_maCz0aZ_z8C6s1gQdFxa" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40F_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent_i01I_maCzLpg_zYPL9kzQsBR1" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent" contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">557,204</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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  <tr id="xdx_40F_eus-gaap--Liabilities_i01TI_mtCzLpg_maCzFD1_zVqEXUA8aG5c" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 20pt; text-align: left">Total liabilities</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_404_eus-gaap--StockholdersEquityAbstract_i01B_zNuOjIfSsoGa" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40B_eus-gaap--CommonStockValue_i02I_maCzFSu_zpdYeQVc151c" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock_i02I_maCzFSu_zCjwisP3i4oj" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">See
accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">See
accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="vi_003"></span>RESEARCH
FRONTIERS INCORPORATED</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Condensed
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders&#8217; Equity</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(Unaudited)</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">For
the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2021</span></p>



<p style="margin: 0">&#160;</p>

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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised_i_pp0p0" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--NetIncomeLoss_z4fBlg192ymg" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Balance, June 30, 2021</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:StockholdersEquity" contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30_us-gaap_CommonStockMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">3,165</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:StockholdersEquity" contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30_us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">123,250,878</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
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<p style="margin: 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">For
the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2021</span></p>



<p style="margin: 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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  <tr id="xdx_43E_c20200401__20200630_eus-gaap--StockholdersEquity_iS_z3i883ElpBE5" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">See
accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span id="vi_004"></span><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">RESEARCH
FRONTIERS INCORPORATED</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Condensed
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(Unaudited)</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr id="xdx_407_eus-gaap--AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract_i01B_ziZKtHrIFpse" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_407_eus-gaap--DepreciationDepletionAndAmortization_i02_maCzD90_zXEbn6iujapj" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 20pt; text-align: left">Depreciation and amortization</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr id="xdx_40A_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss_i02N_di_msCzD90_zIdLUAunzl3b" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 20pt; text-align: left">Unrealized loss on marketable securities</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr id="xdx_400_ecustom--OtherIncomeFromPaycheckProtectionProgramLoanForgiveness_i02N_di_msCzD90_z4Sls3ho7bC9" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0314">-</span></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr id="xdx_40F_eus-gaap--ProvisionForDoubtfulAccounts_i02_maCzD90_zqqNvDy4LNi6" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 20pt; text-align: left">Bad debts expense (recovery)</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract_i02B_zMDmJ18g3ejh" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left">Change in assets and liabilities:</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_400_ecustom--IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable_i03_maCzD90_zc7PBNqc9OY4" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr id="xdx_40A_eus-gaap--IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets_i03N_di_msCzD90_z0WajRaoN6Lk" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">143,413</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities_i03_maCzD90_zOHlVpfsR61l" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr id="xdx_404_eus-gaap--IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability_i03_maCzD90_z4SxcZU2GL54" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">26,002</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">40,567</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities_i01T_mtCzD90_maCz5Mn_zwCEoXZUiXg3" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 20pt; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Net cash used in operating activities</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">1,384,792</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">1,239,647</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract_iB_zMJLOgc4Jx82" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">Cash flows from investing activities:</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_409_eus-gaap--PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment_i01N_di_msCz5Ms_zkOucR6WJHTa" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left">Purchases of fixed assets</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">935</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">939</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">)</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_406_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromSaleOfPropertyPlantAndEquipment_i01_maCz5Ms_zgPy4MtKFcng" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Proceeds from sale of fixed asset</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0344">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ProceedsFromSaleOfPropertyPlantAndEquipment" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">3,713</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_406_eus-gaap--PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities_i01N_di_msCz5Ms_z7FubVOJNIBl" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Purchases of marketable securities</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">3,433,633</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0348">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities_maCz5Ms_zyCtmFezBedk" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Sales of marketable securities</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">300,000</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0351">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_403_eus-gaap--NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities_i01T_mtCz5Ms_maCz5Mn_zqtaPCH6l7z5" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 20pt; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">3,134,568</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">2,774</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40A_eus-gaap--NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract_iB_zFCBvjivihif" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">Cash flows from financing activities:</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised_i01_maCzmPy_zBD903N4pxpb" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 10pt">Proceeds from exercise of options</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">86,262</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromBankDebt_i01_maCzmPy_zgrKg0QrVx1e" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Proceeds from PPP Program Funding</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0362">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ProceedsFromBankDebt" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">202,052</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40A_eus-gaap--NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities_i01T_mtCzmPy_maCz5Mn_zHWfRqOu9Wgi" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 20pt; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Net cash provided by financing activities</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">86,262</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">486,259</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect_iT_mtCz5Mn_zkc8hCyBg0Ph" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">4,433,098</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">750,614</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">)</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">See
accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span id="vi_005"></span><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">RESEARCH
FRONTIERS INCORPORATED</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Notes
to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">June
30, 2021</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(Unaudited)</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" escape="true" name="us-gaap:BasisOfAccounting"><p id="xdx_801_eus-gaap--BasisOfAccounting_zjjIj0oCdN47" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
1. <span id="xdx_82F_zCOvBkPoQsm">Basis of Presentation</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting
principles (&#8220;GAAP&#8221;) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Rule 8-03 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly,
they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management,
all adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature.
Operating results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected
for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2021. The condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2020 has been derived from the
audited consolidated financial statements at that date. For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements and footnotes
thereto included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K relating to Research Frontiers Incorporated (the &#8220;Company&#8221;) for the fiscal
year ended December 31, 2020.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Restatement</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">These condensed consolidated interim financial
statements for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, including certain notes thereto have been restated. The restatement relates
to a change in presentation of certain investments of the Company which were originally classified as cash equivalents on the balance
sheet as of June 30, 2021, which the Company has subsequently determined do not qualify as cash equivalents. Such investments have been
reclassified and are now presented as marketable securities. This restatement did not impact the results of operations, loss per share
or shareholders&#8217; equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021. The effects of the reclassification of these investments
on the condensed consolidated balance sheet and condensed consolidated statement of cash flows as of and for the six months ended June
30, 2021 are as follows:</p>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></span></p>

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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-06-30_srt_ScenarioPreviouslyReportedMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">935</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">3,134,568</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">)</td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><p id="xdx_8A3_zkECi0NZPLn9" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" escape="true" name="us-gaap:NatureOfOperations"><p id="xdx_80A_eus-gaap--NatureOfOperations_z7hCT2aeub8h" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
2. <span id="xdx_828_zDuhyfKj9M0l">Business</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Research
Frontiers Incorporated (&#8220;Research Frontiers&#8221; or the &#8220;Company&#8221;) operates in a single business segment which is
engaged in the development and marketing of technology and devices to control the flow of light. Such devices, often referred to as &#8220;light
valves&#8221; or suspended particle devices (&#8220;SPDs&#8221;), use colloidal particles that are either incorporated within a liquid
suspension or a film, which is usually enclosed between two sheets of glass or plastic having transparent, electrically conductive coatings
on the facing surfaces thereof. At least one of the two sheets is transparent. SPD technology, made possible by a flexible light-control
film invented by Research Frontiers, allows the user to instantly and precisely control the shading of glass/plastic manually or automatically.
SPD technology has numerous product applications, including SPD-Smart&#8482; windows, sunshades, skylights and interior partitions for
homes and buildings; automotive windows, sunroofs, sun visors, sunshades, rear-view mirrors, instrument panels and navigation systems;
aircraft windows; museum display panels; eyewear products; and flat panel displays for electronic products. SPD-Smart light control film
is now being developed for, or used in, architectural, automotive, marine, aerospace and appliance applications.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company has primarily utilized its cash, cash equivalents, and investments generated from sales of our common stock, proceeds from the
exercise of options and warrants, and royalty fees collected to fund its research and development of SPD light valves, for marketing
initiatives, and for other working capital purposes. The Company&#8217;s working capital and capital requirements depend upon numerous
factors, including the results of research and development activities, competitive and technological developments, the timing and cost
of patent filings, and the development of new licensees and changes in the Company&#8217;s relationships with its existing licensees.
The degree of dependence of the Company&#8217;s working capital requirements on each of the foregoing factors cannot be quantified; increased
research and development activities and related costs would increase such requirements; the addition of new licensees may provide additional
working capital or working capital requirements; and changes in relationships with existing licensees would have a favorable or negative
impact depending upon the nature of such changes. We have incurred recurring losses since inception and expect to continue to incur losses
as a result of costs and expenses related to our research and continued development of our SPD technology and our corporate general and
administrative expenses. Our capital requirements and operations to date have been substantially funded through sales of our common stock,
exercise of options and warrants and royalty fees collected. As of June 30, 2021, we had working capital of approximately $<span id="xdx_90A_ecustom--WorkingCapital_iI_pn5n6_c20210630_zs5cNwsqFiE2" title="Working capital"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:WorkingCapital" contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="-5" scale="6" unitRef="USD">4.2</ix:nonFraction></span> million,
cash and cash equivalents of approximately $<span id="xdx_90A_ecustom--CashAndCashEquivalents_iI_pn5n6_c20210630_zwlGZOokRV5" title="Cash and cash equivalents"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:CashAndCashEquivalents" contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="-5" scale="6" unitRef="USD">3.5</ix:nonFraction></span> million, shareholders&#8217; equity of approximately $<span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--StockholdersEquity_iI_pn5n6_c20210630_zVDpykDeMFQh" title="Shareholders&apos; equity"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:StockholdersEquity" contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="-5" scale="6" unitRef="USD">4.3</ix:nonFraction></span> million and an accumulated
deficit of approximately $<span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit_iNI_pn5n6_di_c20210630_z9beiXIFcEY9" title="Accumulated deficit"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit" contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="-5" scale="6" sign="-" unitRef="USD">118.9</ix:nonFraction></span> million. Our projected cash flow shortfall based on our current operations adjusted for any non-recurring
cash expenses for the next 12 months is approximately $<span id="xdx_90B_ecustom--NonrecurringCashExpenses_iN_pp0p0_di_c20210101__20210630__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_zr7D6xSKcfo2"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:NonrecurringCashExpenses" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-06-30_srt_MinimumMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">400,000</ix:nonFraction></span>-$<span id="xdx_90E_ecustom--NonrecurringCashExpenses_iN_pp0p0_di_c20210101__20210630__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_z11S6ngdGp5f" title="Non-recurring cash expenses per quarter"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:NonrecurringCashExpenses" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-06-30_srt_MaximumMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">450,000</ix:nonFraction></span> per quarter. Based on our current expectations of our cash flow
shortfall for the next 12 months, our working capital would support our activities for the next 24 months.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
the event that we are unable to generate sufficient cash from our operating activities or raise additional funds, we may be required
to delay, reduce or severely curtail our operations or otherwise impede our on-going business efforts, which could have a material adverse
effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and long-term prospects. The Company may seek to obtain additional funding
through future equity issuances. There can be no assurance as to the availability or terms upon which such financing and capital might
be available. The eventual success of the Company and generation of positive cash flow will be dependent upon the commercialization of
products using the Company&#8217;s technology by the Company&#8217;s licensees and payments of continuing royalties on account thereof.
To date, the Company has not generated sufficient revenue from its licensees to fund its operations.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Recent
Global Events:</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">On
March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the novel strain of coronavirus (&#8220;COVID-19&#8221;) a global pandemic and
recommended containment and mitigation measures worldwide. As a result, the Company expects operations at its facility to continue to
be affected in some capacity, as the COVID-19 virus continues to proliferate and the federal, state and local governments under which
we operate continue to adopt new rules. The Company has put in place enhanced procedures, such as restricting international and domestic
travel, adopting a variety of steps designed to ensure social distancing in our facilities, including working remotely where available,
and increasing our cleaning and sanitizing procedures in our facilities, in an effort to protect its employees and communities.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Revenues
were negatively impacted since the onset of the pandemic due to delays in manufacture of products using our technology. Most of the products
using our technology are manufactured by licensees overseas in Europe and Asia who have been similarly affected by the pandemic. The
disruption caused by public health crises, such as COVID-19, could result in lower levels of sale activity for products using our technology
resulting in lower level of royalties owed to us from the sale of these products. The duration of the potential business disruptions
and related financial impact cannot be reasonably estimated at this time, but could materially adversely affect our business, financial
condition, results of operations, and cash flows. Net of amounts previously reserved which were fully written off in 2020, the Company
increased its allowance for uncollectible royalty receivables in 2020 until the collectability from certain licensees can be better ascertained
in the regions affected by COVID-19.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
connection with the COVID-19 crisis, Congress passed, and the president signed, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act
(&#8220;CARES Act&#8221;) which, among other things, provides relief for businesses impacted by the pandemic. The Company applied for
and received $<span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromLoans_c20210101__20210630__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__custom--PPPLoanMember_pp0p0" title="Proceeds from loan"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ProceedsFromLoans" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-06-30_custom_PPPLoanMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">202,052</ix:nonFraction></span> in proceeds from the Paycheck Protection Program (&#8220;PPP Loan&#8221;) made available under the CARES Act. The
PPP Loan is intended to offer businesses hurt by the COVID-19 pandemic economic assistance with the potential for the principal to be
forgiven based on certain expenses incurred during the first 24 weeks after the issuance of the PPP Loan. The Company has received notification
that this loan has been forgiven. Consequently, the Company recorded $<span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--OtherIncome_c20200101__20201231_pp0p0" title="Other income"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:OtherIncome" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">202,052</ix:nonFraction></span> as other income for the year ended December 31, 2020 representing
the PPP Loan estimated to be forgiven. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company estimated that $<span id="xdx_906_ecustom--OtherIncomeFromPaycheckProtectionProgramLoanForgiveness_c20200401__20200630_pp0p0" title="Other income - PPP loan forgiveness"><span id="xdx_901_ecustom--OtherIncomeFromPaycheckProtectionProgramLoanForgiveness_c20200101__20200630_pp0p0" title="Other income - PPP loan forgiveness"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:OtherIncomeFromPaycheckProtectionProgramLoanForgiveness" contextRef="From2020-04-012020-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:OtherIncomeFromPaycheckProtectionProgramLoanForgiveness" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">194,140</ix:nonFraction></ix:nonFraction></span></span> of this
loan had been forgiven.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" escape="true" name="us-gaap:IntangibleAssetsDisclosureTextBlock"><p id="xdx_80D_eus-gaap--IntangibleAssetsDisclosureTextBlock_zKFlw2uDwdl5" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
3. <span id="xdx_82E_zOyDwIqDjNoe">Patent Costs</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company expenses costs relating to the development, acquisition or enforcement of patents due to the uncertainty of the recoverability
of these items.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" escape="true" name="us-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerTextBlock"><p id="xdx_80E_eus-gaap--RevenueFromContractWithCustomerTextBlock_zvX7UbfaA1xb" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
4. <span id="xdx_82D_z3yO7lBfyYWk">Revenue Recognition</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Company
recognizes revenue in accordance with ASC 606, <i>Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606</i>). The standard provides a single
comprehensive revenue recognition model for all contracts with customers and supersedes existing revenue recognition guidance. The revenue
standard contains principles that an entity will apply to determine the measurement of revenue and timing of when it is recognized. The
underlying principle is that an entity will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers at an amount that
the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">ASC
606 follows a five-step approach to determining revenue recognition including: 1) Identification of the contract; 2) Identification of
the performance obligations; 3) Determination of the transaction price; 4) Allocation of the transaction price; and 5) Recognition
of revenue.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


<ix:exclude><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 9; Value: 2 -->
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    <div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font-size: 10pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left"><td style="text-align: center; width: 100%">&#160;</td></tr></table></div>
    <!-- Field: /Page --></ix:exclude>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company determined that its license agreements provide for three performance obligations which include: (i) the Grant of Use to its Patent
Portfolio (&#8220;Grant of Use&#8221;), (ii) Stand-Ready Technical Support (&#8220;Technical Support&#8221;) including the transfer of
trade secrets and other know-how, production of materials, scale-up support, analytical testing, etc., and (iii) access to new Intellectual
Property (&#8220;IP&#8221;) that may be developed sometime during the course of the contract period (&#8220;New Improvements&#8221;).
Given the nature of IP development, such New Improvements are on an unspecified basis and can occur and be made available to licensees
at any time during the contract period.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">When
a contract includes more than one performance obligation, the Company needs to allocate the total consideration to each performance obligation
based on its relative standalone selling price or estimate the standalone selling price if it is not observable. A standalone selling
price is not available for our performance obligations since we do not sell any of the services separately and there is no competitor
pricing that is available. As a consequence, the best method for determining standalone selling price of our Grant of Use performance
obligation is through a comparison of the average royalty rate for comparable license agreements as compared to our license agreements.
Comparable license agreements must consider several factors including: (i) the materials that are being licensed, (ii) the market application
for the licensed materials, and (iii) the financial terms in the license agreements that can increase or decrease the risk/reward nature
of the agreement.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Based
on the royalty rate comparison referred to above, any pricing above and beyond the average royalty rate would relate to the Technical
Support and New Improvements performance obligations. The Company focuses a significant portion of its time and resources to provide
the Technical Support and New Improvements services to its licensees which further supports the conclusions reached using the royalty
rate analysis.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations are co-terminus over the term of the license agreement. For purposes of
determining the transaction price, and recognizing revenue, the Company combined the Technical Support and New Improvements performance
obligations because they have the same pattern of transfer and the same term. We maintain a staff of scientists and other professionals
whose primary job responsibilities throughout the year are: (i) being available to respond to Technical Support needs of our licensees,
and (ii) developing improvements to our technology which are offered to our licensees as New Improvements. Since the costs incurred to
satisfy the Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations are incurred evenly throughout the year, the value of the
Technical Support and New Improvements services are recognized throughout the initial contract period as these performance obligations
are satisfied. If the agreement is not terminated at the end of the initial contract period, it will renew on the same terms as the initial
contract for a one-year period. Consequently, any fees or minimum annual royalty obligations relating to this renewal contract will be
allocated similarly to the initial contract over the additional one-year period.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">We
recognize revenue when or as the performance obligations in the contract are satisfied. For performance obligations that are fulfilled
at a point in time, revenue is recognized at the fulfillment of the performance obligation. Since the IP is determined to be a functional
license, the value of the Grant of Use is recognized in the first period of the contract term in which the license agreement is in force.
The value of the Technical Support and New Improvements obligations is allocated throughout the contract period based on the satisfaction
of its performance obligations. If the agreement is not terminated at the end of the contract period, it will renew on the same terms
as the original agreement for a one-year period. Consequently, any fees or minimum annual royalties (&#8220;MAR&#8221;) relating to this
renewal contract will be allocated similarly over that additional year.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company&#8217;s license agreements have a variable royalty fee structure (meaning that royalties are a fixed percentage of sales that
vary from period to period) and frequently include a minimum annual royalty commitment. In instances when sales of licensed products
by its licensees exceed the MAR, the Company recognizes fee income as the amounts have been earned. Typically, the royalty rate for such
sales is <span id="xdx_90D_ecustom--RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_pid_dp_c20210101__20210630__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--LicenseAgreementMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_zrTVROzqG5Yl" title="Royalty rate on selling price"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-06-30_custom_LicenseAgreementMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_srt_MinimumMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">10</ix:nonFraction></span>-<span id="xdx_906_ecustom--RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_pid_dp_c20210101__20210630__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--LicenseAgreementMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_zWLsGf0QZQI" title="Royalty rate on selling price"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-06-30_custom_LicenseAgreementMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_srt_MaximumMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">15</ix:nonFraction></span>% of the selling price. While this is variable consideration, it is subject to the sales/usage royalty exception to recognition
of variable consideration in ASC 606 10-55-65 and therefore is not recognized until the subsequent sales or usage occurs or the MAR period
commences.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Because
of the immediate recognition of the Grant of Use performance obligation: (i) the first period of the contract term will generally have
a higher percent allocation of the transaction price under ASC 606 than under the accounting guidance used prior to the adoption of ASC
606, and (ii) the remaining periods in the year will have less of the transaction price recognized under ASC 606 than under the accounting
guidance used prior to the adoption of ASC 606. After the initial period in the contract term, the revenue for the remaining periods
will be based on the satisfaction of the Technical Support and New Improvements obligations. Since most of our license agreements start
as of January 1st, the revenue recognized for the contract under ASC 606 in our first quarter will tend to be higher than the accounting
guidance used prior to the adoption of ASC 606.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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    <div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font-size: 10pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left"><td style="text-align: center; width: 100%">&#160;</td></tr></table></div>
    <!-- Field: /Page --></ix:exclude>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company does not have any contract assets under ASC 606 as of June 30, 2021.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Certain
of the contract fees are accrued by, or paid to, the Company in advance of the period in which they are earned resulting in deferred
revenue (contract liabilities). Such excess amounts are recorded as deferred revenue and are recognized as revenue in future periods
as earned. Contract assets represent unbilled receivables and are presented within accounts receivable, net on the condensed consolidated
balance sheets.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company operates in a single business segment which is engaged in the development and marketing of technology and devices to control
the flow of light. Our revenue source comes from the licensing of this technology and all of these license agreements have similar terms
and provisions. The majority of the Company&#8217;s licensing fee income comes from the activities of several licensees participating
in the automotive market. The Company currently believes that the automotive market will be the largest source of its royalty income
over the next several years. The Company&#8217;s royalty income from this market may be influenced by numerous factors including various
trends affecting demand in the automotive industry and the rate of introduction of new technology in OEM product lines. In addition to
these macro factors, the Company&#8217;s royalty income from the automotive market could also be influenced by specific factors such
as whether the Company&#8217;s SPD-SmartGlass technology appears as standard equipment or as an option on a particular vehicle, the number
of additional vehicle models that SPD-SmartGlass appears on, the size of each window on a vehicle and the number of windows on a vehicle
that use SPD SmartGlass, fluctuations in the total number of vehicles produced by a manufacturer, and in the percentage of cars within
each model produced with SPD-SmartGlass, and changes in pricing or exchange rates.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">As
of June 30, 2021, the Company has six license agreements that are in their initial multiyear term (&#8220;Initial Term&#8221;) with continuing
performance obligations going forward. The Initial Term of one of these agreements will end as of December 31, 2021, four will end as
of December 31, 2022, and one will end December 31, 2024. The Company currently expects that all of these agreements will renew annually
at the end of the Initial Term. As of June 30, 2021, the aggregate amount of the revenue to be recognized upon the satisfaction of the
remaining performance obligations for the six license agreements is $<span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax_c20210101__20210630__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--LicenseAgreementMember_pp0p0" title="Revenue recognition"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-06-30_custom_LicenseAgreementMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">353,000</ix:nonFraction></span>. The revenue for these remaining performance obligations
is expected to be recognized evenly throughout their remaining period of the Initial Term.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" escape="true" name="REFR:FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock"><p id="xdx_807_ecustom--FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock_z80nciRsbt6l" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
5. <span id="xdx_826_zNLyMrsGyfqj">Fee Income</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Fee
income represents amounts earned by the Company under various license and other agreements relating to technology developed by the Company.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">During
the first six months of 2021, three licensees accounted for 10% or more of fee income of the Company; these licensees accounted for approximately
<span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20210101__20210630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeOneMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zviz9BUsa82j" title="Percentage of fee income"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-06-30_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_custom_LicenseeOneMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">27</ix:nonFraction></span>%, <span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20210101__20210630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeTwoMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zz6jJV8fTH81" title="Percentage of fee income"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-06-30_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_custom_LicenseeTwoMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">23</ix:nonFraction></span>% and <span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20210101__20210630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeThreeMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zh8RSi2kfko8" title="Percentage of fee income"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-06-30_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_custom_LicenseeThreeMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">11</ix:nonFraction></span>% of fee income recognized during such period. During the first six months of 2020, five licensees accounted for 10% or
more of fee income of the Company; these licensees accounted for approximately <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20200101__20200630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeOneMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zSfSPPgMSlYl" title="Percentage of fee income"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_custom_LicenseeOneMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">22</ix:nonFraction></span>%, <span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20200101__20200630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeTwoMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zcYpIJ0B0Y3b" title="Percentage of fee income"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_custom_LicenseeTwoMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">17</ix:nonFraction></span>%, <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20200101__20200630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeThreeMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zs9bDvmS13a8" title="Percentage of fee income"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_custom_LicenseeThreeMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">12</ix:nonFraction></span>%. <span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20200101__20200630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeFourMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zGjrtuwkUsJ2" title="Percentage of fee income"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_custom_LicenseeFourMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">12</ix:nonFraction></span>% and <span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20200101__20200630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeFiveMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zBE5ljKvTxr4" title="Percentage of fee income"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_custom_LicenseeFiveMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">12</ix:nonFraction></span>% of fee income recognized during
such period.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">During
the three months ended June 30, 2021, three licensees accounted for 10% or more of fee income of the Company; these licensees accounted
for approximately <span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20210401__20210630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeOneMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zEQ5NeRCKfQb" title="Percentage of fee income"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2021-04-012021-06-30_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_custom_LicenseeOneMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">27</ix:nonFraction></span>%, <span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20210401__20210630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeTwoMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_z6Yn7FTHL8ik" title="Percentage of fee income"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2021-04-012021-06-30_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_custom_LicenseeTwoMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">21</ix:nonFraction></span>% and <span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20210401__20210630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeThreeMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zRnnFnm9nZtl" title="Percentage of fee income"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2021-04-012021-06-30_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_custom_LicenseeThreeMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">15</ix:nonFraction></span>% of fee income recognized during such period. During the three months ended June 30, 2020, four licensees
accounted for 10% or more of fee income of the Company; these licensees accounted for approximately <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20200401__20200630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeOneMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zATEyEPSnDOa" title="Percentage of fee income"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2020-04-012020-06-30_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_custom_LicenseeOneMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">17</ix:nonFraction></span>%, <span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20200401__20200630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeTwoMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zXMYEuCabNS4" title="Percentage of fee income"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2020-04-012020-06-30_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_custom_LicenseeTwoMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">17</ix:nonFraction></span>%, <span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20200401__20200630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeThreeMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_z7EBMDkv8zOc" title="Percentage of fee income"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2020-04-012020-06-30_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_custom_LicenseeThreeMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">11</ix:nonFraction></span>%, and <span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20200401__20200630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeFourMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zILODUULFUoh" title="Percentage of fee income"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2020-04-012020-06-30_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_custom_LicenseeFourMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">10</ix:nonFraction></span>% of fee income
recognized during such period.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


<ix:exclude><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 11; Value: 2 -->
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    <div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font-size: 10pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left"><td style="text-align: center; width: 100%">&#160;</td></tr></table></div>
    <!-- Field: /Page --></ix:exclude>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" escape="true" name="us-gaap:CompensationRelatedCostsGeneralTextBlock"><p id="xdx_806_eus-gaap--CompensationRelatedCostsGeneralTextBlock_zxHFfrvdg9ue" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
6. <span id="xdx_826_zixp7xMqAFHf">Stock-Based Compensation</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company has granted options/warrants to consultants. GAAP requires that all stock-based compensation be recognized as an expense in the
financial statements and that such costs be measured at the fair value of the award at the date of grant. These awards generally vest
ratably over <span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardAwardVestingPeriod1_dtY_c20210101__20210630__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_zBxRJi7f9cac"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-012021-06-30_srt_MinimumMember" format="ixt-sec:duryear" name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardAwardVestingPeriod1">12</ix:nonNumeric>
</span></span><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">to <span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardAwardVestingPeriod1_dtM_c20210101__20210630__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_zkvxEtJuBXQ5"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-012021-06-30_srt_MaximumMember" format="ixt-sec:durmonth" name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardAwardVestingPeriod1">60</ix:nonNumeric>
</span></span><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">months from the date of grant and the Company
charges to operations quarterly the current market value of the options using the Black-Scholes method. During the six months ended June
30, 2021 and 2020 there were no charges related to options or warrants granted to consultants.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">During
the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, the Company did <span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_do_c20210101__20210630__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_z4ObGX1Tav16" title="Stock options granted"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_do_c20200101__20200630__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_zjGIxRpiqJmi" title="Stock options granted"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-06-30_custom_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember" format="ixt-sec:numwordsen" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30_custom_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember" format="ixt-sec:numwordsen" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">no</ix:nonFraction></ix:nonFraction></span></span>t grant options to employees or directors.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">There
was <span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation_pp0p0_do_c20210101__20210630__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_zs2ey5KH24Xk" title="Compensation expense"><span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation_pp0p0_do_c20200101__20200630__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_zFDTK1qL11fg" title="Compensation expense"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-06-30_custom_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember" format="ixt-sec:numwordsen" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30_custom_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember" format="ixt-sec:numwordsen" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">no</ix:nonFraction></ix:nonFraction></span></span> compensation expense recorded relating to restricted stock grants to employees and directors during the six months ended June
30, 2021 and 2020.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">As
of June 30, 2021, there were <span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant_c20210630__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember_pdd" title="Shares available for future grant"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant" contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30_custom_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">683,500</ix:nonFraction></span> shares available for future grant under our 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, which was approved by the
Company&#8217;s shareholders in June 2019.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" escape="true" name="us-gaap:IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock"><p id="xdx_80B_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock_zn33UsB5eZ1k" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
7. <span id="xdx_820_zRzp5ZVKZr">Income Taxes</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Since
inception, the Company has incurred losses from operations and as a result has not recorded income tax expense. Benefits related to net
operating loss carryforwards and other deferred tax items have been fully reserved since it was more likely than not that the Company
would not achieve profitable operations and be able to utilize the benefit of the net operating loss carryforwards.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" escape="true" name="us-gaap:EarningsPerShareTextBlock"><p id="xdx_806_eus-gaap--EarningsPerShareTextBlock_zRQrAUOhayl5" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
8. <span id="xdx_820_zaa9WcEtyor4">Basic and Diluted Loss Per Common Share</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Basic
loss per share excludes any dilution. It is based upon the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Dilutive
loss per share reflects the potential dilution that would occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised
or converted into common stock. The Company&#8217;s dilutive loss per share equals basic loss per share for the periods ended June 30,
2021 and 2020, respectively, because all common stock equivalents (i.e<i>., </i>options and warrants) were antidilutive in those periods.
The number of options and warrants that were not included (because their effect is antidilutive) was <span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20210401__20210630__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_z1PWEzGxEVJl" title="Anti-dilutive securities effect"><span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20210101__20210630__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zZOakTmM9qm7" title="Anti-dilutive securities effect"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount" contextRef="From2021-04-012021-06-30_custom_OptionsAndWarrantsMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount" contextRef="From2021-01-012021-06-30_custom_OptionsAndWarrantsMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">2,406,651</ix:nonFraction></ix:nonFraction></span>
</span></span><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">and <span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20200401__20200630__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zAyWKmpc3hm2" title="Anti-dilutive securities effect"><span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20200101__20200630__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zQCEVPckPct3" title="Anti-dilutive securities effect"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount" contextRef="From2020-04-012020-06-30_custom_OptionsAndWarrantsMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30_custom_OptionsAndWarrantsMember" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">2,498,251</ix:nonFraction></ix:nonFraction></span>
</span></span><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">for the three and six months ended June
30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" escape="true" name="us-gaap:StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock"><p id="xdx_804_eus-gaap--StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock_zbG7PuhpGlf5" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
9. <span id="xdx_827_zNlCoAaMM5Eh">Equity</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">During
the six months ended June 30, 2021, the Company received $<span id="xdx_90C_ecustom--ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants_c20210101__20210630_pp0p0" title="Proceeds from exercise of options and warrants"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">86,262</ix:nonFraction></span> in proceeds from the exercise of outstanding options and warrants and
issued <span id="xdx_90B_ecustom--OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises_c20210101__20210630_pdd" title="Options and warrant issued in connection with exercises"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">39,500</ix:nonFraction></span> shares of its capital stock in connection with these exercises. In addition, during the six months ended June 30, 2021,
the Company issued <span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardSharesIssuedInPeriod_c20210101__20210630_pdd" title="Capital stock issued"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardSharesIssuedInPeriod" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">35,110</ix:nonFraction></span> shares of its capital stock in connection with the cashless exercise of <span id="xdx_90C_ecustom--IssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants_c20210101__20210630_zJ3BsiJEdxe9" title="Issuance of common stock options and warrants"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:IssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">101,000</ix:nonFraction></span> of its outstanding options.
No options or warrants were exercised during the three months ended June 30, 2021.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">During
the six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company received $<span id="xdx_90E_ecustom--ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants_c20200101__20200630_pp0p0" title="Proceeds from exercise of options and warrants"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">284,207</ix:nonFraction></span> in proceeds from the exercise of outstanding options and warrants and
issued <span id="xdx_905_ecustom--OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises_c20200101__20200630_pdd" title="Options and warrant issued in connection with exercises"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">83,152</ix:nonFraction></span> shares of its capital stock in connection with these exercises. In addition, during the six months ended June 30, 2020,
the Company issued <span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardSharesIssuedInPeriod_c20200101__20200630_pdd" title="Capital stock issued"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardSharesIssuedInPeriod" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">238,372</ix:nonFraction></span> shares of its capital stock in connection the cashless exercise of <span id="xdx_909_ecustom--IssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants_c20200101__20200630_ziR3rqnYuyTf"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:IssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants" contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">450,091</ix:nonFraction></span> of its outstanding options.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">During
the three-month period ended June 30, 2020, the Company received $<span id="xdx_90D_ecustom--ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants_c20200401__20200630_pp0p0" title="Proceeds from exercise of options and warrants"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants" contextRef="From2020-04-012020-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">284,207</ix:nonFraction></span> in proceeds from the exercise of outstanding options and warrants
and issued <span id="xdx_90A_ecustom--OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises_c20200401__20200630_pdd" title="Options and warrant issued in connection with exercises"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises" contextRef="From2020-04-012020-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">83,152</ix:nonFraction></span> shares of its capital stock in connections with these exercises. In addition, during the three-month period ended June
30, 2020, the Company issued <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardSharesIssuedInPeriod_c20200401__20200630_pdd" title="Capital stock issued"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardSharesIssuedInPeriod" contextRef="From2020-04-012020-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">81,527</ix:nonFraction></span> shares of its capital stock in connection with the cashless exercise of <span id="xdx_90D_ecustom--IssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants_c20200401__20200630_z6FkHsO99rOi"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:IssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants" contextRef="From2020-04-012020-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">207,000</ix:nonFraction></span> of its outstanding
options.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company did not sell any equity securities during the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">As
of June 30, 2021, there were <span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding_c20210630_pdd" title="Warrants outstanding"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding" contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">1,399,991</ix:nonFraction></span> warrants and <span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_c20210630_pdd" title="Options outstanding"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber" contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">1,006,660</ix:nonFraction></span> options outstanding.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


<ix:exclude><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 12; Value: 2 -->
    <div style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; margin-bottom: 6pt"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font-size: 10pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left"><td style="text-align: center; width: 100%"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->11<!-- Field: /Sequence --></td></tr></table></div>
    <div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font-size: 10pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left"><td style="text-align: center; width: 100%">&#160;</td></tr></table></div>
    <!-- Field: /Page --></ix:exclude>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" escape="true" name="us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeasesTextBlock"><p id="xdx_809_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeasesTextBlock_zy0jYulOD7D2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
10. <span id="xdx_82B_z3m0fJ5dtPql">Leases</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at its inception. This determination generally depends on whether the arrangement conveys
the right to control the use of an identified fixed asset explicitly or implicitly for a period of time in exchange for consideration.
Control of an underlying asset is conveyed if the Company obtains the rights to direct the use of, and to obtain substantially all of
the economic benefits from the use of, the underlying asset. Lease expense for variable leases and short-term leases is recognized when
the obligation is incurred.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company has operating leases for certain facilities and equipment with a weighted average remaining lease term of <span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1_iI_dtY_c20210630_zphbfZ49OIQe" title="Weighted average remaining lease term"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30" format="ixt-sec:duryear" name="us-gaap:OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1">3.7</ix:nonNumeric></span> years as of June
30, 2021. Operating leases are included in right of use lease assets, other current liabilities and long-term lease liabilities on the
condensed consolidated balance sheet. Right of use lease assets and liabilities are recognized at each lease&#8217;s commencement date
based on the present value of its lease payments over its respective lease term. The Company does not have an established incremental
borrowing rate as it does not have any debt. The Company uses the stated borrowing rate for a lease when readily determinable. When the
interest rates implicit in its lease agreements is not readily determinable, the Company used an interest rate based on the marketplace
for public debt. The weighted average discount rate associated with operating leases as of June 30, 2021 is <span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent_iI_pid_dp_c20210630_zeC4qZo9X2f9" title="Weighted-average discount rate"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent" contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">5.5</ix:nonFraction></span>%.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Operating
lease expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 was approximately $<span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseExpense_c20210401__20210630_zpSOq7plNWha" title="Operating lease expense"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:OperatingLeaseExpense" contextRef="From2021-04-012021-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">55000</ix:nonFraction></span> and $<span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseExpense_c20210101__20210630_zalP8wP14tg7" title="Operating lease expense"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:OperatingLeaseExpense" contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">110,000</ix:nonFraction></span>, respectively. The Company
has no material variable lease costs or sublease income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021. Subsequent to the Company&#8217;s
adoption of the new lease accounting guidance on January 1, 2019, the Company recorded new right of use lease assets of approximately
$<span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset_c20190102_pp0p0"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset" contextRef="AsOf2019-01-02" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">900,000</ix:nonFraction> </span></span><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">and
associated lease liabilities of approximately $<span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiability_iI_pn5n6_c20190102_zA5ruM9hCZ3f"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:OperatingLeaseLiability" contextRef="AsOf2019-01-02" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="-5" scale="6" unitRef="USD">1.1</ix:nonFraction>
</span></span><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">million.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30" escape="true" name="us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock"><p id="xdx_892_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock_zewPDAg7ACUk" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Maturities
of operating lease liabilities as of June 30, 2021 were as follows:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: left"><span id="xdx_8B1_za8zjPBE0N15" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; display: none">Schedule of Maturities of Opearing Lease</span><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; width: 80%; margin-right: auto">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td>&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" id="xdx_49F_20210630_zRsQQvDuREn6" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">June 30, 2021</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_407_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsRemainderOfFiscalYear_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzKpc_zZD22Fo8mlcd" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 76%">For the remainder of the year ending December 31, 2021</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 20%; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsRemainderOfFiscalYear" contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">105,000</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzKpc_zM371B0Pjvtj" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td>For the year ending December 31, 2022</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths" contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">213,000</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwo_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzKpc_zdlZqimUxUb8" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td>For the year ending December 31, 2023</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwo" contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">217,000</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearThree_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzKpc_zKmgRUJXvqqc" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td>For the year ending December 31, 2024</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearThree" contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">222,000</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">For the year ending December 31, 2025 and beyond</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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</ix:nonNumeric><p id="xdx_8AA_zJxKttUKYYJf" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: left">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The Company classifies investments in marketable
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Trading securities are carried at fair value, with unrealized holding gains and losses included in earnings. Held-to-maturity securities
are recorded at cost and are adjusted for the amortization or accretion of premiums or discounts over the life of the related security.
Unrealized holding gains and losses of available-for-sale securities are excluded from earnings and are reported as a separate component
of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) until realized. In determining realized gains and losses, the cost of the securities
sold is based on the specific identification method. Interest and dividends on the investments are accrued at the balance sheet date.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

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be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., the &#8220;exit price&#8221;) in an orderly transaction between market
participants at the measurement date. Fair value measurements are broken down into three levels based on the reliability of inputs as
follows: Level 1 inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access
at the measurement date. An active market for the asset or liability is a market in which transactions for the asset or liability occur
with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis. Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted
prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include
quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset
or liability (e.g., interest rates and yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals or current market) and contractual prices
for the underlying financial instrument, as well as other relevant economic measures. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the
asset or liability. Unobservable inputs are used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available, thereby
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: left"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: left"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="vi_006"></span><b>Item
2. Management&#8217;s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">Critical
Accounting Policies</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
following accounting policies are important to understanding our financial condition and results of operations and should be read as
an integral part of the discussion and analysis of the results of our operations and financial position. For additional accounting policies,
see Note 2 to our December 31, 2020 consolidated financial statements, &#8220;Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.&#8221;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company recognizes revenue in accordance with ASC 606, <i>Revenue from Contracts with Customers</i>. The Company determined that its
license agreements provide for three performance obligations: (i) Grant of Use, (ii) Technical Support, and (iii) New Improvements.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
best method for determining standalone selling price of our Grant of Use performance obligation is through a comparison of the average
royalty rate for comparable license agreements as compared to our license agreements. Based on the royalty rate comparison referred to
above, any pricing above and beyond the average royalty rate would relate to the Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">We
recognize revenue when or as the performance obligations in the contract are satisfied. For performance obligations that are fulfilled
at a point in time, revenue is recognized at the fulfillment of the performance obligation. Since the IP is determined to be a functional
license, the value of the Grant of Use is recognized in the first period of the contract term in which the license agreement is in force.
Since the costs incurred to satisfy the Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations are incurred evenly throughout
the year, the value of the Technical Support and New Improvements services are recognized throughout the contract period as these performance
obligations are satisfied.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company operates in a single business segment which is engaged in the development and marketing of technology and devices to control
the flow of light. Our revenue source comes from the licensing of this technology and all of these license agreements have similar terms
and provisions.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company has entered into license agreements covering products using the Company&#8217;s SPD technology. When royalties from the sales
of licensed products by a licensee exceed its contractual minimum annual royalties, the excess amount is recognized by the Company as
fee income in the period that it was earned. Certain of the fees are accrued by, or paid to, the Company in advance of the period in
which they are earned resulting in deferred revenue.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Royalty
receivables are stated less allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance represents estimated uncollectible receivables usually due
to licensees&#8217; potential insolvency. The allowance includes amounts for certain licensees where risk of default has been specifically
identified. The Company evaluates the collectability of its receivables on at least a quarterly basis and records appropriate allowances
for uncollectible accounts when necessary.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company has historically used the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the estimated fair value of each option grant. The
Black-Scholes model includes assumptions regarding dividend yields, expected volatility, expected lives, and risk-free interest rates.
These assumptions reflect our best estimates, but these items involve uncertainties based on market conditions generally outside of our
control. As a result, if other assumptions had been used in the current period, stock-based compensation expense could have been materially
impacted. Furthermore, if management uses different assumptions in future periods, stock-based compensation expense could be materially
impacted in future years.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">On
occasion, the Company may issue to consultants either options or warrants to purchase shares of common stock of the Company at specified
share prices. These options or warrants may vest based upon specific services being performed or performance criteria being met. In accounting
for equity instruments that are issued to other than employees for acquiring, or in conjunction with selling, goods or services, the
Company is required to record consulting expenses based upon the fair value of such options or warrants on the earlier of the service
period or the period that such options or warrants vest as determined using a Black-Scholes option pricing model and are marked to market
quarterly using the Black-Scholes option valuation model.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that
affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated
financial statements, and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from these
estimates. An example of a critical estimate is the full valuation allowance for deferred taxes that was recorded based on the uncertainty
that such tax benefits will be realized in future periods.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Recent
Global Events:</b></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">On
March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the novel strain of coronavirus (&#8220;COVID-19&#8221;) a global pandemic and
recommended containment and mitigation measures worldwide. As a result, the Company expects operations at its facility to continue to
be affected in some capacity, as the COVID-19 virus continues to proliferate and the federal, state and local governments under which
we operate continue to adopt new rules. The Company has put in place enhanced procedures, such as restricting international and domestic
travel, adopting a variety of steps designed to ensure social distancing in our facilities, including working remotely where available,
and increasing our cleaning and sanitizing procedures in our facilities, in an effort to protect its employees and communities.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Revenues
were negatively impacted since the onset of the pandemic due to delays in manufacture of products using our technology. Most of the products
using our technology are manufactured by licensees overseas in Europe and Asia who have been similarly affected by the pandemic. The
disruption caused by public health crises, such as COVID-19, could result in lower levels of sale activity for products using our technology
resulting in lower level of royalties owed to us from the sale of these products. The duration of the potential business disruptions
and related financial impact cannot be reasonably estimated at this time, but could materially adversely affect our business, financial
condition, results of operations, and cash flows. Net of amounts previously reserved which were fully written off in 2020, the Company
increased its allowance for uncollectible royalty receivables in 2020 until the collectability from certain licensees can be better ascertained
in the regions affected by COVID-19.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
connection with the COVID-19 crisis, Congress passed, and the president signed, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act
(&#8220;CARES Act&#8221;) which, among other things, provides relief for businesses impacted by the pandemic. The Company applied for
and received $202,052 in proceeds from the Paycheck Protection Program (&#8220;PPP Loan&#8221;) made available under the CARES Act. The
PPP Loan is intended to offer businesses hurt by the COVID-19 pandemic economic assistance with the potential for the principal to be
forgiven based on certain expenses incurred during the first 24 weeks after the issuance of the PPP Loan. The Company has received notification
that this loan has been forgiven. Consequently, the Company recorded $202,052 as other income for the year ended December 31, 2020 representing
the PPP Loan estimated to be forgiven. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company estimated that $194,140 of this
loan had been forgiven.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">Results
of Operations</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><i>Overview</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
majority of the Company&#8217;s fee income comes from the activities of several licensees participating in the automotive market. The
Company currently believes that the automotive market will be the largest source of its royalty income over the next several years. The
Company&#8217;s royalty income from this market may be influenced by numerous factors including various trends affecting demand in the
automotive industry and the rate of introduction of new technology in OEM product lines. In addition to these macro factors, the Company&#8217;s
royalty income from the automotive market could also be influenced by specific factors such as whether the Company&#8217;s SPD-SmartGlass
technology appears as standard equipment or as an option on a particular vehicle, the number of additional vehicle models that SPD-SmartGlass
appears on, the size of each window on a vehicle and the number of windows on a vehicle that use SPD-SmartGlass, fluctuations in the
total number of vehicles produced by a manufacturer, and in the percentage of cars within model like produced with SPD-SmartGlass, and
changes in pricing or exchange rates. Certain license fees, which are paid to the Company in advance of the accounting period in which
they are earned resulting in the recognition of deferred revenue for the current accounting period, will be recognized as fee income
in future periods. Also, licensees offset some or all of their royalty payments on sales of licensed products for a given period by applying
these advance payments towards such earned royalty payments.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
2019 and 2020, the Company received royalty revenues from sales of the Magic Sky Control option using the Company&#8217;s technology
to Daimler (as well as sales of SPD-SmartGlass products to McLaren Automotive) that were accretive to the Company&#8217;s royalty revenue.
Production efficiencies are expected to continue and accelerate with the introduction of the higher vehicle production volumes for various
car models going forward, and the Company expects that lower pricing per square foot of the Company&#8217;s technology could expand the
market opportunities, adoption rates, and revenues for its technology in automotive and non-automotive applications. The Company expects
to generate additional royalty income from the near-term introduction of additional new car and aircraft models from other OEMs (original
equipment manufacturers), continued growth of sales of products using the Company&#8217;s technology for the marine industry in yachts
and other watercraft, in trains, in museums, and in larger architectural projects.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Because
the Company&#8217;s license agreements typically provide for the payment of royalties by a licensee on product sales within 45 days after
the end of the quarter in which a sale of a licensed product occurs (with some of the Company&#8217;s more recent license agreements
providing for payments on a monthly basis), and because of the time period which typically will elapse between a customer order and the
sale of the licensed product and installation in a home, office building, automobile, aircraft, boat or any other product, there could
be a delay between when economic activity between a licensee and its customer occurs and when the Company gets paid its royalty resulting
from such activity.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">As
discussed in Note 2, the Company currently does not have the ability to assess whether the COVID-19 pandemic is likely to have a material
impact on our near-term financial results. Most of the products using the Company&#8217;s technology are manufactured by licensees overseas
in Europe and Asia who have been similarly affected by the pandemic. The disruption caused by COVID-19 could result in lower levels of
sale activity for products using our technology resulting in lower level of royalties owed to us from the sale of these products. The
duration of the potential business disruptions and related financial impact cannot be reasonably estimated at this time.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><i>Three
months ended June 30, 2021 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2020</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company&#8217;s fee income from licensing activities for the three months ended June 30, 2021 was $113,937 as compared to $176,113 for
the three months ended June 30, 2020, representing a $62,176 decrease between these two periods. Lower fees in the automotive, aircraft
and architectural markets were partially offset by higher fee income from licensees in the display market.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Operating
expenses decreased by $128,885 for the three months ended June 30, 2021 to $503,078 from $631,963 for the three months ended June 30,
2020. This decrease is the result of lower payroll and related costs ($48,000), lower depreciation ($37,000) as well as lower bad debt
expense ($58,000) partially offset by higher patent costs ($9,000).</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Research
and development expenditures decreased by $6,921 to $139,810 for the three months ended June 30, 2021 from $146,731 for the three months
ended June 30, 2020. This decrease was the result of lower materials costs ($6,000).</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company&#8217;s net investment income for the three months ended June 30, 2021 was $1,016 as compared to $9,460 for the three months
ended June 30, 2020. The difference was primarily due to lower interest rates as well as unrealized reductions in market value of
investments and lower cash balances available for investment.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><br />&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In addition, the Company recorded $194,140 of other income for the three months ended June 30, 2020 representing the portion of the PPP
loan estimated to be forgiven through such date. There was no PPP loan forgiveness during the three months ended June 30, 2021.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">As
a consequence of the factors discussed above, the Company&#8217;s net loss was $527,935 ($0.02 per common share) for the three
months ended June 30, 2021 as compared to $398,981 ($0.01 per common share) for the three months ended June 30, 2020.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><i>Six
months ended June 30, 2021 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2020</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company&#8217;s fee income from licensing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2021 was $327,060 as compared to $532,286 for
the six months ended June 30, 2020, representing a $205,226 decrease between these two periods. Lower fees in the automotive, aircraft
and architectural markets were partially offset by higher fee income from licensees in the display market.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Operating
expenses decreased by $323,732 for the six months ended June 30, 2021 to $1,128,672 from $1,452,404 for the six months ended June 30,
2020. This decrease was the result of lower payroll and related costs ($196,000), lower depreciation ($73,000) and lower bad debts expense
($53,000).</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Research
and development expenditures decreased by $45,060 to $284,989 for the six months ended June 30, 2021 from $330,049 for the six months
ended June 30, 2020. This decrease was the result of lower payroll and related costs ($31,000) as well as lower allocated insurance costs
($12,000).</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company&#8217;s net investment income for the six months ended June 30, 2021 was $1,359 as compared to $32,452 for the six months ended
June 30, 2020. The difference was primarily due to lower interest rates as well as unrealized reductions in market value of investments
and lower cash balances available for investment.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
addition, the Company recorded $194,140 of other income for the six months ended June 30, 2020 representing the portion of the PPP loan
estimated to be forgiven through such date. There was no PPP loan forgiveness during the six months ended June 30, 2021.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">As
a consequence of the factors discussed above, the Company&#8217;s net loss was $1,085,242 ($0.03 per common share) for the six months
ended June 30, 2021 as compared to $1,023,575 ($0.03 per common share) for the six months ended June 30, 2020.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">Financial
Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company has primarily utilized its cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments, marketable securities, and the proceeds from
its investments to fund its research and development, for marketing initiatives, and for other working capital purposes. The Company&#8217;s
working capital and capital requirements depend upon numerous factors, including, but not limited to, the results of research and development
activities, competitive and technological developments, the timing and costs of patent filings, and the development of new licensees
and changes in the Company&#8217;s relationship with existing licensees. The degree of dependence of the Company&#8217;s working capital
requirements on each of the foregoing factors cannot be quantified; increased research and development activities and related costs would
increase such requirements; the addition of new licensees may provide additional working capital or working capital requirements, and
changes in relationships with existing licensees would have a favorable or negative impact depending upon the nature of such changes.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>



<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">During the six months ended June 30, 2021, the Company&#8217;s
cash and cash equivalents balance decreased by $4,433,098 principally as a result of cash used for the purchase of marketable
securities of $3,433,633 as well as cash used for operations of $1,386,442 partially offset by cash proceeds from the sale of
marketable securities of $300,000 and cash proceeds from the exercise of options and warrants of $86,262. As of June 30, 2021, the
Company had cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities of $3,471,590, working capital of $4,200,673 and total shareholders&#8217;
equity of $4,328,025.</p>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Our
quarterly projected cash flow shortfall, based on our current operations adjusted for any non-recurring cash expenses for the next 12
months, is approximately $400,000-$450,000 per quarter. We expect to have sufficient working capital for at least the next 24 months
of operations. We may seek to eliminate some operating expenses in the future to reduce our cash flow shortfall.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company expects to use its cash to fund its research and development of SPD light valves, its expanded marketing initiatives, and for
other working capital purposes. The Company believes that its current cash and cash equivalents would fund its operations until mid-2023.
There can be no assurances that expenditures will not exceed the anticipated amounts or that additional financing, if required, will
be available when needed or, if available, that its terms will be favorable or acceptable to the Company. Eventual success of the Company
and generation of positive cash flow will be dependent upon the extent of commercialization of products using the Company&#8217;s technology
by the Company&#8217;s licensees and payments of continuing royalties on account thereof. To date the Company has not generated sufficient
revenue from its licensees to fully fund its operations.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="text-decoration: underline"><span id="vi_007"></span>Item
3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
information required by Item 3 has been disclosed in Item 7A of the Company&#8217;s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December
31, 2020. There has been no material change in the disclosure regarding market risk.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="text-decoration: underline"><span id="vi_008"></span>Item
4. Controls and Procedures</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Evaluation
of Disclosure Controls and Procedures</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act, are designed to ensure that information
required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported
within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. We designed our disclosure controls and procedures to ensure that
information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to
our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Our Chief Executive Officer and acting interim Chief Financial Officer, with assistance from other members of our management, has reviewed
the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2021, and, based on his evaluation, has concluded that our
disclosure controls and procedures contained a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting which was identified
by the Company during our year-end internal control procedures. A material weakness is a deficiency or combination of deficiencies in
internal controls over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or
interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. As of June 30, 2021, there was a material weakness
in the Company&#8217;s management quarterly review control related to the assessment of the classification of cash equivalents and marketable
securities. During the second quarter, the Company invested in two mutual funds that did not consist of securities with original maturities
of three months or less. While the securities that were purchased were of a highly liquid nature, they did not meet the GAAP definition
of a cash equivalent and should have been presented as marketable securities. The Company&#8217;s quarterly control procedures over interim
reporting were not adequate to identify this change on a timely basis until the Company&#8217;s year-end financial reporting process.
The Company has modified its interim control procedures to include specific procedures and controls over of the reporting of investments
consistent with its year-end review procedures.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Changes
in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">There
were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during
the three months ended June 30, 2021 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control
over financial reporting. See the description of the material weakness in internal controls over financial reporting outlined Evaluation
of Disclosure Controls and Procedures above.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">Forward-Looking
Statements</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
information set forth in this Report and in all publicly disseminated information about the Company, including the narrative contained
in &#8220;Management&#8217;s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations&#8221; above, includes &#8220;forward-looking
statements&#8221; within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and is subject to the safe harbor
created by that section. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements as they speak only as
of the date hereof and are not guaranteed.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="text-decoration: underline"><span id="vi_009"></span>PART
II. OTHER INFORMATION</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Item1A. Risk Factors </span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Our operations and financial results are subject
to various risks and uncertainties that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows,
prospects and/or the trading price of our common stock. Although the risk and uncertainty listed below is that we consider significant,
material risks and uncertainties that are not presently known to us may also adversely affect our business, financial condition or results
of operations. In evaluating our business and an investment in our securities, you should consider the following risk factor, in addition
to the other information presented in this report, as well as the other reports we file from time to time with the SEC:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><b>Risks Related to Our Business </b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><b>We have identified a material weakness in our
internal control over financial reporting. If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, the
accuracy and timing of our financial reporting may be adversely affected. </b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">On February 18, 2022, our board of directors,
following discussions with management, determined that our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the quarters ended
June 30, 2021 and September 30, 2021 filed with the SEC on August 5, 2021 and November 4, 2021, respectively, required restatement to
correct the classification of certain cash equivalents as marketable securities. The board&#8217;s determination to restate such financial
statements was identified by management during the course of preparing the Company&#8217;s financial statements for the year ended December
31, 2021.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Our management is responsible for establishing
and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability
of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting
principles. Our management is likewise required, on a quarterly basis, to evaluate the effectiveness of our internal controls and to
disclose any changes and material weaknesses identified through such evaluation of those internal controls. A material weakness is a
deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility
that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">As described elsewhere in this filing, we have
identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting related the classification of cash equivalents and marketable
securities. As a result of this material weakness, our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was
not effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">We are taking measures to remediate the material
weakness described herein. However, if we are unable to remediate our material weakness in a timely manner or we identify additional
material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal controls or disclosure controls, we may be unable to provide required
financial information in a timely and reliable manner and we may incorrectly report financial information. If our financial statements
are not filed on a timely basis, we could be subject to adverse action by shareholders, Nasdaq, the SEC or other regulatory authorities.
The existence of material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in internal control over financial reporting could adversely affect
our reputation or investor perceptions of us, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our stock. In addition, we may
incur additional costs to remediate material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">We cannot assure you that the measures we are
taking will remediate the material weakness identified or that any additional material weaknesses or restatements of financial results
will not arise in the future due to a failure to implement and maintain adequate internal control over financial reporting. In addition,
even if we are successful in strengthening our controls and procedures, in the future those controls and procedures may not be adequate
to prevent or identify irregularities or errors or to facilitate the fair presentation of our financial statements.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="text-decoration: underline"><span id="vi_010"></span>Item
6. Exhibits</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; width: 0.5in"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">31.1</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><a href="ex31-1.htm">Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Joseph M. Harary - Filed herewith.</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">32.1</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><a href="ex32-1.htm">Section 1350 Certification of Joseph M. Harary - Filed herewith.</a></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span id="vi_011"></span><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>SIGNATURES</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; width: 50%"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">RESEARCH
    FRONTIERS INCORPORATED</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(Registrant)</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><i>/s/
    Joseph M. Harary</i></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Joseph
    M. Harary, President, CEO, acting interim CFO and Treasurer</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(Principal
    Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer)</span></td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: left"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Date:
February 24, 2022</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: left"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>


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<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: right"><B>EXHIBIT 31.1 CERTIFICATION</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0">I, <B>Joseph M. Harary,</B> certify that:</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0">1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q
of Research Frontiers Incorporated (the &ldquo;registrant&rdquo;);</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0">2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain
any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances
under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0">3. Based on my knowledge, the condensed consolidated
financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition,
results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0">4. The registrant&rsquo;s other certifying officers
and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e)
and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant
and have:</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 0.25in">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">b)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">c)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant&rsquo;s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">d)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant&rsquo;s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant&rsquo;s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant&rsquo;s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant&rsquo;s internal control over financial reporting; and</FONT></TD></TR>
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<P STYLE="margin: 0; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0">5. The registrant&rsquo;s other certifying officers
and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant&rsquo;s auditors
and the audit committee of the registrant&rsquo;s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 0.25in">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant&rsquo;s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">b)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant&rsquo;s internal control over financial reporting.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin: 0; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Dated: February
    24, 2022</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left; width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/ Joseph M. Harary</I></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Joseph M. Harary </FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">President, Chief Executive Officer and acting interim Chief Financial Officer</FONT></TD></TR>
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<TYPE>EX-32.1
<SEQUENCE>3
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<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: right"><B>EXHIBIT 32.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center">CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center">18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center">AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center">SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In connection with the Quarterly
Report of Research Frontiers Incorporated (the &ldquo;Company&rdquo;) on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2021 as filed with the
Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the &ldquo;Report&rdquo;), I, Joseph M. Harary, President and Chief Executive Officer
and Principal Executive Officer and acting interim Chief Financial Officer and Principal Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant
to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 0.25in">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin: 0; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left; width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/ Joseph M. Harary </I></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; width: 50%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Joseph M. Harary</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">President, Chief Executive Officer and Principal Executive Officer and acting interim Chief Financial Officer and Principal Financial Officer</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">February 24,
    2022</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin: 0; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.CAL
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<FILENAME>refr-20210630_cal.xml
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<TYPE>EX-101.LAB
<SEQUENCE>7
<FILENAME>refr-20210630_lab.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL LABEL FILE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="US-ASCII" standalone="no"?>
    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: Generator; Value: GoFiler Complete; Version: 5.12b -->
    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: VendorURI; Value: https://www.novaworks.com -->
    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: Status; Value: 0x00000000 -->
<link:linkbase xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:xbrli="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd">
    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" />
    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedPeriodEndLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedPeriodEndLabel" />
    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedPeriodStartLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedPeriodStartLabel" />
    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedTotalLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedTotalLabel" />
    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedNetLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedNetLabel" />
    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedTerseLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedTerseLabel" />
    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/net-2009-12-16.xsd#netLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/netLabel" />
    <link:labelLink xlink:type="extended" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/link">
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Equity Components [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_CommonStockMember" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CommonStockMember" xlink:to="us-gaap_CommonStockMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Common Stock [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember" xlink:label="us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember" xlink:to="us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_RetainedEarningsMember" xlink:label="us-gaap_RetainedEarningsMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_RetainedEarningsMember" xlink:to="us-gaap_RetainedEarningsMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_RetainedEarningsMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Retained Earnings [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2021/elts/srt-2021-01-31.xsd#srt_RestatementAxis" xlink:label="srt_RestatementAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="srt_RestatementAxis" xlink:to="srt_RestatementAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="srt_RestatementAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Revision of Prior Period [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2021/elts/srt-2021-01-31.xsd#srt_ScenarioPreviouslyReportedMember" xlink:label="srt_ScenarioPreviouslyReportedMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="srt_ScenarioPreviouslyReportedMember" xlink:to="srt_ScenarioPreviouslyReportedMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="srt_ScenarioPreviouslyReportedMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Previously Reported [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2021/elts/srt-2021-01-31.xsd#srt_RestatementAdjustmentMember" xlink:label="srt_RestatementAdjustmentMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="srt_RestatementAdjustmentMember" xlink:to="srt_RestatementAdjustmentMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="srt_RestatementAdjustmentMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Revision of Prior Period, Adjustment [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2021/elts/srt-2021-01-31.xsd#srt_RangeAxis" xlink:label="srt_RangeAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="srt_RangeAxis" xlink:to="srt_RangeAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="srt_RangeAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Statistical Measurement [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2021/elts/srt-2021-01-31.xsd#srt_MinimumMember" xlink:label="srt_MinimumMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="srt_MinimumMember" xlink:to="srt_MinimumMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="srt_MinimumMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Minimum [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2021/elts/srt-2021-01-31.xsd#srt_MaximumMember" xlink:label="srt_MaximumMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="srt_MaximumMember" xlink:to="srt_MaximumMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="srt_MaximumMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Maximum [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_DebtInstrumentAxis" xlink:label="us-gaap_DebtInstrumentAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_DebtInstrumentAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_DebtInstrumentAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_DebtInstrumentAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Debt Instrument [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20210630.xsd#REFR_PPPLoanMember" xlink:label="REFR_PPPLoanMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_PPPLoanMember" xlink:to="REFR_PPPLoanMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_PPPLoanMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">PPP Loan [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis" xlink:label="us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20210630.xsd#REFR_LicenseAgreementMember" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseAgreementMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseAgreementMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseAgreementMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseAgreementMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">License Agreement [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis" xlink:label="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Concentration Risk Benchmark [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember" xlink:label="us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember" xlink:to="us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Revenue Benchmark [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2021/elts/srt-2021-01-31.xsd#srt_ProductOrServiceAxis" xlink:label="srt_ProductOrServiceAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="srt_ProductOrServiceAxis" xlink:to="srt_ProductOrServiceAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="srt_ProductOrServiceAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Product and Service [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20210630.xsd#REFR_LicenseeOneMember" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeOneMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseeOneMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseeOneMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeOneMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Licensee One [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis" xlink:label="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Concentration Risk Type [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" xlink:label="us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" xlink:to="us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Customer Concentration Risk [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20210630.xsd#REFR_LicenseeTwoMember" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeTwoMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseeTwoMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseeTwoMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeTwoMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Licensee Two [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20210630.xsd#REFR_LicenseeThreeMember" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeThreeMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseeThreeMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseeThreeMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeThreeMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Licensee Three [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20210630.xsd#REFR_LicenseeFourMember" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeFourMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseeFourMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseeFourMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeFourMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Licensee Four [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20210630.xsd#REFR_LicenseeFiveMember" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeFiveMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseeFiveMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseeFiveMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeFiveMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Licensee Five [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2021/elts/srt-2021-01-31.xsd#srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis" xlink:label="srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis" xlink:to="srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Title of Individual [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20210630.xsd#REFR_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember" xlink:label="REFR_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember" xlink:to="REFR_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Employees and Directors [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20210630.xsd#REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember" xlink:label="REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember" xlink:to="REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">2019 Equity Incentive Plan [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis" xlink:label="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Antidilutive Securities [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20210630.xsd#REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember" xlink:label="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember" xlink:to="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Options and Warrants [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis" xlink:label="us-gaap_FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Fair Value Hierarchy and NAV [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_FairValueInputsLevel1Member" xlink:label="us-gaap_FairValueInputsLevel1Member" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_FairValueInputsLevel1Member" xlink:to="us-gaap_FairValueInputsLevel1Member_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_FairValueInputsLevel1Member_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis" xlink:label="us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Related Party [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20210630.xsd#REFR_PutnamMember" xlink:label="REFR_PutnamMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_PutnamMember" xlink:to="REFR_PutnamMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_PutnamMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Putnam [Member]</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ShortDurationBondMember" xlink:to="REFR_ShortDurationBondMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_ShortDurationBondMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Short Duration Bond [Member]</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_UltraShortDurationIncomeMember" xlink:to="REFR_UltraShortDurationIncomeMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_UltraShortDurationIncomeMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Ultra Short Duration Income [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:label="dei_CoverAbstract" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_CoverAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Cover [Abstract]</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentType" xlink:to="dei_DocumentType_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Type</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:to="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Amendment Flag</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_AmendmentDescription" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentDescription" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_AmendmentDescription" xlink:to="dei_AmendmentDescription_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentDescription_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Amendment Description</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentRegistrationStatement" xlink:label="dei_DocumentRegistrationStatement" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentRegistrationStatement" xlink:to="dei_DocumentRegistrationStatement_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentRegistrationStatement_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Registration Statement</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentAnnualReport" xlink:label="dei_DocumentAnnualReport" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentAnnualReport" xlink:to="dei_DocumentAnnualReport_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentAnnualReport_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Annual Report</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport" xlink:label="dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport" xlink:to="dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Quarterly Report</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentTransitionReport" xlink:label="dei_DocumentTransitionReport" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentTransitionReport" xlink:to="dei_DocumentTransitionReport_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentTransitionReport_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Transition Report</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport" xlink:label="dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport" xlink:to="dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Shell Company Report</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentShellCompanyEventDate" xlink:label="dei_DocumentShellCompanyEventDate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentShellCompanyEventDate" xlink:to="dei_DocumentShellCompanyEventDate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentShellCompanyEventDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Shell Company Event Date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodStartDate" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodStartDate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentPeriodStartDate" xlink:to="dei_DocumentPeriodStartDate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodStartDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Period Start Date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:to="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Period End Date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xlink:to="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Fiscal Period Focus</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:to="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Fiscal Year Focus</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate" xlink:label="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate" xlink:to="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Current Fiscal Year End Date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity File Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:to="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Registrant Name</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:to="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Central Index Key</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Primary SIC Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Tax Identification Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Address Line One</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Address Line Two</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Address Line Three</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, City or Town</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, State or Province</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCountry_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Country</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_CountryRegion_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Country Region</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">City Area Code</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:to="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Written Communications</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:to="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Soliciting Material</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">No Trading Symbol Flag</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Trading Symbol</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Security Exchange Name</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_Security12gTitle" xlink:label="dei_Security12gTitle" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_Security12gTitle" xlink:to="dei_Security12gTitle_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_Security12gTitle_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Title of 12(g) Security</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_SecurityReportingObligation" xlink:label="dei_SecurityReportingObligation" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SecurityReportingObligation" xlink:to="dei_SecurityReportingObligation_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SecurityReportingObligation_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Security Reporting Obligation</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_AnnualInformationForm" xlink:label="dei_AnnualInformationForm" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_AnnualInformationForm" xlink:to="dei_AnnualInformationForm_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_AnnualInformationForm_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Annual Information Form</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_AuditedAnnualFinancialStatements" xlink:label="dei_AuditedAnnualFinancialStatements" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_AuditedAnnualFinancialStatements" xlink:to="dei_AuditedAnnualFinancialStatements_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_AuditedAnnualFinancialStatements_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Audited Annual Financial Statements</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer" xlink:label="dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer" xlink:to="dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers" xlink:label="dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers" xlink:to="dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Voluntary Filers</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus" xlink:label="dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus" xlink:to="dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Current Reporting Status</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent" xlink:label="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent" xlink:to="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Interactive Data Current</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityFilerCategory" xlink:label="dei_EntityFilerCategory" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityFilerCategory" xlink:to="dei_EntityFilerCategory_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityFilerCategory_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Filer Category</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntitySmallBusiness" xlink:label="dei_EntitySmallBusiness" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntitySmallBusiness" xlink:to="dei_EntitySmallBusiness_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntitySmallBusiness_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Small Business</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:to="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Emerging Growth Company</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod" xlink:label="dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod" xlink:to="dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Elected Not To Use the Extended Transition Period</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentAccountingStandard" xlink:label="dei_DocumentAccountingStandard" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentAccountingStandard" xlink:to="dei_DocumentAccountingStandard_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentAccountingStandard_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Accounting Standard</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_OtherReportingStandardItemNumber" xlink:label="dei_OtherReportingStandardItemNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_OtherReportingStandardItemNumber" xlink:to="dei_OtherReportingStandardItemNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_OtherReportingStandardItemNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Other Reporting Standard Item Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityShellCompany" xlink:label="dei_EntityShellCompany" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityShellCompany" xlink:to="dei_EntityShellCompany_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityShellCompany_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Shell Company</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityPublicFloat" xlink:label="dei_EntityPublicFloat" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityPublicFloat" xlink:to="dei_EntityPublicFloat_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityPublicFloat_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Public Float</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityBankruptcyProceedingsReportingCurrent" xlink:label="dei_EntityBankruptcyProceedingsReportingCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityBankruptcyProceedingsReportingCurrent" xlink:to="dei_EntityBankruptcyProceedingsReportingCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityBankruptcyProceedingsReportingCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Bankruptcy Proceedings, Reporting Current</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding" xlink:label="dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding" xlink:to="dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2021q4/dei-2021q4.xsd#dei_DocumentsIncorporatedByReferenceTextBlock" xlink:label="dei_DocumentsIncorporatedByReferenceTextBlock" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentsIncorporatedByReferenceTextBlock" xlink:to="dei_DocumentsIncorporatedByReferenceTextBlock_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentsIncorporatedByReferenceTextBlock_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Documents Incorporated by Reference [Text Block]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_StatementOfFinancialPositionAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementOfFinancialPositionAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StatementOfFinancialPositionAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_StatementOfFinancialPositionAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementOfFinancialPositionAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AssetsCurrentAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_AssetsCurrentAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AssetsCurrentAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Current assets:</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Marketable securities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20210630.xsd#REFR_RoyaltiesReceivableNetCurrent" xlink:label="REFR_RoyaltiesReceivableNetCurrent" />
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_PrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_PrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_PrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Prepaid expenses and other current assets</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AssetsCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_AssetsCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet" xlink:to="us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_Assets_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total assets</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquityAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquityAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquityAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquityAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquityAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Liabilities and Shareholders&#8217; Equity</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Current liabilities:</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Current portion of operating lease liability</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_AccountsPayableCurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_AccountsPayableCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AccountsPayableCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_AccountsPayableCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AccountsPayableCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Accounts payable</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Accrued expenses and other</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_DeferredRevenue" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredRevenue" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_DeferredRevenue" xlink:to="us-gaap_DeferredRevenue_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredRevenue_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Deferred revenue</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total current liabilities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating lease liability, net of current portion</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_Liabilities" xlink:label="us-gaap_Liabilities" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_Liabilities" xlink:to="us-gaap_Liabilities_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_Liabilities_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total liabilities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Shareholders&#8217; equity:</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_CommonStockValue" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockValue" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CommonStockValue" xlink:to="us-gaap_CommonStockValue_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockValue_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share; authorized 100,000,000 shares, issued and outstanding 31,650,396 in 2021 and 31,575,786 in 2020</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock" xlink:label="us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock" xlink:to="us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Additional paid-in capital</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit" xlink:label="us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit" xlink:to="us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Accumulated deficit</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_StockholdersEquity" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total shareholders&#8217; equity</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity" xlink:to="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total liabilities and shareholders&#8217; equity</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivableCurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivableCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivableCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivableCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivableCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Royalties receivables, reserves</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare" xlink:to="us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Common stock, par value</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized" xlink:to="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Common stock, shares authorized</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued" xlink:to="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Common stock, shares issued</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding" xlink:to="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Common stock, shares outstanding</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Income Statement [Abstract]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax" xlink:label="us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax" xlink:to="us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Fee income</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OtherGeneralExpense" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherGeneralExpense" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OtherGeneralExpense" xlink:to="us-gaap_OtherGeneralExpense_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherGeneralExpense_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating expenses</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense" xlink:label="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense" xlink:to="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Research and development</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingExpenses" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingExpenses" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingExpenses" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingExpenses_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingExpenses_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total expenses</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating loss</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20210630.xsd#REFR_OtherIncomeFromPaycheckProtectionProgramLoanForgiveness" xlink:label="REFR_OtherIncomeFromPaycheckProtectionProgramLoanForgiveness" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_OtherIncomeFromPaycheckProtectionProgramLoanForgiveness" xlink:to="REFR_OtherIncomeFromPaycheckProtectionProgramLoanForgiveness_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_OtherIncomeFromPaycheckProtectionProgramLoanForgiveness_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Other income - PPP loan forgiveness</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_InvestmentIncomeInterest" xlink:label="us-gaap_InvestmentIncomeInterest" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_InvestmentIncomeInterest" xlink:to="us-gaap_InvestmentIncomeInterest_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_InvestmentIncomeInterest_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net investment income</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net loss</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasicAndDiluted" xlink:label="us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasicAndDiluted" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasicAndDiluted" xlink:to="us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasicAndDiluted_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasicAndDiluted_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Basic and diluted net loss per common share</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfShareOutstandingBasicAndDiluted" xlink:label="us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfShareOutstandingBasicAndDiluted" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfShareOutstandingBasicAndDiluted" xlink:to="us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfShareOutstandingBasicAndDiluted_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfShareOutstandingBasicAndDiluted_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Weighted average number of common shares outstanding</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_StatementTable" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementTable" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StatementTable" xlink:to="us-gaap_StatementTable_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementTable_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Statement [Table]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_StatementLineItems" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementLineItems" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StatementLineItems" xlink:to="us-gaap_StatementLineItems_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementLineItems_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Statement [Line Items]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodStartLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Beginning balance, value</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_SharesOutstanding" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding" xlink:to="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodStartLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Balance beginning, shares</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20210630.xsd#REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised" xlink:label="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised" xlink:to="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Exercise of options and warrants</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20210630.xsd#REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised" xlink:label="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised" xlink:to="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Exercise of options and warrants, shares</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Exercise of options</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Exercise of options, shares</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net loss</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_3_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodEndLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_3_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Ending balance, value</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding" xlink:to="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodEndLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Balance ending, shares</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_StatementOfCashFlowsAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementOfCashFlowsAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StatementOfCashFlowsAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_StatementOfCashFlowsAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementOfCashFlowsAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Statement of Cash Flows [Abstract]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Cash flows from operating activities:</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_DepreciationDepletionAndAmortization" xlink:label="us-gaap_DepreciationDepletionAndAmortization" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_DepreciationDepletionAndAmortization" xlink:to="us-gaap_DepreciationDepletionAndAmortization_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_DepreciationDepletionAndAmortization_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Depreciation and amortization</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss" xlink:label="us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss" xlink:to="us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Unrealized loss on marketable securities</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_OtherIncomeFromPaycheckProtectionProgramLoanForgiveness" xlink:to="REFR_OtherIncomeFromPaycheckProtectionProgramLoanForgiveness_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="REFR_OtherIncomeFromPaycheckProtectionProgramLoanForgiveness_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Other income - PPP loan forgiveness</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ProvisionForDoubtfulAccounts" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProvisionForDoubtfulAccounts" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ProvisionForDoubtfulAccounts" xlink:to="us-gaap_ProvisionForDoubtfulAccounts_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProvisionForDoubtfulAccounts_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Bad debts expense (recovery)</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Change in assets and liabilities:</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20210630.xsd#REFR_IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable" xlink:label="REFR_IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable" xlink:to="REFR_IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Royalty receivables</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Prepaid expenses and other current assets</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Accounts payable and accrued expenses</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Deferred revenue</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net cash used in operating activities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Cash flows from investing activities:</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment" xlink:label="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment" xlink:to="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Purchases of fixed assets</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleOfPropertyPlantAndEquipment" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleOfPropertyPlantAndEquipment" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleOfPropertyPlantAndEquipment" xlink:to="us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleOfPropertyPlantAndEquipment_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleOfPropertyPlantAndEquipment_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Proceeds from sale of fixed asset</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities" xlink:label="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities" xlink:to="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Purchases of marketable securities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities" xlink:to="us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Sales of marketable securities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Cash flows from financing activities:</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised" xlink:to="us-gaap_ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Proceeds from exercise of options</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ProceedsFromBankDebt" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProceedsFromBankDebt" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ProceedsFromBankDebt" xlink:to="us-gaap_ProceedsFromBankDebt_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProceedsFromBankDebt_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Proceeds from PPP Program Funding</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net cash provided by financing activities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect" xlink:label="us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect" xlink:to="us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProceedsFromLoans_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Proceeds from loan</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OtherIncome" xlink:to="us-gaap_OtherIncome_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherIncome_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Other income</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ScheduleOfCollaborativeArrangementsAndNoncollaborativeArrangementTransactionsTable" xlink:to="us-gaap_ScheduleOfCollaborativeArrangementsAndNoncollaborativeArrangementTransactionsTable_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ScheduleOfCollaborativeArrangementsAndNoncollaborativeArrangementTransactionsTable_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Table]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_CollaborativeArrangementsAndNoncollaborativeArrangementTransactionsLineItems" xlink:label="us-gaap_CollaborativeArrangementsAndNoncollaborativeArrangementTransactionsLineItems" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CollaborativeArrangementsAndNoncollaborativeArrangementTransactionsLineItems" xlink:to="us-gaap_CollaborativeArrangementsAndNoncollaborativeArrangementTransactionsLineItems_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CollaborativeArrangementsAndNoncollaborativeArrangementTransactionsLineItems_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20210630.xsd#REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice" xlink:label="REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice" xlink:to="REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Royalty rate on selling price</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax" xlink:to="us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Revenue recognition</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ScheduleOfProductInformationTable" xlink:label="us-gaap_ScheduleOfProductInformationTable" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ScheduleOfProductInformationTable" xlink:to="us-gaap_ScheduleOfProductInformationTable_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ScheduleOfProductInformationTable_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Schedule of Product Information [Table]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems" xlink:to="us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Product Information [Line Items]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" xlink:label="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" xlink:to="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Percentage of fee income</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ScheduleOfDeferredCompensationArrangementWithIndividualExcludingShareBasedPaymentsAndPostretirementBenefitsByTitleOfIndividualAndByTypeOfDeferredCompensationTable" xlink:label="us-gaap_ScheduleOfDeferredCompensationArrangementWithIndividualExcludingShareBasedPaymentsAndPostretirementBenefitsByTitleOfIndividualAndByTypeOfDeferredCompensationTable" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ScheduleOfDeferredCompensationArrangementWithIndividualExcludingShareBasedPaymentsAndPostretirementBenefitsByTitleOfIndividualAndByTypeOfDeferredCompensationTable" xlink:to="us-gaap_ScheduleOfDeferredCompensationArrangementWithIndividualExcludingShareBasedPaymentsAndPostretirementBenefitsByTitleOfIndividualAndByTypeOfDeferredCompensationTable_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ScheduleOfDeferredCompensationArrangementWithIndividualExcludingShareBasedPaymentsAndPostretirementBenefitsByTitleOfIndividualAndByTypeOfDeferredCompensationTable_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Schedule of Deferred Compensation Arrangement with Individual, Excluding Share-based Payments and Postretirement Benefits, by Title of Individual and by Type of Deferred Compensation [Table]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_DeferredCompensationArrangementWithIndividualExcludingShareBasedPaymentsAndPostretirementBenefitsLineItems" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredCompensationArrangementWithIndividualExcludingShareBasedPaymentsAndPostretirementBenefitsLineItems" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_DeferredCompensationArrangementWithIndividualExcludingShareBasedPaymentsAndPostretirementBenefitsLineItems" xlink:to="us-gaap_DeferredCompensationArrangementWithIndividualExcludingShareBasedPaymentsAndPostretirementBenefitsLineItems_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredCompensationArrangementWithIndividualExcludingShareBasedPaymentsAndPostretirementBenefitsLineItems_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Deferred Compensation Arrangement with Individual, Excluding Share-based Payments and Postretirement Benefits [Line Items]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardAwardVestingPeriod1" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardAwardVestingPeriod1" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardAwardVestingPeriod1" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardAwardVestingPeriod1_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardAwardVestingPeriod1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Award Vesting Period</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Stock options granted</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation" xlink:label="us-gaap_EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation" xlink:to="us-gaap_EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Compensation expense</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Shares available for future grant</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ScheduleOfAntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareTable" xlink:label="us-gaap_ScheduleOfAntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareTable" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ScheduleOfAntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareTable" xlink:to="us-gaap_ScheduleOfAntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareTable_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ScheduleOfAntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareTable_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Schedule of Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Table]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareLineItems" xlink:label="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareLineItems" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareLineItems" xlink:to="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareLineItems_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareLineItems_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount" xlink:label="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount" xlink:to="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Anti-dilutive securities effect</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20210630.xsd#REFR_ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants" xlink:label="REFR_ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants" xlink:to="REFR_ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Proceeds from exercise of options and warrants</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20210630.xsd#REFR_OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises" xlink:label="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises" xlink:to="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Options and warrant issued in connection with exercises</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardSharesIssuedInPeriod" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardSharesIssuedInPeriod" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardSharesIssuedInPeriod" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardSharesIssuedInPeriod_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardSharesIssuedInPeriod_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Capital stock issued</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20210630.xsd#REFR_IssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants" xlink:label="REFR_IssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_IssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants" xlink:to="REFR_IssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_IssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Issuance of common stock options and warrants</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding" xlink:label="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding" xlink:to="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Warrants outstanding</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Options outstanding</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_DisclosureLeasesAbstract" xlink:to="REFR_DisclosureLeasesAbstract_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="REFR_DisclosureLeasesAbstract_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Schedule Of Maturities Of Opearing Lease</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsRemainderOfFiscalYear" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsRemainderOfFiscalYear" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsRemainderOfFiscalYear_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">For the remainder of the year ending December 31, 2021</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">For the year ending December 31, 2022</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwo" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwo" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwo_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">For the year ending December 31, 2023</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearThree" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearThree" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearThree" xlink:to="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearThree_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearThree_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">For the year ending December 31, 2024</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive" xlink:to="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">For the year ending December 31, 2025 and beyond</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue" xlink:to="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total lease payments</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount" xlink:to="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Less: imputed lease interest</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Present value of lease liabilities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Weighted average remaining lease term</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Weighted-average discount rate</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLeaseExpense" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseExpense" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseExpense" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseExpense_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseExpense_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating lease expense</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating Lease, Right-of-Use Asset</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating Lease, Liability</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesTable" xlink:label="us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesTable" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesTable" xlink:to="us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesTable_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesTable_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Marketable Securities [Table]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2021/elts/us-gaap-2021-01-31.xsd#us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesLineItems" xlink:label="us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesLineItems" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesLineItems" xlink:to="us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesLineItems_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesLineItems_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Marketable Securities [Line Items]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss" xlink:to="us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Unrealized loss</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_RoyaltiesReceivableNetCurrent" xlink:to="REFR_RoyaltiesReceivableNetCurrent_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_RoyaltiesReceivableNetCurrent_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Royalties receivable net current.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_OtherIncomeFromPaycheckProtectionProgramLoanForgiveness" xlink:to="REFR_OtherIncomeFromPaycheckProtectionProgramLoanForgiveness_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_OtherIncomeFromPaycheckProtectionProgramLoanForgiveness_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Other income from paycheck protection program loan forgiveness.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised" xlink:to="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Stock issued during period value stock options and warrants exercised.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised" xlink:to="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Stock issued during period shares stock options and warrants exercised.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable" xlink:to="REFR_IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Increase decrease in royalty receivable.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock" xlink:to="REFR_FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Fee Income Disclosure Text Block.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_WorkingCapital" xlink:to="REFR_WorkingCapital_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_WorkingCapital_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Working capital.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_NonrecurringCashExpenses" xlink:to="REFR_NonrecurringCashExpenses_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_NonrecurringCashExpenses_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Non-recurring cash expenses.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_PPPLoanMember" xlink:to="REFR_PPPLoanMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_PPPLoanMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">PPP Loan [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice" xlink:to="REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Royalty rate on selling price.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseAgreementMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseAgreementMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseAgreementMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">License Agreement [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember" xlink:to="REFR_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Employees and Directors [Member].</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember" xlink:to="REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">2019 Equity Incentive Plan [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember" xlink:to="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Options and Warrants [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants" xlink:to="REFR_ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Proceeds from exercise of options and warrants.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises" xlink:to="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Options and warrant issued in connection with exercises.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseeOneMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseeOneMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeOneMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Licensee one [Member].</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseeTwoMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseeTwoMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeTwoMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Licensee two [Member].</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseeThreeMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseeThreeMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeThreeMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Licensee three [Member].</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseeFourMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseeFourMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeFourMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Licensee Four [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseeFiveMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseeFiveMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeFiveMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Licensee Five [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_CashAndCashEquivalents" xlink:to="REFR_CashAndCashEquivalents_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_CashAndCashEquivalents_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Cash And Cash Equivalents.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AssetsCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_AssetsCurrent_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AssetsCurrent_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Assets, Current</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_Assets" xlink:to="us-gaap_Assets_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_Assets_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Assets [Default Label]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Liabilities, Current</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_Liabilities" xlink:to="us-gaap_Liabilities_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_Liabilities_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Liabilities</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity" xlink:to="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Liabilities and Equity</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingExpenses" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingExpenses_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingExpenses_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating Expenses</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating Income (Loss)</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding" xlink:to="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding_3_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding_3_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Shares, Outstanding</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Increase (Decrease) in Prepaid Expense and Other Assets</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Increase (Decrease) in Contract with Customer, Liability</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment" xlink:to="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Payments to Acquire Property, Plant, and Equipment</link:label>
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</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>8
<FILENAME>refr-20210630_pre.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL PRESENTATION FILE
<TEXT>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140055941420184">
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<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Cover - shares<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">6 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
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<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Feb. 24, 2022</div></th>
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Cover [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
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<td class="text">This Amendment No. 1 on Form 10-Q/A amends our quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2021, initially
filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 5, 2021 (the Original Form 10-Q). This Form 10-Q/A amends and restates Items
1, 2 and 4 of Part I of the Original Form 10-Q and adds Item 1A of Part II to the Original Form 10-Q and no other items in the Original
Form 10-Q are amended hereby. In Item 1, this Form 10-Q/A includes our restated condensed consolidated interim financial statements for
the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, including certain notes thereto. The restatement relates to certain investments of the
Company which were classified as cash equivalents on the June 30, 2021 balance sheet which the Company has determined do not qualify
as cash equivalents. Such investments have been reclassified and are now presented as marketable securities, the statement of cashflows
also reflects the purchase and sale activity of such marketable securities for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and notes 1 and 11
to the condensed consolidated financial statements have also been amended. This restatement did not impact the results of operations,
loss per share or shareholders&#8217; equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021. This restatement, which only relates to
the reclassification of certain investments from cash to marketable securities, does not affect the company&#8217;s net income/loss for
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Jun. 30,  2021<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus', window );">Document Fiscal Period Focus</a></td>
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<td class="text">2021<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">000-14893<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">RESEARCH FRONTIERS INCORPORATED<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0000793524<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">11-2103466<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">DE<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">240 CROSSWAYS PARK DRIVE<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">WOODBURY<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">NY<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">11797-2033<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">(516)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">364-1902<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Common
    Stock, par value $0.0001 per share<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">REFR<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NASDAQ<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus', window );">Entity Current Reporting Status</a></td>
<td class="text">Yes<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent', window );">Entity Interactive Data Current</a></td>
<td class="text">Yes<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFilerCategory', window );">Entity Filer Category</a></td>
<td class="text">Non-accelerated Filer<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntitySmallBusiness', window );">Entity Small Business</a></td>
<td class="text">true<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityShellCompany', window );">Entity Shell Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding', window );">Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">31,650,396<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentDescription">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Description of changes contained within amended document.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentDescription</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
</tr>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>End date of current fiscal year in the format --MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:gMonthDayItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Fiscal period values are FY, Q1, Q2, and Q3.  1st, 2nd and 3rd quarter 10-Q or 10-QT statements have value Q1, Q2, and Q3 respectively, with 10-K, 10-KT or other fiscal year statements having FY.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fiscalPeriodItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>This is focus fiscal year of the document report in YYYY format. For a 2006 annual report, which may also provide financial information from prior periods, fiscal 2006 should be given as the fiscal year focus. Example: 2006.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:gYearItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period.  The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true only for a form used as an quarterly report.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Form 10-Q<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 308<br> -Subsection a<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentTransitionReport">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true only for a form used as a transition report.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Forms 10-K, 10-Q, 20-F<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13<br> -Subsection a-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentTransitionReport</td>
</tr>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate number of shares or other units outstanding of each of registrant's classes of capital or common stock or other ownership interests, if and as stated on cover of related periodic report. Where multiple classes or units exist define each class/interest by adding class of stock items such as Common Class A [Member], Common Class B [Member] or Partnership Interest [Member] onto the Instrument [Domain] of the Entity Listings, Instrument.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate 'Yes' or 'No' whether registrants (1) have filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that registrants were required to file such reports), and (2) have been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. This information should be based on the registrant's current or most recent filing containing the related disclosure.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:yesNoItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFilerCategory">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate whether the registrant is one of the following: Large Accelerated Filer, Accelerated Filer, Non-accelerated Filer. Definitions of these categories are stated in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. This information should be based on the registrant's current or most recent filing containing the related disclosure.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFilerCategory</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:filerCategoryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation S-T<br> -Number 232<br> -Section 405<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:yesNoItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityShellCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the registrant is a shell company as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityShellCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntitySmallBusiness">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicates that the company is a Smaller Reporting Company (SRC).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntitySmallBusiness</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_Security12bTitle">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_Security12bTitle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:securityTitleItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SecurityExchangeName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarExchangeCodeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_TradingSymbol">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_TradingSymbol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:tradingSymbolItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>10
<FILENAME>R2.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
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<head>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140055939932952">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2020</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AssetsCurrentAbstract', window );"><strong>Current assets:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue', window );">Cash and cash equivalents</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 339,607<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 4,772,705<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesCurrent', window );">Marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="nump">3,131,983<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_RoyaltiesReceivableNetCurrent', window );">Royalty receivables, net of reserves of $972,202 in 2021 and $972,202 in 2020</a></td>
<td class="nump">829,865<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">598,292<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent', window );">Prepaid expenses and other current assets</a></td>
<td class="nump">199,925<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">56,512<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AssetsCurrent', window );">Total current assets</a></td>
<td class="nump">4,501,380<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">5,427,509<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet', window );">Fixed assets, net</a></td>
<td class="nump">107,766<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">121,772<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset', window );">Operating lease ROU assets</a></td>
<td class="nump">543,133<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">616,442<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OtherAssetsNoncurrent', window );">Deposits and other assets</a></td>
<td class="nump">33,567<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">33,567<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_Assets', window );">Total assets</a></td>
<td class="nump">5,185,846<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">6,199,290<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract', window );"><strong>Current liabilities:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent', window );">Current portion of operating lease liability</a></td>
<td class="nump">174,103<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">166,377<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccountsPayableCurrent', window );">Accounts payable</a></td>
<td class="nump">41,077<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">33,410<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent', window );">Accrued expenses and other</a></td>
<td class="nump">59,435<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">26,279<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DeferredRevenue', window );">Deferred revenue</a></td>
<td class="nump">26,002<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent', window );">Total current liabilities</a></td>
<td class="nump">300,617<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">226,066<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent', window );">Operating lease liability, net of current portion</a></td>
<td class="nump">557,204<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">646,219<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_Liabilities', window );">Total liabilities</a></td>
<td class="nump">857,821<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">872,285<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract', window );"><strong>Shareholders&#8217; equity:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CommonStockValue', window );">Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share; authorized 100,000,000 shares, issued and outstanding 31,650,396 in 2021 and 31,575,786 in 2020</a></td>
<td class="nump">3,165<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">3,158<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock', window );">Additional paid-in capital</a></td>
<td class="nump">123,250,878<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">123,164,623<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit', window );">Accumulated deficit</a></td>
<td class="num">(118,926,018)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(117,840,776)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Total shareholders&#8217; equity</a></td>
<td class="nump">4,328,025<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">5,327,005<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity', window );">Total liabilities and shareholders&#8217; equity</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 5,185,846<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 6,199,290<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_RoyaltiesReceivableNetCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Royalties receivable net current.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_RoyaltiesReceivableNetCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AccountsPayableCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Carrying value as of the balance sheet date of liabilities incurred (and for which invoices have typically been received) and payable to vendors for goods and services received that are used in an entity's business. Used to reflect the current portion of the liabilities (due within one year or within the normal operating cycle if longer).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.19(a))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84165509&amp;loc=d3e56426-112766<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AccountsPayableCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Value received from shareholders in common stock-related transactions that are in excess of par value or stated value and amounts received from other stock-related transactions. Includes only common stock transactions (excludes preferred stock transactions). May be called contributed capital, capital in excess of par, capital surplus, or paid-in capital.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(30)(a)(1))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_Assets">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Sum of the carrying amounts as of the balance sheet date of all assets that are recognized. Assets are probable future economic benefits obtained or controlled by an entity as a result of past transactions or events.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-03(11))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120398452&amp;loc=d3e534808-122878<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84165509&amp;loc=d3e56426-112766<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1B<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-02(a)(4)(iii)(A))<br> -URI 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-Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1A<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-01(a)(5))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124359900&amp;loc=SL124442526-122756<br><br>Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1A<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-01(a)(4)(iii)(A))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124359900&amp;loc=SL124442526-122756<br><br>Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(g)(1)(ii))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120395691&amp;loc=d3e23780-122690<br><br>Reference 13: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1A<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-01(a)(4)(i))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124359900&amp;loc=SL124442526-122756<br><br>Reference 14: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1A<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-01(a)(4)(iii))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124359900&amp;loc=SL124442526-122756<br><br>Reference 15: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 825<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (f)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123596393&amp;loc=d3e14064-108612<br><br>Reference 16: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1B<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-02(a)(4)(iii)(B))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124359900&amp;loc=SL124442552-122756<br><br>Reference 17: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 810<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (bb)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123419778&amp;loc=d3e5710-111685<br><br>Reference 18: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1B<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-02(a)(5))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124359900&amp;loc=SL124442552-122756<br><br>Reference 19: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 810<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 25<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI 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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_Assets</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AssetsCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Sum of the carrying amounts as of the balance sheet date of all assets that are expected to be realized in cash, sold, or consumed within one year (or the normal operating cycle, if longer). Assets are probable future economic benefits obtained or controlled by an entity as a result of past transactions or events.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124098289&amp;loc=d3e6801-107765<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84165509&amp;loc=d3e56426-112766<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 7<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124433192&amp;loc=SL2890621-112765<br><br>Reference 4: 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-Paragraph 1B<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-02(a)(4)(iii)(B))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124359900&amp;loc=SL124442552-122756<br><br>Reference 14: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 323<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=114001798&amp;loc=d3e33918-111571<br><br>Reference 15: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1A<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-01(a)(4)(ii))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124359900&amp;loc=SL124442526-122756<br><br>Reference 16: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1B<br> -Subparagraph (SX 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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AssetsCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AssetsCurrentAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AssetsCurrentAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of currency on hand as well as demand deposits with banks or financial institutions. Includes other kinds of accounts that have the general characteristics of demand deposits. Also includes short-term, highly liquid investments that are both readily convertible to known amounts of cash and so near their maturity that they present insignificant risk of changes in value because of changes in interest rates. Excludes cash and cash equivalents within disposal group and discontinued operation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3044-108585<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124098289&amp;loc=d3e6676-107765<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.1)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CommonStockValue">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Aggregate par or stated value of issued nonredeemable common stock (or common stock redeemable solely at the option of the issuer). This item includes treasury stock repurchased by the entity. Note: elements for number of nonredeemable common shares, par value and other disclosure concepts are in another section within stockholders' equity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84165509&amp;loc=d3e56426-112766<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DeferredRevenue">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of deferred income and obligation to transfer product and service to customer for which consideration has been received or is receivable.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(5))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_Liabilities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Sum of the carrying amounts as of the balance sheet date of all liabilities that are recognized. Liabilities are probable future sacrifices of economic benefits arising from present obligations of an entity to transfer assets or provide services to other entities in the future.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_Liabilities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of liabilities and equity items, including the portion of equity attributable to noncontrolling interests, if any.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 323<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=114001798&amp;loc=d3e33918-111571<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84165509&amp;loc=d3e56426-112766<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-03(23))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120398452&amp;loc=d3e534808-122878<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-03(a)(25))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120400017&amp;loc=d3e572229-122910<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(g)(1)(ii))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120395691&amp;loc=d3e23780-122690<br><br>Reference 6: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(32))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 825<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (f)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123596393&amp;loc=d3e14064-108612<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Total obligations incurred as part of normal operations that are expected to be paid during the following twelve months or within one business cycle, if longer.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84165509&amp;loc=d3e56426-112766<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 7<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124433192&amp;loc=SL2890621-112765<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1B<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-02(a)(4)(iii)(A))<br> -URI 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S99<br> -Paragraph 1A<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-01(a)(4)(iii)(A))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124359900&amp;loc=SL124442526-122756<br><br>Reference 17: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1A<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-01(a)(4)(i))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124359900&amp;loc=SL124442526-122756<br><br>Reference 18: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1A<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-01(a)(4)(iv))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124359900&amp;loc=SL124442526-122756<br><br>Reference 19: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 825<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (f)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123596393&amp;loc=d3e14064-108612<br><br>Reference 20: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.21)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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</tr>
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</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of investment in marketable security, classified as current.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (f)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124098289&amp;loc=d3e6676-107765<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.2)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesCurrent</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Present value of lessee's discounted obligation for lease payments from operating lease, classified as current.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123391704&amp;loc=SL77918627-209977<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Present value of lessee's discounted obligation for lease payments from operating lease, classified as noncurrent.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123391704&amp;loc=SL77918627-209977<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of lessee's right to use underlying asset under operating lease.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123391704&amp;loc=SL77918627-209977<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of expenses incurred but not yet paid classified as other, due within one year or the normal operating cycle, if longer.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.20)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124098289&amp;loc=d3e6911-107765<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 9<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124098289&amp;loc=d3e7018-107765<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 8<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124098289&amp;loc=d3e6935-107765<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OtherAccruedLiabilitiesCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OtherAssetsNoncurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of noncurrent assets classified as other.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.17)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OtherAssetsNoncurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_PrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of asset related to consideration paid in advance for costs that provide economic benefits in future periods, and amount of other assets that are expected to be realized or consumed within one year or the normal operating cycle, if longer.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(7))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124098289&amp;loc=d3e6676-107765<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(8))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount after accumulated depreciation, depletion and amortization of physical assets used in the normal conduct of business to produce goods and services and not intended for resale. Examples include, but are not limited to, land, buildings, machinery and equipment, office equipment, and furniture and fixtures.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(14))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 360<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6391035&amp;loc=d3e2868-110229<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-03(a)(8))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120400017&amp;loc=d3e572229-122910<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 360<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124429447&amp;loc=SL124453093-239630<br><br>Reference 5: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(13))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84165509&amp;loc=d3e56426-112766<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The cumulative amount of the reporting entity's undistributed earnings or deficit.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(30)(a)(3))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84165509&amp;loc=d3e56426-112766<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 65<br> -Paragraph 15<br> -Subparagraph (g)(2)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121322162&amp;loc=SL121327923-165333<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-03(a)(23)(a)(4))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120400017&amp;loc=d3e572229-122910<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Section 65<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (h)(2)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124501264&amp;loc=SL117420844-207641<br><br>Reference 6: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.3-04)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120397183&amp;loc=d3e187085-122770<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Section 65<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (g)(2)(i)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124501264&amp;loc=SL117420844-207641<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Total of all stockholders' equity (deficit) items, net of receivables from officers, directors, owners, and affiliates of the entity which are attributable to the parent. The amount of the economic entity's stockholders' equity attributable to the parent excludes the amount of stockholders' equity which is allocable to that ownership interest in subsidiary equity which is not attributable to the parent (noncontrolling interest, minority interest). This excludes temporary equity and is sometimes called permanent equity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(g)(1)(ii))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120395691&amp;loc=d3e23780-122690<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84165509&amp;loc=d3e56426-112766<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 310<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 4.E)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=122038336&amp;loc=d3e74512-122707<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(31))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 5: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 6: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(30))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 825<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (f)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123596393&amp;loc=d3e14064-108612<br><br>Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 323<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=114001798&amp;loc=d3e33918-111571<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StockholdersEquity</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td>duration</td>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140055942320552">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2020</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementOfFinancialPositionAbstract', window );"><strong>Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivableCurrent', window );">Royalties receivables, reserves</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 972,202<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 972,202<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare', window );">Common stock, par value</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 0.0001<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 0.0001<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized', window );">Common stock, shares authorized</a></td>
<td class="nump">100,000,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">100,000,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued', window );">Common stock, shares issued</a></td>
<td class="nump">31,650,396<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">31,575,786<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding', window );">Common stock, shares outstanding</a></td>
<td class="nump">31,650,396<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">31,575,786<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivableCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of allowance for credit loss on accounts receivable, classified as current.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(4)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 310<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123577603&amp;loc=d3e5074-111524<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 326<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124255206&amp;loc=SL82895884-210446<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivableCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Face amount or stated value per share of common stock.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<tr>
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<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The maximum number of common shares permitted to be issued by an entity's charter and bylaws.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Total number of common shares of an entity that have been sold or granted to shareholders (includes common shares that were issued, repurchased and remain in the treasury). These shares represent capital invested by the firm's shareholders and owners, and may be all or only a portion of the number of shares authorized. Shares issued include shares outstanding and shares held in the treasury.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of shares of common stock outstanding. Common stock represent the ownership interest in a corporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123467817&amp;loc=d3e21463-112644<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140055939886408">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">3 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">6 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2020</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2020</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract', window );"><strong>Income Statement [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax', window );">Fee income</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 113,937<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 176,113<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 327,060<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 532,286<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OtherGeneralExpense', window );">Operating expenses</a></td>
<td class="nump">503,078<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">631,963<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,128,674<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,452,404<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense', window );">Research and development</a></td>
<td class="nump">139,810<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">146,731<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">284,988<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">330,049<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingExpenses', window );">Total expenses</a></td>
<td class="nump">642,888<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">778,694<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,413,662<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,782,453<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss', window );">Operating loss</a></td>
<td class="num">(528,951)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(602,581)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(1,086,602)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(1,250,167)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_OtherIncomeFromPaycheckProtectionProgramLoanForgiveness', window );">Other income - PPP loan forgiveness</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">194,140<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">194,140<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_InvestmentIncomeInterest', window );">Net investment income</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,016<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">9,460<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,360<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">32,452<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss', window );">Net loss</a></td>
<td class="num">$ (527,935)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (398,981)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (1,085,242)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (1,023,575)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasicAndDiluted', window );">Basic and diluted net loss per common share</a></td>
<td class="num">$ (0.02)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (0.01)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (0.03)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (0.03)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfShareOutstandingBasicAndDiluted', window );">Weighted average number of common shares outstanding</a></td>
<td class="nump">31,650,396<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">31,474,431<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">31,642,686<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">31,398,818<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
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<div style="display: none;">
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Other income from paycheck protection program loan forgiveness.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_OtherIncomeFromPaycheckProtectionProgramLoanForgiveness</td>
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The amount of net income or loss for the period per each share in instances when basic and diluted earnings per share are the same amount and reported as a single line item on the face of the financial statements.  Basic earnings per share is the amount of net income or loss for the period per each share of common stock or unit outstanding during the reporting period.  Diluted earnings per share includes the amount of net income or loss for the period available to each share of common stock or common unit outstanding during the reporting period and to each share or unit that would have been outstanding assuming the issuance of common shares or units for all dilutive potential common shares or units outstanding during the reporting period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 260<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 7<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=125511455&amp;loc=d3e1337-109256<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_InvestmentIncomeInterest">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount before accretion (amortization) of purchase discount (premium) of interest income on nonoperating securities.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03.7(b))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123367319&amp;loc=SL114868664-224227<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 22<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8736-108599<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_InvestmentIncomeInterest</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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</tr>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The portion of profit or loss for the period, net of income taxes, which is attributable to the parent.</p></div>
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Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1B<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-02(a)(4)(iii)(A))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124359900&amp;loc=SL124442552-122756<br><br>Reference 34: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 30<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8906-108599<br><br>Reference 35: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8933-108599<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingExpenses">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Generally recurring costs associated with normal operations except for the portion of these expenses which can be clearly related to production and included in cost of sales or services. Includes selling, general and administrative expense.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingExpenses</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The net result for the period of deducting operating expenses from operating revenues.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OtherGeneralExpense">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of general expenses not normally included in Other Operating Costs and Expenses.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03.6)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123367319&amp;loc=SL114868664-224227<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OtherGeneralExpense</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The aggregate costs incurred (1) in a planned search or critical investigation aimed at discovery of new knowledge with the hope that such knowledge will be useful in developing a new product or service, a new process or technique, or in bringing about a significant improvement to an existing product or process; or (2) to translate research findings or other knowledge into a plan or design for a new product or process or for a significant improvement to an existing product or process whether intended for sale or the entity's use, during the reporting period charged to research and development projects, including the costs of developing computer software up to the point in time of achieving technological feasibility, and costs allocated in accounting for a business combination to in-process projects deemed to have no alternative future use.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 912<br> -SubTopic 730<br> -Section 25<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6472174&amp;loc=d3e58812-109433<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 985<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6501960&amp;loc=d3e128462-111756<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 730<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6420194&amp;loc=d3e21568-108373<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount, excluding tax collected from customer, of revenue from satisfaction of performance obligation by transferring promised good or service to customer. Tax collected from customer is tax assessed by governmental authority that is both imposed on and concurrent with specific revenue-producing transaction, including, but not limited to, sales, use, value added and excise.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 30<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8906-108599<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 40<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e9031-108599<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 41<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e9038-108599<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8933-108599<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8933-108599<br><br>Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 606<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123351226&amp;loc=SL49130543-203045<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 22<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8736-108599<br><br>Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 22<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8736-108599<br><br>Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 42<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e9054-108599<br><br>Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 606<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 5<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123351226&amp;loc=SL49130545-203045<br><br>Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 924<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 11.L)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6472922&amp;loc=d3e499488-122856<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfShareOutstandingBasicAndDiluted">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Average number of shares or units issued and outstanding that are used in calculating basic and diluted earnings per share (EPS).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfShareOutstandingBasicAndDiluted</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
</TEXT>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140055867984040">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity (Unaudited) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Common Stock [Member]</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Retained Earnings [Member]</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Total</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Beginning balance, value at Dec. 31, 2019</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 3,125<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 122,552,895<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (115,499,912)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 7,056,108<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding', window );">Balance beginning, shares at Dec. 31, 2019</a></td>
<td class="nump">31,254,262<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised', window );">Exercise of options and warrants</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 33<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">284,174<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">284,207<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised', window );">Exercise of options and warrants, shares</a></td>
<td class="nump">321,524<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss', window );">Net loss</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(1,023,575)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(1,023,575)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Ending balance, value at Jun. 30, 2020</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 3,158<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">122,837,069<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(116,523,487)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">6,316,740<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding', window );">Balance ending, shares at Jun. 30, 2020</a></td>
<td class="nump">31,575,786<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Beginning balance, value at Mar. 31, 2020</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 3,141<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">122,552,879<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(116,124,506)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">6,431,514<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding', window );">Balance beginning, shares at Mar. 31, 2020</a></td>
<td class="nump">31,411,107<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised', window );">Exercise of options and warrants</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 17<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">284,190<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">284,207<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised', window );">Exercise of options and warrants, shares</a></td>
<td class="nump">164,679<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss', window );">Net loss</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(398,981)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(398,981)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Ending balance, value at Jun. 30, 2020</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 3,158<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">122,837,069<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(116,523,487)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">6,316,740<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding', window );">Balance ending, shares at Jun. 30, 2020</a></td>
<td class="nump">31,575,786<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Beginning balance, value at Dec. 31, 2020</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 3,158<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">123,164,623<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(117,840,776)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">5,327,005<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding', window );">Balance beginning, shares at Dec. 31, 2020</a></td>
<td class="nump">31,575,786<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised', window );">Exercise of options</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 7<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">86,255<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">86,262<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised', window );">Exercise of options, shares</a></td>
<td class="nump">74,610<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss', window );">Net loss</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(1,085,242)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(1,085,242)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Ending balance, value at Jun. 30, 2021</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 3,165<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">123,250,878<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(118,926,018)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">4,328,025<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding', window );">Balance ending, shares at Jun. 30, 2021</a></td>
<td class="nump">31,650,396<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Beginning balance, value at Mar. 31, 2021</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 3,165<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">123,250,878<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(118,398,083)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">4,855,960<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding', window );">Balance beginning, shares at Mar. 31, 2021</a></td>
<td class="nump">31,650,396<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised', window );">Exercise of options</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised', window );">Exercise of options, shares</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss', window );">Net loss</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(527,935)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(527,935)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Ending balance, value at Jun. 30, 2021</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 3,165<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 123,250,878<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (118,926,018)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 4,328,025<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding', window );">Balance ending, shares at Jun. 30, 2021</a></td>
<td class="nump">31,650,396<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Stock issued during period shares stock options and warrants exercised.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Stock issued during period value stock options and warrants exercised.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsAndWarrantsExercised</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The portion of profit or loss for the period, net of income taxes, which is attributable to the parent.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-04(22))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120399700&amp;loc=SL114874048-224260<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (f)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8933-108599<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 250<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -URI 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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of shares issued which are neither cancelled nor held in the treasury.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_SharesOutstanding</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of share options (or share units) exercised during the current period.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Value of stock issued as a result of the exercise of stock options.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123467817&amp;loc=d3e21463-112644<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.3-04)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120397183&amp;loc=d3e187085-122770<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.29-31)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Total of all stockholders' equity (deficit) items, net of receivables from officers, directors, owners, and affiliates of the entity which are attributable to the parent. The amount of the economic entity's stockholders' equity attributable to the parent excludes the amount of stockholders' equity which is allocable to that ownership interest in subsidiary equity which is not attributable to the parent (noncontrolling interest, minority interest). This excludes temporary equity and is sometimes called permanent equity.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StockholdersEquity</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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</div>
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<SEQUENCE>14
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<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
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<html>
<head>
<title></title>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140055867961224">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">6 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2020</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract', window );"><strong>Cash flows from operating activities:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss', window );">Net loss</a></td>
<td class="num">$ (1,085,242)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (1,023,575)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract', window );"><strong>Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DepreciationDepletionAndAmortization', window );">Depreciation and amortization</a></td>
<td class="nump">6,961<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">87,276<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss', window );">Unrealized loss on marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,650<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_OtherIncomeFromPaycheckProtectionProgramLoanForgiveness', window );">Other income - PPP loan forgiveness</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(194,140)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProvisionForDoubtfulAccounts', window );">Bad debts expense (recovery)</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">53,217<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract', window );"><strong>Change in assets and liabilities:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable', window );">Royalty receivables</a></td>
<td class="num">(231,573)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(49,675)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets', window );">Prepaid expenses and other current assets</a></td>
<td class="num">(143,413)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(79,638)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities', window );">Accounts payable and accrued expenses</a></td>
<td class="nump">40,823<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(73,679)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability', window );">Deferred revenue</a></td>
<td class="nump">26,002<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">40,567<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities', window );">Net cash used in operating activities</a></td>
<td class="num">(1,384,792)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(1,239,647)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract', window );"><strong>Cash flows from investing activities:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment', window );">Purchases of fixed assets</a></td>
<td class="num">(935)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(939)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleOfPropertyPlantAndEquipment', window );">Proceeds from sale of fixed asset</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">3,713<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities', window );">Purchases of marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="num">(3,433,633)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities', window );">Sales of marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="nump">300,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities', window );">Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities</a></td>
<td class="num">(3,134,568)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2,774<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract', window );"><strong>Cash flows from financing activities:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised', window );">Proceeds from exercise of options</a></td>
<td class="nump">86,262<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">284,207<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromBankDebt', window );">Proceeds from PPP Program Funding</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">202,052<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities', window );">Net cash provided by financing activities</a></td>
<td class="nump">86,262<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">486,259<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect', window );">Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents</a></td>
<td class="num">(4,433,098)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(750,614)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations', window );">Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period</a></td>
<td class="nump">4,772,705<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">6,591,960<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations', window );">Cash and cash equivalents at end of period</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 339,607<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 5,841,346<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Increase decrease in royalty receivable.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_IncreaseDecreaseInRoyaltyReceivable</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_OtherIncomeFromPaycheckProtectionProgramLoanForgiveness">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Other income from paycheck protection program loan forgiveness.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_OtherIncomeFromPaycheckProtectionProgramLoanForgiveness</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash and cash equivalents, and cash and cash equivalents restricted to withdrawal or usage; including, but not limited to, disposal group and discontinued operations. Cash includes, but is not limited to, currency on hand, demand deposits with banks or financial institutions, and other accounts with general characteristics of demand deposits. Cash equivalents include, but are not limited to, short-term, highly liquid investments that are both readily convertible to known amounts of cash and so near their maturity that they present insignificant risk of changes in value because of changes in interest rates.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 8<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123431023&amp;loc=SL98516268-108586<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 24<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3521-108585<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3044-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and cash and cash equivalents restricted to withdrawal or usage; including effect from exchange rate change. Cash includes, but is not limited to, currency on hand, demand deposits with banks or financial institutions, and other accounts with general characteristics of demand deposits. Cash equivalents include, but are not limited to, short-term, highly liquid investments that are both readily convertible to known amounts of cash and so near their maturity that they present insignificant risk of changes in value because of changes in interest rates.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 830<br> -SubTopic 230<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123444420&amp;loc=d3e33268-110906<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 24<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3521-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DepreciationDepletionAndAmortization">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The aggregate expense recognized in the current period that allocates the cost of tangible assets, intangible assets, or depleting assets to periods that benefit from use of the assets.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 22<br> -Subparagraph (e)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8736-108599<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3602-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DepreciationDepletionAndAmortization</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The increase (decrease) during the reporting period in the amounts payable to vendors for goods and services received and the amount of obligations and expenses incurred but not paid.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3602-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of increase (decrease) in obligation to transfer good or service to customer for which consideration has been received or is receivable.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3602-108585<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 912<br> -SubTopic 310<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 11<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123371682&amp;loc=d3e55415-109406<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract</td>
</tr>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of increase (decrease) in prepaid expenses, and assets classified as other.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3602-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of unrealized gain (loss) on investment in marketable security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03(7)(c))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123367319&amp;loc=SL114868664-224227<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash inflow (outflow) from financing activities, including discontinued operations. Financing activity cash flows include obtaining resources from owners and providing them with a return on, and a return of, their investment; borrowing money and repaying amounts borrowed, or settling the obligation; and obtaining and paying for other resources obtained from creditors on long-term credit.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 24<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3521-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash inflow (outflow) from investing activities, including discontinued operations. Investing activity cash flows include making and collecting loans and acquiring and disposing of debt or equity instruments and property, plant, and equipment and other productive assets.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 24<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3521-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash inflow (outflow) from operating activities, including discontinued operations. Operating activity cash flows include transactions, adjustments, and changes in value not defined as investing or financing activities.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 25<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3536-108585<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 24<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3521-108585<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3602-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The portion of profit or loss for the period, net of income taxes, which is attributable to the parent.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-04(22))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120399700&amp;loc=SL114874048-224260<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (f)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8933-108599<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 250<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -URI 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Standards Codification<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1B<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-02(a)(4)(iii)(A))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124359900&amp;loc=SL124442552-122756<br><br>Reference 34: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 30<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8906-108599<br><br>Reference 35: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e8933-108599<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash outflow for purchase of marketable security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 320<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 11<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124260329&amp;loc=d3e26853-111562<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The cash outflow associated with the acquisition of long-lived, physical assets that are used in the normal conduct of business to produce goods and services and not intended for resale; includes cash outflows to pay for construction of self-constructed assets.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 13<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3213-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromBankDebt">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The cash inflow from bank borrowing during the year.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 14<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3255-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ProceedsFromBankDebt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The cash inflow associated with the aggregate amount received by the entity through sale or maturity of marketable securities  (held-to-maturity or available-for-sale) during the period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleOfPropertyPlantAndEquipment">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The cash inflow from the sale of long-lived, physical assets that are used in the normal conduct of business to produce goods and services and not intended for resale.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 12<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3179-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleOfPropertyPlantAndEquipment</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash inflow from exercise of option under share-based payment arrangement.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2A<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=SL79508275-113901<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 14<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3255-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ProvisionForDoubtfulAccounts">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of expense (reversal of expense) for expected credit loss on accounts receivable.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 326<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 13<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124255953&amp;loc=SL82919249-210447<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03(5))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123367319&amp;loc=SL114868664-224227<br></p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140055939961240">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Basis of Presentation<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">6 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2021</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OrganizationConsolidationAndPresentationOfFinancialStatementsAbstract', window );"><strong>Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_BasisOfAccounting', window );">Basis of Presentation</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_801_eus-gaap--BasisOfAccounting_zjjIj0oCdN47" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
1. <span id="xdx_82F_zCOvBkPoQsm">Basis of Presentation</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting
principles (&#8220;GAAP&#8221;) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Rule 8-03 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly,
they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management,
all adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature.
Operating results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected
for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2021. The condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2020 has been derived from the
audited consolidated financial statements at that date. For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements and footnotes
thereto included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K relating to Research Frontiers Incorporated (the &#8220;Company&#8221;) for the fiscal
year ended December 31, 2020.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"/>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Restatement</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">These condensed consolidated interim financial
statements for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, including certain notes thereto have been restated. The restatement relates
to a change in presentation of certain investments of the Company which were originally classified as cash equivalents on the balance
sheet as of June 30, 2021, which the Company has subsequently determined do not qualify as cash equivalents. Such investments have been
reclassified and are now presented as marketable securities. This restatement did not impact the results of operations, loss per share
or shareholders&#8217; equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021. The effects of the reclassification of these investments
on the condensed consolidated balance sheet and condensed consolidated statement of cash flows as of and for the six months ended June
30, 2021 are as follows:</p>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"/></p>

<p id="xdx_891_esrt--ScheduleOfCondensedFinancialStatementsTableTextBlock_zAZrA6v2TXq9" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8B8_zrLBv8CgFR9b" style="display: none">Schedule
of Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet and Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"/></p>

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    <td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-decoration: underline; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Balance sheet:</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="width: 52%; text-align: left">Cash and cash equivalents</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue_iI_c20210630__srt--RestatementAxis__srt--ScenarioPreviouslyReportedMember_z5vAh8C48iQ" style="width: 12%; text-align: right" title="Cash and cash equivalents">3,471,590</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">Marketable securities</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-decoration: underline; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Statement of cash flows:</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_404_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss_iN_di_zqQD1tKJRdbb" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">Unrealized loss on marketable securities</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0393">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right">-</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">1,650</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">1,650</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40F_eus-gaap--NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities_zqsbGtgf3M5h" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">Net cash used in operating activities</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(1,386,442</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">1,650</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(1,384,792</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_407_eus-gaap--PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities_iN_di_zoODaA5w9z1d" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">Purchases of marketable securities</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0401">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right">-</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(3,433,633</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(3,433,633</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities_zf164RqqYQ58" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">Sales of marketable securities</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0405">&#160;</span></td><td style="text-align: right">-</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">300,000</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">300,000</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_407_eus-gaap--NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities_zQ8BvMYKyzXg" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(935</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(3,133,633</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(3,134,568</td><td style="text-align: left">)</td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"/></p>

<p id="xdx_8A3_zkECi0NZPLn9" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
</td>
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for the basis of accounting, or basis of presentation, used to prepare the financial statements (for example, US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, Other Comprehensive Basis of Accounting, IFRS).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&amp;trid=2122369<br></p></div>
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<tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140055939983128">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Business<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">6 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2021</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OrganizationConsolidationAndPresentationOfFinancialStatementsAbstract', window );"><strong>Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NatureOfOperations', window );">Business</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_80A_eus-gaap--NatureOfOperations_z7hCT2aeub8h" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
2. <span id="xdx_828_zDuhyfKj9M0l">Business</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Research
Frontiers Incorporated (&#8220;Research Frontiers&#8221; or the &#8220;Company&#8221;) operates in a single business segment which is
engaged in the development and marketing of technology and devices to control the flow of light. Such devices, often referred to as &#8220;light
valves&#8221; or suspended particle devices (&#8220;SPDs&#8221;), use colloidal particles that are either incorporated within a liquid
suspension or a film, which is usually enclosed between two sheets of glass or plastic having transparent, electrically conductive coatings
on the facing surfaces thereof. At least one of the two sheets is transparent. SPD technology, made possible by a flexible light-control
film invented by Research Frontiers, allows the user to instantly and precisely control the shading of glass/plastic manually or automatically.
SPD technology has numerous product applications, including SPD-Smart&#8482; windows, sunshades, skylights and interior partitions for
homes and buildings; automotive windows, sunroofs, sun visors, sunshades, rear-view mirrors, instrument panels and navigation systems;
aircraft windows; museum display panels; eyewear products; and flat panel displays for electronic products. SPD-Smart light control film
is now being developed for, or used in, architectural, automotive, marine, aerospace and appliance applications.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company has primarily utilized its cash, cash equivalents, and investments generated from sales of our common stock, proceeds from the
exercise of options and warrants, and royalty fees collected to fund its research and development of SPD light valves, for marketing
initiatives, and for other working capital purposes. The Company&#8217;s working capital and capital requirements depend upon numerous
factors, including the results of research and development activities, competitive and technological developments, the timing and cost
of patent filings, and the development of new licensees and changes in the Company&#8217;s relationships with its existing licensees.
The degree of dependence of the Company&#8217;s working capital requirements on each of the foregoing factors cannot be quantified; increased
research and development activities and related costs would increase such requirements; the addition of new licensees may provide additional
working capital or working capital requirements; and changes in relationships with existing licensees would have a favorable or negative
impact depending upon the nature of such changes. We have incurred recurring losses since inception and expect to continue to incur losses
as a result of costs and expenses related to our research and continued development of our SPD technology and our corporate general and
administrative expenses. Our capital requirements and operations to date have been substantially funded through sales of our common stock,
exercise of options and warrants and royalty fees collected. As of June 30, 2021, we had working capital of approximately $<span id="xdx_90A_ecustom--WorkingCapital_iI_pn5n6_c20210630_zs5cNwsqFiE2" title="Working capital">4.2</span> million,
cash and cash equivalents of approximately $<span id="xdx_90A_ecustom--CashAndCashEquivalents_iI_pn5n6_c20210630_zwlGZOokRV5" title="Cash and cash equivalents">3.5</span> million, shareholders&#8217; equity of approximately $<span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--StockholdersEquity_iI_pn5n6_c20210630_zVDpykDeMFQh" title="Shareholders' equity">4.3</span> million and an accumulated
deficit of approximately $<span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit_iNI_pn5n6_di_c20210630_z9beiXIFcEY9" title="Accumulated deficit">118.9</span> million. Our projected cash flow shortfall based on our current operations adjusted for any non-recurring
cash expenses for the next 12 months is approximately $<span id="xdx_90B_ecustom--NonrecurringCashExpenses_iN_pp0p0_di_c20210101__20210630__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_zr7D6xSKcfo2">400,000</span>-$<span id="xdx_90E_ecustom--NonrecurringCashExpenses_iN_pp0p0_di_c20210101__20210630__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_z11S6ngdGp5f" title="Non-recurring cash expenses per quarter">450,000</span> per quarter. Based on our current expectations of our cash flow
shortfall for the next 12 months, our working capital would support our activities for the next 24 months.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>




<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
the event that we are unable to generate sufficient cash from our operating activities or raise additional funds, we may be required
to delay, reduce or severely curtail our operations or otherwise impede our on-going business efforts, which could have a material adverse
effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and long-term prospects. The Company may seek to obtain additional funding
through future equity issuances. There can be no assurance as to the availability or terms upon which such financing and capital might
be available. The eventual success of the Company and generation of positive cash flow will be dependent upon the commercialization of
products using the Company&#8217;s technology by the Company&#8217;s licensees and payments of continuing royalties on account thereof.
To date, the Company has not generated sufficient revenue from its licensees to fund its operations.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Recent
Global Events:</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">On
March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the novel strain of coronavirus (&#8220;COVID-19&#8221;) a global pandemic and
recommended containment and mitigation measures worldwide. As a result, the Company expects operations at its facility to continue to
be affected in some capacity, as the COVID-19 virus continues to proliferate and the federal, state and local governments under which
we operate continue to adopt new rules. The Company has put in place enhanced procedures, such as restricting international and domestic
travel, adopting a variety of steps designed to ensure social distancing in our facilities, including working remotely where available,
and increasing our cleaning and sanitizing procedures in our facilities, in an effort to protect its employees and communities.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Revenues
were negatively impacted since the onset of the pandemic due to delays in manufacture of products using our technology. Most of the products
using our technology are manufactured by licensees overseas in Europe and Asia who have been similarly affected by the pandemic. The
disruption caused by public health crises, such as COVID-19, could result in lower levels of sale activity for products using our technology
resulting in lower level of royalties owed to us from the sale of these products. The duration of the potential business disruptions
and related financial impact cannot be reasonably estimated at this time, but could materially adversely affect our business, financial
condition, results of operations, and cash flows. Net of amounts previously reserved which were fully written off in 2020, the Company
increased its allowance for uncollectible royalty receivables in 2020 until the collectability from certain licensees can be better ascertained
in the regions affected by COVID-19.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">In
connection with the COVID-19 crisis, Congress passed, and the president signed, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act
(&#8220;CARES Act&#8221;) which, among other things, provides relief for businesses impacted by the pandemic. The Company applied for
and received $<span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromLoans_c20210101__20210630__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__custom--PPPLoanMember_pp0p0" title="Proceeds from loan">202,052</span> in proceeds from the Paycheck Protection Program (&#8220;PPP Loan&#8221;) made available under the CARES Act. The
PPP Loan is intended to offer businesses hurt by the COVID-19 pandemic economic assistance with the potential for the principal to be
forgiven based on certain expenses incurred during the first 24 weeks after the issuance of the PPP Loan. The Company has received notification
that this loan has been forgiven. Consequently, the Company recorded $<span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--OtherIncome_c20200101__20201231_pp0p0" title="Other income">202,052</span> as other income for the year ended December 31, 2020 representing
the PPP Loan estimated to be forgiven. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company estimated that $<span id="xdx_906_ecustom--OtherIncomeFromPaycheckProtectionProgramLoanForgiveness_c20200401__20200630_pp0p0" title="Other income - PPP loan forgiveness"><span id="xdx_901_ecustom--OtherIncomeFromPaycheckProtectionProgramLoanForgiveness_c20200101__20200630_pp0p0" title="Other income - PPP loan forgiveness">194,140</span></span> of this
loan had been forgiven.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for the nature of an entity's business, major products or services, principal markets including location, and the relative importance of its operations in each business and the basis for the determination, including but not limited to, assets, revenues, or earnings. For an entity that has not commenced principal operations, disclosures about the risks and uncertainties related to the activities in which the entity is currently engaged and an understanding of what those activities are being directed toward.</p></div>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Company
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comprehensive revenue recognition model for all contracts with customers and supersedes existing revenue recognition guidance. The revenue
standard contains principles that an entity will apply to determine the measurement of revenue and timing of when it is recognized. The
underlying principle is that an entity will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers at an amount that
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">ASC
606 follows a five-step approach to determining revenue recognition including: 1) Identification of the contract; 2) Identification of
the performance obligations; 3) Determination of the transaction price; 4) Allocation of the transaction price; and 5) Recognition
of revenue.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>




<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company determined that its license agreements provide for three performance obligations which include: (i) the Grant of Use to its Patent
Portfolio (&#8220;Grant of Use&#8221;), (ii) Stand-Ready Technical Support (&#8220;Technical Support&#8221;) including the transfer of
trade secrets and other know-how, production of materials, scale-up support, analytical testing, etc., and (iii) access to new Intellectual
Property (&#8220;IP&#8221;) that may be developed sometime during the course of the contract period (&#8220;New Improvements&#8221;).
Given the nature of IP development, such New Improvements are on an unspecified basis and can occur and be made available to licensees
at any time during the contract period.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">When
a contract includes more than one performance obligation, the Company needs to allocate the total consideration to each performance obligation
based on its relative standalone selling price or estimate the standalone selling price if it is not observable. A standalone selling
price is not available for our performance obligations since we do not sell any of the services separately and there is no competitor
pricing that is available. As a consequence, the best method for determining standalone selling price of our Grant of Use performance
obligation is through a comparison of the average royalty rate for comparable license agreements as compared to our license agreements.
Comparable license agreements must consider several factors including: (i) the materials that are being licensed, (ii) the market application
for the licensed materials, and (iii) the financial terms in the license agreements that can increase or decrease the risk/reward nature
of the agreement.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Based
on the royalty rate comparison referred to above, any pricing above and beyond the average royalty rate would relate to the Technical
Support and New Improvements performance obligations. The Company focuses a significant portion of its time and resources to provide
the Technical Support and New Improvements services to its licensees which further supports the conclusions reached using the royalty
rate analysis.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations are co-terminus over the term of the license agreement. For purposes of
determining the transaction price, and recognizing revenue, the Company combined the Technical Support and New Improvements performance
obligations because they have the same pattern of transfer and the same term. We maintain a staff of scientists and other professionals
whose primary job responsibilities throughout the year are: (i) being available to respond to Technical Support needs of our licensees,
and (ii) developing improvements to our technology which are offered to our licensees as New Improvements. Since the costs incurred to
satisfy the Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations are incurred evenly throughout the year, the value of the
Technical Support and New Improvements services are recognized throughout the initial contract period as these performance obligations
are satisfied. If the agreement is not terminated at the end of the initial contract period, it will renew on the same terms as the initial
contract for a one-year period. Consequently, any fees or minimum annual royalty obligations relating to this renewal contract will be
allocated similarly to the initial contract over the additional one-year period.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">We
recognize revenue when or as the performance obligations in the contract are satisfied. For performance obligations that are fulfilled
at a point in time, revenue is recognized at the fulfillment of the performance obligation. Since the IP is determined to be a functional
license, the value of the Grant of Use is recognized in the first period of the contract term in which the license agreement is in force.
The value of the Technical Support and New Improvements obligations is allocated throughout the contract period based on the satisfaction
of its performance obligations. If the agreement is not terminated at the end of the contract period, it will renew on the same terms
as the original agreement for a one-year period. Consequently, any fees or minimum annual royalties (&#8220;MAR&#8221;) relating to this
renewal contract will be allocated similarly over that additional year.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company&#8217;s license agreements have a variable royalty fee structure (meaning that royalties are a fixed percentage of sales that
vary from period to period) and frequently include a minimum annual royalty commitment. In instances when sales of licensed products
by its licensees exceed the MAR, the Company recognizes fee income as the amounts have been earned. Typically, the royalty rate for such
sales is <span id="xdx_90D_ecustom--RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_pid_dp_c20210101__20210630__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--LicenseAgreementMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_zrTVROzqG5Yl" title="Royalty rate on selling price">10</span>-<span id="xdx_906_ecustom--RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_pid_dp_c20210101__20210630__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--LicenseAgreementMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_zWLsGf0QZQI" title="Royalty rate on selling price">15</span>% of the selling price. While this is variable consideration, it is subject to the sales/usage royalty exception to recognition
of variable consideration in ASC 606 10-55-65 and therefore is not recognized until the subsequent sales or usage occurs or the MAR period
commences.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Because
of the immediate recognition of the Grant of Use performance obligation: (i) the first period of the contract term will generally have
a higher percent allocation of the transaction price under ASC 606 than under the accounting guidance used prior to the adoption of ASC
606, and (ii) the remaining periods in the year will have less of the transaction price recognized under ASC 606 than under the accounting
guidance used prior to the adoption of ASC 606. After the initial period in the contract term, the revenue for the remaining periods
will be based on the satisfaction of the Technical Support and New Improvements obligations. Since most of our license agreements start
as of January 1st, the revenue recognized for the contract under ASC 606 in our first quarter will tend to be higher than the accounting
guidance used prior to the adoption of ASC 606.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>




<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company does not have any contract assets under ASC 606 as of June 30, 2021.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Certain
of the contract fees are accrued by, or paid to, the Company in advance of the period in which they are earned resulting in deferred
revenue (contract liabilities). Such excess amounts are recorded as deferred revenue and are recognized as revenue in future periods
as earned. Contract assets represent unbilled receivables and are presented within accounts receivable, net on the condensed consolidated
balance sheets.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company operates in a single business segment which is engaged in the development and marketing of technology and devices to control
the flow of light. Our revenue source comes from the licensing of this technology and all of these license agreements have similar terms
and provisions. The majority of the Company&#8217;s licensing fee income comes from the activities of several licensees participating
in the automotive market. The Company currently believes that the automotive market will be the largest source of its royalty income
over the next several years. The Company&#8217;s royalty income from this market may be influenced by numerous factors including various
trends affecting demand in the automotive industry and the rate of introduction of new technology in OEM product lines. In addition to
these macro factors, the Company&#8217;s royalty income from the automotive market could also be influenced by specific factors such
as whether the Company&#8217;s SPD-SmartGlass technology appears as standard equipment or as an option on a particular vehicle, the number
of additional vehicle models that SPD-SmartGlass appears on, the size of each window on a vehicle and the number of windows on a vehicle
that use SPD SmartGlass, fluctuations in the total number of vehicles produced by a manufacturer, and in the percentage of cars within
each model produced with SPD-SmartGlass, and changes in pricing or exchange rates.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">As
of June 30, 2021, the Company has six license agreements that are in their initial multiyear term (&#8220;Initial Term&#8221;) with continuing
performance obligations going forward. The Initial Term of one of these agreements will end as of December 31, 2021, four will end as
of December 31, 2022, and one will end December 31, 2024. The Company currently expects that all of these agreements will renew annually
at the end of the Initial Term. As of June 30, 2021, the aggregate amount of the revenue to be recognized upon the satisfaction of the
remaining performance obligations for the six license agreements is $<span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax_c20210101__20210630__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--LicenseAgreementMember_pp0p0" title="Revenue recognition">353,000</span>. The revenue for these remaining performance obligations
is expected to be recognized evenly throughout their remaining period of the Initial Term.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140055939672280">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Fee Income<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">6 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2021</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_DisclosureFeeIncomeAbstract', window );"><strong>Fee Income</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock', window );">Fee Income</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_807_ecustom--FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock_z80nciRsbt6l" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
5. <span id="xdx_826_zNLyMrsGyfqj">Fee Income</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Fee
income represents amounts earned by the Company under various license and other agreements relating to technology developed by the Company.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">During
the first six months of 2021, three licensees accounted for 10% or more of fee income of the Company; these licensees accounted for approximately
<span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20210101__20210630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeOneMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zviz9BUsa82j" title="Percentage of fee income">27</span>%, <span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20210101__20210630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeTwoMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zz6jJV8fTH81" title="Percentage of fee income">23</span>% and <span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20210101__20210630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeThreeMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zh8RSi2kfko8" title="Percentage of fee income">11</span>% of fee income recognized during such period. During the first six months of 2020, five licensees accounted for 10% or
more of fee income of the Company; these licensees accounted for approximately <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20200101__20200630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeOneMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zSfSPPgMSlYl" title="Percentage of fee income">22</span>%, <span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20200101__20200630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeTwoMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zcYpIJ0B0Y3b" title="Percentage of fee income">17</span>%, <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20200101__20200630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeThreeMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zs9bDvmS13a8" title="Percentage of fee income">12</span>%. <span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20200101__20200630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeFourMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zGjrtuwkUsJ2" title="Percentage of fee income">12</span>% and <span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20200101__20200630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeFiveMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zBE5ljKvTxr4" title="Percentage of fee income">12</span>% of fee income recognized during
such period.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">During
the three months ended June 30, 2021, three licensees accounted for 10% or more of fee income of the Company; these licensees accounted
for approximately <span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20210401__20210630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeOneMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zEQ5NeRCKfQb" title="Percentage of fee income">27</span>%, <span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20210401__20210630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeTwoMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_z6Yn7FTHL8ik" title="Percentage of fee income">21</span>% and <span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20210401__20210630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeThreeMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zRnnFnm9nZtl" title="Percentage of fee income">15</span>% of fee income recognized during such period. During the three months ended June 30, 2020, four licensees
accounted for 10% or more of fee income of the Company; these licensees accounted for approximately <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20200401__20200630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeOneMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zATEyEPSnDOa" title="Percentage of fee income">17</span>%, <span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20200401__20200630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeTwoMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zXMYEuCabNS4" title="Percentage of fee income">17</span>%, <span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20200401__20200630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeThreeMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_z7EBMDkv8zOc" title="Percentage of fee income">11</span>%, and <span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20200401__20200630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeFourMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zILODUULFUoh" title="Percentage of fee income">10</span>% of fee income
recognized during such period.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>




<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140055939537224">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Stock-Based Compensation<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">6 Months Ended</th>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text"><p id="xdx_806_eus-gaap--CompensationRelatedCostsGeneralTextBlock_zxHFfrvdg9ue" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
6. <span id="xdx_826_zixp7xMqAFHf">Stock-Based Compensation</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company has granted options/warrants to consultants. GAAP requires that all stock-based compensation be recognized as an expense in the
financial statements and that such costs be measured at the fair value of the award at the date of grant. These awards generally vest
ratably over <span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardAwardVestingPeriod1_dtY_c20210101__20210630__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_zBxRJi7f9cac">12
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</span></span><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">months from the date of grant and the Company
charges to operations quarterly the current market value of the options using the Black-Scholes method. During the six months ended June
30, 2021 and 2020 there were no charges related to options or warrants granted to consultants.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">During
the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, the Company did <span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_do_c20210101__20210630__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_z4ObGX1Tav16" title="Stock options granted"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_do_c20200101__20200630__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_zjGIxRpiqJmi" title="Stock options granted">no</span></span>t grant options to employees or directors.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">There
was <span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation_pp0p0_do_c20210101__20210630__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_zs2ey5KH24Xk" title="Compensation expense"><span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation_pp0p0_do_c20200101__20200630__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_zFDTK1qL11fg" title="Compensation expense">no</span></span> compensation expense recorded relating to restricted stock grants to employees and directors during the six months ended June
30, 2021 and 2020.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">As
of June 30, 2021, there were <span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant_c20210630__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember_pdd" title="Shares available for future grant">683,500</span> shares available for future grant under our 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, which was approved by the
Company&#8217;s shareholders in June 2019.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for compensation costs, including compensated absences accruals, compensated absences liability, deferred compensation arrangements and income statement compensation items.  Deferred compensation arrangements may include a description of an arrangement with an individual employee, which is generally an employment contract between the entity and a selected officer or key employee containing a promise by the employer to pay certain amounts at designated future dates, usually including a period after retirement, upon compliance with stipulated requirements. This type of arrangement is distinguished from broader based employee benefit plans as it is usually tailored to the employee. Disclosure also typically includes the amount of related compensation expense recognized during the reporting period, the number of shares (units) issued during the period under such arrangements, and the carrying amount as of the balance sheet date of the related liability.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 710<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&amp;trid=2127225<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 710<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6409950&amp;loc=d3e20396-108366<br></p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140055939639576">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Income Taxes<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">6 Months Ended</th>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Since
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for income taxes. Disclosures may include net deferred tax liability or asset recognized in an enterprise's statement of financial position, net change during the year in the total valuation allowance, approximate tax effect of each type of temporary difference and carryforward that gives rise to a significant portion of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, utilization of a tax carryback, and tax uncertainties information.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 21<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32857-109319<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 11.C)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=122134291&amp;loc=d3e330215-122817<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 17<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32809-109319<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SAB TOPIC 6.I.5.Q1)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=122134291&amp;loc=d3e330036-122817<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 14<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121826272&amp;loc=d3e32705-109319<br><br>Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 270<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6424409&amp;loc=d3e44925-109338<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&amp;trid=2144680<br><br>Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 740<br> -SubTopic 30<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=6424122&amp;loc=d3e41874-109331<br><br>Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(h)(2))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120395691&amp;loc=d3e23780-122690<br></p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140055939548264">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Basic and Diluted Loss Per Common Share<br></strong></div></th>
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8. <span id="xdx_820_zaa9WcEtyor4">Basic and Diluted Loss Per Common Share</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Basic
loss per share excludes any dilution. It is based upon the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Dilutive
loss per share reflects the potential dilution that would occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised
or converted into common stock. The Company&#8217;s dilutive loss per share equals basic loss per share for the periods ended June 30,
2021 and 2020, respectively, because all common stock equivalents (i.e<i>., </i>options and warrants) were antidilutive in those periods.
The number of options and warrants that were not included (because their effect is antidilutive) was <span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20210401__20210630__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_z1PWEzGxEVJl" title="Anti-dilutive securities effect"><span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20210101__20210630__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zZOakTmM9qm7" title="Anti-dilutive securities effect">2,406,651</span>
</span></span><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">and <span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20200401__20200630__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zAyWKmpc3hm2" title="Anti-dilutive securities effect"><span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20200101__20200630__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zQCEVPckPct3" title="Anti-dilutive securities effect">2,498,251</span>
</span></span><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">for the three and six months ended June
30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for earnings per share.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 260<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=109243012&amp;loc=SL65017193-207537<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 260<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124432515&amp;loc=d3e3550-109257<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 260<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&amp;trid=2144383<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 260<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124432515&amp;loc=d3e3630-109257<br></p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140055939591752">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Equity<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">6 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2021</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EquityAbstract', window );"><strong>Equity [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock', window );">Equity</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_804_eus-gaap--StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock_zbG7PuhpGlf5" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
9. <span id="xdx_827_zNlCoAaMM5Eh">Equity</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">During
the six months ended June 30, 2021, the Company received $<span id="xdx_90C_ecustom--ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants_c20210101__20210630_pp0p0" title="Proceeds from exercise of options and warrants">86,262</span> in proceeds from the exercise of outstanding options and warrants and
issued <span id="xdx_90B_ecustom--OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises_c20210101__20210630_pdd" title="Options and warrant issued in connection with exercises">39,500</span> shares of its capital stock in connection with these exercises. In addition, during the six months ended June 30, 2021,
the Company issued <span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardSharesIssuedInPeriod_c20210101__20210630_pdd" title="Capital stock issued">35,110</span> shares of its capital stock in connection with the cashless exercise of <span id="xdx_90C_ecustom--IssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants_c20210101__20210630_zJ3BsiJEdxe9" title="Issuance of common stock options and warrants">101,000</span> of its outstanding options.
No options or warrants were exercised during the three months ended June 30, 2021.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">During
the six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company received $<span id="xdx_90E_ecustom--ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants_c20200101__20200630_pp0p0" title="Proceeds from exercise of options and warrants">284,207</span> in proceeds from the exercise of outstanding options and warrants and
issued <span id="xdx_905_ecustom--OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises_c20200101__20200630_pdd" title="Options and warrant issued in connection with exercises">83,152</span> shares of its capital stock in connection with these exercises. In addition, during the six months ended June 30, 2020,
the Company issued <span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardSharesIssuedInPeriod_c20200101__20200630_pdd" title="Capital stock issued">238,372</span> shares of its capital stock in connection the cashless exercise of <span id="xdx_909_ecustom--IssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants_c20200101__20200630_ziR3rqnYuyTf">450,091</span> of its outstanding options.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">During
the three-month period ended June 30, 2020, the Company received $<span id="xdx_90D_ecustom--ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants_c20200401__20200630_pp0p0" title="Proceeds from exercise of options and warrants">284,207</span> in proceeds from the exercise of outstanding options and warrants
and issued <span id="xdx_90A_ecustom--OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises_c20200401__20200630_pdd" title="Options and warrant issued in connection with exercises">83,152</span> shares of its capital stock in connections with these exercises. In addition, during the three-month period ended June
30, 2020, the Company issued <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardSharesIssuedInPeriod_c20200401__20200630_pdd" title="Capital stock issued">81,527</span> shares of its capital stock in connection with the cashless exercise of <span id="xdx_90D_ecustom--IssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants_c20200401__20200630_z6FkHsO99rOi">207,000</span> of its outstanding
options.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company did not sell any equity securities during the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">As
of June 30, 2021, there were <span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding_c20210630_pdd" title="Warrants outstanding">1,399,991</span> warrants and <span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_c20210630_pdd" title="Options outstanding">1,006,660</span> options outstanding.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>




<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for shareholders' equity comprised of portions attributable to the parent entity and noncontrolling interest, including other comprehensive income. Includes, but is not limited to, balances of common stock, preferred stock, additional paid-in capital, other capital and retained earnings, accumulated balance for each classification of other comprehensive income and amount of comprehensive income.</p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140055939549384">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Leases<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">6 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2021</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
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<tr class="ro">
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<td class="text"><p id="xdx_809_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeasesTextBlock_zy0jYulOD7D2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
10. <span id="xdx_82B_z3m0fJ5dtPql">Leases</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at its inception. This determination generally depends on whether the arrangement conveys
the right to control the use of an identified fixed asset explicitly or implicitly for a period of time in exchange for consideration.
Control of an underlying asset is conveyed if the Company obtains the rights to direct the use of, and to obtain substantially all of
the economic benefits from the use of, the underlying asset. Lease expense for variable leases and short-term leases is recognized when
the obligation is incurred.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
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30, 2021. Operating leases are included in right of use lease assets, other current liabilities and long-term lease liabilities on the
condensed consolidated balance sheet. Right of use lease assets and liabilities are recognized at each lease&#8217;s commencement date
based on the present value of its lease payments over its respective lease term. The Company does not have an established incremental
borrowing rate as it does not have any debt. The Company uses the stated borrowing rate for a lease when readily determinable. When the
interest rates implicit in its lease agreements is not readily determinable, the Company used an interest rate based on the marketplace
for public debt. The weighted average discount rate associated with operating leases as of June 30, 2021 is <span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent_iI_pid_dp_c20210630_zeC4qZo9X2f9" title="Weighted-average discount rate">5.5</span>%.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Operating
lease expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 was approximately $<span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseExpense_c20210401__20210630_zpSOq7plNWha" title="Operating lease expense">55000</span> and $<span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseExpense_c20210101__20210630_zalP8wP14tg7" title="Operating lease expense">110,000</span>, respectively. The Company
has no material variable lease costs or sublease income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021. Subsequent to the Company&#8217;s
adoption of the new lease accounting guidance on January 1, 2019, the Company recorded new right of use lease assets of approximately
$<span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset_c20190102_pp0p0">900,000 </span></span><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">and
associated lease liabilities of approximately $<span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiability_iI_pn5n6_c20190102_zA5ruM9hCZ3f">1.1
</span></span><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">million.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_892_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock_zewPDAg7ACUk" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Maturities
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: left"><span id="xdx_8B1_za8zjPBE0N15" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; display: none">Schedule of Maturities of Opearing Lease</span><span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</span></p>

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    <td style="width: 76%">For the remainder of the year ending December 31, 2021</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
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    <td>For the year ending December 31, 2024</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">222,000</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40A_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzKpc_zWOMWxV5pHJ8" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue_iTI_pp0p0_mtLOLLPzKpc_zRWARmhwiUGc" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">Total lease payments</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">813,000</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount_iNI_pp0p0_di_zAFrX2ldV5u8" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">Less: imputed lease interest</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">(81,693</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr>
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    <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Present value of lease liabilities</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">731,307</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for operating leases of lessee. Includes, but is not limited to, description of operating lease and maturity analysis of operating lease liability.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/subtopic&amp;trid=77888251<br></p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140055939948776">
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<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Marketable Securities<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">6 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2021</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_InvestmentsDebtAndEquitySecuritiesAbstract', window );"><strong>Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_InvestmentsInDebtAndMarketableEquitySecuritiesAndCertainTradingAssetsDisclosureTextBlock', window );">Marketable Securities</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_806_eus-gaap--InvestmentsInDebtAndMarketableEquitySecuritiesAndCertainTradingAssetsDisclosureTextBlock_zgIkLEQPa3bc" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note 11. <span id="xdx_828_zBCG5pBthhr2">Marketable Securities</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The Company classifies investments in marketable
securities as trading, available-for-sale or held-to-maturity at the time of purchase and periodically re-evaluates such classification.
Trading securities are carried at fair value, with unrealized holding gains and losses included in earnings. Held-to-maturity securities
are recorded at cost and are adjusted for the amortization or accretion of premiums or discounts over the life of the related security.
Unrealized holding gains and losses of available-for-sale securities are excluded from earnings and are reported as a separate component
of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) until realized. In determining realized gains and losses, the cost of the securities
sold is based on the specific identification method. Interest and dividends on the investments are accrued at the balance sheet date.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Fair value is defined as the price that would
be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., the &#8220;exit price&#8221;) in an orderly transaction between market
participants at the measurement date. Fair value measurements are broken down into three levels based on the reliability of inputs as
follows: Level 1 inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access
at the measurement date. An active market for the asset or liability is a market in which transactions for the asset or liability occur
with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis. Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted
prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include
quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset
or liability (e.g., interest rates and yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals or current market) and contractual prices
for the underlying financial instrument, as well as other relevant economic measures. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the
asset or liability. Unobservable inputs are used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available, thereby
allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the measurement date.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p id="xdx_890_eus-gaap--InvestmentHoldingsScheduleOfInvestmentsTableTextBlock_zWt8P6lraZlg" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">At June 30, 2021 all investments were classified
as Level 1 trading securities, and consisted of the following:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: left"/>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8B8_zvVrzBCNIYT7" style="display: none">Schedule
of Investments Were Classified as Level 1 Trading Securities</span></span></p>

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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">Mutual Funds</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; width: 80%; text-align: left">Putnam Short Duration Bond</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_c20210630__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel1Member__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--PutnamMember__us-gaap--FinancialInstrumentAxis__custom--ShortDurationBondMember_zf0usxXNwfx" style="width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Mutual Funds Putnam Short Duration Bond">1,998,350</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_98E_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_c20210630__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel1Member__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--PutnamMember__us-gaap--FinancialInstrumentAxis__custom--UltraShortDurationIncomeMember_z3MiINWGkYUb" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Mutual Funds Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income">1,133,633</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_c20210630__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel1Member_z4sH7tltFUUf" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Marketable securities">3,131,983</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Unrealized loss</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss_c20210101__20210630__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel1Member_z3Jxk4tU3Rd4" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Unrealized loss">1,650</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for  investments in certain debt and equity securities.</p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140055939972520">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Basis of Presentation (Tables)<br></strong></div></th>
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</tr>
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OrganizationConsolidationAndPresentationOfFinancialStatementsAbstract', window );"><strong>Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Tabular disclosure of condensed financial statements, including, but not limited to, the balance sheet, income statement, and statement of cash flows.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation S-X (SX)<br> -Number 210<br> -Section 3<br> -Paragraph i<br> -Subsection 10<br></p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140055939627048">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Leases (Tables)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">6 Months Ended</th>
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<tr><th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2021</div></th></tr>
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_DisclosureLeasesAbstract', window );"><strong>Leases</strong></a></td>
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<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock', window );">Schedule of Maturities of Opearing Lease</a></td>
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    <td>For the year ending December 31, 2024</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt">For the year ending December 31, 2025 and beyond</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
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  <tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue_iTI_pp0p0_mtLOLLPzKpc_zRWARmhwiUGc" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">Total lease payments</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right">(81,693</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Tabular disclosure of undiscounted cash flows of lessee's operating lease liability. Includes, but is not limited to, reconciliation of undiscounted cash flows to operating lease liability recognized in statement of financial position.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123408670&amp;loc=SL77918701-209980<br></p></div>
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<tr>
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<head>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140055939562856">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Marketable Securities (Tables)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">6 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2021</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_InvestmentsDebtAndEquitySecuritiesAbstract', window );"><strong>Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_InvestmentHoldingsScheduleOfInvestmentsTableTextBlock', window );">Schedule of Investments Were Classified as Level 1 Trading Securities</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_890_eus-gaap--InvestmentHoldingsScheduleOfInvestmentsTableTextBlock_zWt8P6lraZlg" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">At June 30, 2021 all investments were classified
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: left"/>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: left"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8B8_zvVrzBCNIYT7" style="display: none">Schedule
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center">Investment</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center">Investments</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">Mutual Funds</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; width: 80%; text-align: left">Putnam Short Duration Bond</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_c20210630__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel1Member__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--PutnamMember__us-gaap--FinancialInstrumentAxis__custom--ShortDurationBondMember_zf0usxXNwfx" style="width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Mutual Funds Putnam Short Duration Bond">1,998,350</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td id="xdx_98E_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_c20210630__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel1Member__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--PutnamMember__us-gaap--FinancialInstrumentAxis__custom--UltraShortDurationIncomeMember_z3MiINWGkYUb" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Mutual Funds Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income">1,133,633</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_c20210630__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel1Member_z4sH7tltFUUf" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Marketable securities">3,131,983</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Unrealized loss</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss_c20210101__20210630__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel1Member_z3Jxk4tU3Rd4" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Unrealized loss">1,650</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Tabular disclosure of data and information required in the supplementary schedule applicable to management investment companies listing holdings of unaffiliated investments.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140055942216200">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Schedule of Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet and Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows (Details) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">6 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2020</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2020</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue', window );">Cash and cash equivalents</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 339,607<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 4,772,705<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesCurrent', window );">Marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="nump">3,131,983<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss', window );">Unrealized loss on marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,650<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities', window );">Net cash used in operating activities</a></td>
<td class="num">(1,384,792)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(1,239,647)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities', window );">Purchases of marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="num">(3,433,633)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities', window );">Sales of marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="nump">300,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities', window );">Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities</a></td>
<td class="num">(3,134,568)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 2,774<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_RestatementAxis=srt_ScenarioPreviouslyReportedMember', window );">Previously Reported [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue', window );">Cash and cash equivalents</a></td>
<td class="nump">3,471,590<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesCurrent', window );">Marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss', window );">Unrealized loss on marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities', window );">Net cash used in operating activities</a></td>
<td class="num">(1,386,442)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities', window );">Purchases of marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities', window );">Sales of marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities', window );">Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities</a></td>
<td class="num">(935)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_RestatementAxis=srt_RestatementAdjustmentMember', window );">Revision of Prior Period, Adjustment [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue', window );">Cash and cash equivalents</a></td>
<td class="num">(3,131,983)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesCurrent', window );">Marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="nump">3,131,983<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss', window );">Unrealized loss on marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,650<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities', window );">Net cash used in operating activities</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,650<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities', window );">Purchases of marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="num">(3,433,633)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities', window );">Sales of marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="nump">300,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities', window );">Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities</a></td>
<td class="num">$ (3,133,633)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of currency on hand as well as demand deposits with banks or financial institutions. Includes other kinds of accounts that have the general characteristics of demand deposits. Also includes short-term, highly liquid investments that are both readily convertible to known amounts of cash and so near their maturity that they present insignificant risk of changes in value because of changes in interest rates. Excludes cash and cash equivalents within disposal group and discontinued operation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3044-108585<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124098289&amp;loc=d3e6676-107765<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.1)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of investment in marketable security, classified as current.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (f)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124098289&amp;loc=d3e6676-107765<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.2)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
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</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of unrealized gain (loss) on investment in marketable security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03(7)(c))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123367319&amp;loc=SL114868664-224227<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash inflow (outflow) from investing activities, including discontinued operations. Investing activity cash flows include making and collecting loans and acquiring and disposing of debt or equity instruments and property, plant, and equipment and other productive assets.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 24<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3521-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash inflow (outflow) from operating activities, including discontinued operations. Operating activity cash flows include transactions, adjustments, and changes in value not defined as investing or financing activities.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 25<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3536-108585<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 24<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3521-108585<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3602-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash outflow for purchase of marketable security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 320<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 11<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124260329&amp;loc=d3e26853-111562<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The cash inflow associated with the aggregate amount received by the entity through sale or maturity of marketable securities  (held-to-maturity or available-for-sale) during the period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_RestatementAxis=srt_ScenarioPreviouslyReportedMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140055941500136">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Business (Details Narrative) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">3 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">6 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">12 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2020</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2020</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2020</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Mar. 31, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Mar. 31, 2020</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2019</div></th>
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<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_WorkingCapital', window );">Working capital</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 4,200,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 4,200,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
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<tr class="ro">
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<td class="nump">3,500,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">3,500,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Shareholders' equity</a></td>
<td class="nump">4,328,025<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 6,316,740<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">4,328,025<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 6,316,740<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 5,327,005<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 4,855,960<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 6,431,514<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 7,056,108<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit', window );">Accumulated deficit</a></td>
<td class="nump">118,926,018<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">118,926,018<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">117,840,776<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OtherIncome', window );">Other income</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 202,052<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_OtherIncomeFromPaycheckProtectionProgramLoanForgiveness', window );">Other income - PPP loan forgiveness</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 194,140<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 194,140<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DebtInstrumentAxis=REFR_PPPLoanMember', window );">PPP Loan [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromLoans', window );">Proceeds from loan</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">202,052<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_RangeAxis=srt_MinimumMember', window );">Minimum [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_NonrecurringCashExpenses', window );">Non-recurring cash expenses per quarter</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">400,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_RangeAxis=srt_MaximumMember', window );">Maximum [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_NonrecurringCashExpenses', window );">Non-recurring cash expenses per quarter</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 450,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_CashAndCashEquivalents">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cash And Cash Equivalents.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_CashAndCashEquivalents</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_NonrecurringCashExpenses">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Non-recurring cash expenses.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_NonrecurringCashExpenses</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_OtherIncomeFromPaycheckProtectionProgramLoanForgiveness">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Other income from paycheck protection program loan forgiveness.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_OtherIncomeFromPaycheckProtectionProgramLoanForgiveness</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_WorkingCapital">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Working capital.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_WorkingCapital</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OtherIncome">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of revenue and income classified as other.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-04.4)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120400993&amp;loc=SL114874131-224263<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OtherIncome</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromLoans">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cash received from principal payments made on loans related to operating activities.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 25<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123570139&amp;loc=d3e3536-108585<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ProceedsFromLoans</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The cumulative amount of the reporting entity's undistributed earnings or deficit.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(30)(a)(3))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=84165509&amp;loc=d3e56426-112766<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 65<br> -Paragraph 15<br> -Subparagraph (g)(2)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=121322162&amp;loc=SL121327923-165333<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-03(a)(23)(a)(4))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120400017&amp;loc=d3e572229-122910<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Section 65<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (h)(2)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124501264&amp;loc=SL117420844-207641<br><br>Reference 6: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.3-04)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120397183&amp;loc=d3e187085-122770<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Section 65<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (g)(2)(i)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124501264&amp;loc=SL117420844-207641<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Total of all stockholders' equity (deficit) items, net of receivables from officers, directors, owners, and affiliates of the entity which are attributable to the parent. The amount of the economic entity's stockholders' equity attributable to the parent excludes the amount of stockholders' equity which is allocable to that ownership interest in subsidiary equity which is not attributable to the parent (noncontrolling interest, minority interest). This excludes temporary equity and is sometimes called permanent equity.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StockholdersEquity</td>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140055939904088">
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<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Revenue Recognition (Details Narrative) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">3 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">6 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2020</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2020</div></th>
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<td class="nump">$ 113,937<span></span>
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<td class="nump">$ 176,113<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 327,060<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 532,286<span></span>
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<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis=REFR_LicenseAgreementMember', window );">License Agreement [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CollaborativeArrangementsAndNoncollaborativeArrangementTransactionsLineItems', window );"><strong>Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax', window );">Revenue recognition</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 353,000<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis=REFR_LicenseAgreementMember', window );">License Agreement [Member] | Revenue Benchmark [Member] | Minimum [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
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<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CollaborativeArrangementsAndNoncollaborativeArrangementTransactionsLineItems', window );"><strong>Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice', window );">Royalty rate on selling price</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="nump">10.00%<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CollaborativeArrangementsAndNoncollaborativeArrangementTransactionsLineItems', window );"><strong>Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice', window );">Royalty rate on selling price</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Royalty rate on selling price.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount, excluding tax collected from customer, of revenue from satisfaction of performance obligation by transferring promised good or service to customer. Tax collected from customer is tax assessed by governmental authority that is both imposed on and concurrent with specific revenue-producing transaction, including, but not limited to, sales, use, value added and excise.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax</td>
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<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis=us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember</td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_RangeAxis=srt_MinimumMember</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140055941222184">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Fee Income (Details Narrative) - Revenue Benchmark [Member] - Customer Concentration Risk [Member]<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">3 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">6 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2020</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2020</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis=us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember', window );">Licensee One [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems', window );"><strong>Product Information [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1', window );">Percentage of fee income</a></td>
<td class="nump">27.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">17.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">27.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">22.00%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis=us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember', window );">Licensee Two [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems', window );"><strong>Product Information [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1', window );">Percentage of fee income</a></td>
<td class="nump">21.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">17.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">23.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">17.00%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis=us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember', window );">Licensee Three [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems', window );"><strong>Product Information [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1', window );">Percentage of fee income</a></td>
<td class="nump">15.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">11.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">11.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">12.00%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis=us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember', window );">Licensee Four [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems', window );"><strong>Product Information [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1', window );">Percentage of fee income</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">10.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">12.00%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis=us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember', window );">Licensee Five [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems', window );"><strong>Product Information [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1', window );">Percentage of fee income</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">12.00%<span></span>
</td>
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<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For an entity that discloses a concentration risk in relation to quantitative amount, which serves as the "benchmark" (or denominator) in the equation, this concept represents the concentration percentage derived from the division.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 42<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123359005&amp;loc=d3e9054-108599<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 275<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 18<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=99393423&amp;loc=d3e6351-108592<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 825<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 20<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123594938&amp;loc=d3e13531-108611<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 825<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 21<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123594938&amp;loc=d3e13537-108611<br><br>Reference 5: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 275<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 20<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=99393423&amp;loc=d3e6404-108592<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis=us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis=us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_ProductOrServiceAxis=REFR_LicenseeOneMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_ProductOrServiceAxis=REFR_LicenseeOneMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis=us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_ProductOrServiceAxis=REFR_LicenseeTwoMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_ProductOrServiceAxis=REFR_LicenseeTwoMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_ProductOrServiceAxis=REFR_LicenseeThreeMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_ProductOrServiceAxis=REFR_LicenseeThreeMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_ProductOrServiceAxis=REFR_LicenseeFourMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_ProductOrServiceAxis=REFR_LicenseeFourMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_ProductOrServiceAxis=REFR_LicenseeFiveMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>33
<FILENAME>R25.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140055867879512">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Stock-Based Compensation (Details Narrative) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">6 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2020</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis=REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember', window );">2019 Equity Incentive Plan [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DeferredCompensationArrangementWithIndividualExcludingShareBasedPaymentsAndPostretirementBenefitsLineItems', window );"><strong>Deferred Compensation Arrangement with Individual, Excluding Share-based Payments and Postretirement Benefits [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant', window );">Shares available for future grant</a></td>
<td class="nump">683,500<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis=REFR_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember', window );">Employees and Directors [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DeferredCompensationArrangementWithIndividualExcludingShareBasedPaymentsAndPostretirementBenefitsLineItems', window );"><strong>Deferred Compensation Arrangement with Individual, Excluding Share-based Payments and Postretirement Benefits [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross', window );">Stock options granted</a></td>
<td class="nump">0<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">0<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation', window );">Compensation expense</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 0<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 0<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_RangeAxis=srt_MinimumMember', window );">Minimum [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DeferredCompensationArrangementWithIndividualExcludingShareBasedPaymentsAndPostretirementBenefitsLineItems', window );"><strong>Deferred Compensation Arrangement with Individual, Excluding Share-based Payments and Postretirement Benefits [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardAwardVestingPeriod1', window );">Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Award Vesting Period</a></td>
<td class="text">12 years<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_RangeAxis=srt_MaximumMember', window );">Maximum [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DeferredCompensationArrangementWithIndividualExcludingShareBasedPaymentsAndPostretirementBenefitsLineItems', window );"><strong>Deferred Compensation Arrangement with Individual, Excluding Share-based Payments and Postretirement Benefits [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardAwardVestingPeriod1', window );">Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Award Vesting Period</a></td>
<td class="text">60 months<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
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<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DeferredCompensationArrangementWithIndividualExcludingShareBasedPaymentsAndPostretirementBenefitsLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DeferredCompensationArrangementWithIndividualExcludingShareBasedPaymentsAndPostretirementBenefitsLineItems</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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</table></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of expense for employee benefit and equity-based compensation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardAwardVestingPeriod1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Period over which grantee's right to exercise award under share-based payment arrangement is no longer contingent on satisfaction of service or performance condition, in 'PnYnMnDTnHnMnS' format, for example, 'P1Y5M13D' represents reported fact of one year, five months, and thirteen days. Includes, but is not limited to, combination of market, performance or service condition.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (a)(1)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardAwardVestingPeriod1</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:durationItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The difference between the maximum number of shares (or other type of equity) authorized for issuance under the plan (including the effects of amendments and adjustments), and the sum of: 1) the number of shares (or other type of equity) already issued upon exercise of options or other equity-based awards under the plan; and 2) shares (or other type of equity) reserved for issuance on granting of outstanding awards, net of cancellations and forfeitures, if applicable.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
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</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Gross number of share options (or share units) granted during the period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis=REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis=REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_TitleOfIndividualAxis=REFR_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_RangeAxis=srt_MinimumMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_RangeAxis=srt_MinimumMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_RangeAxis=srt_MaximumMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_RangeAxis=srt_MaximumMember</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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</div>
</body>
</html>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>34
<FILENAME>R26.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140055940075048">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Basic and Diluted Loss Per Common Share (Details Narrative) - shares<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">3 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">6 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2020</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2020</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis=REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember', window );">Options and Warrants [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareLineItems', window );"><strong>Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount', window );">Anti-dilutive securities effect</a></td>
<td class="nump">2,406,651<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2,498,251<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2,406,651<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2,498,251<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Securities (including those issuable pursuant to contingent stock agreements) that could potentially dilute basic earnings per share (EPS) or earnings per unit (EPU) in the future that were not included in the computation of diluted EPS or EPU because to do so would increase EPS or EPU amounts or decrease loss per share or unit amounts for the period presented.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 260<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124432515&amp;loc=d3e3550-109257<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareLineItems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis=REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis=REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>35
<FILENAME>R27.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140055939861224">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Equity (Details Narrative) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">3 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">6 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2020</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2020</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EquityAbstract', window );"><strong>Equity [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants', window );">Proceeds from exercise of options and warrants</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 284,207<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 86,262<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 284,207<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises', window );">Options and warrant issued in connection with exercises</a></td>
<td class="nump">83,152<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">39,500<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">83,152<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardSharesIssuedInPeriod', window );">Capital stock issued</a></td>
<td class="nump">81,527<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">35,110<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">238,372<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_IssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants', window );">Issuance of common stock options and warrants</a></td>
<td class="nump">207,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">101,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">450,091<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding', window );">Warrants outstanding</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,399,991<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber', window );">Options outstanding</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,006,660<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_IssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_IssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Options and warrant issued in connection with exercises.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Proceeds from exercise of options and warrants.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of warrants or rights outstanding.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_EquityAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_EquityAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of options outstanding, including both vested and non-vested options.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(i)-(ii)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardSharesIssuedInPeriod">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of shares issued under share-based payment arrangement.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120381028&amp;loc=d3e5070-113901<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardSharesIssuedInPeriod</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>36
<FILENAME>R28.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140055941563048">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Schedule of Maturities of Opearing Lease (Details) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jan. 02, 2019</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_DisclosureLeasesAbstract', window );"><strong>Leases</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsRemainderOfFiscalYear', window );">For the remainder of the year ending December 31, 2021</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 105,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths', window );">For the year ending December 31, 2022</a></td>
<td class="nump">213,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwo', window );">For the year ending December 31, 2023</a></td>
<td class="nump">217,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearThree', window );">For the year ending December 31, 2024</a></td>
<td class="nump">222,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive', window );">For the year ending December 31, 2025 and beyond</a></td>
<td class="nump">56,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue', window );">Total lease payments</a></td>
<td class="nump">813,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount', window );">Less: imputed lease interest</a></td>
<td class="num">(81,693)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability', window );">Present value of lease liabilities</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 731,307<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,100,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_DisclosureLeasesAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_DisclosureLeasesAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of lessee's undiscounted obligation for lease payment for operating lease.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123408670&amp;loc=SL77918701-209980<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of lessee's undiscounted obligation for lease payment for operating lease due after fifth fiscal year following current fiscal year. Excludes interim and annual periods when interim periods are reported from current statement of financial position date (rolling approach).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123408670&amp;loc=SL77918701-209980<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of lessee's undiscounted obligation for lease payment for operating lease to be paid in next fiscal year following current fiscal year. Excludes interim and annual periods when interim periods are reported from current statement of financial position date (rolling approach).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123408670&amp;loc=SL77918701-209980<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearThree">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of lessee's undiscounted obligation for lease payment for operating lease to be paid in third fiscal year following current fiscal year. Excludes interim and annual periods when interim periods are reported from current statement of financial position date (rolling approach).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123408670&amp;loc=SL77918701-209980<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearThree</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwo">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of lessee's undiscounted obligation for lease payment for operating lease to be paid in second fiscal year following current fiscal year. Excludes interim and annual periods when interim periods are reported from current statement of financial position date (rolling approach).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123408670&amp;loc=SL77918701-209980<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwo</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsRemainderOfFiscalYear">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of lessee's undiscounted obligation for lease payment for operating lease having initial or remaining lease term in excess of one year to be paid in remainder of current fiscal year.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123408670&amp;loc=SL77918701-209980<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsRemainderOfFiscalYear</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of lessee's undiscounted obligation for lease payments in excess of discounted obligation for lease payments for operating lease.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123408670&amp;loc=SL77918701-209980<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Present value of lessee's discounted obligation for lease payments from operating lease.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123391704&amp;loc=SL77918627-209977<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140055941565784">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Leases (Details Narrative) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">3 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">6 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2020</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jan. 02, 2019</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_DisclosureLeasesAbstract', window );"><strong>Leases</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1', window );">Weighted average remaining lease term</a></td>
<td class="text">3 years 8 months 12 days<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">3 years 8 months 12 days<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent', window );">Weighted-average discount rate</a></td>
<td class="nump">5.50%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">5.50%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseExpense', window );">Operating lease expense</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 55,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 110,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset', window );">Operating Lease, Right-of-Use Asset</a></td>
<td class="nump">543,133<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">543,133<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 616,442<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 900,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability', window );">Operating Lease, Liability</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 731,307<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 731,307<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,100,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_DisclosureLeasesAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_DisclosureLeasesAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<td>REFR_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseExpense">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of operating lease expense. Excludes sublease income.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123391704&amp;loc=SL77918638-209977<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseExpense</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Present value of lessee's discounted obligation for lease payments from operating lease.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123391704&amp;loc=SL77918627-209977<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of lessee's right to use underlying asset under operating lease.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123391704&amp;loc=SL77918627-209977<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
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</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Weighted average discount rate for operating lease calculated at point in time.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Subparagraph (g)(4)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123408670&amp;loc=SL77918686-209980<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 53<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123414884&amp;loc=SL77918982-209971<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Weighted average remaining lease term for operating lease, in 'PnYnMnDTnHnMnS' format, for example, 'P1Y5M13D' represents reported fact of one year, five months, and thirteen days.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 53<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123414884&amp;loc=SL77918982-209971<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Subparagraph (g)(3)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123408670&amp;loc=SL77918686-209980<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td>xbrli:durationItemType</td>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.22.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140055941223544">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Schedule of Investments Were Classified as Level 1 Trading Securities (Details) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">6 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2021</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2020</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2020</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesLineItems', window );"><strong>Marketable Securities [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesCurrent', window );">Marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 3,131,983<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
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</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss', window );">Unrealized loss</a></td>
<td class="num">(1,650)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis=us-gaap_FairValueInputsLevel1Member', window );">Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesLineItems', window );"><strong>Marketable Securities [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesCurrent', window );">Marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="nump">3,131,983<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss', window );">Unrealized loss</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,650<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis=us-gaap_FairValueInputsLevel1Member', window );">Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member] | Putnam [Member] | Short Duration Bond [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesLineItems', window );"><strong>Marketable Securities [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesCurrent', window );">Marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,998,350<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis=us-gaap_FairValueInputsLevel1Member', window );">Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member] | Putnam [Member] | Ultra Short Duration Income [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesLineItems', window );"><strong>Marketable Securities [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesCurrent', window );">Marketable securities</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,133,633<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of investment in marketable security, classified as current.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (f)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=124098289&amp;loc=d3e6676-107765<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02.2)<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=120391452&amp;loc=d3e13212-122682<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesCurrent</td>
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<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesLineItems</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of unrealized gain (loss) on investment in marketable security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03(7)(c))<br> -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&amp;oid=123367319&amp;loc=SL114868664-224227<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss</td>
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<td>duration</td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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    <dei:AmendmentDescription contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30">This Amendment No. 1 on Form 10-Q/A amends our quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2021, initially
filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 5, 2021 (the Original Form 10-Q). This Form 10-Q/A amends and restates Items
1, 2 and 4 of Part I of the Original Form 10-Q and adds Item 1A of Part II to the Original Form 10-Q and no other items in the Original
Form 10-Q are amended hereby. In Item 1, this Form 10-Q/A includes our restated condensed consolidated interim financial statements for
the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, including certain notes thereto. The restatement relates to certain investments of the
Company which were classified as cash equivalents on the June 30, 2021 balance sheet which the Company has determined do not qualify
as cash equivalents. Such investments have been reclassified and are now presented as marketable securities, the statement of cashflows
also reflects the purchase and sale activity of such marketable securities for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and notes 1 and 11
to the condensed consolidated financial statements have also been amended. This restatement did not impact the results of operations,
loss per share or shareholders&#x2019; equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021. This restatement, which only relates to
the reclassification of certain investments from cash to marketable securities, does not affect the company&#x2019;s net income/loss for
any period nor does it have any material impact on liquidity and capital resources.</dei:AmendmentDescription>
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    <us-gaap:BasisOfAccounting contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30">&lt;p id="xdx_801_eus-gaap--BasisOfAccounting_zjjIj0oCdN47" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline"&gt;Note
1. &lt;span id="xdx_82F_zCOvBkPoQsm"&gt;Basis of Presentation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting
principles (&#x201c;GAAP&#x201d;) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Rule 8-03 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly,
they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management,
all adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature.
Operating results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected
for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2021. The condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2020 has been derived from the
audited consolidated financial statements at that date. For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements and footnotes
thereto included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K relating to Research Frontiers Incorporated (the &#x201c;Company&#x201d;) for the fiscal
year ended December 31, 2020.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"/&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;Restatement&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&#160;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;These condensed consolidated interim financial
statements for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, including certain notes thereto have been restated. The restatement relates
to a change in presentation of certain investments of the Company which were originally classified as cash equivalents on the balance
sheet as of June 30, 2021, which the Company has subsequently determined do not qualify as cash equivalents. Such investments have been
reclassified and are now presented as marketable securities. This restatement did not impact the results of operations, loss per share
or shareholders&#x2019; equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021. The effects of the reclassification of these investments
on the condensed consolidated balance sheet and condensed consolidated statement of cash flows as of and for the six months ended June
30, 2021 are as follows:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_891_esrt--ScheduleOfCondensedFinancialStatementsTableTextBlock_zAZrA6v2TXq9" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8B8_zrLBv8CgFR9b" style="display: none"&gt;Schedule
of Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet and Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="display: none; vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="display: none"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="display: none; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_497_20210101__20210630__srt--RestatementAxis__srt--ScenarioPreviouslyReportedMember_zfXZviZfM13g" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; display: none; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;As
    reported&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="display: none; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="display: none; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_490_20210101__20210630__srt--RestatementAxis__srt--RestatementAdjustmentMember_zKEp7RXnSSr1" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; display: none; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Adjustment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="display: none; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="display: none; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_494_20210101__20210630_zE20AA5N15V9" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; display: none; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;As
    restated&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="display: none; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="10" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;June 30, 2021&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;As reported&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;Adjustment&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;As restated&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-decoration: underline; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"&gt;Balance sheet:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 52%; text-align: left"&gt;Cash and cash equivalents&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue_iI_c20210630__srt--RestatementAxis__srt--ScenarioPreviouslyReportedMember_z5vAh8C48iQ" style="width: 12%; text-align: right" title="Cash and cash equivalents"&gt;3,471,590&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue_iI_c20210630__srt--RestatementAxis__srt--RestatementAdjustmentMember_z5iP0b7Pz8E6" style="width: 12%; text-align: right" title="Cash and cash equivalents"&gt;(3,131,983&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue_iI_c20210630_zY0KQODRlLPa" style="width: 12%; text-align: right" title="Cash and cash equivalents"&gt;339,607&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Marketable securities&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_c20210630__srt--RestatementAxis__srt--ScenarioPreviouslyReportedMember_z9BOLhP8pNG3" style="text-align: right" title="Marketable securities"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0387"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_c20210630__srt--RestatementAxis__srt--RestatementAdjustmentMember_zVEnj3zVLjRg" style="text-align: right" title="Marketable securities"&gt;3,131,983&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98E_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_c20210630_z4TEGp7tcBT" style="text-align: right" title="Marketable securities"&gt;3,131,983&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-decoration: underline; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"&gt;Statement of cash flows:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_404_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss_iN_di_zqQD1tKJRdbb" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Unrealized loss on marketable securities&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0393"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;1,650&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;1,650&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40F_eus-gaap--NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities_zqsbGtgf3M5h" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Net cash used in operating activities&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;(1,386,442&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;1,650&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;(1,384,792&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_407_eus-gaap--PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities_iN_di_zoODaA5w9z1d" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Purchases of marketable securities&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0401"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;(3,433,633&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;(3,433,633&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities_zf164RqqYQ58" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Sales of marketable securities&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0405"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;300,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;300,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_407_eus-gaap--NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities_zQ8BvMYKyzXg" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;(935&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;(3,133,633&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;(3,134,568&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;
&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_8A3_zkECi0NZPLn9" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:BasisOfAccounting>
    <srt:ScheduleOfCondensedFinancialStatementsTableTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30">&lt;p id="xdx_891_esrt--ScheduleOfCondensedFinancialStatementsTableTextBlock_zAZrA6v2TXq9" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8B8_zrLBv8CgFR9b" style="display: none"&gt;Schedule
of Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet and Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="display: none; vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="display: none"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="display: none; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_497_20210101__20210630__srt--RestatementAxis__srt--ScenarioPreviouslyReportedMember_zfXZviZfM13g" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; display: none; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;As
    reported&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="display: none; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="display: none; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_490_20210101__20210630__srt--RestatementAxis__srt--RestatementAdjustmentMember_zKEp7RXnSSr1" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; display: none; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Adjustment&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="display: none; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="display: none; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_494_20210101__20210630_zE20AA5N15V9" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; display: none; text-align: center"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;As
    restated&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="display: none; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="10" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;June 30, 2021&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;As reported&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;Adjustment&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;As restated&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-decoration: underline; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"&gt;Balance sheet:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 52%; text-align: left"&gt;Cash and cash equivalents&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_985_eus-gaap--CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue_iI_c20210630__srt--RestatementAxis__srt--ScenarioPreviouslyReportedMember_z5vAh8C48iQ" style="width: 12%; text-align: right" title="Cash and cash equivalents"&gt;3,471,590&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_983_eus-gaap--CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue_iI_c20210630__srt--RestatementAxis__srt--RestatementAdjustmentMember_z5iP0b7Pz8E6" style="width: 12%; text-align: right" title="Cash and cash equivalents"&gt;(3,131,983&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_989_eus-gaap--CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue_iI_c20210630_zY0KQODRlLPa" style="width: 12%; text-align: right" title="Cash and cash equivalents"&gt;339,607&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Marketable securities&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_c20210630__srt--RestatementAxis__srt--ScenarioPreviouslyReportedMember_z9BOLhP8pNG3" style="text-align: right" title="Marketable securities"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0387"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_c20210630__srt--RestatementAxis__srt--RestatementAdjustmentMember_zVEnj3zVLjRg" style="text-align: right" title="Marketable securities"&gt;3,131,983&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98E_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_c20210630_z4TEGp7tcBT" style="text-align: right" title="Marketable securities"&gt;3,131,983&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-decoration: underline; font-weight: bold; text-align: left"&gt;Statement of cash flows:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_404_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss_iN_di_zqQD1tKJRdbb" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Unrealized loss on marketable securities&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0393"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;1,650&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;1,650&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40F_eus-gaap--NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities_zqsbGtgf3M5h" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Net cash used in operating activities&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;(1,386,442&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;1,650&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;(1,384,792&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_407_eus-gaap--PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities_iN_di_zoODaA5w9z1d" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Purchases of marketable securities&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0401"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;(3,433,633&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;(3,433,633&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities_zf164RqqYQ58" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Sales of marketable securities&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0405"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;-&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;300,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;300,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_407_eus-gaap--NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities_zQ8BvMYKyzXg" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;(935&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;(3,133,633&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;(3,134,568&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;
&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</srt:ScheduleOfCondensedFinancialStatementsTableTextBlock>
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      contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30_srt_ScenarioPreviouslyReportedMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">3471590</us-gaap:CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue>
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      contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30_srt_RestatementAdjustmentMember"
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      unitRef="USD">3131983</us-gaap:MarketableSecuritiesCurrent>
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      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-06-30_srt_RestatementAdjustmentMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">-1650</us-gaap:MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss>
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      unitRef="USD">-1650</us-gaap:MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss>
    <us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-06-30_srt_ScenarioPreviouslyReportedMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">-1386442</us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities>
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      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-06-30_srt_RestatementAdjustmentMember"
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      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">-1384792</us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities>
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      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-06-30_srt_RestatementAdjustmentMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">3433633</us-gaap:PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities>
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      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">3433633</us-gaap:PaymentsToAcquireMarketableSecurities>
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      unitRef="USD">300000</us-gaap:ProceedsFromSaleAndMaturityOfMarketableSecurities>
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      unitRef="USD">-3134568</us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities>
    <us-gaap:NatureOfOperations contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30">&lt;p id="xdx_80A_eus-gaap--NatureOfOperations_z7hCT2aeub8h" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline"&gt;Note
2. &lt;span id="xdx_828_zDuhyfKj9M0l"&gt;Business&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Research
Frontiers Incorporated (&#x201c;Research Frontiers&#x201d; or the &#x201c;Company&#x201d;) operates in a single business segment which is
engaged in the development and marketing of technology and devices to control the flow of light. Such devices, often referred to as &#x201c;light
valves&#x201d; or suspended particle devices (&#x201c;SPDs&#x201d;), use colloidal particles that are either incorporated within a liquid
suspension or a film, which is usually enclosed between two sheets of glass or plastic having transparent, electrically conductive coatings
on the facing surfaces thereof. At least one of the two sheets is transparent. SPD technology, made possible by a flexible light-control
film invented by Research Frontiers, allows the user to instantly and precisely control the shading of glass/plastic manually or automatically.
SPD technology has numerous product applications, including SPD-Smart&#x2122; windows, sunshades, skylights and interior partitions for
homes and buildings; automotive windows, sunroofs, sun visors, sunshades, rear-view mirrors, instrument panels and navigation systems;
aircraft windows; museum display panels; eyewear products; and flat panel displays for electronic products. SPD-Smart light control film
is now being developed for, or used in, architectural, automotive, marine, aerospace and appliance applications.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company has primarily utilized its cash, cash equivalents, and investments generated from sales of our common stock, proceeds from the
exercise of options and warrants, and royalty fees collected to fund its research and development of SPD light valves, for marketing
initiatives, and for other working capital purposes. The Company&#x2019;s working capital and capital requirements depend upon numerous
factors, including the results of research and development activities, competitive and technological developments, the timing and cost
of patent filings, and the development of new licensees and changes in the Company&#x2019;s relationships with its existing licensees.
The degree of dependence of the Company&#x2019;s working capital requirements on each of the foregoing factors cannot be quantified; increased
research and development activities and related costs would increase such requirements; the addition of new licensees may provide additional
working capital or working capital requirements; and changes in relationships with existing licensees would have a favorable or negative
impact depending upon the nature of such changes. We have incurred recurring losses since inception and expect to continue to incur losses
as a result of costs and expenses related to our research and continued development of our SPD technology and our corporate general and
administrative expenses. Our capital requirements and operations to date have been substantially funded through sales of our common stock,
exercise of options and warrants and royalty fees collected. As of June 30, 2021, we had working capital of approximately $&lt;span id="xdx_90A_ecustom--WorkingCapital_iI_pn5n6_c20210630_zs5cNwsqFiE2" title="Working capital"&gt;4.2&lt;/span&gt; million,
cash and cash equivalents of approximately $&lt;span id="xdx_90A_ecustom--CashAndCashEquivalents_iI_pn5n6_c20210630_zwlGZOokRV5" title="Cash and cash equivalents"&gt;3.5&lt;/span&gt; million, shareholders&#x2019; equity of approximately $&lt;span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--StockholdersEquity_iI_pn5n6_c20210630_zVDpykDeMFQh" title="Shareholders' equity"&gt;4.3&lt;/span&gt; million and an accumulated
deficit of approximately $&lt;span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit_iNI_pn5n6_di_c20210630_z9beiXIFcEY9" title="Accumulated deficit"&gt;118.9&lt;/span&gt; million. Our projected cash flow shortfall based on our current operations adjusted for any non-recurring
cash expenses for the next 12 months is approximately $&lt;span id="xdx_90B_ecustom--NonrecurringCashExpenses_iN_pp0p0_di_c20210101__20210630__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_zr7D6xSKcfo2"&gt;400,000&lt;/span&gt;-$&lt;span id="xdx_90E_ecustom--NonrecurringCashExpenses_iN_pp0p0_di_c20210101__20210630__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_z11S6ngdGp5f" title="Non-recurring cash expenses per quarter"&gt;450,000&lt;/span&gt; per quarter. Based on our current expectations of our cash flow
shortfall for the next 12 months, our working capital would support our activities for the next 24 months.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;In
the event that we are unable to generate sufficient cash from our operating activities or raise additional funds, we may be required
to delay, reduce or severely curtail our operations or otherwise impede our on-going business efforts, which could have a material adverse
effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and long-term prospects. The Company may seek to obtain additional funding
through future equity issuances. There can be no assurance as to the availability or terms upon which such financing and capital might
be available. The eventual success of the Company and generation of positive cash flow will be dependent upon the commercialization of
products using the Company&#x2019;s technology by the Company&#x2019;s licensees and payments of continuing royalties on account thereof.
To date, the Company has not generated sufficient revenue from its licensees to fund its operations.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Recent
Global Events:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;On
March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the novel strain of coronavirus (&#x201c;COVID-19&#x201d;) a global pandemic and
recommended containment and mitigation measures worldwide. As a result, the Company expects operations at its facility to continue to
be affected in some capacity, as the COVID-19 virus continues to proliferate and the federal, state and local governments under which
we operate continue to adopt new rules. The Company has put in place enhanced procedures, such as restricting international and domestic
travel, adopting a variety of steps designed to ensure social distancing in our facilities, including working remotely where available,
and increasing our cleaning and sanitizing procedures in our facilities, in an effort to protect its employees and communities.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Revenues
were negatively impacted since the onset of the pandemic due to delays in manufacture of products using our technology. Most of the products
using our technology are manufactured by licensees overseas in Europe and Asia who have been similarly affected by the pandemic. The
disruption caused by public health crises, such as COVID-19, could result in lower levels of sale activity for products using our technology
resulting in lower level of royalties owed to us from the sale of these products. The duration of the potential business disruptions
and related financial impact cannot be reasonably estimated at this time, but could materially adversely affect our business, financial
condition, results of operations, and cash flows. Net of amounts previously reserved which were fully written off in 2020, the Company
increased its allowance for uncollectible royalty receivables in 2020 until the collectability from certain licensees can be better ascertained
in the regions affected by COVID-19.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;In
connection with the COVID-19 crisis, Congress passed, and the president signed, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act
(&#x201c;CARES Act&#x201d;) which, among other things, provides relief for businesses impacted by the pandemic. The Company applied for
and received $&lt;span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromLoans_c20210101__20210630__us-gaap--DebtInstrumentAxis__custom--PPPLoanMember_pp0p0" title="Proceeds from loan"&gt;202,052&lt;/span&gt; in proceeds from the Paycheck Protection Program (&#x201c;PPP Loan&#x201d;) made available under the CARES Act. The
PPP Loan is intended to offer businesses hurt by the COVID-19 pandemic economic assistance with the potential for the principal to be
forgiven based on certain expenses incurred during the first 24 weeks after the issuance of the PPP Loan. The Company has received notification
that this loan has been forgiven. Consequently, the Company recorded $&lt;span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--OtherIncome_c20200101__20201231_pp0p0" title="Other income"&gt;202,052&lt;/span&gt; as other income for the year ended December 31, 2020 representing
the PPP Loan estimated to be forgiven. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company estimated that $&lt;span id="xdx_906_ecustom--OtherIncomeFromPaycheckProtectionProgramLoanForgiveness_c20200401__20200630_pp0p0" title="Other income - PPP loan forgiveness"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_901_ecustom--OtherIncomeFromPaycheckProtectionProgramLoanForgiveness_c20200101__20200630_pp0p0" title="Other income - PPP loan forgiveness"&gt;194,140&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; of this
loan had been forgiven.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:NatureOfOperations>
    <REFR:WorkingCapital contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30" decimals="-5" unitRef="USD">4200000</REFR:WorkingCapital>
    <REFR:CashAndCashEquivalents contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30" decimals="-5" unitRef="USD">3500000</REFR:CashAndCashEquivalents>
    <us-gaap:StockholdersEquity contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30" decimals="-5" unitRef="USD">4300000</us-gaap:StockholdersEquity>
    <us-gaap:RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30" decimals="-5" unitRef="USD">-118900000</us-gaap:RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit>
    <REFR:NonrecurringCashExpenses
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-06-30_srt_MinimumMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">-400000</REFR:NonrecurringCashExpenses>
    <REFR:NonrecurringCashExpenses
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-06-30_srt_MaximumMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">-450000</REFR:NonrecurringCashExpenses>
    <us-gaap:ProceedsFromLoans
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-06-30_custom_PPPLoanMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">202052</us-gaap:ProceedsFromLoans>
    <us-gaap:OtherIncome
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-12-31"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">202052</us-gaap:OtherIncome>
    <REFR:OtherIncomeFromPaycheckProtectionProgramLoanForgiveness
      contextRef="From2020-04-012020-06-30"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">194140</REFR:OtherIncomeFromPaycheckProtectionProgramLoanForgiveness>
    <REFR:OtherIncomeFromPaycheckProtectionProgramLoanForgiveness
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">194140</REFR:OtherIncomeFromPaycheckProtectionProgramLoanForgiveness>
    <us-gaap:IntangibleAssetsDisclosureTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30">&lt;p id="xdx_80D_eus-gaap--IntangibleAssetsDisclosureTextBlock_zKFlw2uDwdl5" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline"&gt;Note
3. &lt;span id="xdx_82E_zOyDwIqDjNoe"&gt;Patent Costs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company expenses costs relating to the development, acquisition or enforcement of patents due to the uncertainty of the recoverability
of these items.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:IntangibleAssetsDisclosureTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30">&lt;p id="xdx_80E_eus-gaap--RevenueFromContractWithCustomerTextBlock_zvX7UbfaA1xb" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline"&gt;Note
4. &lt;span id="xdx_82D_z3yO7lBfyYWk"&gt;Revenue Recognition&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Company
recognizes revenue in accordance with ASC 606, &lt;i&gt;Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606&lt;/i&gt;). The standard provides a single
comprehensive revenue recognition model for all contracts with customers and supersedes existing revenue recognition guidance. The revenue
standard contains principles that an entity will apply to determine the measurement of revenue and timing of when it is recognized. The
underlying principle is that an entity will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers at an amount that
the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;ASC
606 follows a five-step approach to determining revenue recognition including: 1) Identification of the contract; 2) Identification of
the performance obligations; 3) Determination of the transaction price; 4) Allocation of the transaction price; and 5) Recognition
of revenue.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company determined that its license agreements provide for three performance obligations which include: (i) the Grant of Use to its Patent
Portfolio (&#x201c;Grant of Use&#x201d;), (ii) Stand-Ready Technical Support (&#x201c;Technical Support&#x201d;) including the transfer of
trade secrets and other know-how, production of materials, scale-up support, analytical testing, etc., and (iii) access to new Intellectual
Property (&#x201c;IP&#x201d;) that may be developed sometime during the course of the contract period (&#x201c;New Improvements&#x201d;).
Given the nature of IP development, such New Improvements are on an unspecified basis and can occur and be made available to licensees
at any time during the contract period.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;When
a contract includes more than one performance obligation, the Company needs to allocate the total consideration to each performance obligation
based on its relative standalone selling price or estimate the standalone selling price if it is not observable. A standalone selling
price is not available for our performance obligations since we do not sell any of the services separately and there is no competitor
pricing that is available. As a consequence, the best method for determining standalone selling price of our Grant of Use performance
obligation is through a comparison of the average royalty rate for comparable license agreements as compared to our license agreements.
Comparable license agreements must consider several factors including: (i) the materials that are being licensed, (ii) the market application
for the licensed materials, and (iii) the financial terms in the license agreements that can increase or decrease the risk/reward nature
of the agreement.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Based
on the royalty rate comparison referred to above, any pricing above and beyond the average royalty rate would relate to the Technical
Support and New Improvements performance obligations. The Company focuses a significant portion of its time and resources to provide
the Technical Support and New Improvements services to its licensees which further supports the conclusions reached using the royalty
rate analysis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations are co-terminus over the term of the license agreement. For purposes of
determining the transaction price, and recognizing revenue, the Company combined the Technical Support and New Improvements performance
obligations because they have the same pattern of transfer and the same term. We maintain a staff of scientists and other professionals
whose primary job responsibilities throughout the year are: (i) being available to respond to Technical Support needs of our licensees,
and (ii) developing improvements to our technology which are offered to our licensees as New Improvements. Since the costs incurred to
satisfy the Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations are incurred evenly throughout the year, the value of the
Technical Support and New Improvements services are recognized throughout the initial contract period as these performance obligations
are satisfied. If the agreement is not terminated at the end of the initial contract period, it will renew on the same terms as the initial
contract for a one-year period. Consequently, any fees or minimum annual royalty obligations relating to this renewal contract will be
allocated similarly to the initial contract over the additional one-year period.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;We
recognize revenue when or as the performance obligations in the contract are satisfied. For performance obligations that are fulfilled
at a point in time, revenue is recognized at the fulfillment of the performance obligation. Since the IP is determined to be a functional
license, the value of the Grant of Use is recognized in the first period of the contract term in which the license agreement is in force.
The value of the Technical Support and New Improvements obligations is allocated throughout the contract period based on the satisfaction
of its performance obligations. If the agreement is not terminated at the end of the contract period, it will renew on the same terms
as the original agreement for a one-year period. Consequently, any fees or minimum annual royalties (&#x201c;MAR&#x201d;) relating to this
renewal contract will be allocated similarly over that additional year.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company&#x2019;s license agreements have a variable royalty fee structure (meaning that royalties are a fixed percentage of sales that
vary from period to period) and frequently include a minimum annual royalty commitment. In instances when sales of licensed products
by its licensees exceed the MAR, the Company recognizes fee income as the amounts have been earned. Typically, the royalty rate for such
sales is &lt;span id="xdx_90D_ecustom--RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_pid_dp_c20210101__20210630__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--LicenseAgreementMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_zrTVROzqG5Yl" title="Royalty rate on selling price"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;-&lt;span id="xdx_906_ecustom--RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_pid_dp_c20210101__20210630__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--LicenseAgreementMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_zWLsGf0QZQI" title="Royalty rate on selling price"&gt;15&lt;/span&gt;% of the selling price. While this is variable consideration, it is subject to the sales/usage royalty exception to recognition
of variable consideration in ASC 606 10-55-65 and therefore is not recognized until the subsequent sales or usage occurs or the MAR period
commences.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Because
of the immediate recognition of the Grant of Use performance obligation: (i) the first period of the contract term will generally have
a higher percent allocation of the transaction price under ASC 606 than under the accounting guidance used prior to the adoption of ASC
606, and (ii) the remaining periods in the year will have less of the transaction price recognized under ASC 606 than under the accounting
guidance used prior to the adoption of ASC 606. After the initial period in the contract term, the revenue for the remaining periods
will be based on the satisfaction of the Technical Support and New Improvements obligations. Since most of our license agreements start
as of January 1st, the revenue recognized for the contract under ASC 606 in our first quarter will tend to be higher than the accounting
guidance used prior to the adoption of ASC 606.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company does not have any contract assets under ASC 606 as of June 30, 2021.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Certain
of the contract fees are accrued by, or paid to, the Company in advance of the period in which they are earned resulting in deferred
revenue (contract liabilities). Such excess amounts are recorded as deferred revenue and are recognized as revenue in future periods
as earned. Contract assets represent unbilled receivables and are presented within accounts receivable, net on the condensed consolidated
balance sheets.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company operates in a single business segment which is engaged in the development and marketing of technology and devices to control
the flow of light. Our revenue source comes from the licensing of this technology and all of these license agreements have similar terms
and provisions. The majority of the Company&#x2019;s licensing fee income comes from the activities of several licensees participating
in the automotive market. The Company currently believes that the automotive market will be the largest source of its royalty income
over the next several years. The Company&#x2019;s royalty income from this market may be influenced by numerous factors including various
trends affecting demand in the automotive industry and the rate of introduction of new technology in OEM product lines. In addition to
these macro factors, the Company&#x2019;s royalty income from the automotive market could also be influenced by specific factors such
as whether the Company&#x2019;s SPD-SmartGlass technology appears as standard equipment or as an option on a particular vehicle, the number
of additional vehicle models that SPD-SmartGlass appears on, the size of each window on a vehicle and the number of windows on a vehicle
that use SPD SmartGlass, fluctuations in the total number of vehicles produced by a manufacturer, and in the percentage of cars within
each model produced with SPD-SmartGlass, and changes in pricing or exchange rates.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;As
of June 30, 2021, the Company has six license agreements that are in their initial multiyear term (&#x201c;Initial Term&#x201d;) with continuing
performance obligations going forward. The Initial Term of one of these agreements will end as of December 31, 2021, four will end as
of December 31, 2022, and one will end December 31, 2024. The Company currently expects that all of these agreements will renew annually
at the end of the Initial Term. As of June 30, 2021, the aggregate amount of the revenue to be recognized upon the satisfaction of the
remaining performance obligations for the six license agreements is $&lt;span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax_c20210101__20210630__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--LicenseAgreementMember_pp0p0" title="Revenue recognition"&gt;353,000&lt;/span&gt;. The revenue for these remaining performance obligations
is expected to be recognized evenly throughout their remaining period of the Initial Term.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerTextBlock>
    <REFR:RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-06-30_custom_LicenseAgreementMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_srt_MinimumMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.10</REFR:RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice>
    <REFR:RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-06-30_custom_LicenseAgreementMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_srt_MaximumMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.15</REFR:RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice>
    <us-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-06-30_custom_LicenseAgreementMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">353000</us-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax>
    <REFR:FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30">&lt;p id="xdx_807_ecustom--FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock_z80nciRsbt6l" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline"&gt;Note
5. &lt;span id="xdx_826_zNLyMrsGyfqj"&gt;Fee Income&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Fee
income represents amounts earned by the Company under various license and other agreements relating to technology developed by the Company.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;During
the first six months of 2021, three licensees accounted for 10% or more of fee income of the Company; these licensees accounted for approximately
&lt;span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20210101__20210630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeOneMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zviz9BUsa82j" title="Percentage of fee income"&gt;27&lt;/span&gt;%, &lt;span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20210101__20210630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeTwoMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zz6jJV8fTH81" title="Percentage of fee income"&gt;23&lt;/span&gt;% and &lt;span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20210101__20210630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeThreeMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zh8RSi2kfko8" title="Percentage of fee income"&gt;11&lt;/span&gt;% of fee income recognized during such period. During the first six months of 2020, five licensees accounted for 10% or
more of fee income of the Company; these licensees accounted for approximately &lt;span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20200101__20200630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeOneMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zSfSPPgMSlYl" title="Percentage of fee income"&gt;22&lt;/span&gt;%, &lt;span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20200101__20200630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeTwoMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zcYpIJ0B0Y3b" title="Percentage of fee income"&gt;17&lt;/span&gt;%, &lt;span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20200101__20200630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeThreeMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zs9bDvmS13a8" title="Percentage of fee income"&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;%. &lt;span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20200101__20200630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeFourMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zGjrtuwkUsJ2" title="Percentage of fee income"&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;% and &lt;span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20200101__20200630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeFiveMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zBE5ljKvTxr4" title="Percentage of fee income"&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;% of fee income recognized during
such period.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;During
the three months ended June 30, 2021, three licensees accounted for 10% or more of fee income of the Company; these licensees accounted
for approximately &lt;span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20210401__20210630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeOneMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zEQ5NeRCKfQb" title="Percentage of fee income"&gt;27&lt;/span&gt;%, &lt;span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20210401__20210630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeTwoMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_z6Yn7FTHL8ik" title="Percentage of fee income"&gt;21&lt;/span&gt;% and &lt;span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20210401__20210630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeThreeMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zRnnFnm9nZtl" title="Percentage of fee income"&gt;15&lt;/span&gt;% of fee income recognized during such period. During the three months ended June 30, 2020, four licensees
accounted for 10% or more of fee income of the Company; these licensees accounted for approximately &lt;span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20200401__20200630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeOneMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zATEyEPSnDOa" title="Percentage of fee income"&gt;17&lt;/span&gt;%, &lt;span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20200401__20200630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeTwoMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zXMYEuCabNS4" title="Percentage of fee income"&gt;17&lt;/span&gt;%, &lt;span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20200401__20200630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeThreeMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_z7EBMDkv8zOc" title="Percentage of fee income"&gt;11&lt;/span&gt;%, and &lt;span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_c20200401__20200630__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeFourMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zILODUULFUoh" title="Percentage of fee income"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;% of fee income
recognized during such period.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</REFR:FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock>
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      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.27</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-06-30_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_custom_LicenseeTwoMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.23</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-06-30_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_custom_LicenseeThreeMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.11</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_custom_LicenseeOneMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.22</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_custom_LicenseeTwoMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.17</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_custom_LicenseeThreeMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.12</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_custom_LicenseeFourMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.12</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_custom_LicenseeFiveMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.12</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2021-04-012021-06-30_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_custom_LicenseeOneMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.27</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2021-04-012021-06-30_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_custom_LicenseeTwoMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.21</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2021-04-012021-06-30_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_custom_LicenseeThreeMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.15</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2020-04-012020-06-30_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_custom_LicenseeOneMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.17</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2020-04-012020-06-30_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_custom_LicenseeTwoMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.17</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2020-04-012020-06-30_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_custom_LicenseeThreeMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.11</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2020-04-012020-06-30_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_custom_LicenseeFourMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Pure">0.10</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:CompensationRelatedCostsGeneralTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30">&lt;p id="xdx_806_eus-gaap--CompensationRelatedCostsGeneralTextBlock_zxHFfrvdg9ue" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline"&gt;Note
6. &lt;span id="xdx_826_zixp7xMqAFHf"&gt;Stock-Based Compensation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company has granted options/warrants to consultants. GAAP requires that all stock-based compensation be recognized as an expense in the
financial statements and that such costs be measured at the fair value of the award at the date of grant. These awards generally vest
ratably over &lt;span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardAwardVestingPeriod1_dtY_c20210101__20210630__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_zBxRJi7f9cac"&gt;12
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;to &lt;span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardAwardVestingPeriod1_dtM_c20210101__20210630__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_zkvxEtJuBXQ5"&gt;60
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;months from the date of grant and the Company
charges to operations quarterly the current market value of the options using the Black-Scholes method. During the six months ended June
30, 2021 and 2020 there were no charges related to options or warrants granted to consultants.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;During
the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, the Company did &lt;span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_do_c20210101__20210630__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_z4ObGX1Tav16" title="Stock options granted"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross_do_c20200101__20200630__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_zjGIxRpiqJmi" title="Stock options granted"&gt;no&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;t grant options to employees or directors.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;There
was &lt;span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation_pp0p0_do_c20210101__20210630__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_zs2ey5KH24Xk" title="Compensation expense"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation_pp0p0_do_c20200101__20200630__srt--TitleOfIndividualAxis__custom--EmployeesAndDirectorsMember_zFDTK1qL11fg" title="Compensation expense"&gt;no&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; compensation expense recorded relating to restricted stock grants to employees and directors during the six months ended June
30, 2021 and 2020.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;As
of June 30, 2021, there were &lt;span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant_c20210630__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember_pdd" title="Shares available for future grant"&gt;683,500&lt;/span&gt; shares available for future grant under our 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, which was approved by the
Company&#x2019;s shareholders in June 2019.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:CompensationRelatedCostsGeneralTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardAwardVestingPeriod1 contextRef="From2021-01-012021-06-30_srt_MinimumMember">P12Y</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardAwardVestingPeriod1>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardAwardVestingPeriod1 contextRef="From2021-01-012021-06-30_srt_MaximumMember">P60M</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardAwardVestingPeriod1>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-06-30_custom_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Shares">0</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30_custom_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Shares">0</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGross>
    <us-gaap:EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-06-30_custom_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">0</us-gaap:EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation>
    <us-gaap:EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30_custom_EmployeesAndDirectorsMember"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">0</us-gaap:EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant
      contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30_custom_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Shares">683500</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfSharesAvailableForGrant>
    <us-gaap:IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30">&lt;p id="xdx_80B_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock_zn33UsB5eZ1k" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline"&gt;Note
7. &lt;span id="xdx_820_zRzp5ZVKZr"&gt;Income Taxes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Since
inception, the Company has incurred losses from operations and as a result has not recorded income tax expense. Benefits related to net
operating loss carryforwards and other deferred tax items have been fully reserved since it was more likely than not that the Company
would not achieve profitable operations and be able to utilize the benefit of the net operating loss carryforwards.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:EarningsPerShareTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30">&lt;p id="xdx_806_eus-gaap--EarningsPerShareTextBlock_zRQrAUOhayl5" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline"&gt;Note
8. &lt;span id="xdx_820_zaa9WcEtyor4"&gt;Basic and Diluted Loss Per Common Share&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Basic
loss per share excludes any dilution. It is based upon the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Dilutive
loss per share reflects the potential dilution that would occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised
or converted into common stock. The Company&#x2019;s dilutive loss per share equals basic loss per share for the periods ended June 30,
2021 and 2020, respectively, because all common stock equivalents (i.e&lt;i&gt;., &lt;/i&gt;options and warrants) were antidilutive in those periods.
The number of options and warrants that were not included (because their effect is antidilutive) was &lt;span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20210401__20210630__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_z1PWEzGxEVJl" title="Anti-dilutive securities effect"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20210101__20210630__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zZOakTmM9qm7" title="Anti-dilutive securities effect"&gt;2,406,651&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;and &lt;span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20200401__20200630__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zAyWKmpc3hm2" title="Anti-dilutive securities effect"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20200101__20200630__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zQCEVPckPct3" title="Anti-dilutive securities effect"&gt;2,498,251&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;for the three and six months ended June
30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:EarningsPerShareTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount
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      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Shares">2406651</us-gaap:AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount>
    <us-gaap:AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount
      contextRef="From2021-01-012021-06-30_custom_OptionsAndWarrantsMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Shares">2406651</us-gaap:AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount>
    <us-gaap:AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount
      contextRef="From2020-04-012020-06-30_custom_OptionsAndWarrantsMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Shares">2498251</us-gaap:AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount>
    <us-gaap:AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30_custom_OptionsAndWarrantsMember"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Shares">2498251</us-gaap:AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount>
    <us-gaap:StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30">&lt;p id="xdx_804_eus-gaap--StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock_zbG7PuhpGlf5" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline"&gt;Note
9. &lt;span id="xdx_827_zNlCoAaMM5Eh"&gt;Equity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;During
the six months ended June 30, 2021, the Company received $&lt;span id="xdx_90C_ecustom--ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants_c20210101__20210630_pp0p0" title="Proceeds from exercise of options and warrants"&gt;86,262&lt;/span&gt; in proceeds from the exercise of outstanding options and warrants and
issued &lt;span id="xdx_90B_ecustom--OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises_c20210101__20210630_pdd" title="Options and warrant issued in connection with exercises"&gt;39,500&lt;/span&gt; shares of its capital stock in connection with these exercises. In addition, during the six months ended June 30, 2021,
the Company issued &lt;span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardSharesIssuedInPeriod_c20210101__20210630_pdd" title="Capital stock issued"&gt;35,110&lt;/span&gt; shares of its capital stock in connection with the cashless exercise of &lt;span id="xdx_90C_ecustom--IssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants_c20210101__20210630_zJ3BsiJEdxe9" title="Issuance of common stock options and warrants"&gt;101,000&lt;/span&gt; of its outstanding options.
No options or warrants were exercised during the three months ended June 30, 2021.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;During
the six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company received $&lt;span id="xdx_90E_ecustom--ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants_c20200101__20200630_pp0p0" title="Proceeds from exercise of options and warrants"&gt;284,207&lt;/span&gt; in proceeds from the exercise of outstanding options and warrants and
issued &lt;span id="xdx_905_ecustom--OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises_c20200101__20200630_pdd" title="Options and warrant issued in connection with exercises"&gt;83,152&lt;/span&gt; shares of its capital stock in connection with these exercises. In addition, during the six months ended June 30, 2020,
the Company issued &lt;span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardSharesIssuedInPeriod_c20200101__20200630_pdd" title="Capital stock issued"&gt;238,372&lt;/span&gt; shares of its capital stock in connection the cashless exercise of &lt;span id="xdx_909_ecustom--IssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants_c20200101__20200630_ziR3rqnYuyTf"&gt;450,091&lt;/span&gt; of its outstanding options.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;During
the three-month period ended June 30, 2020, the Company received $&lt;span id="xdx_90D_ecustom--ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants_c20200401__20200630_pp0p0" title="Proceeds from exercise of options and warrants"&gt;284,207&lt;/span&gt; in proceeds from the exercise of outstanding options and warrants
and issued &lt;span id="xdx_90A_ecustom--OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises_c20200401__20200630_pdd" title="Options and warrant issued in connection with exercises"&gt;83,152&lt;/span&gt; shares of its capital stock in connections with these exercises. In addition, during the three-month period ended June
30, 2020, the Company issued &lt;span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardSharesIssuedInPeriod_c20200401__20200630_pdd" title="Capital stock issued"&gt;81,527&lt;/span&gt; shares of its capital stock in connection with the cashless exercise of &lt;span id="xdx_90D_ecustom--IssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants_c20200401__20200630_z6FkHsO99rOi"&gt;207,000&lt;/span&gt; of its outstanding
options.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company did not sell any equity securities during the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;As
of June 30, 2021, there were &lt;span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding_c20210630_pdd" title="Warrants outstanding"&gt;1,399,991&lt;/span&gt; warrants and &lt;span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_c20210630_pdd" title="Options outstanding"&gt;1,006,660&lt;/span&gt; options outstanding.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock>
    <REFR:ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants
      contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">86262</REFR:ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants>
    <REFR:OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises
      contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Shares">39500</REFR:OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardSharesIssuedInPeriod
      contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30"
      decimals="INF"
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    <REFR:IssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants
      contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Shares">101000</REFR:IssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants>
    <REFR:ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">284207</REFR:ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants>
    <REFR:OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Shares">83152</REFR:OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardSharesIssuedInPeriod
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Shares">238372</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardSharesIssuedInPeriod>
    <REFR:IssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants
      contextRef="From2020-01-012020-06-30"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Shares">450091</REFR:IssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants>
    <REFR:ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants
      contextRef="From2020-04-012020-06-30"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">284207</REFR:ProceedsFromExerciseOfOptionsAndWarrants>
    <REFR:OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises
      contextRef="From2020-04-012020-06-30"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Shares">83152</REFR:OptionsAndWarrantIssuedInConnectionWithExercises>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardSharesIssuedInPeriod
      contextRef="From2020-04-012020-06-30"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Shares">81527</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardSharesIssuedInPeriod>
    <REFR:IssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants
      contextRef="From2020-04-012020-06-30"
      decimals="INF"
      unitRef="Shares">207000</REFR:IssuanceOfCommonStockOptionsAndWarrants>
    <us-gaap:ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">1399991</us-gaap:ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">1006660</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber>
    <us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeasesTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30">&lt;p id="xdx_809_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeasesTextBlock_zy0jYulOD7D2" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline"&gt;Note
10. &lt;span id="xdx_82B_z3m0fJ5dtPql"&gt;Leases&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at its inception. This determination generally depends on whether the arrangement conveys
the right to control the use of an identified fixed asset explicitly or implicitly for a period of time in exchange for consideration.
Control of an underlying asset is conveyed if the Company obtains the rights to direct the use of, and to obtain substantially all of
the economic benefits from the use of, the underlying asset. Lease expense for variable leases and short-term leases is recognized when
the obligation is incurred.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;The
Company has operating leases for certain facilities and equipment with a weighted average remaining lease term of &lt;span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1_iI_dtY_c20210630_zphbfZ49OIQe" title="Weighted average remaining lease term"&gt;3.7&lt;/span&gt; years as of June
30, 2021. Operating leases are included in right of use lease assets, other current liabilities and long-term lease liabilities on the
condensed consolidated balance sheet. Right of use lease assets and liabilities are recognized at each lease&#x2019;s commencement date
based on the present value of its lease payments over its respective lease term. The Company does not have an established incremental
borrowing rate as it does not have any debt. The Company uses the stated borrowing rate for a lease when readily determinable. When the
interest rates implicit in its lease agreements is not readily determinable, the Company used an interest rate based on the marketplace
for public debt. The weighted average discount rate associated with operating leases as of June 30, 2021 is &lt;span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent_iI_pid_dp_c20210630_zeC4qZo9X2f9" title="Weighted-average discount rate"&gt;5.5&lt;/span&gt;%.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Operating
lease expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 was approximately $&lt;span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseExpense_c20210401__20210630_zpSOq7plNWha" title="Operating lease expense"&gt;55000&lt;/span&gt; and $&lt;span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseExpense_c20210101__20210630_zalP8wP14tg7" title="Operating lease expense"&gt;110,000&lt;/span&gt;, respectively. The Company
has no material variable lease costs or sublease income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021. Subsequent to the Company&#x2019;s
adoption of the new lease accounting guidance on January 1, 2019, the Company recorded new right of use lease assets of approximately
$&lt;span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset_c20190102_pp0p0"&gt;900,000 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;and
associated lease liabilities of approximately $&lt;span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiability_iI_pn5n6_c20190102_zA5ruM9hCZ3f"&gt;1.1
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;million.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_892_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock_zewPDAg7ACUk" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Maturities
of operating lease liabilities as of June 30, 2021 were as follows:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8B1_za8zjPBE0N15" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; display: none"&gt;Schedule of Maturities of Opearing Lease&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; width: 80%; margin-right: auto"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_49F_20210630_zRsQQvDuREn6" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;June 30, 2021&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_407_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsRemainderOfFiscalYear_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzKpc_zZD22Fo8mlcd" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 76%"&gt;For the remainder of the year ending December 31, 2021&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 20%; text-align: right"&gt;105,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzKpc_zM371B0Pjvtj" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;For the year ending December 31, 2022&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;213,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwo_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzKpc_zdlZqimUxUb8" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;For the year ending December 31, 2023&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;217,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearThree_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzKpc_zKmgRUJXvqqc" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;For the year ending December 31, 2024&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;222,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40A_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzKpc_zWOMWxV5pHJ8" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;For the year ending December 31, 2025 and beyond&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;56,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue_iTI_pp0p0_mtLOLLPzKpc_zRWARmhwiUGc" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Total lease payments&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;813,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount_iNI_pp0p0_di_zAFrX2ldV5u8" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;Less: imputed lease interest&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;(81,693&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40F_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiability_iI_pp0p0" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;Present value of lease liabilities&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;731,307&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_8AA_zJxKttUKYYJf" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeasesTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1 contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30">P3Y8M12D</us-gaap:OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1>
    <us-gaap:OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30" decimals="INF" unitRef="Pure">0.055</us-gaap:OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent>
    <us-gaap:OperatingLeaseExpense
      contextRef="From2021-04-012021-06-30"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">55000</us-gaap:OperatingLeaseExpense>
    <us-gaap:OperatingLeaseExpense
      contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30"
      decimals="0"
      unitRef="USD">110000</us-gaap:OperatingLeaseExpense>
    <us-gaap:OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset contextRef="AsOf2019-01-02" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">900000</us-gaap:OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset>
    <us-gaap:OperatingLeaseLiability contextRef="AsOf2019-01-02" decimals="-5" unitRef="USD">1100000</us-gaap:OperatingLeaseLiability>
    <us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30">&lt;p id="xdx_892_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock_zewPDAg7ACUk" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;Maturities
of operating lease liabilities as of June 30, 2021 were as follows:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8B1_za8zjPBE0N15" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; display: none"&gt;Schedule of Maturities of Opearing Lease&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; width: 80%; margin-right: auto"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_49F_20210630_zRsQQvDuREn6" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;June 30, 2021&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_407_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsRemainderOfFiscalYear_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzKpc_zZD22Fo8mlcd" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 76%"&gt;For the remainder of the year ending December 31, 2021&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 20%; text-align: right"&gt;105,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzKpc_zM371B0Pjvtj" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;For the year ending December 31, 2022&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;213,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwo_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzKpc_zdlZqimUxUb8" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;For the year ending December 31, 2023&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;217,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearThree_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzKpc_zKmgRUJXvqqc" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;For the year ending December 31, 2024&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;222,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40A_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzKpc_zWOMWxV5pHJ8" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;For the year ending December 31, 2025 and beyond&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;56,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue_iTI_pp0p0_mtLOLLPzKpc_zRWARmhwiUGc" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Total lease payments&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;813,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount_iNI_pp0p0_di_zAFrX2ldV5u8" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;Less: imputed lease interest&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;(81,693&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40F_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiability_iI_pp0p0" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;Present value of lease liabilities&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;731,307&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

</us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsRemainderOfFiscalYear contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">105000</us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsRemainderOfFiscalYear>
    <us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">213000</us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueNextTwelveMonths>
    <us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwo contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">217000</us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwo>
    <us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearThree contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">222000</us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearThree>
    <us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">56000</us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive>
    <us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">813000</us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue>
    <us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">81693</us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount>
    <us-gaap:OperatingLeaseLiability contextRef="AsOf2021-06-30" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">731307</us-gaap:OperatingLeaseLiability>
    <us-gaap:InvestmentsInDebtAndMarketableEquitySecuritiesAndCertainTradingAssetsDisclosureTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30">&lt;p id="xdx_806_eus-gaap--InvestmentsInDebtAndMarketableEquitySecuritiesAndCertainTradingAssetsDisclosureTextBlock_zgIkLEQPa3bc" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline"&gt;Note 11. &lt;span id="xdx_828_zBCG5pBthhr2"&gt;Marketable Securities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&#160;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;The Company classifies investments in marketable
securities as trading, available-for-sale or held-to-maturity at the time of purchase and periodically re-evaluates such classification.
Trading securities are carried at fair value, with unrealized holding gains and losses included in earnings. Held-to-maturity securities
are recorded at cost and are adjusted for the amortization or accretion of premiums or discounts over the life of the related security.
Unrealized holding gains and losses of available-for-sale securities are excluded from earnings and are reported as a separate component
of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) until realized. In determining realized gains and losses, the cost of the securities
sold is based on the specific identification method. Interest and dividends on the investments are accrued at the balance sheet date.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&#160;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;Fair value is defined as the price that would
be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., the &#x201c;exit price&#x201d;) in an orderly transaction between market
participants at the measurement date. Fair value measurements are broken down into three levels based on the reliability of inputs as
follows: Level 1 inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access
at the measurement date. An active market for the asset or liability is a market in which transactions for the asset or liability occur
with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis. Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted
prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include
quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset
or liability (e.g., interest rates and yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals or current market) and contractual prices
for the underlying financial instrument, as well as other relevant economic measures. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the
asset or liability. Unobservable inputs are used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available, thereby
allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the measurement date.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;&#160;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_890_eus-gaap--InvestmentHoldingsScheduleOfInvestmentsTableTextBlock_zWt8P6lraZlg" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;At June 30, 2021 all investments were classified
as Level 1 trading securities, and consisted of the following:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: left"/&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8B8_zvVrzBCNIYT7" style="display: none"&gt;Schedule
of Investments Were Classified as Level 1 Trading Securities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"&gt;June 30, 2021&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"&gt;Value of Trading Securities&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;Investment&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;Investments&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Mutual Funds&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; width: 80%; text-align: left"&gt;Putnam Short Duration Bond&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_c20210630__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel1Member__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--PutnamMember__us-gaap--FinancialInstrumentAxis__custom--ShortDurationBondMember_zf0usxXNwfx" style="width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Mutual Funds Putnam Short Duration Bond"&gt;1,998,350&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98E_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_c20210630__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel1Member__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--PutnamMember__us-gaap--FinancialInstrumentAxis__custom--UltraShortDurationIncomeMember_z3MiINWGkYUb" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Mutual Funds Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income"&gt;1,133,633&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_c20210630__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel1Member_z4sH7tltFUUf" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Marketable securities"&gt;3,131,983&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;Unrealized loss&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_980_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesUnrealizedGainLoss_c20210101__20210630__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel1Member_z3Jxk4tU3Rd4" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Unrealized loss"&gt;1,650&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;
&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: left"/&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: left"/&gt;

</us-gaap:InvestmentsInDebtAndMarketableEquitySecuritiesAndCertainTradingAssetsDisclosureTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:InvestmentHoldingsScheduleOfInvestmentsTableTextBlock contextRef="From2021-01-01to2021-06-30">&lt;p id="xdx_890_eus-gaap--InvestmentHoldingsScheduleOfInvestmentsTableTextBlock_zWt8P6lraZlg" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"&gt;At June 30, 2021 all investments were classified
as Level 1 trading securities, and consisted of the following:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: left"/&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; text-align: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8B8_zvVrzBCNIYT7" style="display: none"&gt;Schedule
of Investments Were Classified as Level 1 Trading Securities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"&gt;June 30, 2021&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"&gt;Value of Trading Securities&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;Investment&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;Investments&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Mutual Funds&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; width: 80%; text-align: left"&gt;Putnam Short Duration Bond&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98B_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_c20210630__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel1Member__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--PutnamMember__us-gaap--FinancialInstrumentAxis__custom--ShortDurationBondMember_zf0usxXNwfx" style="width: 16%; text-align: right" title="Mutual Funds Putnam Short Duration Bond"&gt;1,998,350&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_98E_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_c20210630__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel1Member__us-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsByRelatedPartyAxis__custom--PutnamMember__us-gaap--FinancialInstrumentAxis__custom--UltraShortDurationIncomeMember_z3MiINWGkYUb" style="border-bottom: Black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right" title="Mutual Funds Putnam Ultra Short Duration Income"&gt;1,133,633&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td id="xdx_988_eus-gaap--MarketableSecuritiesCurrent_iI_c20210630__us-gaap--FairValueByFairValueHierarchyLevelAxis__us-gaap--FairValueInputsLevel1Member_z4sH7tltFUUf" style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right" title="Marketable securities"&gt;3,131,983&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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<FILENAME>0001493152-22-005408-xbrl.zip
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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
