<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001493152-25-021062.txt : 20251106
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<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20251106160204
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001493152-25-021062
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	10-Q
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		48
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20250930
FILED AS OF DATE:		20251106
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20251106

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			RESEARCH FRONTIERS INC
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0000793524
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	PATENT OWNERS & LESSORS [6794]
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	05 Real Estate & Construction
		EIN:				112103466
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		10-Q
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	000-14893
		FILM NUMBER:		251458067

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		240 CROSSWAYS PARK DR
		CITY:			WOODBURY
		STATE:			NY
		ZIP:			11797-2033
		BUSINESS PHONE:		5163641902

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		240 CROSSWAYS PARK DR
		CITY:			WOODBURY
		STATE:			NY
		ZIP:			11797-2033
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"></p>

<!-- Field: Rule-Page --><div style="width: 100%"><div style="border-top: Black 4pt solid; font-size: 1pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">&#160;</div></div><!-- Field: /Rule-Page -->

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: bold 18pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 18pt"><b>UNITED
STATES</b></span></p>

<p style="font: bold 18pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 18pt"><b>SECURITIES
AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</b></span></p>

<p style="font: bold 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 12pt"><b>WASHINGTON,
D.C. 20549</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: bold 18pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 18pt"><b>FORM
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90B_edei--DocumentQuarterlyReport_c20250101__20250930_zJbtI4Y3O9Uk"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" format="ixt:booleantrue" id="Fact000015" name="dei:DocumentQuarterlyReport">&#9746;</ix:nonNumeric></span>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">OR</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Commission
File Number <span id="xdx_907_edei--EntityFileNumber_c20250101__20250930_zdUAdmtVJ25f"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000019" name="dei:EntityFileNumber">000-14893</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: bold 18pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 18pt"><b><span id="xdx_90E_edei--EntityRegistrantName_c20250101__20250930_zvFXI80fFbki"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000020" name="dei:EntityRegistrantName">RESEARCH
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Exact
name of registrant as specified in its charter)</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 2%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 49%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_903_edei--EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_c20250101__20250930_zJBaZLXzw59l"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000022" name="dei:EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">11-2103466</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(State
                                            or other jurisdiction of</span></p>
    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">incorporation
    or organization)</span></p></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(I.R.S.
                                            Employer</span></p>
    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Identification
    No.)</span></p></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; width: 49%"><p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_903_edei--EntityAddressAddressLine1_c20250101__20250930_zNZavf1uTyHc"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000023" name="dei:EntityAddressAddressLine1">240
                                            CROSSWAYS PARK DRIVE</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></p>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; width: 2%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; width: 49%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_907_edei--EntityAddressPostalZipCode_c20250101__20250930_zq9g3dE1HKcb"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000026" name="dei:EntityAddressPostalZipCode">11797-2033</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Address
    of principal executive offices)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Zip
    Code)</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Registrant&#8217;s
telephone number, including area code <span id="xdx_904_edei--CityAreaCode_c20250101__20250930_zI1VpfHmqkaa"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000027" name="dei:CityAreaCode">(516)</ix:nonNumeric></span> <span id="xdx_90B_edei--LocalPhoneNumber_c20250101__20250930_zzvbiXAc39c1"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000028" name="dei:LocalPhoneNumber">364-1902</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Securities
registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 49%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Title
    of Class</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 2%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 49%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Name
    of Exchange on Which Registered</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Common
    Stock, $0.0001 Par Value</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    NASDAQ Stock Market</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Securities
registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Indicate
by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes &#9744; No &#9746;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Indicate
by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes &#9744; No &#9746;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2)
has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. <span id="xdx_90A_edei--EntityCurrentReportingStatus_c20250101__20250930_zdR3RlSPWKD3"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000029" name="dei:EntityCurrentReportingStatus">Yes</ix:nonNumeric></span> &#9746; No &#9744;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant
to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (&#167; 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant
was required to submit and post such files). <span id="xdx_90A_edei--EntityInteractiveDataCurrent_c20250101__20250930_zWLQFfLzAHUe"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000030" name="dei:EntityInteractiveDataCurrent">Yes</ix:nonNumeric></span> &#9746; No &#9744;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company
or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of &#8220;large accelerated filer,&#8221; &#8220;accelerated filer,&#8221; &#8220;smaller
reporting company&#8221; and &#8220;emerging growth company&#8221; in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 32%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Large
    accelerated filer &#9744;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 32%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Accelerated
    filer &#9744;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 32%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_909_edei--EntityFilerCategory_c20250101__20250930_zxJsOFxozYt2"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" format="ixt-sec:entityfilercategoryen" id="Fact000031" name="dei:EntityFilerCategory">Non-accelerated
    filer</ix:nonNumeric></span> &#9744;</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 49%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Smaller
    reporting company <span id="xdx_90A_edei--EntitySmallBusiness_c20250101__20250930_z4n0iAokihAi"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" format="ixt:booleantrue" id="Fact000032" name="dei:EntitySmallBusiness">&#9746;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 49%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Emerging
    growth company <span id="xdx_906_edei--EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_c20250101__20250930_zOeX4eGhoymk"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" format="ixt:booleanfalse" id="Fact000033" name="dei:EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">If
an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying
with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. &#9744;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes &#9744; No <span id="xdx_90C_edei--EntityShellCompany_dbF_c20250101__20250930_z0Wg7G0zK4zc"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" format="ixt:booleanfalse" id="Fact000034" name="dei:EntityShellCompany">&#9746;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Securities
registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 38%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Title
    of Each Class</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 18%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Trading
    Symbol(s)</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 2%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 40%; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Name
    of each exchange on which registered</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90C_edei--Security12bTitle_c20250101__20250930_zTPAnkjyFX46"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000035" name="dei:Security12bTitle">Common
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_909_edei--TradingSymbol_c20250101__20250930_z9Rc1ZxMr0cj"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000036" name="dei:TradingSymbol">REFR</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    <span id="xdx_907_edei--SecurityExchangeName_c20250101__20250930_zekZH50I59U9"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" format="ixt-sec:exchnameen" id="Fact000037" name="dei:SecurityExchangeName">NASDAQ</ix:nonNumeric></span> Stock Market</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Indicate
the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer&#8217;s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date: As of November
6, 2025, there were outstanding <span id="xdx_906_edei--EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding_iI_pid_c20251106_z3AvcQ1iMCCl"><ix:nonFraction name="dei:EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding" contextRef="AsOf2025-11-06" id="Fact000038" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">33,648,221</ix:nonFraction></span> shares of Common Stock, par value $<span id="xdx_901_edei--EntityListingParValuePerShare_c20250101__20250930_znYEwJGErepb"><ix:nonFraction name="dei:EntityListingParValuePerShare" contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000039" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="USDPShares">0.0001</ix:nonFraction></span> per share.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"></p>

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    <td style="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>TABLE
    OF CONTENTS</i></b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top; width: 0.125in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>&#160;</i></span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; width: 0.65in; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Page(s)</i></b></span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#a_001">Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets September 30, 2025 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2024</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#a_002">Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Nine and Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited)</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#a_003">Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders&#8217; Equity for the Nine and Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited)</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#a_004">Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited)</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">6</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#a_005">Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">7-13</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#a_006">Item 2. Management&#8217;s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">14-16</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#a_007">Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">17</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#a_008">Item 4. Controls and Procedures</a></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">17</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><a href="#a_009">PART II - OTHER INFORMATION</a></b></span></td>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><a href="#a_010">Item 6. Exhibits</a></span></td>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">18</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><a href="#a_011">SIGNATURES</a></b></span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">19</span></td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="a_001"></span>RESEARCH
FRONTIERS INCORPORATED</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Condensed
Consolidated Balance Sheets</span></p>

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    <td>&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" id="xdx_490_20250930_zCMkZjklldJf" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center">September 30, 2025<p style="margin: 0">(Unaudited)</p>

</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" id="xdx_493_20241231_zwTnX64JRqlb" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">December
31, 2024</p>

<p style="margin: 0">(See Note 1)</p>

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    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Assets</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: left">Current assets:</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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  <tr id="xdx_40F_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset_i01I_maCzA3F_zbrTTf4bEBDk" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--OtherAssetsNoncurrent_i01I_maCzA3F_znmbX3yRSjj2" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_402_eus-gaap--LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract_i01B_zeOtHhizUPTb" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_409_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent_i02I_maLCzfPJ_zRK71zy8GXv1" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left">Accrued expenses</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr id="xdx_407_eus-gaap--LiabilitiesCurrent_i02TI_maCzavV_mtLCzfPJ_zqLCsoKyQKOb" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent_i01I_maCzavV_z6e2n9jE4WV3" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent" contextRef="AsOf2025-09-30" id="Fact000096" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">1,057,720</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent" contextRef="AsOf2024-12-31" id="Fact000097" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">1,166,285</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--Liabilities_i01TI_mtCzavV_maCz4O8_z3CT8JdtYBQ1" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 20pt; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt">Total liabilities</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:Liabilities" contextRef="AsOf2025-09-30" id="Fact000099" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">1,269,808</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:Liabilities" contextRef="AsOf2024-12-31" id="Fact000100" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">1,435,312</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_402_eus-gaap--StockholdersEquityAbstract_i01B" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--CommonStockValue_i02I_maSEzeU2_zjEdyTNZ3pIj" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock_i02I_maSEzeU2_zrimWLaKt4Mi" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left">Additional paid-in capital</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit_i02I_maSEzeU2_zRr40Sa1Px6f" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt">Accumulated deficit</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">See
accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 3; Value: 2 -->
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span id="a_002"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">RESEARCH
FRONTIERS INCORPORATED</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Condensed
Consolidated Statements of Operations</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Unaudited)</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td>Weighted average number of common shares outstanding</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  </table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">See
accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 4; Value: 2 -->
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    <div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="a_003"></span>RESEARCH
FRONTIERS INCORPORATED</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Condensed
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders&#8217; Equity</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Unaudited)</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For
the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="xdx_303_114_zQzsLyod7I5b" summary="xdx: Statement - Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity (Unaudited)" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
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  <tr id="xdx_43A_c20250101__20250930_eus-gaap--StockholdersEquity_iS_zrTnADSjYTxk" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalSharebasedCompensationRequisiteServicePeriodRecognitionValue_znav15CcIGAh" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--NetIncomeLoss_zlABiTdTXOih" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt">Net loss</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0246">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0247">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: justify; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Balance, September 30, 2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For
the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
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    <td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
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    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center">Amount</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">See
accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span id="a_004"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">RESEARCH
FRONTIERS INCORPORATED</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Condensed
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Unaudited)</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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    <td>&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
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  <tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract_i01B_zEEu8bKgZn5k" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--DepreciationAndAmortization_i02_maNCPBUzFds_zXzwRlRXjiL1" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr id="xdx_407_eus-gaap--ProvisionForDoubtfulAccounts_i02_maNCPBUzFds_zRPmIwobzLD1" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 20pt; text-align: left">Credit loss expense</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAssetAmortizationExpense_i02_maNCPBUzFds_zi0DjVL0H99c" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract_i02B_zxyxbLL4Z5K3" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left">Change in assets and liabilities:</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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  <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets_i03N_di_msNCPBUzFds_zRHSbw92VA4" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets" contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000337" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">19,114</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities_i03_maNCPBUzFds_zhPpoYKFjRJf" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="padding-left: 20pt; text-align: left">Deferred revenue</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="padding-left: 20pt; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt">Operating lease liability</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingLeaseLiability" contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000346" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">96,546</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingLeaseLiability" contextRef="From2024-01-012024-09-30" id="Fact000347" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">157,754</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_409_eus-gaap--NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities_i01T_maCzcrz_mtNCPBUzFds_zpMqw0RUi395" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 20pt; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt">Net cash used in operating activities</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities" contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000349" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">863,214</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities" contextRef="From2024-01-012024-09-30" id="Fact000350" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">835,899</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract_iB_z7eFKKa7LRvc" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">Cash flows from investing activities:</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment_i01N_di_msNCPBUzGF7_z1RXj8rdDAe7" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment" contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000355" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">582</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment" contextRef="From2024-01-012024-09-30" id="Fact000356" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">742</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40E_eus-gaap--NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities_i01T_pp0p0_mtNCPBUzGF7_maCzcrz_zTmuXKPDZLr1" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 20pt; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt">Net cash used in investing activities</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities" contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000358" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">582</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities" contextRef="From2024-01-012024-09-30" id="Fact000359" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">742</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40B_eus-gaap--NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract_iB_znEKvVeVo2R1" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">Cash flows from financing activities:</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised_i01_pp0p0_maNCPBUzdt5_zzJSYdfkDQdb" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt">Net proceeds from exercise of options</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised" contextRef="From2024-01-012024-09-30" id="Fact000365" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">8,670</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities_i01T_maCzcrz_mtNCPBUzdt5_zCVxbVjKJpsc" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-left: 20pt; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt">Net cash provided by financing activities</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0367">-</span></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities" contextRef="From2024-01-012024-09-30" id="Fact000368" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">8,670</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect_iT_mtCzcrz_zcAPYypxYKt4" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect" contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000370" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">863,796</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">)</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect" contextRef="From2024-01-012024-09-30" id="Fact000371" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" sign="-" unitRef="USD">827,971</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">)</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40F_eus-gaap--CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations_iS_pp0p0" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt">Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations" contextRef="AsOf2024-12-31" id="Fact000373" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">1,994,186</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations" contextRef="AsOf2023-12-31" id="Fact000374" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">2,475,958</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">See
accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 6; Value: 2 -->
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span id="a_005"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">RESEARCH
FRONTIERS INCORPORATED</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Notes
to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">September
30, 2025</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Unaudited)</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" escape="true" id="Fact000379" name="us-gaap:BasisOfAccounting"><p id="xdx_80E_eus-gaap--BasisOfAccounting_zuZYF5kq2qHa" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
1. <span id="xdx_824_zDxVHSbhyjUh">Basis of Presentation</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting
principles (&#8220;GAAP&#8221;) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Rule 8-03 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly,
they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management,
all adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature.
Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected
for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2025. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 has been derived from
the audited consolidated financial statements as of that date. For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements
and footnotes thereto included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K relating to Research Frontiers Incorporated for the fiscal year ended
December 31, 2024.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" escape="true" id="Fact000381" name="us-gaap:NatureOfOperations"><p id="xdx_806_eus-gaap--NatureOfOperations_zhlZq2xTxfD1" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
2. <span id="xdx_822_zf9ghOr10d9d">Business</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Research
Frontiers Incorporated (&#8220;Research Frontiers&#8221; or the &#8220;Company&#8221;) operates in a single business segment which is
engaged in the development and marketing of technology and devices to control the flow of light. Such devices, often referred to as &#8220;light
valves&#8221; or suspended particle devices (&#8220;SPDs&#8221;), use colloidal particles that are either incorporated within a liquid
suspension or a film, which is usually enclosed between two sheets of glass or plastic having transparent, electrically conductive coatings
on the facing surfaces thereof. At least one of the two sheets is transparent. SPD technology, made possible by a flexible light-control
film invented by Research Frontiers, allows the user to instantly and precisely control the shading of glass/plastic manually or automatically.
SPD technology has numerous product applications, including SPD-Smart&#8482; windows, sunshades, skylights and interior partitions for
homes and buildings; automotive windows, sunroofs, sun visors, sunshades, rear-view mirrors, instrument panels and navigation systems;
aircraft windows; museum display panels; eyewear products; and flat panel displays for electronic products. SPD-Smart light control film
is now being developed for, or used in, architectural, automotive, marine, aerospace and appliance applications.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company has primarily utilized its cash, cash equivalents, and investments generated from sales of our common stock, proceeds from the
exercise of options and warrants, and royalty fees collected to fund its research and development of SPD light valves, for marketing
initiatives, and for other working capital purposes. The Company&#8217;s working capital and capital requirements depend upon numerous
factors, including the results of research and development activities, competitive and technological developments, the timing and cost
of patent filings, and the development of new licensees and changes in the Company&#8217;s relationships with its existing licensees.
The degree of dependence of the Company&#8217;s working capital requirements on each of the foregoing factors cannot be quantified; increased
research and development activities and related costs would increase such requirements; the addition of new licensees may provide additional
working capital or working capital requirements; and changes in relationships with existing licensees would have a favorable or negative
impact depending upon the nature of such changes. We have incurred recurring losses since inception and expect to continue to incur losses
as a result of costs and expenses related to our research and continued development of our SPD technology and our corporate general and
administrative expenses. Our capital requirements and operations to date have been substantially funded through sales of our common stock,
exercise of options and warrants and royalty fees collected. As of September 30, 2025, we had working capital of approximately $<span id="xdx_90A_ecustom--WorkingCapital_iI_pn5n6_c20250930_zluwraJSlv14" title="Working capital"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:WorkingCapital" contextRef="AsOf2025-09-30" id="Fact000383" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="-5" scale="6" unitRef="USD">1.4</ix:nonFraction></span> million,
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from the issuance of these financial statements.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


<ix:exclude><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 7; Value: 2 -->
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
the event that we are unable to generate sufficient cash from our operating activities or raise additional funds, we may be required
to delay, reduce or severely curtail our operations or otherwise impede our on-going business efforts, which could have a material adverse
effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and long-term prospects. The Company may seek to obtain additional funding
through future equity issuances. There can be no assurance as to the availability or terms upon which such financing and capital might
be available. The eventual success of the Company and generation of positive cash flow will be dependent upon the commercialization of
products using the Company&#8217;s technology by the Company&#8217;s licensees and payments of continuing royalties on account thereof.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company operates as a single operating segment which is engaged in the development and marketing of technology and devices to control
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light-control technology to other companies that manufacture and/or market the: (i) SPD-Smart chemical emulsion, (ii) light-control film
made from the chemical emulsion, (iii) the light-control panels made by laminating the film, (iv) electronics to power end-products incorporating
the film, or (v) lamination services for and the end-products themselves such as &#8220;smart&#8221; windows, skylights and sunroofs.
The Company currently has over 40 licensees that, in the aggregate, are licensed to primarily serve five major SPD-Smart application
areas (aerospace, architectural, automotive, marine and display products) in every country of the world. The Company derives revenue
from licensees in North America, Europe and Asia. The Company&#8217;s Chief Operating Decision Maker (&#8220;CODM&#8221;) reviews revenue
and consolidated net operating loss as a total and not by industry of licensees, and the royalty rates that we charge our licensees are
consistent when measuring the Company&#8217;s profitability and allocating resources across geographical location and by industry. The
Company does not have intra-entity sales or transfers. The Company&#8217;s long-lived assets consist of property and equipment and operating
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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CODM is the Company&#8217;s Chief Executive Officer and acting Chief Financial Officer. The CODM assesses performance for the single
operating segment and decides how to allocate resources based on consolidated net operating loss that is also reported on the Company&#8217;s
condensed consolidated statements of operations.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Consolidated
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a quarterly basis as a part of the Company&#8217;s quarterly 10-Q and annual 10-K filing processes. Included in the review process is
a detailed review and discussion related to the Company&#8217;s Management&#8217;s Discussion and Analysis. In addition, meetings of
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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    <td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"></p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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    operating expenses and other research and development expenses consist principally of miscellaneous expenses, each of which is under
    the Company&#8217;s threshold to be separately presented as a significant expense.</ix:footnote></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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</ix:nonNumeric><p id="xdx_8AF_zeqzZabjVd56" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" escape="true" id="Fact000516" name="us-gaap:IntangibleAssetsDisclosureTextBlock"><p id="xdx_809_eus-gaap--IntangibleAssetsDisclosureTextBlock_zUorzuR5tIxl" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
4. <span id="xdx_82F_zjPxb060TgNa">Patent Costs</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company expenses costs relating to the development, acquisition or enforcement of patents due to the uncertainty of the recoverability
of these items.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" escape="true" id="Fact000518" name="us-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerTextBlock"><p id="xdx_80D_eus-gaap--RevenueFromContractWithCustomerTextBlock_zCEIYUK05hO" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
5. <span id="xdx_824_zeeNyvmPyoS6">Revenue Recognition</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company recognizes revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (&#8220;ASC&#8221;) 606, <i>Revenue from Contracts with
Customers (Topic 606</i>). The standard provides a single comprehensive revenue recognition model for all contracts with customers and
supersedes existing revenue recognition guidance. The revenue standard contains principles that an entity will apply to determine the
measurement of revenue and timing of when it is recognized. The underlying principle is that an entity will recognize revenue to depict
the transfer of goods or services to customers at an amount that the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or
services.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ASC
606 follows a five-step approach to determining revenue recognition including: 1) Identification of the contract; 2) Identification of
the performance obligations; 3) Determination of the transaction price; 4) Allocation of the transaction price; and 5) Recognition of
revenue.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


<ix:exclude><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 9; Value: 2 -->
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company determined that its license agreements provide for three performance obligations which include: (i) the Grant of Use to its Patent
Portfolio (&#8220;Grant of Use&#8221;), (ii) Stand-Ready Technical Support (&#8220;Technical Support&#8221;) including the transfer of
trade secrets and other know-how, production of materials, scale-up support, analytical testing, etc., and (iii) access to new Intellectual
Property (&#8220;IP&#8221;) that may be developed sometime during the course of the contract period (&#8220;New Improvements&#8221;).
Given the nature of IP development, such New Improvements are on an unspecified basis and can occur and be made available to licensees
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">When
a contract includes more than one performance obligation, the Company needs to allocate the total consideration to each performance obligation
based on its relative standalone selling price or estimate the standalone selling price if it is not observable. A standalone selling
price is not available for our performance obligations since we do not sell any of the services separately and there is no competitor
pricing that is available. As a consequence, the best method for determining the standalone selling price of our Grant of Use performance
obligation is through a comparison of the average royalty rate for comparable license agreements as compared to our license agreements.
Comparable license agreements must consider several factors including: (i) the materials that are being licensed, (ii) the market application
for the licensed materials, and (iii) the financial terms in the license agreements that can increase or decrease the risk/reward nature
of the agreement.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Based
on the royalty rate comparison referred to above, any pricing above and beyond the average royalty rate would relate to the Technical
Support and New Improvements performance obligations. The Company focuses a significant portion of its time and resources to provide
the Technical Support and New Improvements services to its licensees which further supports the conclusions reached using the royalty
rate analysis.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations are co-terminus over the term of the license agreement. For purposes of
determining the transaction price, and recognizing revenue, the Company combined the Technical Support and New Improvements performance
obligations because they have the same pattern of transfer and the same term. We maintain a staff of scientists and other professionals
whose primary job responsibilities throughout the year are: (i) being available to respond to Technical Support needs of our licensees,
and (ii) developing improvements to our technology which are offered to our licensees as New Improvements. Since the costs incurred to
satisfy the Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations are incurred evenly throughout the year, the value of the
Technical Support and New Improvements services are recognized throughout the initial contract period as these performance obligations
are satisfied. If the agreement is not terminated at the end of the initial contract period, it will automatically renew on the same
terms as the initial contract for a one-year period. Consequently, any fees or minimum annual royalty obligations relating to this renewal
contract will be allocated similarly to the initial contract over the additional one-year period.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
recognize revenue when or as the performance obligations in the contract are satisfied. For performance obligations that are fulfilled
at a point in time, revenue is recognized at the fulfillment of the performance obligation. Since the IP is determined to be a functional
license, the value of the Grant of Use is recognized in the first period of the contract term in which the license agreement is in force.
The value of the Technical Support and New Improvements obligations is allocated throughout the contract period based on the satisfaction
of its performance obligations. If the agreement is not terminated at the end of the contract period, it will renew on the same terms
as the original agreement for a one-year period. Consequently, any fees or minimum annual royalties (&#8220;MAR&#8221;) relating to this
renewal contract will be allocated similarly over that additional year.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company&#8217;s license agreements have a variable royalty fee structure (meaning that royalties are a fixed percentage of sales that
vary from period to period) and frequently include a minimum annual royalty commitment. In instances when sales of licensed products
by its licensees exceed the MAR, the Company recognizes fee income as the amounts have been earned. Typically, the royalty rate for such
sales is <span id="xdx_901_ecustom--RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20250930__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--LicenseAgreementMember_z1eyrhKnoam6" title="Royalty rate on selling price"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice" contextRef="From2025-01-012025-09-30_srt_MinimumMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_custom_LicenseAgreementMember" id="Fact000520" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">10</ix:nonFraction></span>-<span id="xdx_902_ecustom--RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20250930__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--LicenseAgreementMember_zgexE9PV4oTe" title="Royalty rate on selling price"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice" contextRef="From2025-01-012025-09-30_srt_MaximumMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_custom_LicenseAgreementMember" id="Fact000522" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">15</ix:nonFraction></span>% of the selling price. While this is variable consideration, it is subject to the sales/usage royalty exception to recognition
of variable consideration in ASC 606 10-55-65 and therefore is not recognized until the subsequent sales or usage occurs or the MAR period
commences.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Because
of the immediate recognition of the Grant of Use performance obligation: (i) the first period of the contract term will generally have
a higher percent allocation of the transaction price under ASC 606, and (ii) the remaining periods in the year will have less of the
transaction price recognized under ASC 606. After the initial period in the contract term, the revenue for the remaining periods will
be based on the satisfaction of the Technical Support and New Improvements obligations.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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    <div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div>
    <!-- Field: /Page --></ix:exclude>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of September 30, 2025, the Company had $<span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--UnbilledReceivablesCurrent_iI_c20250930_zd1o5dUfyH24" title="Unbilled receivables current"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:UnbilledReceivablesCurrent" contextRef="AsOf2025-09-30" id="Fact000524" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">37,736</ix:nonFraction></span> in unbilled revenue included in royalty receivables.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Certain
of the contract fees are accrued by, or paid to, the Company in advance of the period in which they are earned resulting in deferred
revenue (contract liabilities). Such excess amounts are recorded as deferred revenue and are recognized as revenue in future periods
as earned. Contract assets represent unbilled receivables and are presented within accounts receivable, net on the condensed consolidated
balance sheets.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company operates in a single business segment which is engaged in the development and marketing of technology and devices to control
the flow of light. Our revenue source comes from the licensing of this technology and all of these license agreements have similar terms
and provisions. The majority of the Company&#8217;s licensing fee income comes from the activities of several licensees participating
in the automotive market. The Company currently believes that the automotive market will be the largest source of its royalty income
over the next several years. The Company&#8217;s royalty income from this market may be influenced by numerous factors including various
trends affecting demand in the automotive industry and the rate of introduction of new technology in OEM product lines. In addition to
these macro factors, the Company&#8217;s royalty income from the automotive market could also be influenced by specific factors such
as whether the Company&#8217;s SPD-SmartGlass technology appears as standard equipment or as an option on a particular vehicle, the number
of additional vehicle models that SPD-SmartGlass appears on, the size of each window on a vehicle and the number of windows on a vehicle
that use SPD-SmartGlass, fluctuations in the total number of vehicles produced by a manufacturer, and in the percentage of cars within
each model produced with SPD-SmartGlass, and changes in pricing or exchange rates.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" escape="true" id="Fact000526" name="REFR:FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock"><p id="xdx_801_ecustom--FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock_z5z8YLnvUAtf" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
6. <span id="xdx_820_zW4d0CLeu5W5">Fee Income</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Fee
income represents amounts earned by the Company under various license and other agreements relating to technology developed by the Company.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the first nine months of 2025, five licensees accounted for 10% or more of fee income of the Company; these licensees accounted for approximately
<span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20250930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeOneMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_ziBhukWSFEd8" title="Concentration risk percentage"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2025-01-012025-09-30_custom_LicenseeOneMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" id="Fact000528" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">23</ix:nonFraction></span>%, <span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20250930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeTwoMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zcQ0MhVPHyuk" title="Concentration risk percentage"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2025-01-012025-09-30_custom_LicenseeTwoMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" id="Fact000530" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">22</ix:nonFraction></span>%, <span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20250930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeThreeMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zLiw2je9yyUl" title="Concentration risk percentage"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2025-01-012025-09-30_custom_LicenseeThreeMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" id="Fact000532" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">21</ix:nonFraction></span>%, <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20250930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeFourMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zwVpkgL5LMLd" title="Concentration risk percentage"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2025-01-012025-09-30_custom_LicenseeFourMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" id="Fact000534" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">18</ix:nonFraction></span>% and <span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20250930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeFiveMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zw5Ew6r5oxRg" title="Concentration risk percentage"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2025-01-012025-09-30_custom_LicenseeFiveMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" id="Fact000536" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">11</ix:nonFraction></span>% of fee income recognized during such period. During the first nine months of 2024, four licensees accounted
for 10% or more of fee income of the Company; these licensees accounted for approximately <span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20240930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeOneMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zmPkyjSV3iMh" title="Concentration risk percentage"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2024-01-012024-09-30_custom_LicenseeOneMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" id="Fact000538" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">32</ix:nonFraction></span>%, <span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20240930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeTwoMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_z4BGeIttCF4c" title="Concentration risk percentage"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2024-01-012024-09-30_custom_LicenseeTwoMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" id="Fact000540" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">31</ix:nonFraction></span>%, <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20240930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeThreeMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zCZVskhoRe24" title="Concentration risk percentage"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2024-01-012024-09-30_custom_LicenseeThreeMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" id="Fact000542" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">10</ix:nonFraction></span>% and <span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20240930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeFourMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zYwTIo9H2n27" title="Concentration risk percentage"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2024-01-012024-09-30_custom_LicenseeFourMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" id="Fact000544" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">10</ix:nonFraction></span>% of fee income recognized
during such period.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the three months ended September 30, 2025, two licensees accounted for 10% or more of fee income of the Company; these licensees accounted
for approximately  <span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250701__20250930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeOneMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zZOQXs5w03r9" title="Concentration risk percentage"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2025-07-012025-09-30_custom_LicenseeOneMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" id="Fact000546" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">61</ix:nonFraction></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">%
and </span><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250701__20250930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeTwoMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zZouaV7DAav1" style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2025-07-012025-09-30_custom_LicenseeTwoMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" id="Fact000547" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">27</ix:nonFraction></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">%
of fee income recognized during such period. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, two licensees accounted for 10% or more
of fee income of the Company; these licensees accounted for approximately </span><span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240701__20240930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeOneMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zhcqeADT5fx5" style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2024-07-012024-09-30_custom_LicenseeOneMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" id="Fact000548" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">35</ix:nonFraction></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">%
and </span><span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240701__20240930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeTwoMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zUINBOCz5xQ9" style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2024-07-012024-09-30_custom_LicenseeTwoMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" id="Fact000549" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">33</ix:nonFraction></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">%
of fee income recognized during such period.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the quarter ended September 30, 2025, the Company was notified that one two of its significant European licensees and an affiliate
had filed for bankruptcy. These licensees accounted for approximately <span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20250930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zkcZFIq8Zrw3" title="Concentration risk percentage"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2025-01-012025-09-30_custom_LicenseeMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" id="Fact000551" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">44</ix:nonFraction></span>%
and <span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250701__20250930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zw91yehfCPlj" title="Concentration risk percentage"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" contextRef="From2025-07-012025-09-30_custom_LicenseeMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" id="Fact000553" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">0</ix:nonFraction></span>%
of the Company&#8217;s revenue during the nine and three months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. No revenue was recognized
from these licensees during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. There is no outstanding accounts receivable from
these licensees as of September 30, 2025.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" escape="true" id="Fact000555" name="us-gaap:IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock"><p id="xdx_801_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock_zX0548ejbNhe" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
7. <span id="xdx_823_zPS9UlkIRS77">Income Taxes</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Since
inception, the Company has incurred losses from operations and as a result has not recorded income tax expense. Benefits related to net
operating loss carryforwards and other deferred tax items have been fully reserved since it was more likely than not that the Company
would not achieve profitable operations and be able to utilize the benefit of the net operating loss carryforwards.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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    <div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div>
    <!-- Field: /Page --></ix:exclude>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" escape="true" id="Fact000557" name="us-gaap:EarningsPerShareTextBlock"><p id="xdx_809_eus-gaap--EarningsPerShareTextBlock_zG9kq0w5QvY7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
8. <span id="xdx_821_zj3LhVIoTMn5">Basic and Diluted Loss Per Common Share</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Basic
net loss per share excludes any dilution. It is based upon the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period.
Dilutive net loss per share reflects the potential dilution that would occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were
exercised or converted into common stock. The Company&#8217;s dilutive loss per share equals basic loss per share for the periods ended
September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, because all common stock equivalents (i.e<i>., </i>options and warrants) were antidilutive
in those periods. The number of options and warrants that were not included (because their effect is antidilutive) were <span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20250101__20250930__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zUfu7juK6XUe" title="Antidilutive securities"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount" contextRef="From2025-01-012025-09-30_custom_OptionsAndWarrantsMember" id="Fact000559" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">2,911,923</ix:nonFraction></span> and
<span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20240101__20240930__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zmjzhKYAKmqa" title="Antidilutive securities"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount" contextRef="From2024-01-012024-09-30_custom_OptionsAndWarrantsMember" id="Fact000561" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">2,706,872</ix:nonFraction></span> for the periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" escape="true" id="Fact000563" name="us-gaap:StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock"><p id="xdx_802_eus-gaap--StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock_zi7NkkiPInYk" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
9. <span id="xdx_822_zFbvvDSNrLxj">Equity</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company received proceeds of $<span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised_c20240101__20240930__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--CommonStockMember_z76JL24xewz9" title="Proceeds from stock options exercised"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised" contextRef="From2024-01-012024-09-30_us-gaap_CommonStockMember" id="Fact000565" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">8,670</ix:nonFraction></span> in connection with the exercise of options covering
<span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues_c20240101__20240930__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--CommonStockMember_zHPMOJRqKfh4" title="Number of shares issued"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues" contextRef="From2024-01-012024-09-30_us-gaap_CommonStockMember" id="Fact000567" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">8,500</ix:nonFraction></span> shares of common stock. <span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised_do_c20250101__20250930__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--CommonStockMember_z5Ya3HB3GcPi" title="Proceeds from stock options exercised"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised" contextRef="From2025-01-012025-09-30_us-gaap_CommonStockMember" id="Fact000569" format="ixt-sec:numwordsen" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">No</ix:nonFraction></span> options or warrants were exercised during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
September 16, 2022, the Company entered into subscription agreements from a group of private accredited investors to sell them <span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--SaleOfStockNumberOfSharesIssuedInTransaction_pn5n6_c20220914__20220916__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--SubscriptionAgreementMember_ztEcXa04bdO7" title="Number of shares sold"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:SaleOfStockNumberOfSharesIssuedInTransaction" contextRef="From2022-09-142022-09-16_custom_SubscriptionAgreementMember" id="Fact000571" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="-5" scale="6" unitRef="Shares">2.0</ix:nonFraction></span> million
shares of common stock of the Company at a price of $<span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--SaleOfStockPricePerShare_iI_c20220916__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--SubscriptionAgreementMember_zUHX9z5Jwqli" title="Shares issued price per share"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:SaleOfStockPricePerShare" contextRef="AsOf2022-09-16_custom_SubscriptionAgreementMember" id="Fact000573" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="USDPShares">2.30</ix:nonFraction></span> per share (which represented the closing market price of the Company&#8217;s
common stock on September 14, 2022 which was the date that the transaction was agreed to). As of December 31, 2022, the Company received
$<span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromIssuanceOrSaleOfEquity_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--SubscriptionAgreementMember_z1nICIhZE8T1" title="Proceeds from issuance or sale of equity"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ProceedsFromIssuanceOrSaleOfEquity" contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_custom_SubscriptionAgreementMember" id="Fact000575" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">3,450,000</ix:nonFraction></span> under these subscription agreements and issued <span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--SubscriptionAgreementMember__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--CommonStockMember_zvnAfhKuWbQ9" title="Number of shares issued"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues" contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_custom_SubscriptionAgreementMember_us-gaap_CommonStockMember" id="Fact000577" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">1,500,000</ix:nonFraction></span> common shares and issued <span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByWarrantsOrRights_iI_c20221231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--SubscriptionAgreementMember__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_znGoniK3Nqqg" title="Number of warrants issued"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByWarrantsOrRights" contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_custom_SubscriptionAgreementMember_us-gaap_WarrantMember" id="Fact000579" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">1,500,000</ix:nonFraction></span> warrants. During 2024, the Company
received $<span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromIssuanceOrSaleOfEquity_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--SubscriptionAgreementMember_zY0D0kwsvzNg" title="Proceeds from issuance or sale of equity"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ProceedsFromIssuanceOrSaleOfEquity" contextRef="From2024-01-012024-12-31_custom_SubscriptionAgreementMember" id="Fact000581" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">300,000</ix:nonFraction></span> and issued <span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--SubscriptionAgreementMember__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--CommonStockMember_zEKuKQNxSwC3" title="Number of shares issued"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues" contextRef="From2024-01-012024-12-31_custom_SubscriptionAgreementMember_us-gaap_CommonStockMember" id="Fact000583" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">130,434</ix:nonFraction></span> shares and <span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByWarrantsOrRights_iI_c20241231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--SubscriptionAgreementMember__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zxsmDUJ5gg18" title="Number of warrants issued"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByWarrantsOrRights" contextRef="AsOf2024-12-31_custom_SubscriptionAgreementMember_us-gaap_WarrantMember" id="Fact000585" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">130,434</ix:nonFraction></span> warrants in connection with a remaining outstanding commitment under these subscription
agreements. The Company has an outstanding commitment from a potential investor for the remaining $<span id="xdx_901_ecustom--ProceedsFromExpectsToReceiveRemainingAmount_c20250101__20250930__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--SubscriptionAgreementMember_zthWOR6476V5" title="Proceeds from expects to receive the remaining amount"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:ProceedsFromExpectsToReceiveRemainingAmount" contextRef="From2025-01-012025-09-30_custom_SubscriptionAgreementMember" id="Fact000587" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">850,000</ix:nonFraction></span> under these subscription agreements.
The Company did not sell any equity securities during the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
shares were issued to the investors in a private placement and, along with the shares issued in connection with the exercise of any warrants
in the future, are not registered and therefore currently subject to at least a six-month holding period by the investor.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
December 2024, the Board of Directors approved <span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares_c20241201__20241231__us-gaap--PlanNameAxis__custom--TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember_zKxn1308Q9Nb" title="Number of options vested"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares" contextRef="From2024-12-012024-12-31_custom_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember" id="Fact000589" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">138,501</ix:nonFraction></span> stock options under the Company&#8217;s 2019 Equity Incentive Plan which were
granted upon shareholder approval at the annual meeting of shareholders held in June 2025. These options became fully vested upon grant
and the Company recorded share-based compensation of $<span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensation_c20250101__20250930_z1sKVxMFaqt6" title="Share based compensation"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensation" contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000591" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">175,204</ix:nonFraction></span> during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. No options were granted
during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" escape="true" id="Fact000593" name="us-gaap:ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock"><p id="xdx_896_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock_zz0YBnx97tX8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company valued this grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted average assumptions:<br/>
&#160;<span id="xdx_8B1_zcJzK9Qbsxwh" style="display: none">Schedule of Weighted Average Assumptions Used to Value Options Granted to Employees</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 80%; margin-left: 0.25in">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td>&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 80%; text-align: left">Fair value on grant date</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 16%; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_c20250101__20250930_zcasMZqM2vIa" title="Fair value on grant date"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue" contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000595" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="USDPShares">1.265</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">Expected dividend yield</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate_c20250101__20250930_z7Rc03yi6D93" title="Expected dividend yield"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0597">-</span></span></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">Expected volatility</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">Risk free interest rate</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate_dp_uPure_c20250101__20250930_zyLmj6s6FlTl" title="Risk free interest rate"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate" contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000601" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">3.97</ix:nonFraction></span></td><td style="text-align: left">%</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">Expected term of the option</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1_dtY_c20250101__20250930_z8JdaNeHd3V4" title="Expected term of the option"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" format="ixt-sec:duryear" id="Fact000603" name="us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1">5</ix:nonNumeric></span> years</span></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  </table>

</ix:nonNumeric><p id="xdx_8AC_zilxIuyenI96" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of September 30, 2025, there were <span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding_iI_c20250930_zm1lZkoQwlh8" title="Warrants outstanding"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding" contextRef="AsOf2025-09-30" id="Fact000605" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">1,630,434</ix:nonFraction></span> warrants and <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iI_c20250930_zcC7qVaS03Ii" title="Options outstanding"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber" contextRef="AsOf2025-09-30" id="Fact000607" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" unitRef="Shares">1,281,489</ix:nonFraction></span> options outstanding.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" escape="true" id="Fact000609" name="us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeasesTextBlock"><p id="xdx_80B_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeasesTextBlock_ztBzBhg1vCy3" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
10. <span id="xdx_827_zGjBYRaNK8e3">Leases</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at its inception. This determination generally depends on whether the arrangement conveys
the right to control the use of an identified fixed asset explicitly or implicitly for a period of time in exchange for consideration.
Control of an underlying asset is conveyed if the Company obtains the rights to direct the use of, and to obtain substantially all of
the economic benefits from the use of, the underlying asset. Lease expense for variable leases and short-term leases is recognized when
the obligation is incurred.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company has an operating lease for its facility, which was amended and extended in 2024, with a remaining lease term of <span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1_iI_dtY_c20250930_z7EGumJrQMLj" title="Weighted average remaining lease term"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2025-09-30" format="ixt-sec:duryear" id="Fact000611" name="us-gaap:OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1">6.3</ix:nonNumeric></span> years (including
renewal options) as of September 30, 2025. As of September 30, 2024, the weighted average remaining lease term was <span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1_iI_dtY_c20240930_zdayPGAn8VN5" title="Weighted average remaining lease term"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2024-09-30" format="ixt-sec:duryear" id="Fact000613" name="us-gaap:OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1">0.5</ix:nonNumeric></span> years. The initial
term of the lease expires on <span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--LeaseExpirationDate1_dd_c20250101__20250930_zl94jErnAaJc" title="Lease expiration date"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" format="ixt:datemonthdayyearen" id="Fact000615" name="us-gaap:LeaseExpirationDate1">December 31, 2027</ix:nonNumeric></span> with renewal options that potentially extend expiration through December 31, 2031. Operating
leases are included in Operating lease ROU assets, other current liabilities and long-term lease liabilities on the condensed consolidated
balance sheets. Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized at each lease&#8217;s commencement date based
on the present value of its lease payments over its respective lease term. The Company does not have an established incremental borrowing
rate as it does not have any debt. The Company uses the stated borrowing rate for a lease when readily determinable. When the interest
rate implicit in its lease agreements is not readily determinable, the Company uses an interest rate based on the marketplace for public
debt. The incremental borrowing rate associated with the operating lease as of September 30, 2025 and 2024 is <span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20250930_ztv3PoBflfdd" title="Weighted average discount rate of operating leases"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent" contextRef="AsOf2025-09-30" id="Fact000617" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">7.0</ix:nonFraction></span>% and <span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20240930_zaVmhCiQkIVi" title="Weighted average discount rate of operating leases"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent" contextRef="AsOf2024-09-30" id="Fact000619" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">5.5</ix:nonFraction></span>%, respectively.
Cash rent paid for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 was $<span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--PaymentsForRent_c20250101__20250930_z3ekBSEleXP7" title="Payments for rent"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:PaymentsForRent" contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000621" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">163,000</ix:nonFraction></span> and $<span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--PaymentsForRent_c20240101__20240930_zPwVur3qZNCe" title="Payments for rent"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:PaymentsForRent" contextRef="From2024-01-012024-09-30" id="Fact000623" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">174,000</ix:nonFraction></span>, respectively.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


<ix:exclude><!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 12; Value: 2 -->
    <div style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; margin-bottom: 6pt"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font-size: 10pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left"><td style="text-align: center; width: 100%"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->12<!-- Field: /Sequence --></td></tr></table></div>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8BC_z9tKBUK9ZWab" style="display: none">Schedule
of Maturities of Operating Lease Liabilities</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 80%">
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  <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue_iTI_pp0p0_mtLOLLPzjUb_zpJwwjiSgto4" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">Total lease payments</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt">Less: Imputed lease interest</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount" contextRef="AsOf2025-09-30" id="Fact000637" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">297,386</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiability_iI_pp0p0_zmy1nUSUALU5" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td>Present value of lease liabilities</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:OperatingLeaseLiability" contextRef="AsOf2025-09-30" id="Fact000639" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">1,199,614</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent_iNI_pp0p0_di_zQtX3tc7RN08" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt">Less: Current portion of operating lease liability</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(<ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent" contextRef="AsOf2025-09-30" id="Fact000641" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">141,894</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Operating lease liability, net of current portion</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent" contextRef="AsOf2025-09-30" id="Fact000643" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" scale="0" unitRef="USD">1,057,720</ix:nonFraction></td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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</ix:nonNumeric><p id="xdx_8AE_zBB1OPXcQF35" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" escape="true" id="Fact000645" name="us-gaap:RelatedPartyTransactionsDisclosureTextBlock"><p id="xdx_809_eus-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionsDisclosureTextBlock_zg2bCEFOdNQ3" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
11. <span id="xdx_824_zInSVnidAh3k">Related Party</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Effective
June 4, 2023, the Chairman and CEO of Gauzy, Ltd., one of the Company&#8217;s licensees, joined the Board of the Company. Gauzy&#8217;s
license agreement has been in effect since September 17, 2017 and provides for minimum annual royalties and earned royalties relating
to sales of SPD-SmartGlass architectural window products. Because the Company collects a <span id="xdx_90A_ecustom--RoyaltyPercentage_iI_dp_uPure_c20230604__dei--LegalEntityAxis__custom--GauzyLtdMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_zUy4rvt7m004" title="Royalty percentage"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:RoyaltyPercentage" contextRef="AsOf2023-06-04_custom_GauzyLtdMember_srt_MinimumMember" id="Fact000647" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">10</ix:nonFraction></span>-<span id="xdx_906_ecustom--RoyaltyPercentage_iI_dp_uPure_c20230604__dei--LegalEntityAxis__custom--GauzyLtdMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_z3baKdIZfxil" title="Royalty percentage"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:RoyaltyPercentage" contextRef="AsOf2023-06-04_custom_GauzyLtdMember_srt_MaximumMember" id="Fact000649" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">15</ix:nonFraction></span>% royalty from the higher-priced end product
sales by Gauzy&#8217;s customers purchasing their SPD-Smart light control film, under its license agreement with Gauzy, the Company does
not collect a royalty on sales by Gauzy of SPD-Smart light control film to these licensee customers. In addition, the Company&#8217;s
licensee Vision Systems, Inc. is a <span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--MinorityInterestOwnershipPercentageByParent_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20250930__srt--OwnershipAxis__custom--GauzyLtdMember_zREZB0RVbKDl" title="Subsidiary, ownership percentage"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:MinorityInterestOwnershipPercentageByParent" contextRef="AsOf2025-09-30_custom_GauzyLtdMember" id="Fact000651" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">100</ix:nonFraction></span>% owned subsidiary of Gauzy, Ltd. For the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024,
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three-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, fee income related to Gauzy and Vision Systems represented <span id="xdx_906_ecustom--FeeIncomePercentage_pid_dp_uPure_c20250701__20250930__dei--LegalEntityAxis__custom--GauzyAndVisionSystemsMember_zPbv7dFoUf36" title="Total fee income percentage"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:FeeIncomePercentage" contextRef="From2025-07-012025-09-30_custom_GauzyAndVisionSystemsMember" id="Fact000657" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">10</ix:nonFraction></span>% and <span id="xdx_90C_ecustom--FeeIncomePercentage_pid_dp_uPure_c20240701__20240930__dei--LegalEntityAxis__custom--GauzyAndVisionSystemsMember_zuLwet55Bryb" title="Total fee income percentage"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:FeeIncomePercentage" contextRef="From2024-07-012024-09-30_custom_GauzyAndVisionSystemsMember" id="Fact000659" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">10</ix:nonFraction></span>%, respectively,
of the Company&#8217;s total fee income. In addition, as of September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company&#8217;s accounts receivable from
Gauzy and Vision Systems represented <span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionRate_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20250930__dei--LegalEntityAxis__custom--GauzyAndVisionSystemsMember_z4KfygchIGQ4" title="Related party percentage"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:RelatedPartyTransactionRate" contextRef="From2025-01-012025-09-30_custom_GauzyAndVisionSystemsMember" id="Fact000661" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">17</ix:nonFraction></span>% and <span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--RelatedPartyTransactionRate_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20240930__dei--LegalEntityAxis__custom--GauzyAndVisionSystemsMember_zeivwy3ye5th" title="Related party percentage"><ix:nonFraction name="us-gaap:RelatedPartyTransactionRate" contextRef="From2024-01-012024-09-30_custom_GauzyAndVisionSystemsMember" id="Fact000663" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="INF" scale="-2" unitRef="Pure">6</ix:nonFraction></span>%, respectively, of the Company&#8217;s total royalty receivables, before reserves.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" escape="true" id="Fact000665" name="us-gaap:InterestAndOtherIncomeTextBlock"><p id="xdx_803_eus-gaap--InterestAndOtherIncomeTextBlock_zKQL7xNjqfhl" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
12. <span id="xdx_821_zgT61WCi3nvg">Other Income</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company received $<span id="xdx_905_ecustom--RefundableTaxCredit_c20250101__20250930_z1vJ08TBppvd" title="Refundable tax credit"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:RefundableTaxCredit" contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000667" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">47,357</ix:nonFraction></span> in Employee Retention Credits, a refundable tax credit available
under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Securities Act (&#8220;CARES Act&#8221;) that was designed to keep employees on the payroll
during the COVID-19 pandemic. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company received $<span id="xdx_902_ecustom--RefundableTaxCredit_c20240101__20240930_zdIOjiZilfQ8" title="Refundable tax credit"><ix:nonFraction name="REFR:RefundableTaxCredit" contextRef="From2024-01-012024-09-30" id="Fact000669" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" decimals="0" unitRef="USD">35,152</ix:nonFraction></span> in such Employee Retention
Credits.</span></p>

</ix:nonNumeric><p id="xdx_81A_zLX94hNKnqRf" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 13; Value: 2 -->
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    <div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span id="a_006"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Item
2. Management&#8217;s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">Critical
Accounting Policies and Estimates</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
following accounting estimates are important to understanding our financial condition and results of operations and should be read as
an integral part of the discussion and analysis of the results of our operations and financial position.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires
us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent liabilities
at the date of the financial statements, and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could
differ from these estimates.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company recognizes revenue in accordance with ASC 606, <i>&#8220;Revenue from Contracts with Customers&#8221;</i>. The Company determined
that its license agreements provide for three performance obligations: (i) Grant of Use, (ii) Technical Support, and (iii) New Improvements.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
best method for determining the standalone selling price of our Grant of Use performance obligation is through a comparison of the average
royalty rate for comparable license agreements as compared to our license agreements. Based on the royalty rate comparison referred to
above, any pricing above and beyond the average royalty rate would relate to the Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
recognize revenue when or as the performance obligations in the contract are satisfied. For performance obligations that are fulfilled
at a point in time, revenue is recognized at the fulfillment of the performance obligation. Since the IP is determined to be a functional
license, the value of the Grant of Use is recognized in the first period of the contract term in which the license agreement is in force.
Since the costs incurred to satisfy the Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations are incurred evenly throughout
the year, the value of the Technical Support and New Improvements services are recognized throughout the contract period as these performance
obligations are satisfied.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company has entered into license agreements covering products using the Company&#8217;s SPD technology. When royalties from the sales
of licensed products by a licensee exceed its contractual minimum annual royalties, the excess amount is recognized by the Company as
fee income in the period that it was earned. Certain of the fees are accrued by, or paid to, the Company in advance of the period in
which they are earned, resulting in deferred revenue.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Royalty
receivables are stated less allowance for credit losses. The allowance represents estimated uncollectible receivables usually due to
licensees&#8217; potential insolvency. The allowance includes amounts for certain licensees where risk of default has been specifically
identified. The Company evaluates the collectability of its receivables on at least a quarterly basis and records appropriate allowances
for credit losses when necessary.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">Results
of Operations</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Overview</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
majority of the Company&#8217;s fee income comes from the activities of several licensees participating in the automotive market.
The Company currently believes that the automotive market and the architectural market will be the largest source of its royalty
income over the next several years. The Company&#8217;s royalty income from this market may be influenced by numerous factors
including various trends affecting demand in the automotive industry and the rate of introduction of new technology in OEM product
lines. In addition to these macro factors, the Company&#8217;s royalty income from the automotive market could also be influenced by
specific factors such as whether the Company&#8217;s SPD-SmartGlass technology appears as standard equipment or as an option on a
particular vehicle, the number of additional vehicle models that SPD-SmartGlass appears on, the size of each window on a vehicle and
the number of windows on a vehicle that use SPD-SmartGlass, fluctuations in the total number of vehicles produced by a manufacturer,
and in the percentage of new car models produced with SPD-SmartGlass, and changes in pricing or exchange rates. Certain license
fees, which are paid to the Company in advance of the accounting period in which they are earned resulting in the recognition of
deferred revenue for the current accounting period, will be recognized as fee income in future periods. Also, licensees offset some
or all of their royalty payments on sales of licensed products for a given period by applying these advance payments towards such
earned royalty payments.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
2025 and 2024, the Company received royalty revenues from sales of SPD-SmartGlass products for various car models that were accretive
to the Company&#8217;s royalty revenue. Production efficiencies are expected to continue and accelerate with the introduction of the
higher vehicle production volumes for various car models going forward, and the Company expects that lower pricing per square foot of
the Company&#8217;s technology could expand the market opportunities, adoption rates, and revenues for its technology in automotive and
non-automotive applications. The Company expects to generate additional royalty income from the near-term introduction of additional
new car and aircraft models from other OEMs (original equipment manufacturers), continued growth of sales of products using the Company&#8217;s
technology for the marine industry in yachts and other watercraft, in trains, in museums, and in larger architectural projects.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Three
months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company&#8217;s fee income from licensing activities for the three months ended September 30, 2025 was $359,444 as compared to
$354,408 for the three months ended September 30, 2024. This increase in fee income was primarily the result of
higher royalties from the automotive market as compared to the third quarter of 2024 partially offset by lower royalties from the aircraft market. The Company expects revenue in all market
segments to increase as new car models and other products using the Company&#8217;s SPD-SmartGlass technology are introduced into
the market. The Company has not booked any royalty income in the third quarter of 2025 from one of its European licensees that has
in the past supplied Ferrari with SPD-SmartGlass sunroofs because of workforce reductions and a bankruptcy filing by this licensee
in Europe. This has caused the reported royalty income in 2025 to be lower. In anticipation of this, Ferrari has fully transitioned
its business for SPD-SmartGlass to another one of the Company&#8217;s existing licensees in Europe, and production by this
additional licensee for Ferrari has already commenced.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Operating
expenses increased by $66,776 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 to $521,642 from $454,866 for the three months ended
September 30, 2024. This increase is primarily the result of higher marketing and investor relations costs ($81,000) and higher
professional fees ($15,000) partially offset by lower credit loss allowances ($25,000) and lower insurance costs ($7,000)</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Research
and development expenditures increased by $10,500 to $141,746 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 from $131,246 for the three
months ended September 30, 2024. This increase is primarily a result of higher allocated occupancy costs ($21,000) partially offset by
lower insurance costs ($7,000) as well as lower depreciation and amortization ($3,000).</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company&#8217;s net interest income, consisting of interest income, for the three months ended September 30, 2025 was $5,436 as compared
to income of $29,736 for the three months ended September 30, 2024 with the change due to lower cash balances available for investment.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company recorded $35,152 of other income for the three months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, relating to an Employee Retention
Credit, a refundable tax credit available under the CARES Act that was designed to keep employees on the payroll during the Covid-19
pandemic.</span> No such credits were received during the three-months ended September 30, 2025.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
a consequence of the factors discussed above, the Company&#8217;s net loss was $298,508 ($0.01 per common share) for the three months
ended September 30, 2025 as compared to a net loss of $166,816 ($0.00 per common share) for the three months ended September 30, 2024.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><i>Nine
months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the Nine months ended September 30, 2024</i></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company&#8217;s fee income from licensing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $1,049,125 as compared to
$1,157,380 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. This decrease in fee income was primarily the result of lower royalties
from the automotive and aircraft markets as compared to the first nine months of 2024 and one-time royalty payments received by the Company in 2024. The Company expects revenue in all market
segments to increase as new car models and other products using the Company&#8217;s SPD-SmartGlass technology are introduced into
the market. The Company has not booked any royalty income in the second and third quarters of 2025 from one of its European
licensees that has in the past supplied Ferrari with SPD-SmartGlass sunroofs because of workforce reductions and a bankruptcy filing
by this licensee in Europe. This has caused the reported royalty income in 2025 to be lower. In anticipation of this, Ferrari has
fully transitioned its business for SPD-SmartGlass to another one of the Company&#8217;s existing licensees in Europe, and
production by this additional licensee for Ferrari has already commenced.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Operating
expenses increased by $368,889 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 to $1,934,041 from $1,565,152 for the nine months ended
September 30, 2024. This increase is the result of higher non-cash compensation cost ($165,000) recorded during the period related
to a grant of stock options to the Company&#8217;s employees and directors, higher marketing and investor relations costs ($62,000),
higher compensation costs ($18,000), higher professional fees ($33,000), higher occupancy costs ($18,000) and higher
credit loss expense ($99,000), partially offset by lower legal fees ($32,000), insurance ($14,000) and marketing and investor
relations costs ($21,000).</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Research
and development expenditures increased by $63,892 to $473,709 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 from $409,817 for the nine
months ended September 30, 2024. This increase is primarily a result of higher allocated occupancy costs ($58,000), higher materials
costs ($16,000), as well as higher non-cash compensation costs ($10,000) recorded during the period related to a grant of stock options
to the Company&#8217;s employees, partially offset by insurance costs ($13,000) and lower depreciation and amortization ($8,000).</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company&#8217;s net interest income, consisting of interest income, for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $31,247 as compared
to income of $78,995 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 with the change due to lower cash balances available for investment.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company recorded $47,357 and $35,152 of other income for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, relating to
an Employee Retention Credit, a refundable tax credit available under the CARES Act that was designed to keep employees on the payroll
during the Covid-19 pandemic.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
a consequence of the factors discussed above, the Company&#8217;s net loss was $1,280,021 ($0.04 per common share) for the nine months
ended September 30, 2025 as compared to net loss of $703,442 ($0.02 per common share) for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">Financial
Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources</span></b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company has primarily utilized its cash, cash equivalents, and investments generated from sales of our common stock, proceeds from the
exercise of options and warrants, and royalty fees collected to fund its research and development of SPD light valves, for marketing
initiatives, and for other working capital purposes. The Company&#8217;s working capital and capital requirements depend upon numerous
factors, including, but not limited to, the results of research and development activities, competitive and technological developments,
the timing and costs of patent filings, and the development of new licensees and changes in the Company&#8217;s relationship with existing
licensees. The degree of dependence of the Company&#8217;s working capital requirements on each of the foregoing factors cannot be quantified;
increased research and development activities and related costs would increase such requirements; the addition of new licensees may provide
additional working capital or working capital requirements, and changes in relationships with existing licensees would have a favorable
or negative impact depending upon the nature of such changes.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company&#8217;s cash and cash equivalents balance decreased by $863,796 as a result of
cash used to fund operations of $863,214 and cash used to purchase fixed assets of $582. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had cash
and cash equivalents of approximately $1.1 million, working capital of $1.4 million and total shareholders&#8217; equity of $1.5 million.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
currently expect to have sufficient working capital for more than the next five years of operations.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company expects to use its cash to fund its research and development of SPD light valves, its expanded marketing initiatives, and for
other working capital purposes. The Company believes that its current cash and cash equivalents would fund its operations for more than
the next five years. There can be no assurances that expenditures will not exceed the anticipated amounts or that additional financing,
if required, will be available when needed or, if available, that its terms will be favorable or acceptable to the Company. Eventual
success of the Company and generation of positive cash flow will be dependent upon the extent of commercialization of products using
the Company&#8217;s technology by the Company&#8217;s licensees and payments of continuing royalties on account thereof.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span id="a_007"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Item
3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk</b></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
information required by Item 3 has been disclosed in Item 7A of the Company&#8217;s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December
31, 2024. There has been no material change in the disclosure regarding market risk.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span id="a_008"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Item
4. Controls and Procedures</b></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Evaluation
of Disclosure Controls and Procedures</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act, are designed to ensure that information
required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported
within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. We designed our disclosure controls and procedures to ensure that
information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to
our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Our Chief Executive Officer and acting interim Chief Financial Officer, with assistance from other members of our management, has reviewed
the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2025, and, based on his evaluation, has concluded that
our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Changes
in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting</b></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">There
were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during
the three months ended September 30, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal
control over financial reporting.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">Forward-Looking
Statements</span></b></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
information set forth in this Report and in all publicly disseminated information about the Company, including the narrative contained
in &#8220;Management&#8217;s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations&#8221; above, includes &#8220;forward-looking
statements&#8221; within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and is subject to the safe harbor
created by that section. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements as they speak only as
of the date hereof and are not guaranteed.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span id="a_009"></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">PART
II. OTHER INFORMATION</span></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="a_010"></span><span style="text-decoration: underline">Item
6. Exhibits</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="a_011"></span><b>SIGNATURES</b></span></p>

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to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by
the undersigned thereunder duly authorized.</span></p>

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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 50%"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">RESEARCH
    FRONTIERS INCORPORATED</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Registrant)</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>/s/
    Joseph M. Harary</i></span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Joseph
    M. Harary, President, CEO, acting interim CFO and Treasurer</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Principal
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Date:
November 6, 2025</span></p>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Exhibit
31.1</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>CERTIFICATION</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">I,
<B>Joseph M. Harary,</B> certify that:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.
I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Research Frontiers Incorporated (the &ldquo;registrant&rdquo;);</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2.
Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary
to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the
period covered by this report;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.
Based on my knowledge, the condensed consolidated financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly
present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the
periods presented in this report;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.
The registrant&rsquo;s other certifying officers and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures
(as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act
Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Designed
    such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision,
    to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others
    within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">b)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Designed
    such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our
    supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements
    for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">c)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Evaluated
    the effectiveness of the registrant&rsquo;s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about
    the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation;
    and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">d)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Disclosed
    in this report any change in the registrant&rsquo;s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant&rsquo;s
    most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant&rsquo;s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected,
    or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant&rsquo;s internal control over financial reporting; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.
The registrant&rsquo;s other certifying officers and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial
reporting, to the registrant&rsquo;s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant&rsquo;s board of directors (or persons performing
the equivalent functions):</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">All
    significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are
    reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant&rsquo;s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information;
    and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">b)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Any
    fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant&rsquo;s
    internal control over financial reporting.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 50%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Dated:
    November 6, 2025</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 50%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/
    Joseph M. Harary</I></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Joseph
    M. Harary </FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">President,
    Chief Executive Officer and acting interim Chief Financial Officer</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-32.1
<SEQUENCE>3
<FILENAME>ex32-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EX-32.1
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Exhibit
32.1</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">CERTIFICATION
PURSUANT TO</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">18
U.S.C. SECTION 1350,</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">AS
ADOPTED PURSUANT TO</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">SECTION
906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
connection with the Quarterly Report of Research Frontiers Incorporated (the &ldquo;Company&rdquo;) on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended
September 30, 2025 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the &ldquo;Report&rdquo;), I, Joseph M. Harary,
President and Chief Executive Officer and Principal Executive Officer and acting interim Chief Financial Officer and Principal Financial
Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of
2002, that:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
    information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations
    of the Company.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 50%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/
    Joseph M. Harary</I></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Joseph
    M. Harary</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">President,
    Chief Executive Officer and Principal</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Executive
    Officer and acting interim Chief Financial</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Officer
    and Principal Financial Officer</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">November
    6, 2025</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding: 0pt; margin: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

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          <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
        </link:roleType>
        <link:roleType roleURI="http://smartglass.com/role/Business" id="Business">
          <link:definition>999008 - Disclosure - Business</link:definition>
          <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
        </link:roleType>
        <link:roleType roleURI="http://smartglass.com/role/SegmentInformation" id="SegmentInformation">
          <link:definition>999009 - Disclosure - Segment Information</link:definition>
          <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
        </link:roleType>
        <link:roleType roleURI="http://smartglass.com/role/PatentCosts" id="PatentCosts">
          <link:definition>999010 - Disclosure - Patent Costs</link:definition>
          <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
        </link:roleType>
        <link:roleType roleURI="http://smartglass.com/role/RevenueRecognition" id="RevenueRecognition">
          <link:definition>999011 - Disclosure - Revenue Recognition</link:definition>
          <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
        </link:roleType>
        <link:roleType roleURI="http://smartglass.com/role/FeeIncome" id="FeeIncome">
          <link:definition>999012 - Disclosure - Fee Income</link:definition>
          <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
        </link:roleType>
        <link:roleType roleURI="http://smartglass.com/role/IncomeTaxes" id="IncomeTaxes">
          <link:definition>999013 - Disclosure - Income Taxes</link:definition>
          <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
        </link:roleType>
        <link:roleType roleURI="http://smartglass.com/role/BasicAndDilutedLossPerCommonShare" id="BasicAndDilutedLossPerCommonShare">
          <link:definition>999014 - Disclosure - Basic and Diluted Loss Per Common Share</link:definition>
          <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
        </link:roleType>
        <link:roleType roleURI="http://smartglass.com/role/Equity" id="Equity">
          <link:definition>999015 - Disclosure - Equity</link:definition>
          <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
        </link:roleType>
        <link:roleType roleURI="http://smartglass.com/role/Leases" id="Leases">
          <link:definition>999016 - Disclosure - Leases</link:definition>
          <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
        </link:roleType>
        <link:roleType roleURI="http://smartglass.com/role/RelatedParty" id="RelatedParty">
          <link:definition>999017 - Disclosure - Related Party</link:definition>
          <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
        </link:roleType>
        <link:roleType roleURI="http://smartglass.com/role/OtherIncome" id="OtherIncome">
          <link:definition>999018 - Disclosure - Other Income</link:definition>
          <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
        </link:roleType>
        <link:roleType roleURI="http://smartglass.com/role/SegmentInformationTables" id="SegmentInformationTables">
          <link:definition>999019 - Disclosure - Segment Information (Tables)</link:definition>
          <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
        </link:roleType>
        <link:roleType roleURI="http://smartglass.com/role/EquityTables" id="EquityTables">
          <link:definition>999020 - Disclosure - Equity (Tables)</link:definition>
          <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
        </link:roleType>
        <link:roleType roleURI="http://smartglass.com/role/LeasesTables" id="LeasesTables">
          <link:definition>999021 - Disclosure - Leases (Tables)</link:definition>
          <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
        </link:roleType>
        <link:roleType roleURI="http://smartglass.com/role/BusinessDetailsNarrative" id="BusinessDetailsNarrative">
          <link:definition>999022 - Disclosure - Business (Details Narrative)</link:definition>
          <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
        </link:roleType>
        <link:roleType roleURI="http://smartglass.com/role/ScheduleOfSegmentInformationRelatedToStatementOfOperationsDetails" id="ScheduleOfSegmentInformationRelatedToStatementOfOperationsDetails">
          <link:definition>999023 - Disclosure - Schedule of Segment Information Related to Statement of Operations (Details)</link:definition>
          <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
        </link:roleType>
        <link:roleType roleURI="http://smartglass.com/role/SegmentInformationDetailsNarrative" id="SegmentInformationDetailsNarrative">
          <link:definition>999024 - Disclosure - Segment Information (Details Narrative)</link:definition>
          <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
        </link:roleType>
        <link:roleType roleURI="http://smartglass.com/role/RevenueRecognitionDetailsNarrative" id="RevenueRecognitionDetailsNarrative">
          <link:definition>999025 - Disclosure - Revenue Recognition (Details Narrative)</link:definition>
          <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
        </link:roleType>
        <link:roleType roleURI="http://smartglass.com/role/FeeIncomeDetailsNarrative" id="FeeIncomeDetailsNarrative">
          <link:definition>999026 - Disclosure - Fee Income (Details Narrative)</link:definition>
          <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
        </link:roleType>
        <link:roleType roleURI="http://smartglass.com/role/BasicAndDilutedLossPerCommonShareDetailsNarrative" id="BasicAndDilutedLossPerCommonShareDetailsNarrative">
          <link:definition>999027 - Disclosure - Basic and Diluted Loss Per Common Share (Details Narrative)</link:definition>
          <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
        </link:roleType>
        <link:roleType roleURI="http://smartglass.com/role/ScheduleOfWeightedAverageAssumptionsUsedToValueOptionsGrantedToEmployeesDetails" id="ScheduleOfWeightedAverageAssumptionsUsedToValueOptionsGrantedToEmployeesDetails">
          <link:definition>999028 - Disclosure - Schedule of Weighted Average Assumptions Used to Value Options Granted to Employees (Details)</link:definition>
          <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
        </link:roleType>
        <link:roleType roleURI="http://smartglass.com/role/EquityDetailsNarrative" id="EquityDetailsNarrative">
          <link:definition>999029 - Disclosure - Equity (Details Narrative)</link:definition>
          <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
        </link:roleType>
        <link:roleType roleURI="http://smartglass.com/role/ScheduleOfMaturitiesOfOperatingLeaseLiabilitiesDetails" id="ScheduleOfMaturitiesOfOperatingLeaseLiabilitiesDetails">
          <link:definition>999030 - Disclosure - Schedule of Maturities of Operating Lease Liabilities (Details)</link:definition>
          <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
        </link:roleType>
        <link:roleType roleURI="http://smartglass.com/role/LeasesDetailsNarrative" id="LeasesDetailsNarrative">
          <link:definition>999031 - Disclosure - Leases (Details Narrative)</link:definition>
          <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
        </link:roleType>
        <link:roleType roleURI="http://smartglass.com/role/RelatedPartyDetailsNarrative" id="RelatedPartyDetailsNarrative">
          <link:definition>999032 - Disclosure - Related Party (Details Narrative)</link:definition>
          <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
        </link:roleType>
        <link:roleType roleURI="http://smartglass.com/role/OtherIncomeDetailsNarrative" id="OtherIncomeDetailsNarrative">
          <link:definition>999033 - Disclosure - Other Income (Details Narrative)</link:definition>
          <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
        </link:roleType>
        <link:linkbaseRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="refr-20250930_pre.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationLinkbaseRef" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:title="Presentation Links" />
        <link:linkbaseRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="refr-20250930_lab.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/labelLinkbaseRef" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:title="Label Links" />
        <link:linkbaseRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="refr-20250930_cal.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/calculationLinkbaseRef" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:title="Calculation Links" />
        <link:linkbaseRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="refr-20250930_def.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/definitionLinkbaseRef" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:title="Definition Links" />
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    <import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd" />
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    <import namespace="http://fasb.org/us-gaap/2025" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd" />
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    <import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2024-01-31" schemaLocation="https://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2024-01-31/types.xsd" />
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</XBRL>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.CAL
<SEQUENCE>5
<FILENAME>refr-20250930_cal.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL CALCULATION FILE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="US-ASCII" standalone="no"?>
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    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: VendorURI; Value: https://www.novaworks.com -->
    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: Status; Value: 0x00000000 -->
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.LAB
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<FILENAME>refr-20250930_lab.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL LABEL FILE
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseAgreementMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">License Agreement [Member]</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="srt_MaximumMember" xlink:to="srt_MaximumMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="srt_MaximumMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Maximum [Member]</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="srt_ProductOrServiceAxis" xlink:to="srt_ProductOrServiceAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="srt_ProductOrServiceAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Product and Service [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20250930.xsd#REFR_LicenseeOneMember" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeOneMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseeOneMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseeOneMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeOneMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Licensee One [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis" xlink:label="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Concentration Risk Type [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" xlink:label="us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember" xlink:to="us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Customer Concentration Risk [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20250930.xsd#REFR_LicenseeTwoMember" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeTwoMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseeTwoMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseeTwoMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeTwoMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">License Two [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20250930.xsd#REFR_LicenseeThreeMember" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeThreeMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseeThreeMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseeThreeMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeThreeMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">License Three [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20250930.xsd#REFR_LicenseeFourMember" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeFourMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseeFourMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseeFourMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeFourMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Licensee Four [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20250930.xsd#REFR_LicenseeFiveMember" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeFiveMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseeFiveMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseeFiveMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeFiveMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Licensee Five [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20250930.xsd#REFR_LicenseeMember" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseeMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseeMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Licensee [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis" xlink:label="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Antidilutive Securities [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20250930.xsd#REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember" xlink:label="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember" xlink:to="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Options and Warrants [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20250930.xsd#REFR_SubscriptionAgreementMember" xlink:label="REFR_SubscriptionAgreementMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_SubscriptionAgreementMember" xlink:to="REFR_SubscriptionAgreementMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_SubscriptionAgreementMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Subscription Agreement [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_WarrantMember" xlink:label="us-gaap_WarrantMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_WarrantMember" xlink:to="us-gaap_WarrantMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_WarrantMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Warrant [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_PlanNameAxis" xlink:label="us-gaap_PlanNameAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_PlanNameAxis" xlink:to="us-gaap_PlanNameAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_PlanNameAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Plan Name [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20250930.xsd#REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember" xlink:label="REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember" xlink:to="REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">2019 Equity Incentive Plan [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_LegalEntityAxis" xlink:label="dei_LegalEntityAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_LegalEntityAxis" xlink:to="dei_LegalEntityAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_LegalEntityAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Legal Entity [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20250930.xsd#REFR_GauzyLtdMember" xlink:label="REFR_GauzyLtdMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_GauzyLtdMember" xlink:to="REFR_GauzyLtdMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_GauzyLtdMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Gauzy Ltd [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2025/elts/srt-2025.xsd#srt_OwnershipAxis" xlink:label="srt_OwnershipAxis" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="srt_OwnershipAxis" xlink:to="srt_OwnershipAxis_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="srt_OwnershipAxis_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Ownership [Axis]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20250930.xsd#REFR_GauzyAndVisionSystemsMember" xlink:label="REFR_GauzyAndVisionSystemsMember" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_GauzyAndVisionSystemsMember" xlink:to="REFR_GauzyAndVisionSystemsMember_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_GauzyAndVisionSystemsMember_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Gauzy and Vision Systems [Member]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:label="dei_CoverAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:to="dei_CoverAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_CoverAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Cover [Abstract]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_DocumentType" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentType" xlink:to="dei_DocumentType_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Type</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:to="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Amendment Flag</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_AmendmentDescription" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentDescription" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_AmendmentDescription" xlink:to="dei_AmendmentDescription_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentDescription_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Amendment Description</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_DocumentRegistrationStatement" xlink:label="dei_DocumentRegistrationStatement" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentRegistrationStatement" xlink:to="dei_DocumentRegistrationStatement_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentRegistrationStatement_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Registration Statement</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_DocumentAnnualReport" xlink:label="dei_DocumentAnnualReport" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentAnnualReport" xlink:to="dei_DocumentAnnualReport_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentAnnualReport_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Annual Report</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport" xlink:label="dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport" xlink:to="dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Quarterly Report</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_DocumentTransitionReport" xlink:label="dei_DocumentTransitionReport" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentTransitionReport" xlink:to="dei_DocumentTransitionReport_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentTransitionReport_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Transition Report</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport" xlink:label="dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport" xlink:to="dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Shell Company Report</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_DocumentShellCompanyEventDate" xlink:label="dei_DocumentShellCompanyEventDate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentShellCompanyEventDate" xlink:to="dei_DocumentShellCompanyEventDate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentShellCompanyEventDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Shell Company Event Date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodStartDate" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodStartDate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentPeriodStartDate" xlink:to="dei_DocumentPeriodStartDate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodStartDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Period Start Date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:to="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Period End Date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xlink:to="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Fiscal Period Focus</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:to="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Fiscal Year Focus</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate" xlink:label="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate" xlink:to="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Current Fiscal Year End Date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity File Number</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Registrant Name</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Central Index Key</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Primary SIC Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Tax Identification Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Address Line One</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Address Line Two</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Address Line Three</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, City or Town</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, State or Province</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCountry" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCountry_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCountry_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Country</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_CountryRegion" xlink:label="dei_CountryRegion" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CountryRegion" xlink:to="dei_CountryRegion_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_CountryRegion_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Country Region</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:to="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">City Area Code</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:to="dei_LocalPhoneNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Local Phone Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_Extension" xlink:label="dei_Extension" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_Extension" xlink:to="dei_Extension_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_Extension_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Extension</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:to="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Written Communications</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:to="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Soliciting Material</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:to="dei_Security12bTitle_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Title of 12(b) Security</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag" xlink:label="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag" xlink:to="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">No Trading Symbol Flag</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:to="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Trading Symbol</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:to="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Security Exchange Name</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_Security12gTitle" xlink:label="dei_Security12gTitle" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_Security12gTitle" xlink:to="dei_Security12gTitle_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_Security12gTitle_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Title of 12(g) Security</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_SecurityReportingObligation" xlink:label="dei_SecurityReportingObligation" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SecurityReportingObligation" xlink:to="dei_SecurityReportingObligation_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SecurityReportingObligation_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Security Reporting Obligation</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_AnnualInformationForm" xlink:label="dei_AnnualInformationForm" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_AnnualInformationForm" xlink:to="dei_AnnualInformationForm_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_AnnualInformationForm_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Annual Information Form</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_AuditedAnnualFinancialStatements" xlink:label="dei_AuditedAnnualFinancialStatements" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_AuditedAnnualFinancialStatements" xlink:to="dei_AuditedAnnualFinancialStatements_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_AuditedAnnualFinancialStatements_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Audited Annual Financial Statements</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer" xlink:label="dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer" xlink:to="dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers" xlink:label="dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers" xlink:to="dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Voluntary Filers</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus" xlink:label="dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus" xlink:to="dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Current Reporting Status</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent" xlink:label="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent" xlink:to="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Interactive Data Current</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityFilerCategory" xlink:label="dei_EntityFilerCategory" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityFilerCategory" xlink:to="dei_EntityFilerCategory_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityFilerCategory_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Filer Category</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntitySmallBusiness" xlink:label="dei_EntitySmallBusiness" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntitySmallBusiness" xlink:to="dei_EntitySmallBusiness_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntitySmallBusiness_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Small Business</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:to="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Emerging Growth Company</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod" xlink:label="dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod" xlink:to="dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Elected Not To Use the Extended Transition Period</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_DocumentAccountingStandard" xlink:label="dei_DocumentAccountingStandard" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentAccountingStandard" xlink:to="dei_DocumentAccountingStandard_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentAccountingStandard_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Accounting Standard</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_OtherReportingStandardItemNumber" xlink:label="dei_OtherReportingStandardItemNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_OtherReportingStandardItemNumber" xlink:to="dei_OtherReportingStandardItemNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_OtherReportingStandardItemNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Other Reporting Standard Item Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityShellCompany" xlink:label="dei_EntityShellCompany" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityShellCompany" xlink:to="dei_EntityShellCompany_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityShellCompany_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Shell Company</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityPublicFloat" xlink:label="dei_EntityPublicFloat" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityPublicFloat" xlink:to="dei_EntityPublicFloat_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityPublicFloat_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Public Float</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityBankruptcyProceedingsReportingCurrent" xlink:label="dei_EntityBankruptcyProceedingsReportingCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityBankruptcyProceedingsReportingCurrent" xlink:to="dei_EntityBankruptcyProceedingsReportingCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding" xlink:to="dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_DocumentsIncorporatedByReferenceTextBlock" xlink:label="dei_DocumentsIncorporatedByReferenceTextBlock" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentsIncorporatedByReferenceTextBlock" xlink:to="dei_DocumentsIncorporatedByReferenceTextBlock_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentsIncorporatedByReferenceTextBlock_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Documents Incorporated by Reference [Text Block]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityListingParValuePerShare" xlink:label="dei_EntityListingParValuePerShare" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityListingParValuePerShare" xlink:to="dei_EntityListingParValuePerShare_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityListingParValuePerShare_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Listing, Par Value Per Share</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_StatementOfFinancialPositionAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementOfFinancialPositionAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StatementOfFinancialPositionAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_StatementOfFinancialPositionAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementOfFinancialPositionAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_AssetsAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_AssetsAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AssetsAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_AssetsAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AssetsAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Assets</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_AssetsCurrentAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_AssetsCurrentAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AssetsCurrentAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_AssetsCurrentAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AssetsCurrentAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Current assets:</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue" xlink:label="us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue" xlink:to="us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Cash and cash equivalents</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_AccountsReceivableNetCurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_AccountsReceivableNetCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AccountsReceivableNetCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_AccountsReceivableNetCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AccountsReceivableNetCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Royalties receivable, net of reserves of $1,354,850 in 2025 and $1,253,450 in 2024, respectively</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_PrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_PrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_PrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_PrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_PrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Prepaid expenses and other current assets</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_AssetsCurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_AssetsCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AssetsCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_AssetsCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_AssetsCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total current assets</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet" xlink:label="us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet" xlink:to="us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Fixed assets, net</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating lease ROU assets</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_OtherAssetsNoncurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherAssetsNoncurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OtherAssetsNoncurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_OtherAssetsNoncurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherAssetsNoncurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Deposits and other assets</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_Assets" xlink:label="us-gaap_Assets" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_Assets" xlink:to="us-gaap_Assets_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_Assets_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total assets</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquityAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquityAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquityAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquityAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquityAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Liabilities and Shareholders&#8217; Equity</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Current liabilities:</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Current portion of operating lease liability</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_AccountsPayableCurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_AccountsPayableCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AccountsPayableCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_AccountsPayableCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AccountsPayableCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Accounts payable</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Accrued expenses</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_DeferredRevenueCurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredRevenueCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_DeferredRevenueCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_DeferredRevenueCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_DeferredRevenueCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Deferred revenue</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total current liabilities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating lease liability, net of current portion</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_Liabilities" xlink:label="us-gaap_Liabilities" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_Liabilities" xlink:to="us-gaap_Liabilities_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_Liabilities_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total liabilities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Shareholders&#8217; equity:</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_CommonStockValue" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockValue" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CommonStockValue" xlink:to="us-gaap_CommonStockValue_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockValue_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share; authorized 100,000,000 shares, issued and outstanding 33,648,221 in 2025 and 2024, respectively</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock" xlink:label="us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock" xlink:to="us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Additional paid-in capital</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit" xlink:label="us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit" xlink:to="us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Accumulated deficit</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_StockholdersEquity" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total shareholders&#8217; equity</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity" xlink:to="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total liabilities and shareholders&#8217; equity</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivableCurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivableCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivableCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivableCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivableCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Royalties receivables, reserves</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare" xlink:to="us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Common stock, par value</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Common stock, shares authorized</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued" xlink:to="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Common stock, shares issued</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding" xlink:to="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Common stock, shares outstanding</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Income Statement [Abstract]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax" xlink:label="us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax" xlink:to="us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Fee income</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingCostsAndExpenses" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingCostsAndExpenses" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingCostsAndExpenses" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingCostsAndExpenses_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingCostsAndExpenses_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating expenses</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense" xlink:label="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense" xlink:to="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Research and development</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingExpenses" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingExpenses" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingExpenses" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingExpenses_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingExpenses_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total expenses</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating loss</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_GainLossOnInvestments" xlink:label="us-gaap_GainLossOnInvestments" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_GainLossOnInvestments" xlink:to="us-gaap_GainLossOnInvestments_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_GainLossOnInvestments_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net interest income</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_OtherIncome" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherIncome" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OtherIncome" xlink:to="us-gaap_OtherIncome_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherIncome_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Other income</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net loss</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasic" xlink:label="us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasic" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasic" xlink:to="us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasic_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasic_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Basic net loss per common share</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_EarningsPerShareDiluted" xlink:label="us-gaap_EarningsPerShareDiluted" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_EarningsPerShareDiluted" xlink:to="us-gaap_EarningsPerShareDiluted_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_EarningsPerShareDiluted_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Diluted net loss per common share</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfSharesOutstandingBasic" xlink:label="us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfSharesOutstandingBasic" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfSharesOutstandingBasic" xlink:to="us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfSharesOutstandingBasic_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfSharesOutstandingBasic_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - Basic</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfDilutedSharesOutstanding" xlink:label="us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfDilutedSharesOutstanding" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfDilutedSharesOutstanding" xlink:to="us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfDilutedSharesOutstanding_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfDilutedSharesOutstanding_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - Diluted</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_StatementTable" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementTable" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StatementTable" xlink:to="us-gaap_StatementTable_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementTable_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Statement [Table]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_StatementLineItems" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementLineItems" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StatementLineItems" xlink:to="us-gaap_StatementLineItems_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementLineItems_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Statement [Line Items]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodStartLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Balance</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_SharesOutstanding" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding" xlink:to="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodStartLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Balance, shares</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Exercise of options</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Exercise of options, shares</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net loss</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalSharebasedCompensationRequisiteServicePeriodRecognitionValue" xlink:label="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalSharebasedCompensationRequisiteServicePeriodRecognitionValue" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalSharebasedCompensationRequisiteServicePeriodRecognitionValue" xlink:to="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalSharebasedCompensationRequisiteServicePeriodRecognitionValue_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalSharebasedCompensationRequisiteServicePeriodRecognitionValue_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Share-based compensation</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_3_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodEndLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_3_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Balance</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding" xlink:to="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodEndLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharesOutstanding_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Balance, shares</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_StatementOfCashFlowsAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementOfCashFlowsAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StatementOfCashFlowsAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_StatementOfCashFlowsAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StatementOfCashFlowsAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Statement of Cash Flows [Abstract]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Cash flows from operating activities:</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash &#160;used in operating activities:</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_DepreciationAndAmortization" xlink:label="us-gaap_DepreciationAndAmortization" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_DepreciationAndAmortization" xlink:to="us-gaap_DepreciationAndAmortization_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_DepreciationAndAmortization_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Depreciation and amortization</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Share-based compensation</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_ProvisionForDoubtfulAccounts" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProvisionForDoubtfulAccounts" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ProvisionForDoubtfulAccounts" xlink:to="us-gaap_ProvisionForDoubtfulAccounts_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProvisionForDoubtfulAccounts_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Credit loss expense</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAssetAmortizationExpense" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAssetAmortizationExpense" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAssetAmortizationExpense" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAssetAmortizationExpense_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAssetAmortizationExpense_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">ROU asset amortization</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Change in assets and liabilities:</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsReceivable" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsReceivable" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsReceivable" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsReceivable_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsReceivable_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Royalty receivables</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets" xlink:to="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities" xlink:label="us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Purchases of fixed assets</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities" />
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract" />
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net proceeds from exercise of options</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities" xlink:label="us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations" xlink:label="us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodStartLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/periodEndLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Cash and cash equivalents at end of period</link:label>
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_SegmentReportingAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_SegmentReportingAbstract" />
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_SegmentReportingDisclosureTextBlock" xlink:label="us-gaap_SegmentReportingDisclosureTextBlock" />
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_GoodwillAndIntangibleAssetsDisclosureAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_GoodwillAndIntangibleAssetsDisclosureAbstract" />
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_IntangibleAssetsDisclosureTextBlock" xlink:label="us-gaap_IntangibleAssetsDisclosureTextBlock" />
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerAbstract" />
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20250930.xsd#REFR_FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock" xlink:label="REFR_FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock" />
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_EarningsPerShareTextBlock" xlink:label="us-gaap_EarningsPerShareTextBlock" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeasesTextBlock_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Leases</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionsAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionsAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionsAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionsAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionsAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Related Party Transactions [Abstract]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionsDisclosureTextBlock" xlink:label="us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionsDisclosureTextBlock" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionsDisclosureTextBlock" xlink:to="us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionsDisclosureTextBlock_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionsDisclosureTextBlock_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Related Party</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_OtherIncomeAndExpensesAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherIncomeAndExpensesAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OtherIncomeAndExpensesAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_OtherIncomeAndExpensesAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherIncomeAndExpensesAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_InterestAndOtherIncomeTextBlock" xlink:label="us-gaap_InterestAndOtherIncomeTextBlock" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_InterestAndOtherIncomeTextBlock" xlink:to="us-gaap_InterestAndOtherIncomeTextBlock_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_InterestAndOtherIncomeTextBlock_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Other Income</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_ScheduleOfSegmentReportingInformationBySegmentTextBlock" xlink:label="us-gaap_ScheduleOfSegmentReportingInformationBySegmentTextBlock" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ScheduleOfSegmentReportingInformationBySegmentTextBlock" xlink:to="us-gaap_ScheduleOfSegmentReportingInformationBySegmentTextBlock_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ScheduleOfSegmentReportingInformationBySegmentTextBlock_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Schedule of Segment Information Related to Statement of Operations</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock" xlink:label="us-gaap_ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock" xlink:to="us-gaap_ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Schedule of Weighted Average Assumptions Used to Value Options Granted to Employees</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock" xlink:to="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Schedule of Maturities of Operating Lease Liabilities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20250930.xsd#REFR_WorkingCapital" xlink:label="REFR_WorkingCapital" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_WorkingCapital" xlink:to="REFR_WorkingCapital_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_WorkingCapital_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Working capital</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_4_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockholdersEquity_4_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Shareholders equity</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit" xlink:to="us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Accumulated deficit</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax" xlink:to="us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Revenue</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingExpensesAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingExpensesAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingExpensesAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingExpensesAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingExpensesAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating Expenses:</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation" xlink:label="us-gaap_EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation" xlink:to="us-gaap_EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Employee compensation</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_ProfessionalFees" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProfessionalFees" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ProfessionalFees" xlink:to="us-gaap_ProfessionalFees_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProfessionalFees_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Professional fees</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_NoninterestExpenseDirectorsFees" xlink:label="us-gaap_NoninterestExpenseDirectorsFees" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_NoninterestExpenseDirectorsFees" xlink:to="us-gaap_NoninterestExpenseDirectorsFees_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_NoninterestExpenseDirectorsFees_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Directors fees and expenses</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_MarketingExpense" xlink:label="us-gaap_MarketingExpense" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_MarketingExpense" xlink:to="us-gaap_MarketingExpense_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_MarketingExpense_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Marketing and investor relations</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20250930.xsd#REFR_InsuranceExpense" xlink:label="REFR_InsuranceExpense" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_InsuranceExpense" xlink:to="REFR_InsuranceExpense_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_InsuranceExpense_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Insurance</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_OccupancyNet" xlink:label="us-gaap_OccupancyNet" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OccupancyNet" xlink:to="us-gaap_OccupancyNet_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OccupancyNet_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Occupancy costs</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20250930.xsd#REFR_CreditLossExpense" xlink:label="REFR_CreditLossExpense" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_CreditLossExpense" xlink:to="REFR_CreditLossExpense_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="REFR_CreditLossExpense_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Credit loss expense</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20250930.xsd#REFR_PatentCosts" xlink:label="REFR_PatentCosts" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_PatentCosts" xlink:to="REFR_PatentCosts_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_PatentCosts_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Patent costs</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_FloorBrokerageExchangeAndClearanceFees" xlink:label="us-gaap_FloorBrokerageExchangeAndClearanceFees" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_FloorBrokerageExchangeAndClearanceFees" xlink:to="us-gaap_FloorBrokerageExchangeAndClearanceFees_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_FloorBrokerageExchangeAndClearanceFees_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Stock listing fees</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_LegalFees" xlink:label="us-gaap_LegalFees" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LegalFees" xlink:to="us-gaap_LegalFees_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LegalFees_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Legal fees</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_DepreciationDepletionAndAmortization" xlink:label="us-gaap_DepreciationDepletionAndAmortization" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_DepreciationDepletionAndAmortization" xlink:to="us-gaap_DepreciationDepletionAndAmortization_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_DepreciationDepletionAndAmortization_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Depreciation and amortization</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_OtherCostAndExpenseOperating" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherCostAndExpenseOperating" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OtherCostAndExpenseOperating" xlink:to="us-gaap_OtherCostAndExpenseOperating_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OtherCostAndExpenseOperating_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Other operating expenses</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingCostsAndExpenses" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingCostsAndExpenses_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingCostsAndExpenses_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Operating expenses</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseAbstract" xlink:label="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseAbstract" xlink:to="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Research and Development Expenses</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20250930.xsd#REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseEmployeeCompensation" xlink:label="REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseEmployeeCompensation" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseEmployeeCompensation" xlink:to="REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseEmployeeCompensation_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseEmployeeCompensation_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Employee compensation</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20250930.xsd#REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseInsurance" xlink:label="REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseInsurance" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseInsurance" xlink:to="REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseInsurance_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseInsurance_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Insurance</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20250930.xsd#REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseOccupancyCosts" xlink:label="REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseOccupancyCosts" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseOccupancyCosts" xlink:to="REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseOccupancyCosts_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseOccupancyCosts_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Occupancy costs</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20250930.xsd#REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseDepreciationAndAmortization" xlink:label="REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseDepreciationAndAmortization" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseDepreciationAndAmortization" xlink:to="REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseDepreciationAndAmortization_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseDepreciationAndAmortization_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Depreciation and amortization</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseExcludingAcquiredInProcessCost" xlink:label="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseExcludingAcquiredInProcessCost" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseExcludingAcquiredInProcessCost" xlink:to="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseExcludingAcquiredInProcessCost_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseExcludingAcquiredInProcessCost_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Other research and development costs</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense" xlink:to="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Research and development expenses</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_ScheduleOfRevenuesFromExternalCustomersAndLongLivedAssetsTable" xlink:label="us-gaap_ScheduleOfRevenuesFromExternalCustomersAndLongLivedAssetsTable" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ScheduleOfRevenuesFromExternalCustomersAndLongLivedAssetsTable" xlink:to="us-gaap_ScheduleOfRevenuesFromExternalCustomersAndLongLivedAssetsTable_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ScheduleOfRevenuesFromExternalCustomersAndLongLivedAssetsTable_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Schedule of Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Table]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_RevenuesFromExternalCustomersAndLongLivedAssetsLineItems" xlink:label="us-gaap_RevenuesFromExternalCustomersAndLongLivedAssetsLineItems" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_RevenuesFromExternalCustomersAndLongLivedAssetsLineItems" xlink:to="us-gaap_RevenuesFromExternalCustomersAndLongLivedAssetsLineItems_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_RevenuesFromExternalCustomersAndLongLivedAssetsLineItems_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20250930.xsd#REFR_PercentageOfRevenue" xlink:label="REFR_PercentageOfRevenue" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_PercentageOfRevenue" xlink:to="REFR_PercentageOfRevenue_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_PercentageOfRevenue_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Percentage of revenue</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20250930.xsd#REFR_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerTable" xlink:label="REFR_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerTable" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerTable" xlink:to="REFR_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerTable_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerTable_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">RevenueFromContractWithCustomerTable [Table]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20250930.xsd#REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice" xlink:label="REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice" xlink:to="REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Royalty rate on selling price</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_UnbilledReceivablesCurrent" xlink:label="us-gaap_UnbilledReceivablesCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_UnbilledReceivablesCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_UnbilledReceivablesCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_UnbilledReceivablesCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Unbilled receivables current</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_ScheduleOfProductInformationTable" xlink:label="us-gaap_ScheduleOfProductInformationTable" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ScheduleOfProductInformationTable" xlink:to="us-gaap_ScheduleOfProductInformationTable_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ScheduleOfProductInformationTable_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Nature of Operation, Product Information, Concentration of Risk [Table]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems" xlink:to="us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Product Information [Line Items]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" xlink:label="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1" xlink:to="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Concentration risk percentage</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_ScheduleOfAntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareTable" xlink:label="us-gaap_ScheduleOfAntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareTable" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ScheduleOfAntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareTable" xlink:to="us-gaap_ScheduleOfAntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareTable_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ScheduleOfAntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareTable_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Antidilutive Security, Excluded EPS Calculation [Table]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareLineItems" xlink:label="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareLineItems" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareLineItems" xlink:to="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareLineItems_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareLineItems_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount" xlink:label="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount" xlink:to="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Antidilutive securities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Fair value on grant date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Expected dividend yield</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Expected volatility</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Risk free interest rate</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1" xlink:to="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Expected term of the option</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossTable" xlink:label="us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossTable" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossTable" xlink:to="us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossTable_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossTable_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Table]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems" xlink:label="us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems" xlink:to="us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised" xlink:to="us-gaap_ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Proceeds from stock options exercised</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues" xlink:to="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Number of shares issued</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_SaleOfStockNumberOfSharesIssuedInTransaction" xlink:label="us-gaap_SaleOfStockNumberOfSharesIssuedInTransaction" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_SaleOfStockNumberOfSharesIssuedInTransaction" xlink:to="us-gaap_SaleOfStockNumberOfSharesIssuedInTransaction_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_SaleOfStockNumberOfSharesIssuedInTransaction_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Number of shares sold</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_SaleOfStockPricePerShare" xlink:label="us-gaap_SaleOfStockPricePerShare" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_SaleOfStockPricePerShare" xlink:to="us-gaap_SaleOfStockPricePerShare_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_SaleOfStockPricePerShare_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Shares issued price per share</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_ProceedsFromIssuanceOrSaleOfEquity" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProceedsFromIssuanceOrSaleOfEquity" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ProceedsFromIssuanceOrSaleOfEquity" xlink:to="us-gaap_ProceedsFromIssuanceOrSaleOfEquity_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ProceedsFromIssuanceOrSaleOfEquity_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Proceeds from issuance or sale of equity</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByWarrantsOrRights" xlink:label="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByWarrantsOrRights" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByWarrantsOrRights" xlink:to="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByWarrantsOrRights_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByWarrantsOrRights_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Number of warrants issued</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20250930.xsd#REFR_ProceedsFromExpectsToReceiveRemainingAmount" xlink:label="REFR_ProceedsFromExpectsToReceiveRemainingAmount" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ProceedsFromExpectsToReceiveRemainingAmount" xlink:to="REFR_ProceedsFromExpectsToReceiveRemainingAmount_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_ProceedsFromExpectsToReceiveRemainingAmount_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Proceeds from expects to receive the remaining amount</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares" xlink:to="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Number of options vested</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Share based compensation</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding" xlink:label="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding" xlink:to="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Warrants outstanding</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber" xlink:to="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Options outstanding</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_DisclosureLeasesAbstract" xlink:to="REFR_DisclosureLeasesAbstract_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/verboseLabel" xlink:label="REFR_DisclosureLeasesAbstract_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Schedule Of Maturities Of Operating Lease Liabilities</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsRemainderOfFiscalYear" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsRemainderOfFiscalYear" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsRemainderOfFiscalYear" xlink:to="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsRemainderOfFiscalYear_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsRemainderOfFiscalYear_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Year 1</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20250930.xsd#REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree" xlink:label="REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree" xlink:to="REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Years 2-3</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20250930.xsd#REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive" xlink:label="REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive" xlink:to="REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Years 4-5</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive" xlink:to="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Thereafter</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue" xlink:to="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/totalLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total lease payments</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount" xlink:to="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Less: Imputed lease interest</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Present value of lease liabilities</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Less: Current portion of operating lease liability</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Weighted average remaining lease term</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_LeaseExpirationDate1" xlink:label="us-gaap_LeaseExpirationDate1" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LeaseExpirationDate1" xlink:to="us-gaap_LeaseExpirationDate1_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LeaseExpirationDate1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Lease expiration date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent" xlink:to="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Weighted average discount rate of operating leases</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_PaymentsForRent" xlink:label="us-gaap_PaymentsForRent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_PaymentsForRent" xlink:to="us-gaap_PaymentsForRent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_PaymentsForRent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Payments for rent</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20250930.xsd#REFR_RelatedPartyTransactionsTable" xlink:label="REFR_RelatedPartyTransactionsTable" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_RelatedPartyTransactionsTable" xlink:to="REFR_RelatedPartyTransactionsTable_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_RelatedPartyTransactionsTable_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">RelatedPartyTransactionsTable [Table]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20250930.xsd#REFR_RoyaltyPercentage" xlink:label="REFR_RoyaltyPercentage" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_RoyaltyPercentage" xlink:to="REFR_RoyaltyPercentage_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_RoyaltyPercentage_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Royalty percentage</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_MinorityInterestOwnershipPercentageByParent" xlink:label="us-gaap_MinorityInterestOwnershipPercentageByParent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_MinorityInterestOwnershipPercentageByParent" xlink:to="us-gaap_MinorityInterestOwnershipPercentageByParent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_MinorityInterestOwnershipPercentageByParent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Subsidiary, ownership percentage</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20250930.xsd#REFR_FeeIncomePercentage" xlink:label="REFR_FeeIncomePercentage" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_FeeIncomePercentage" xlink:to="REFR_FeeIncomePercentage_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_FeeIncomePercentage_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Total fee income percentage</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2025/elts/us-gaap-2025.xsd#us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionRate" xlink:label="us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionRate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionRate" xlink:to="us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionRate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionRate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Related party percentage</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="refr-20250930.xsd#REFR_RefundableTaxCredit" xlink:label="REFR_RefundableTaxCredit" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_RefundableTaxCredit" xlink:to="REFR_RefundableTaxCredit_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="REFR_RefundableTaxCredit_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Refundable tax credit</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_WorkingCapital" xlink:to="REFR_WorkingCapital_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_WorkingCapital_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Working capital.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_PercentageOfRevenue" xlink:to="REFR_PercentageOfRevenue_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_PercentageOfRevenue_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Percentage of revenue.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_InsuranceExpense" xlink:to="REFR_InsuranceExpense_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_InsuranceExpense_doc" xml:lang="en-US">The amount of expense in the period for insurance.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_CreditLossExpense" xlink:to="REFR_CreditLossExpense_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_CreditLossExpense_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Credit loss expense.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_PatentCosts" xlink:to="REFR_PatentCosts_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_PatentCosts_doc" xml:lang="en-US">The amount of expense in the period for patent costs.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseEmployeeCompensation" xlink:to="REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseEmployeeCompensation_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseEmployeeCompensation_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Amount of expense for research and development employee compensation.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseInsurance" xlink:to="REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseInsurance_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseInsurance_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Amount of expense for research and development insurance.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseOccupancyCosts" xlink:to="REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseOccupancyCosts_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseOccupancyCosts_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Amount of expense for research and development occupancy costs.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseDepreciationAndAmortization" xlink:to="REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseDepreciationAndAmortization_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseDepreciationAndAmortization_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Amount of expense for research and development depreciation and amortization.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice" xlink:to="REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Royalty rate on selling price.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseAgreementMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseAgreementMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseAgreementMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">License Agreement [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock" xlink:to="REFR_FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Fee Income Disclosure [Text Block]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseeOneMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseeOneMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeOneMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Licensee One [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseeTwoMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseeTwoMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeTwoMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">License Two [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseeThreeMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseeThreeMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeThreeMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">License Three [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseeFourMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseeFourMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeFourMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Licensee Four [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseeFiveMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseeFiveMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeFiveMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Licensee Five [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LicenseeMember" xlink:to="REFR_LicenseeMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_LicenseeMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Licensee [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember" xlink:to="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Options and Warrants [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_SubscriptionAgreementMember" xlink:to="REFR_SubscriptionAgreementMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_SubscriptionAgreementMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Subscription Agreement [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_ProceedsFromExpectsToReceiveRemainingAmount" xlink:to="REFR_ProceedsFromExpectsToReceiveRemainingAmount_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_ProceedsFromExpectsToReceiveRemainingAmount_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Proceeds from expects to receive the remaining amount.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember" xlink:to="REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">2019 Equity Incentive Plan [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree" xlink:to="REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Amount of lessee's undiscounted obligation for lease payments for operating lease, due in second and third fiscal year following latest fiscal year.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive" xlink:to="REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Amount of lessee's undiscounted obligation for lease payments for operating lease, due in fouth and fifth fiscal year following latest fiscal year.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_RoyaltyPercentage" xlink:to="REFR_RoyaltyPercentage_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_RoyaltyPercentage_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Royalty percentage.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_GauzyLtdMember" xlink:to="REFR_GauzyLtdMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_GauzyLtdMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Gauzy Ltd [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_FeeIncomePercentage" xlink:to="REFR_FeeIncomePercentage_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_FeeIncomePercentage_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Fee income percentage.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_GauzyAndVisionSystemsMember" xlink:to="REFR_GauzyAndVisionSystemsMember_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_GauzyAndVisionSystemsMember_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Gauzy and Vision Systems [Member]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="REFR_RefundableTaxCredit" xlink:to="REFR_RefundableTaxCredit_doc" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/documentation" xlink:label="REFR_RefundableTaxCredit_doc" xml:lang="en-US">Refundable tax credit.</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_AssetsCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_AssetsCurrent_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_AssetsCurrent_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Assets, Current</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_Assets" xlink:to="us-gaap_Assets_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_Assets_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Assets [Default Label]</link:label>
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent" xlink:to="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent_2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent_2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Liabilities, Current</link:label>
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</link:linkbase>
</XBRL>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>8
<FILENAME>refr-20250930_pre.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL PRESENTATION FILE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Cover - $ / shares<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">9 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2025</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Nov. 06, 2025</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Cover [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">10-Q<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
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<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport', window );">Document Quarterly Report</a></td>
<td class="text">true<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentTransitionReport', window );">Document Transition Report</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Sep. 30,  2025<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
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<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus', window );">Document Fiscal Period Focus</a></td>
<td class="text">Q3<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus', window );">Document Fiscal Year Focus</a></td>
<td class="text">2025<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
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<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate', window );">Current Fiscal Year End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">--12-31<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
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<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">000-14893<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">RESEARCH
FRONTIERS INCORPORATED<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0000793524<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">11-2103466<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">DE<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">240
                                            CROSSWAYS PARK DRIVE<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">WOODBURY<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">NY<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">11797-2033<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">(516)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">364-1902<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Common
    Stock, par value $0.0001 per share<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">REFR<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NASDAQ<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
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<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus', window );">Entity Current Reporting Status</a></td>
<td class="text">Yes<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent', window );">Entity Interactive Data Current</a></td>
<td class="text">Yes<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFilerCategory', window );">Entity Filer Category</a></td>
<td class="text">Non-accelerated Filer<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntitySmallBusiness', window );">Entity Small Business</a></td>
<td class="text">true<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityShellCompany', window );">Entity Shell Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding', window );">Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">33,648,221<span></span>
</td>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityListingParValuePerShare', window );">Entity Listing, Par Value Per Share</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 0.0001<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
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<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>End date of current fiscal year in the format --MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Fiscal period values are FY, Q1, Q2, and Q3. 1st, 2nd and 3rd quarter 10-Q or 10-QT statements have value Q1, Q2, and Q3 respectively, with 10-K, 10-KT or other fiscal year statements having FY.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fiscalPeriodItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>This is focus fiscal year of the document report in YYYY format. For a 2006 annual report, which may also provide financial information from prior periods, fiscal 2006 should be given as the fiscal year focus. Example: 2006.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:gYearItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period. The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true only for a form used as an quarterly report.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Form 10-Q<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 308<br> -Subsection a<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentTransitionReport">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true only for a form used as a transition report.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Forms 10-K, 10-Q, 20-F<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13<br> -Subsection a-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentTransitionReport</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate number of shares or other units outstanding of each of registrant's classes of capital or common stock or other ownership interests, if and as stated on cover of related periodic report. Where multiple classes or units exist define each class/interest by adding class of stock items such as Common Class A [Member], Common Class B [Member] or Partnership Interest [Member] onto the Instrument [Domain] of the Entity Listings, Instrument.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCommonStockSharesOutstanding</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate 'Yes' or 'No' whether registrants (1) have filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that registrants were required to file such reports), and (2) have been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. This information should be based on the registrant's current or most recent filing containing the related disclosure.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:yesNoItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFilerCategory">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate whether the registrant is one of the following: Large Accelerated Filer, Accelerated Filer, Non-accelerated Filer. Definitions of these categories are stated in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. This information should be based on the registrant's current or most recent filing containing the related disclosure.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFilerCategory</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:filerCategoryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation S-T<br> -Number 232<br> -Section 405<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:yesNoItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityListingParValuePerShare">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The par value per share of security quoted in same currency as Trading currency. Example: '0.01'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityListingParValuePerShare</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityShellCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the registrant is a shell company as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityShellCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntitySmallBusiness">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicates that the company is a Smaller Reporting Company (SRC).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntitySmallBusiness</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_Security12bTitle">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_Security12bTitle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:securityTitleItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SecurityExchangeName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarExchangeCodeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_TradingSymbol">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_TradingSymbol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:tradingSymbolItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>11
<FILENAME>R2.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
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<html>
<head>
<title></title>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2025</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2024</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AssetsCurrentAbstract', window );"><strong>Current assets:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue', window );">Cash and cash equivalents</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,130,390<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,994,186<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccountsReceivableNetCurrent', window );">Royalties receivable, net of reserves of $1,354,850 in 2025 and $1,253,450 in 2024, respectively</a></td>
<td class="nump">371,878<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">658,213<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent', window );">Prepaid expenses and other current assets</a></td>
<td class="nump">112,604<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">93,490<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AssetsCurrent', window );">Total current assets</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,614,872<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2,745,889<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet', window );">Fixed assets, net</a></td>
<td class="nump">6,355<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">15,052<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset', window );">Operating lease ROU assets</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,092,033<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,222,640<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OtherAssetsNoncurrent', window );">Deposits and other assets</a></td>
<td class="nump">56,066<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">56,066<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_Assets', window );">Total assets</a></td>
<td class="nump">2,769,326<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">4,039,647<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract', window );"><strong>Current liabilities:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent', window );">Current portion of operating lease liability</a></td>
<td class="nump">141,894<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">129,875<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccountsPayableCurrent', window );">Accounts payable</a></td>
<td class="nump">29,137<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">85,825<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent', window );">Accrued expenses</a></td>
<td class="nump">35,721<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">53,327<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DeferredRevenueCurrent', window );">Deferred revenue</a></td>
<td class="nump">5,336<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent', window );">Total current liabilities</a></td>
<td class="nump">212,088<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">269,027<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent', window );">Operating lease liability, net of current portion</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,057,720<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,166,285<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_Liabilities', window );">Total liabilities</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,269,808<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,435,312<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract', window );"><strong>Shareholders&#8217; equity:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CommonStockValue', window );">Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share; authorized 100,000,000 shares, issued and outstanding 33,648,221 in 2025 and 2024, respectively</a></td>
<td class="nump">3,365<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">3,365<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock', window );">Additional paid-in capital</a></td>
<td class="nump">128,352,397<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">128,177,193<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit', window );">Accumulated deficit</a></td>
<td class="num">(126,856,244)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(125,576,223)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Total shareholders&#8217; equity</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,499,518<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2,604,335<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LiabilitiesAndStockholdersEquity', window );">Total liabilities and shareholders&#8217; equity</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 2,769,326<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 4,039,647<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AccountsPayableCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Carrying value as of the balance sheet date of liabilities incurred (and for which invoices have typically been received) and payable to vendors for goods and services received that are used in an entity's business. Used to reflect the current portion of the liabilities (due within one year or within the normal operating cycle if longer).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(19)(a))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480566/210-10-S99-1<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481372/852-10-55-10<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AccountsPayableCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AccountsReceivableNetCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount, after allowance for credit loss, of right to consideration from customer for product sold and service rendered in normal course of business, classified as current.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 310<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481990/310-10-45-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AccountsReceivableNetCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Carrying value as of the balance sheet date of obligations incurred and payable, pertaining to costs that are statutory in nature, are incurred on contractual obligations, or accumulate over time and for which invoices have not yet been received or will not be rendered. Examples include taxes, interest, rent and utilities. Used to reflect the current portion of the liabilities (due within one year or within the normal operating cycle if longer).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(20))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480566/210-10-S99-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AccruedLiabilitiesCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Value received from shareholders in common stock-related transactions that are in excess of par value or stated value and amounts received from other stock-related transactions. Includes only common stock transactions (excludes preferred stock transactions). May be called contributed capital, capital in excess of par, capital surplus, or paid-in capital.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(30)(a)(1))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480566/210-10-S99-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AdditionalPaidInCapitalCommonStock</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_Assets">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of asset recognized for present right to economic benefit.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 235<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-05(b)(1))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147477314/942-235-S99-1<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 235<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147478671/942-235-S50-1<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480738/235-10-S50-1<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 235<br> 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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_Assets</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AssetsCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of asset recognized for present right to economic benefit, classified as current.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480738/235-10-S50-1<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(g)(1)(i))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480678/235-10-S99-1<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 825<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (f)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482907/825-10-50-28<br><br>Reference 4: 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-Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481687/323-10-50-3<br><br>Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481372/852-10-55-10<br><br>Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147483467/210-10-45-1<br><br>Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(9))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480566/210-10-S99-1<br><br>Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 470<br> 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-Paragraph 1A<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-01(a)(4)(iii)(A))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480097/470-10-S99-1A<br><br>Reference 15: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1A<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-01(a)(4)(iv))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480097/470-10-S99-1A<br><br>Reference 16: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1A<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-01(a)(5))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480097/470-10-S99-1A<br><br>Reference 17: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1B<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.13-02(a)(4)(i))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI 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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AssetsCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AssetsCurrentAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AssetsCurrentAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash and cash equivalent. Cash includes, but is not limited to, currency on hand, demand deposit with financial institution, and account with general characteristic of demand deposit. Cash equivalent includes, but is not limited to, short-term, highly liquid investment that is both readily convertible to known amount of cash and so near maturity that it presents insignificant risk of change in value because of change in interest rate.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(1))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480566/210-10-S99-1<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147483467/210-10-45-1<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482740/230-10-45-4<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CommonStockValue">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Aggregate par or stated value of issued nonredeemable common stock (or common stock redeemable solely at the option of the issuer). This item includes treasury stock repurchased by the entity. Note: elements for number of nonredeemable common shares, par value and other disclosure concepts are in another section within stockholders' equity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 480<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S45<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479887/480-10-S45-2<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 480<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (01)(iii)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480244/480-10-S99-1<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480566/210-10-S99-1<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481372/852-10-55-10<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-03(a)(22))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147478777/944-210-S99-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CommonStockValue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DeferredRevenueCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of deferred income and obligation to transfer product and service to customer for which consideration has been received or is receivable, classified as current.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(20))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480566/210-10-S99-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DeferredRevenueCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_Liabilities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of liability recognized for present obligation requiring transfer or otherwise providing economic benefit to others.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of liabilities and equity items, including the portion of equity attributable to noncontrolling interests, if any.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Total obligations incurred as part of normal operations that are expected to be paid during the following twelve months or within one business cycle, if longer.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrent</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LiabilitiesCurrentAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Present value of lessee's discounted obligation for lease payments from operating lease, classified as current.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479041/842-20-45-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Present value of lessee's discounted obligation for lease payments from operating lease, classified as noncurrent.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479041/842-20-45-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of lessee's right to use underlying asset under operating lease.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479041/842-20-45-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAsset</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OtherAssetsNoncurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of noncurrent assets classified as other.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(17))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480566/210-10-S99-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OtherAssetsNoncurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_PrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of asset related to consideration paid in advance for costs that provide economic benefits in future periods, and amount of other assets that are expected to be realized or consumed within one year or the normal operating cycle, if longer.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(9))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480566/210-10-S99-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PrepaidExpenseAndOtherAssetsCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount after accumulated depreciation, depletion and amortization of physical assets used in the normal conduct of business to produce goods and services and not intended for resale. Examples include, but are not limited to, land, buildings, machinery and equipment, office equipment, and furniture and fixtures.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Topic 360<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482099/360-10-50-1<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 7A<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147478964/842-20-50-7A<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481372/852-10-55-10<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-03(a)(8))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147478777/944-210-S99-1<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 360<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147478451/942-360-50-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PropertyPlantAndEquipmentNet</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of accumulated undistributed earnings (deficit).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(30)(a)(3))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480566/210-10-S99-1<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481372/852-10-55-10<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 65<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (g)(2)(i)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480016/944-40-65-2<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 65<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (h)(2)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480016/944-40-65-2<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 11<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480990/946-20-50-11<br><br>Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-03(a)(23)(a)(4))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147478777/944-210-S99-1<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.6-04(17))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479170/946-210-S99-1<br><br>Reference 8: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.3-04)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480008/505-10-S99-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of equity (deficit) attributable to parent. Excludes temporary equity and equity attributable to noncontrolling interest.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480738/235-10-S50-1<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(g)(1)(i))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480678/235-10-S99-1<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 825<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (f)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482907/825-10-50-28<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480566/210-10-S99-1<br><br>Reference 5: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(30))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480566/210-10-S99-1<br><br>Reference 6: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(31))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480566/210-10-S99-1<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481372/852-10-55-10<br><br>Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 830<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 12<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479168/946-830-55-12<br><br>Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.6-04(19))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479170/946-210-S99-1<br><br>Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.6-05(4))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479170/946-210-S99-2<br><br>Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.6-09(4)(b))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479134/946-220-S99-3<br><br>Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.6-09(6))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479134/946-220-S99-3<br><br>Reference 13: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.6-09(7))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479134/946-220-S99-3<br><br>Reference 14: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(g)(1)(ii))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480678/235-10-S99-1<br><br>Reference 15: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 323<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481687/323-10-50-3<br><br>Reference 16: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 310<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 4.E)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480418/310-10-S99-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StockholdersEquity</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StockholdersEquityAbstract</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<DOCUMENT>
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<SEQUENCE>12
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<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2025</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2024</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementOfFinancialPositionAbstract', window );"><strong>Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivableCurrent', window );">Royalties receivables, reserves</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,354,850<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,253,450<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare', window );">Common stock, par value</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 0.0001<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 0.0001<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized', window );">Common stock, shares authorized</a></td>
<td class="nump">100,000,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">100,000,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued', window );">Common stock, shares issued</a></td>
<td class="nump">33,648,221<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">33,648,221<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding', window );">Common stock, shares outstanding</a></td>
<td class="nump">33,648,221<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">33,648,221<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivableCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of allowance for credit loss on accounts receivable, classified as current.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(4))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480566/210-10-S99-1<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 326<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479344/326-20-45-1<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 310<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481962/310-10-50-4<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AllowanceForDoubtfulAccountsReceivableCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Face amount or stated value per share of common stock.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480566/210-10-S99-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CommonStockParOrStatedValuePerShare</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The maximum number of common shares permitted to be issued by an entity's charter and bylaws.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480566/210-10-S99-1<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.6-04(16)(a))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479170/946-210-S99-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CommonStockSharesAuthorized</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Total number of common shares of an entity that have been sold or granted to shareholders (includes common shares that were issued, repurchased and remain in the treasury). These shares represent capital invested by the firm's shareholders and owners, and may be all or only a portion of the number of shares authorized. Shares issued include shares outstanding and shares held in the treasury.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480566/210-10-S99-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CommonStockSharesIssued</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of shares of common stock outstanding. Common stock represent the ownership interest in a corporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Topic 505<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-2<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480566/210-10-S99-1<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.6-05(4))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479170/946-210-S99-2<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.6-09(4)(b))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479134/946-220-S99-3<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.6-04(16)(a))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479170/946-210-S99-1<br><br>Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.6-09(7))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479134/946-220-S99-3<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CommonStockSharesOutstanding</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StatementOfFinancialPositionAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StatementOfFinancialPositionAbstract</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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</div>
</body>
</html>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>13
<FILENAME>R4.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">3 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">9 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2025</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2024</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2025</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2024</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract', window );"><strong>Income Statement [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax', window );">Fee income</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 359,444<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 354,408<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,049,125<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,157,380<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingCostsAndExpenses', window );">Operating expenses</a></td>
<td class="nump">521,642<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">454,866<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,934,041<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,565,152<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense', window );">Research and development</a></td>
<td class="nump">141,746<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">131,246<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">473,709<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">409,817<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingExpenses', window );">Total expenses</a></td>
<td class="nump">663,388<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">586,112<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2,407,750<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,974,969<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss', window );">Operating loss</a></td>
<td class="num">(303,944)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(231,704)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(1,358,625)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(817,589)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_GainLossOnInvestments', window );">Net interest income</a></td>
<td class="nump">5,436<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">29,736<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">31,247<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">78,995<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OtherIncome', window );">Other income</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">35,152<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">47,357<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">35,152<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss', window );">Net loss</a></td>
<td class="num">$ (298,508)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (166,816)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (1,280,021)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (703,442)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasic', window );">Basic net loss per common share</a></td>
<td class="num">$ (0.01)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ (0.00)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (0.04)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (0.02)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EarningsPerShareDiluted', window );">Diluted net loss per common share</a></td>
<td class="num">$ (0.01)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ (0.00)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (0.04)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (0.02)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfSharesOutstandingBasic', window );">Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - Basic</a></td>
<td class="nump">33,648,221<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">33,517,787<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">33,648,221<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">33,515,327<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfDilutedSharesOutstanding', window );">Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - Diluted</a></td>
<td class="nump">33,648,221<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">33,517,787<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">33,648,221<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">33,515,327<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasic">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The amount of net income (loss) for the period per each share of common stock or unit outstanding during the reporting period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 260<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482662/260-10-50-1<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 250<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (c)(2)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147483443/250-10-50-1<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 250<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147483443/250-10-50-1<br><br>Reference 4: 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-SubTopic 220<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-04(27))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147478524/942-220-S99-1<br><br>Reference 23: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-04(23))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147477250/944-220-S99-1<br><br>Reference 24: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 260<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 7<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482689/260-10-45-7<br><br>Reference 25: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 470<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 65<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Subparagraph (f)(4)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481538/470-20-65-4<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_EarningsPerShareBasic</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_EarningsPerShareDiluted">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The amount of net income (loss) for the period available to each share of common stock or common unit outstanding during the reporting period and to each share or unit that would have been outstanding assuming the issuance of common shares or units for all dilutive potential common shares or units outstanding during the reporting period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 260<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482662/260-10-50-1<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 250<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (c)(2)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147483443/250-10-50-1<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 250<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147483443/250-10-50-1<br><br>Reference 4: 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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_EarningsPerShareDiluted</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_GainLossOnInvestments">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of realized and unrealized gain (loss) on investment.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03(9)(a))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147483621/220-10-S99-2<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03(7)(c))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147483621/220-10-S99-2<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/recommendedDisclosureRef<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482740/230-10-45-28<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_GainLossOnInvestments</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncomeStatementAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The portion of profit or loss for the period, net of income taxes, which is attributable to the parent.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 830<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479168/946-830-55-10<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147476153/220-40-55-4<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 21<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147476153/220-40-55-21<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Name Accounting Standards 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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingCostsAndExpenses">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Generally recurring costs associated with normal operations except for the portion of these expenses which can be clearly related to production and included in cost of sales or services. Excludes Selling, General and Administrative Expense.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingCostsAndExpenses</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingExpenses">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Generally recurring costs associated with normal operations except for the portion of these expenses which can be clearly related to production and included in cost of sales or services. Includes selling, general and administrative expense.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147476153/220-40-55-4<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingExpenses</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The net result for the period of deducting operating expenses from operating revenues.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147476153/220-40-55-4<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 14<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147476153/220-40-55-14<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 22<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-22<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (f)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-32<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 30<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-30<br><br>Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 270<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (i)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482964/270-10-50-1<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (ee)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-32<br><br>Reference 8: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/otherTransitionRef<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-32<br><br>Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 31<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-31<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OtherIncome">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of revenue and income classified as other.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 605<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 14<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147477548/944-605-55-14<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 605<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 11<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147477548/944-605-55-11<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 320<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.12-14(Column E)(2))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147477271/946-320-S99-6<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 320<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.12-14(Column E)(Footnote 4))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147477271/946-320-S99-6<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 320<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.12-14(Column E)(Footnote 6)(b))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147477271/946-320-S99-6<br><br>Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-04(4))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147477250/944-220-S99-1<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.6-07(1)(c))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479134/946-220-S99-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OtherIncome</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of expense for research and development. Includes, but is not limited to, cost for computer software product to be sold, leased, or otherwise marketed and writeoff of research and development assets acquired in transaction other than business combination or joint venture formation or both. Excludes write-down of intangible asset acquired in business combination or from joint venture formation or both, used in research and development activity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 18<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147476153/220-40-55-18<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 14<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147476153/220-40-55-14<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 48<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482785/280-10-55-48<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 985<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481283/985-20-50-2<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 730<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482916/730-10-50-1<br><br>Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 912<br> -SubTopic 730<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 25<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479532/912-730-25-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount, excluding tax collected from customer, of revenue from satisfaction of performance obligation by transferring promised good or service to customer. Tax collected from customer is tax assessed by governmental authority that is both imposed on and concurrent with specific revenue-producing transaction, including, but not limited to, sales, use, value added and excise.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147476153/220-40-55-4<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 14<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147476153/220-40-55-14<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 41<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-41<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 42<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-42<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 606<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 7<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479806/606-10-50-7<br><br>Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 270<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (i)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482964/270-10-50-1<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (ee)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-32<br><br>Reference 8: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/otherTransitionRef<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-32<br><br>Reference 9: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/otherTransitionRef<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-32<br><br>Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 924<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 11.L)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479941/924-10-S99-1<br><br>Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 606<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 5<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479806/606-10-50-5<br><br>Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 30<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-30<br><br>Reference 13: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 22<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-22<br><br>Reference 14: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 40<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-40<br><br>Reference 15: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 22<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-22<br><br>Reference 16: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 606<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479806/606-10-50-4<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfDilutedSharesOutstanding">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The average number of shares or units issued and outstanding that are used in calculating diluted EPS or earnings per unit (EPU), determined based on the timing of issuance of shares or units in the period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 260<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482662/260-10-50-1<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 260<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 16<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482689/260-10-45-16<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfDilutedSharesOutstanding</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfSharesOutstandingBasic">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of [basic] shares or units, after adjustment for contingently issuable shares or units and other shares or units not deemed outstanding, determined by relating the portion of time within a reporting period that common shares or units have been outstanding to the total time in that period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 260<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482662/260-10-50-1<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 260<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482689/260-10-45-10<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_WeightedAverageNumberOfSharesOutstandingBasic</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity (Unaudited) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Common Stock [Member]</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Retained Earnings [Member]</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Total</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Balance at Dec. 31, 2023</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 3,351<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 127,779,221<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (124,264,841)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 3,517,731<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding', window );">Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2023</a></td>
<td class="nump">33,509,287<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised', window );">Exercise of options</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 1<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">8,669<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">8,670<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised', window );">Exercise of options, shares</a></td>
<td class="nump">8,500<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss', window );">Net loss</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(703,442)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(703,442)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Balance at Sep. 30, 2024</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 3,352<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">127,787,890<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(124,968,283)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2,822,959<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding', window );">Balance, shares at Sep. 30, 2024</a></td>
<td class="nump">33,517,787<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Balance at Jun. 30, 2024</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 3,352<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">127,787,890<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(124,801,467)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2,989,775<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding', window );">Balance, shares at Jun. 30, 2024</a></td>
<td class="nump">33,517,787<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss', window );">Net loss</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(166,816)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(166,816)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Balance at Sep. 30, 2024</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 3,352<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">127,787,890<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(124,968,283)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2,822,959<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding', window );">Balance, shares at Sep. 30, 2024</a></td>
<td class="nump">33,517,787<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Balance at Dec. 31, 2024</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 3,365<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">128,177,193<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(125,576,223)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2,604,335<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding', window );">Balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2024</a></td>
<td class="nump">33,648,221<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss', window );">Net loss</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(1,280,021)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(1,280,021)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalSharebasedCompensationRequisiteServicePeriodRecognitionValue', window );">Share-based compensation</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">175,204<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">175,204<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Balance at Sep. 30, 2025</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 3,365<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">128,352,397<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(126,856,244)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,499,518<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding', window );">Balance, shares at Sep. 30, 2025</a></td>
<td class="nump">33,648,221<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Balance at Jun. 30, 2025</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 3,365<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">128,352,397<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(126,557,736)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,798,026<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding', window );">Balance, shares at Jun. 30, 2025</a></td>
<td class="nump">33,648,221<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss', window );">Net loss</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(298,508)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(298,508)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity', window );">Balance at Sep. 30, 2025</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 3,365<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 128,352,397<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (126,856,244)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,499,518<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rc">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding', window );">Balance, shares at Sep. 30, 2025</a></td>
<td class="nump">33,648,221<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalSharebasedCompensationRequisiteServicePeriodRecognitionValue">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of increase to additional paid-in capital (APIC) for recognition of cost for award under share-based payment arrangement.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 35<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480483/718-10-35-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AdjustmentsToAdditionalPaidInCapitalSharebasedCompensationRequisiteServicePeriodRecognitionValue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The portion of profit or loss for the period, net of income taxes, which is attributable to the parent.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 830<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479168/946-830-55-10<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147476153/220-40-55-4<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 21<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147476153/220-40-55-21<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Name Accounting Standards 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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_SharesOutstanding">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of shares issued which are neither cancelled nor held in the treasury.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_SharesOutstanding</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of share options (or share units) exercised during the current period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Topic 505<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-2<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(28))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480566/210-10-S99-1<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480566/210-10-S99-1<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(iv)(02)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480429/718-10-50-2<br><br>Reference 5: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.3-04)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480008/505-10-S99-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesStockOptionsExercised</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Value of stock issued as a result of the exercise of stock options.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Topic 505<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-2<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480566/210-10-S99-1<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(30))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480566/210-10-S99-1<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(31))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480566/210-10-S99-1<br><br>Reference 5: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.3-04)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480008/505-10-S99-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodValueStockOptionsExercised</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquity">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of equity (deficit) attributable to parent. Excludes temporary equity and equity attributable to noncontrolling interest.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480738/235-10-S50-1<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(g)(1)(i))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480678/235-10-S99-1<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 825<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (f)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482907/825-10-50-28<br><br>Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480566/210-10-S99-1<br><br>Reference 5: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(30))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480566/210-10-S99-1<br><br>Reference 6: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(31))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480566/210-10-S99-1<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 852<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481372/852-10-55-10<br><br>Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 830<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 12<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479168/946-830-55-12<br><br>Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.6-04(19))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479170/946-210-S99-1<br><br>Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 210<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.6-05(4))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479170/946-210-S99-2<br><br>Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.6-09(4)(b))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479134/946-220-S99-3<br><br>Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.6-09(6))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479134/946-220-S99-3<br><br>Reference 13: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.6-09(7))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479134/946-220-S99-3<br><br>Reference 14: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(g)(1)(ii))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480678/235-10-S99-1<br><br>Reference 15: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 323<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481687/323-10-50-3<br><br>Reference 16: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 310<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 4.E)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480418/310-10-S99-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StockholdersEquity</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">9 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2025</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2024</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract', window );"><strong>Cash flows from operating activities:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss', window );">Net loss</a></td>
<td class="num">$ (1,280,021)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (703,442)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract', window );"><strong>Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash &#160;used in operating activities:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DepreciationAndAmortization', window );">Depreciation and amortization</a></td>
<td class="nump">9,279<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">19,582<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation', window );">Share-based compensation</a></td>
<td class="nump">175,204<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProvisionForDoubtfulAccounts', window );">Credit loss expense</a></td>
<td class="nump">124,253<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">25,001<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAssetAmortizationExpense', window );">ROU asset amortization</a></td>
<td class="nump">130,607<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">107,229<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract', window );"><strong>Change in assets and liabilities:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsReceivable', window );">Royalty receivables</a></td>
<td class="nump">162,082<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(69,605)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets', window );">Prepaid expenses and other assets</a></td>
<td class="num">(19,114)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(57,943)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities', window );">Accounts payable and accrued expenses</a></td>
<td class="num">(74,294)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,033<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability', window );">Deferred revenue</a></td>
<td class="nump">5,336<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingLeaseLiability', window );">Operating lease liability</a></td>
<td class="num">(96,546)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(157,754)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities', window );">Net cash used in operating activities</a></td>
<td class="num">(863,214)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(835,899)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract', window );"><strong>Cash flows from investing activities:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment', window );">Purchases of fixed assets</a></td>
<td class="num">(582)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(742)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities', window );">Net cash used in investing activities</a></td>
<td class="num">(582)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(742)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract', window );"><strong>Cash flows from financing activities:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised', window );">Net proceeds from exercise of options</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">8,670<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities', window );">Net cash provided by financing activities</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">8,670<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect', window );">Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents</a></td>
<td class="num">(863,796)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">(827,971)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations', window );">Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,994,186<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2,475,958<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations', window );">Cash and cash equivalents at end of period</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,130,390<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,647,987<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AdjustmentsToReconcileNetIncomeLossToCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
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<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash and cash equivalent, and cash and cash equivalent restricted to withdrawal or usage; including, but not limited to, discontinued operation. Cash includes, but is not limited to, currency on hand, demand deposit with financial institution, and account with general characteristic of demand deposit. Cash equivalent includes, but is not limited to, short-term, highly liquid investment that is both readily convertible to known amount of cash and so near maturity that it presents insignificant risk of change in value because of change in interest rate.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 8<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482913/230-10-50-8<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 24<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482740/230-10-45-24<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482740/230-10-45-4<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsIncludingDisposalGroupAndDiscontinuedOperations</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
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</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalent, and cash and cash equivalent restricted to withdrawal or usage; including effect from exchange rate change and including, but not limited to, discontinued operation. Cash includes, but is not limited to, currency on hand, demand deposit with financial institution, and account with general characteristic of demand deposit. Cash equivalent includes, but is not limited to, short-term, highly liquid investment that is both readily convertible to known amount of cash and so near maturity that it presents insignificant risk of change in value because of change in interest rate.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 24<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482740/230-10-45-24<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -SubTopic 230<br> -Topic 830<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147477401/830-230-45-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_CashCashEquivalentsRestrictedCashAndRestrictedCashEquivalentsPeriodIncreaseDecreaseIncludingExchangeRateEffect</td>
</tr>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DepreciationAndAmortization">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The current period expense charged against earnings on long-lived, physical assets not used in production, and which are not intended for resale, to allocate or recognize the cost of such assets over their useful lives; or to record the reduction in book value of an intangible asset over the benefit period of such asset; or to reflect consumption during the period of an asset that is not used in production.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Topic 230<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482740/230-10-45-28<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 360<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482099/360-10-50-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DepreciationAndAmortization</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The increase (decrease) during the reporting period in the amounts payable to vendors for goods and services received and the amount of obligations and expenses incurred but not paid.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Topic 230<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482740/230-10-45-28<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsPayableAndAccruedLiabilities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsReceivable">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The increase (decrease) during the reporting period in amount due within one year (or one business cycle) from customers for the credit sale of goods and services.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Topic 230<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482740/230-10-45-28<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInAccountsReceivable</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of increase (decrease) in obligation to transfer good or service to customer for which consideration has been received or is receivable.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482740/230-10-45-28<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 912<br> -SubTopic 310<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 11<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147478345/912-310-45-11<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInContractWithCustomerLiability</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingCapitalAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingLeaseLiability">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of increase (decrease) in obligation for operating lease.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482740/230-10-45-28<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Subparagraph (g)(1)<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Topic 842<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147478964/842-20-50-4<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInOperatingLeaseLiability</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of increase (decrease) in prepaid expenses, and assets classified as other.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Topic 230<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482740/230-10-45-28<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_IncreaseDecreaseInPrepaidDeferredExpenseAndOtherAssets</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash inflow (outflow) from financing activity, including, but not limited to, discontinued operation. Financing activity includes, but is not limited to, obtaining resource from owner and providing return on, and return of, their investment; borrowing money and repaying amount borrowed, or settling obligation; and obtaining and paying for other resource obtained from creditor on long-term credit.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 24<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482740/230-10-45-24<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInFinancingActivitiesAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash inflow (outflow) from investing activity, including, but not limited to, discontinued operation. Investing activity includes, but is not limited to, making and collecting loan, acquiring and disposing of debt and equity instruments, property, plant, and equipment, and other productive assets.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 24<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482740/230-10-45-24<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInInvestingActivitiesAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash inflow (outflow) from operating activity, including, but not limited to, discontinued operation. Operating activity includes, but is not limited to, transaction, adjustment, and change in value not defined as investing or financing activity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482740/230-10-45-28<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 24<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482740/230-10-45-24<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 25<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482740/230-10-45-25<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivities</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetCashProvidedByUsedInOperatingActivitiesAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The portion of profit or loss for the period, net of income taxes, which is attributable to the parent.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 830<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479168/946-830-55-10<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147476153/220-40-55-4<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 21<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147476153/220-40-55-21<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Name Accounting Standards 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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NetIncomeLoss</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAssetAmortizationExpense">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of periodic reduction over lease term of carrying amount of right-of-use asset from operating lease.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482740/230-10-45-28<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseRightOfUseAssetAmortizationExpense</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The cash outflow associated with the acquisition of long-lived, physical assets that are used in the normal conduct of business to produce goods and services and not intended for resale; includes cash outflows to pay for construction of self-constructed assets.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 13<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482740/230-10-45-13<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash inflow from exercise of option under share-based payment arrangement.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 14<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Topic 230<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482740/230-10-45-14<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2A<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Topic 718<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480429/718-10-50-2A<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ProvisionForDoubtfulAccounts">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of expense (reversal of expense) for expected credit loss on accounts receivable.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 326<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 13<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479319/326-20-50-13<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 22<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147476148/220-40-50-22<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03(5))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147483621/220-10-S99-2<br></p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
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<th class="th" colspan="1">9 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2025</div></th></tr>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OrganizationConsolidationAndPresentationOfFinancialStatementsAbstract', window );"><strong>Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_BasisOfAccounting', window );">Basis of Presentation</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_80E_eus-gaap--BasisOfAccounting_zuZYF5kq2qHa" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
1. <span id="xdx_824_zDxVHSbhyjUh">Basis of Presentation</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting
principles (&#8220;GAAP&#8221;) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Rule 8-03 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly,
they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management,
all adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature.
Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected
for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2025. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 has been derived from
the audited consolidated financial statements as of that date. For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements
and footnotes thereto included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K relating to Research Frontiers Incorporated for the fiscal year ended
December 31, 2024.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for the basis of accounting, or basis of presentation, used to prepare the financial statements (for example, US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, Other Comprehensive Basis of Accounting, IFRS).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147483426/235-10-50-4<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Business<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">9 Months Ended</th>
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<tr><th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2025</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OrganizationConsolidationAndPresentationOfFinancialStatementsAbstract', window );"><strong>Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NatureOfOperations', window );">Business</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_806_eus-gaap--NatureOfOperations_zhlZq2xTxfD1" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
2. <span id="xdx_822_zf9ghOr10d9d">Business</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Research
Frontiers Incorporated (&#8220;Research Frontiers&#8221; or the &#8220;Company&#8221;) operates in a single business segment which is
engaged in the development and marketing of technology and devices to control the flow of light. Such devices, often referred to as &#8220;light
valves&#8221; or suspended particle devices (&#8220;SPDs&#8221;), use colloidal particles that are either incorporated within a liquid
suspension or a film, which is usually enclosed between two sheets of glass or plastic having transparent, electrically conductive coatings
on the facing surfaces thereof. At least one of the two sheets is transparent. SPD technology, made possible by a flexible light-control
film invented by Research Frontiers, allows the user to instantly and precisely control the shading of glass/plastic manually or automatically.
SPD technology has numerous product applications, including SPD-Smart&#8482; windows, sunshades, skylights and interior partitions for
homes and buildings; automotive windows, sunroofs, sun visors, sunshades, rear-view mirrors, instrument panels and navigation systems;
aircraft windows; museum display panels; eyewear products; and flat panel displays for electronic products. SPD-Smart light control film
is now being developed for, or used in, architectural, automotive, marine, aerospace and appliance applications.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company has primarily utilized its cash, cash equivalents, and investments generated from sales of our common stock, proceeds from the
exercise of options and warrants, and royalty fees collected to fund its research and development of SPD light valves, for marketing
initiatives, and for other working capital purposes. The Company&#8217;s working capital and capital requirements depend upon numerous
factors, including the results of research and development activities, competitive and technological developments, the timing and cost
of patent filings, and the development of new licensees and changes in the Company&#8217;s relationships with its existing licensees.
The degree of dependence of the Company&#8217;s working capital requirements on each of the foregoing factors cannot be quantified; increased
research and development activities and related costs would increase such requirements; the addition of new licensees may provide additional
working capital or working capital requirements; and changes in relationships with existing licensees would have a favorable or negative
impact depending upon the nature of such changes. We have incurred recurring losses since inception and expect to continue to incur losses
as a result of costs and expenses related to our research and continued development of our SPD technology and our corporate general and
administrative expenses. Our capital requirements and operations to date have been substantially funded through sales of our common stock,
exercise of options and warrants and royalty fees collected. As of September 30, 2025, we had working capital of approximately $<span id="xdx_90A_ecustom--WorkingCapital_iI_pn5n6_c20250930_zluwraJSlv14" title="Working capital">1.4</span> million,
cash and cash equivalents of approximately $<span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue_iI_pn5n6_c20250930_zPhZKX9tMge3" title="Cash and cash equivalents">1.1</span> million, shareholders&#8217; equity of approximately $<span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--StockholdersEquity_iI_pn5n6_c20250930_zvapNs83duVg" title="Shareholders equity">1.5</span> million and an accumulated
deficit of approximately $<span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit_iNI_pn5n6_di_c20250930_zvmVMWl4Wzn4" title="Accumulated deficit">126.9</span> million. Based on current operations, we expect to have sufficient working capital for at least 12 months
from the issuance of these financial statements.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>




<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
the event that we are unable to generate sufficient cash from our operating activities or raise additional funds, we may be required
to delay, reduce or severely curtail our operations or otherwise impede our on-going business efforts, which could have a material adverse
effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and long-term prospects. The Company may seek to obtain additional funding
through future equity issuances. There can be no assurance as to the availability or terms upon which such financing and capital might
be available. The eventual success of the Company and generation of positive cash flow will be dependent upon the commercialization of
products using the Company&#8217;s technology by the Company&#8217;s licensees and payments of continuing royalties on account thereof.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for the nature of an entity's business, major products or services, principal markets including location, and the relative importance of its operations in each business and the basis for the determination, including but not limited to, assets, revenues, or earnings. For an entity that has not commenced principal operations, disclosures about the risks and uncertainties related to the activities in which the entity is currently engaged and an understanding of what those activities are being directed toward.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 275<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482836/275-10-55-4<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 275<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482836/275-10-55-2<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 275<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482861/275-10-50-2<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Topic 275<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482861/275-10-50-1<br></p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Segment Information<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">9 Months Ended</th>
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<tr><th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2025</div></th></tr>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company operates as a single operating segment which is engaged in the development and marketing of technology and devices to control
the flow of light (as described in Note 2). The Company develops and licenses our patented suspended particle device (&#8220;SPD-Smart&#8221;)
light-control technology to other companies that manufacture and/or market the: (i) SPD-Smart chemical emulsion, (ii) light-control film
made from the chemical emulsion, (iii) the light-control panels made by laminating the film, (iv) electronics to power end-products incorporating
the film, or (v) lamination services for and the end-products themselves such as &#8220;smart&#8221; windows, skylights and sunroofs.
The Company currently has over 40 licensees that, in the aggregate, are licensed to primarily serve five major SPD-Smart application
areas (aerospace, architectural, automotive, marine and display products) in every country of the world. The Company derives revenue
from licensees in North America, Europe and Asia. The Company&#8217;s Chief Operating Decision Maker (&#8220;CODM&#8221;) reviews revenue
and consolidated net operating loss as a total and not by industry of licensees, and the royalty rates that we charge our licensees are
consistent when measuring the Company&#8217;s profitability and allocating resources across geographical location and by industry. The
Company does not have intra-entity sales or transfers. The Company&#8217;s long-lived assets consist of property and equipment and operating
lease right-of-use assets (&#8220;ROU&#8221;), all of which are located in the United States. During the nine-month periods ended September
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
CODM is the Company&#8217;s Chief Executive Officer and acting Chief Financial Officer. The CODM assesses performance for the single
operating segment and decides how to allocate resources based on consolidated net operating loss that is also reported on the Company&#8217;s
condensed consolidated statements of operations.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Consolidated
net operating loss is used by the Company&#8217;s CODM to monitor budget versus actual results; conducting this monitoring on at least
a quarterly basis as a part of the Company&#8217;s quarterly 10-Q and annual 10-K filing processes. Included in the review process is
a detailed review and discussion related to the Company&#8217;s Management&#8217;s Discussion and Analysis. In addition, meetings of
the Company&#8217;s Audit Committee are also held at least quarterly and those meetings include a review of consolidated operating results.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>




<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
following table illustrates the information about the Company&#8217;s single reportable segment, which the Company&#8217;s CODM regularly
evaluates in addition to the information already presented on the Company&#8217;s condensed consolidated statements of operations and
identifies expense items exceeding the Company&#8217;s significant expense thresholds described above:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"></p>

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<p id="xdx_8AF_zeqzZabjVd56" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for reporting segments including data and tables. Reportable segments include those that meet any of the following quantitative thresholds a) it's reported revenue, including sales to external customers and intersegment sales or transfers is 10 percent or more of the combined revenue, internal and external, of all operating segments b) the absolute amount of its reported profit or loss is 10 percent or more of the greater, in absolute amount of 1) the combined reported profit of all operating segments that did not report a loss or 2) the combined reported loss of all operating segments that did report a loss c) its assets are 10 percent or more of the combined assets of all operating segments.</p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Patent Costs<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">9 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2025</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_GoodwillAndIntangibleAssetsDisclosureAbstract', window );"><strong>Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IntangibleAssetsDisclosureTextBlock', window );">Patent Costs</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_809_eus-gaap--IntangibleAssetsDisclosureTextBlock_zUorzuR5tIxl" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
4. <span id="xdx_82F_zjPxb060TgNa">Patent Costs</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company expenses costs relating to the development, acquisition or enforcement of patents due to the uncertainty of the recoverability
of these items.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Revenue Recognition<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">9 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2025</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerAbstract', window );"><strong>Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerTextBlock', window );">Revenue Recognition</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_80D_eus-gaap--RevenueFromContractWithCustomerTextBlock_zCEIYUK05hO" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
5. <span id="xdx_824_zeeNyvmPyoS6">Revenue Recognition</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company recognizes revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (&#8220;ASC&#8221;) 606, <i>Revenue from Contracts with
Customers (Topic 606</i>). The standard provides a single comprehensive revenue recognition model for all contracts with customers and
supersedes existing revenue recognition guidance. The revenue standard contains principles that an entity will apply to determine the
measurement of revenue and timing of when it is recognized. The underlying principle is that an entity will recognize revenue to depict
the transfer of goods or services to customers at an amount that the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or
services.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ASC
606 follows a five-step approach to determining revenue recognition including: 1) Identification of the contract; 2) Identification of
the performance obligations; 3) Determination of the transaction price; 4) Allocation of the transaction price; and 5) Recognition of
revenue.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>




<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company determined that its license agreements provide for three performance obligations which include: (i) the Grant of Use to its Patent
Portfolio (&#8220;Grant of Use&#8221;), (ii) Stand-Ready Technical Support (&#8220;Technical Support&#8221;) including the transfer of
trade secrets and other know-how, production of materials, scale-up support, analytical testing, etc., and (iii) access to new Intellectual
Property (&#8220;IP&#8221;) that may be developed sometime during the course of the contract period (&#8220;New Improvements&#8221;).
Given the nature of IP development, such New Improvements are on an unspecified basis and can occur and be made available to licensees
at any time during the contract period.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">When
a contract includes more than one performance obligation, the Company needs to allocate the total consideration to each performance obligation
based on its relative standalone selling price or estimate the standalone selling price if it is not observable. A standalone selling
price is not available for our performance obligations since we do not sell any of the services separately and there is no competitor
pricing that is available. As a consequence, the best method for determining the standalone selling price of our Grant of Use performance
obligation is through a comparison of the average royalty rate for comparable license agreements as compared to our license agreements.
Comparable license agreements must consider several factors including: (i) the materials that are being licensed, (ii) the market application
for the licensed materials, and (iii) the financial terms in the license agreements that can increase or decrease the risk/reward nature
of the agreement.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Based
on the royalty rate comparison referred to above, any pricing above and beyond the average royalty rate would relate to the Technical
Support and New Improvements performance obligations. The Company focuses a significant portion of its time and resources to provide
the Technical Support and New Improvements services to its licensees which further supports the conclusions reached using the royalty
rate analysis.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations are co-terminus over the term of the license agreement. For purposes of
determining the transaction price, and recognizing revenue, the Company combined the Technical Support and New Improvements performance
obligations because they have the same pattern of transfer and the same term. We maintain a staff of scientists and other professionals
whose primary job responsibilities throughout the year are: (i) being available to respond to Technical Support needs of our licensees,
and (ii) developing improvements to our technology which are offered to our licensees as New Improvements. Since the costs incurred to
satisfy the Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations are incurred evenly throughout the year, the value of the
Technical Support and New Improvements services are recognized throughout the initial contract period as these performance obligations
are satisfied. If the agreement is not terminated at the end of the initial contract period, it will automatically renew on the same
terms as the initial contract for a one-year period. Consequently, any fees or minimum annual royalty obligations relating to this renewal
contract will be allocated similarly to the initial contract over the additional one-year period.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
recognize revenue when or as the performance obligations in the contract are satisfied. For performance obligations that are fulfilled
at a point in time, revenue is recognized at the fulfillment of the performance obligation. Since the IP is determined to be a functional
license, the value of the Grant of Use is recognized in the first period of the contract term in which the license agreement is in force.
The value of the Technical Support and New Improvements obligations is allocated throughout the contract period based on the satisfaction
of its performance obligations. If the agreement is not terminated at the end of the contract period, it will renew on the same terms
as the original agreement for a one-year period. Consequently, any fees or minimum annual royalties (&#8220;MAR&#8221;) relating to this
renewal contract will be allocated similarly over that additional year.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company&#8217;s license agreements have a variable royalty fee structure (meaning that royalties are a fixed percentage of sales that
vary from period to period) and frequently include a minimum annual royalty commitment. In instances when sales of licensed products
by its licensees exceed the MAR, the Company recognizes fee income as the amounts have been earned. Typically, the royalty rate for such
sales is <span id="xdx_901_ecustom--RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20250930__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--LicenseAgreementMember_z1eyrhKnoam6" title="Royalty rate on selling price">10</span>-<span id="xdx_902_ecustom--RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20250930__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--LicenseAgreementMember_zgexE9PV4oTe" title="Royalty rate on selling price">15</span>% of the selling price. While this is variable consideration, it is subject to the sales/usage royalty exception to recognition
of variable consideration in ASC 606 10-55-65 and therefore is not recognized until the subsequent sales or usage occurs or the MAR period
commences.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Because
of the immediate recognition of the Grant of Use performance obligation: (i) the first period of the contract term will generally have
a higher percent allocation of the transaction price under ASC 606, and (ii) the remaining periods in the year will have less of the
transaction price recognized under ASC 606. After the initial period in the contract term, the revenue for the remaining periods will
be based on the satisfaction of the Technical Support and New Improvements obligations.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>




<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of September 30, 2025, the Company had $<span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--UnbilledReceivablesCurrent_iI_c20250930_zd1o5dUfyH24" title="Unbilled receivables current">37,736</span> in unbilled revenue included in royalty receivables.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Certain
of the contract fees are accrued by, or paid to, the Company in advance of the period in which they are earned resulting in deferred
revenue (contract liabilities). Such excess amounts are recorded as deferred revenue and are recognized as revenue in future periods
as earned. Contract assets represent unbilled receivables and are presented within accounts receivable, net on the condensed consolidated
balance sheets.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company operates in a single business segment which is engaged in the development and marketing of technology and devices to control
the flow of light. Our revenue source comes from the licensing of this technology and all of these license agreements have similar terms
and provisions. The majority of the Company&#8217;s licensing fee income comes from the activities of several licensees participating
in the automotive market. The Company currently believes that the automotive market will be the largest source of its royalty income
over the next several years. The Company&#8217;s royalty income from this market may be influenced by numerous factors including various
trends affecting demand in the automotive industry and the rate of introduction of new technology in OEM product lines. In addition to
these macro factors, the Company&#8217;s royalty income from the automotive market could also be influenced by specific factors such
as whether the Company&#8217;s SPD-SmartGlass technology appears as standard equipment or as an option on a particular vehicle, the number
of additional vehicle models that SPD-SmartGlass appears on, the size of each window on a vehicle and the number of windows on a vehicle
that use SPD-SmartGlass, fluctuations in the total number of vehicles produced by a manufacturer, and in the percentage of cars within
each model produced with SPD-SmartGlass, and changes in pricing or exchange rates.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure of revenue from contract with customer to transfer good or service and to transfer nonfinancial asset. Includes, but is not limited to, disaggregation of revenue, credit loss recognized from contract with customer, judgment and change in judgment related to contract with customer, and asset recognized from cost incurred to obtain or fulfill contract with customer. Excludes insurance and lease contracts.</p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Fee Income<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">9 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2025</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_DisclosureFeeIncomeAbstract', window );"><strong>Fee Income</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock', window );">Fee Income</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_801_ecustom--FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock_z5z8YLnvUAtf" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
6. <span id="xdx_820_zW4d0CLeu5W5">Fee Income</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Fee
income represents amounts earned by the Company under various license and other agreements relating to technology developed by the Company.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the first nine months of 2025, five licensees accounted for 10% or more of fee income of the Company; these licensees accounted for approximately
<span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20250930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeOneMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_ziBhukWSFEd8" title="Concentration risk percentage">23</span>%, <span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20250930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeTwoMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zcQ0MhVPHyuk" title="Concentration risk percentage">22</span>%, <span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20250930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeThreeMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zLiw2je9yyUl" title="Concentration risk percentage">21</span>%, <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20250930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeFourMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zwVpkgL5LMLd" title="Concentration risk percentage">18</span>% and <span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20250930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeFiveMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zw5Ew6r5oxRg" title="Concentration risk percentage">11</span>% of fee income recognized during such period. During the first nine months of 2024, four licensees accounted
for 10% or more of fee income of the Company; these licensees accounted for approximately <span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20240930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeOneMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zmPkyjSV3iMh" title="Concentration risk percentage">32</span>%, <span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20240930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeTwoMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_z4BGeIttCF4c" title="Concentration risk percentage">31</span>%, <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20240930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeThreeMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zCZVskhoRe24" title="Concentration risk percentage">10</span>% and <span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20240930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeFourMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zYwTIo9H2n27" title="Concentration risk percentage">10</span>% of fee income recognized
during such period.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the three months ended September 30, 2025, two licensees accounted for 10% or more of fee income of the Company; these licensees accounted
for approximately  <span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250701__20250930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeOneMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zZOQXs5w03r9" title="Concentration risk percentage">61</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">%
and </span><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250701__20250930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeTwoMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zZouaV7DAav1" style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">27</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">%
of fee income recognized during such period. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, two licensees accounted for 10% or more
of fee income of the Company; these licensees accounted for approximately </span><span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240701__20240930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeOneMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zhcqeADT5fx5" style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">35</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">%
and </span><span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240701__20240930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeTwoMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zUINBOCz5xQ9" style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">33</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">%
of fee income recognized during such period.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the quarter ended September 30, 2025, the Company was notified that one two of its significant European licensees and an affiliate
had filed for bankruptcy. These licensees accounted for approximately <span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20250930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zkcZFIq8Zrw3" title="Concentration risk percentage">44</span>%
and <span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250701__20250930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zw91yehfCPlj" title="Concentration risk percentage">0</span>%
of the Company&#8217;s revenue during the nine and three months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. No revenue was recognized
from these licensees during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. There is no outstanding accounts receivable from
these licensees as of September 30, 2025.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Income Taxes<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">9 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2025</div></th></tr>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock', window );">Income Taxes</a></td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Since
inception, the Company has incurred losses from operations and as a result has not recorded income tax expense. Benefits related to net
operating loss carryforwards and other deferred tax items have been fully reserved since it was more likely than not that the Company
would not achieve profitable operations and be able to utilize the benefit of the net operating loss carryforwards.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>




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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for income tax.</p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Basic and Diluted Loss Per Common Share<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">9 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2025</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EarningsPerShareAbstract', window );"><strong>Earnings Per Share [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EarningsPerShareTextBlock', window );">Basic and Diluted Loss Per Common Share</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_809_eus-gaap--EarningsPerShareTextBlock_zG9kq0w5QvY7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
8. <span id="xdx_821_zj3LhVIoTMn5">Basic and Diluted Loss Per Common Share</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Basic
net loss per share excludes any dilution. It is based upon the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period.
Dilutive net loss per share reflects the potential dilution that would occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were
exercised or converted into common stock. The Company&#8217;s dilutive loss per share equals basic loss per share for the periods ended
September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, because all common stock equivalents (i.e<i>., </i>options and warrants) were antidilutive
in those periods. The number of options and warrants that were not included (because their effect is antidilutive) were <span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20250101__20250930__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zUfu7juK6XUe" title="Antidilutive securities">2,911,923</span> and
<span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20240101__20240930__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zmjzhKYAKmqa" title="Antidilutive securities">2,706,872</span> for the periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for earnings per share.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 260<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482662/260-10-50-1<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 260<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/260/tableOfContent<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 260<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482662/260-10-50-2<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 260<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482662/260-10-50-3<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Equity<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">9 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2025</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EquityAbstract', window );"><strong>Equity [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
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<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock', window );">Equity</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_802_eus-gaap--StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock_zi7NkkiPInYk" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
9. <span id="xdx_822_zFbvvDSNrLxj">Equity</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company received proceeds of $<span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised_c20240101__20240930__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--CommonStockMember_z76JL24xewz9" title="Proceeds from stock options exercised">8,670</span> in connection with the exercise of options covering
<span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues_c20240101__20240930__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--CommonStockMember_zHPMOJRqKfh4" title="Number of shares issued">8,500</span> shares of common stock. <span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised_do_c20250101__20250930__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--CommonStockMember_z5Ya3HB3GcPi" title="Proceeds from stock options exercised">No</span> options or warrants were exercised during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">On
September 16, 2022, the Company entered into subscription agreements from a group of private accredited investors to sell them <span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--SaleOfStockNumberOfSharesIssuedInTransaction_pn5n6_c20220914__20220916__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--SubscriptionAgreementMember_ztEcXa04bdO7" title="Number of shares sold">2.0</span> million
shares of common stock of the Company at a price of $<span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--SaleOfStockPricePerShare_iI_c20220916__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--SubscriptionAgreementMember_zUHX9z5Jwqli" title="Shares issued price per share">2.30</span> per share (which represented the closing market price of the Company&#8217;s
common stock on September 14, 2022 which was the date that the transaction was agreed to). As of December 31, 2022, the Company received
$<span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromIssuanceOrSaleOfEquity_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--SubscriptionAgreementMember_z1nICIhZE8T1" title="Proceeds from issuance or sale of equity">3,450,000</span> under these subscription agreements and issued <span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--SubscriptionAgreementMember__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--CommonStockMember_zvnAfhKuWbQ9" title="Number of shares issued">1,500,000</span> common shares and issued <span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByWarrantsOrRights_iI_c20221231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--SubscriptionAgreementMember__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_znGoniK3Nqqg" title="Number of warrants issued">1,500,000</span> warrants. During 2024, the Company
received $<span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromIssuanceOrSaleOfEquity_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--SubscriptionAgreementMember_zY0D0kwsvzNg" title="Proceeds from issuance or sale of equity">300,000</span> and issued <span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--SubscriptionAgreementMember__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--CommonStockMember_zEKuKQNxSwC3" title="Number of shares issued">130,434</span> shares and <span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByWarrantsOrRights_iI_c20241231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--SubscriptionAgreementMember__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zxsmDUJ5gg18" title="Number of warrants issued">130,434</span> warrants in connection with a remaining outstanding commitment under these subscription
agreements. The Company has an outstanding commitment from a potential investor for the remaining $<span id="xdx_901_ecustom--ProceedsFromExpectsToReceiveRemainingAmount_c20250101__20250930__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--SubscriptionAgreementMember_zthWOR6476V5" title="Proceeds from expects to receive the remaining amount">850,000</span> under these subscription agreements.
The Company did not sell any equity securities during the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
shares were issued to the investors in a private placement and, along with the shares issued in connection with the exercise of any warrants
in the future, are not registered and therefore currently subject to at least a six-month holding period by the investor.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">In
December 2024, the Board of Directors approved <span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares_c20241201__20241231__us-gaap--PlanNameAxis__custom--TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember_zKxn1308Q9Nb" title="Number of options vested">138,501</span> stock options under the Company&#8217;s 2019 Equity Incentive Plan which were
granted upon shareholder approval at the annual meeting of shareholders held in June 2025. These options became fully vested upon grant
and the Company recorded share-based compensation of $<span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensation_c20250101__20250930_z1sKVxMFaqt6" title="Share based compensation">175,204</span> during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. No options were granted
during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_896_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock_zz0YBnx97tX8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company valued this grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted average assumptions:<br/>
&#160;<span id="xdx_8B1_zcJzK9Qbsxwh" style="display: none">Schedule of Weighted Average Assumptions Used to Value Options Granted to Employees</span></span></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 80%; margin-left: 0.25in">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td>&#160;</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center">2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td>&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="width: 80%; text-align: left">Fair value on grant date</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 16%; text-align: right"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_c20250101__20250930_zcasMZqM2vIa" title="Fair value on grant date">1.265</span></td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: left">Expected dividend yield</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate_c20250101__20250930_z7Rc03yi6D93" title="Expected dividend yield"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0597">-</span></span></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: left">Expected volatility</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20250930_zq6OsnxdVzs3" title="Expected volatility">76</span></td><td style="text-align: left">%</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left">Risk free interest rate</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate_dp_uPure_c20250101__20250930_zyLmj6s6FlTl" title="Risk free interest rate">3.97</span></td><td style="text-align: left">%</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">Expected term of the option</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1_dtY_c20250101__20250930_z8JdaNeHd3V4" title="Expected term of the option">5</span> years</span></td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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<p id="xdx_8AC_zilxIuyenI96" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">As
of September 30, 2025, there were <span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding_iI_c20250930_zm1lZkoQwlh8" title="Warrants outstanding">1,630,434</span> warrants and <span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iI_c20250930_zcC7qVaS03Ii" title="Options outstanding">1,281,489</span> options outstanding.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<span></span>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for equity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 815<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 8A<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480434/815-10-50-8A<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 13<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-13<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 13<br> -Subparagraph (h)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-13<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 505<br> 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<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Leases<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">9 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2025</div></th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_DisclosureLeasesAbstract', window );"><strong>Leases</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeasesTextBlock', window );">Leases</a></td>
<td class="text"><p id="xdx_80B_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeasesTextBlock_ztBzBhg1vCy3" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Note
10. <span id="xdx_827_zGjBYRaNK8e3">Leases</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at its inception. This determination generally depends on whether the arrangement conveys
the right to control the use of an identified fixed asset explicitly or implicitly for a period of time in exchange for consideration.
Control of an underlying asset is conveyed if the Company obtains the rights to direct the use of, and to obtain substantially all of
the economic benefits from the use of, the underlying asset. Lease expense for variable leases and short-term leases is recognized when
the obligation is incurred.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company has an operating lease for its facility, which was amended and extended in 2024, with a remaining lease term of <span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1_iI_dtY_c20250930_z7EGumJrQMLj" title="Weighted average remaining lease term">6.3</span> years (including
renewal options) as of September 30, 2025. As of September 30, 2024, the weighted average remaining lease term was <span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1_iI_dtY_c20240930_zdayPGAn8VN5" title="Weighted average remaining lease term">0.5</span> years. The initial
term of the lease expires on <span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--LeaseExpirationDate1_dd_c20250101__20250930_zl94jErnAaJc" title="Lease expiration date">December 31, 2027</span> with renewal options that potentially extend expiration through December 31, 2031. Operating
leases are included in Operating lease ROU assets, other current liabilities and long-term lease liabilities on the condensed consolidated
balance sheets. Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized at each lease&#8217;s commencement date based
on the present value of its lease payments over its respective lease term. The Company does not have an established incremental borrowing
rate as it does not have any debt. The Company uses the stated borrowing rate for a lease when readily determinable. When the interest
rate implicit in its lease agreements is not readily determinable, the Company uses an interest rate based on the marketplace for public
debt. The incremental borrowing rate associated with the operating lease as of September 30, 2025 and 2024 is <span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20250930_ztv3PoBflfdd" title="Weighted average discount rate of operating leases">7.0</span>% and <span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20240930_zaVmhCiQkIVi" title="Weighted average discount rate of operating leases">5.5</span>%, respectively.
Cash rent paid for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 was $<span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--PaymentsForRent_c20250101__20250930_z3ekBSEleXP7" title="Payments for rent">163,000</span> and $<span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--PaymentsForRent_c20240101__20240930_zPwVur3qZNCe" title="Payments for rent">174,000</span>, respectively.</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>




<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p id="xdx_890_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock_zB6Koihgdk9j" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Maturities
of operating lease liabilities as of September 30, 2025 were as follows:</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><span id="xdx_8BC_z9tKBUK9ZWab" style="display: none">Schedule
of Maturities of Operating Lease Liabilities</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"></p>

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  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td>&#160;</td><td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" id="xdx_495_20250930_zC9nBImazpQj" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">September 30, 2025</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsRemainderOfFiscalYear_iI_maLOLLPzjUb_zTigNFrohkjf" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="width: 80%">Year 1</td><td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</td><td style="width: 16%; text-align: right">222,000</td><td style="width: 1%; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40B_ecustom--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzjUb_zwOQbOcPP7q2" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td>Years 2-3</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">461,000</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40F_ecustom--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzjUb_zVyzW5P04xa2" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td>Years 4-5</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">492,000</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40B_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzjUb_zGAZLZp3ohe4" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">Thereafter</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">322,000</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue_iTI_pp0p0_mtLOLLPzjUb_zpJwwjiSgto4" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">Total lease payments</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">1,497,000</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40A_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount_iNI_pp0p0_di_zMAqzZ7jNww7" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt">Less: Imputed lease interest</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(297,386</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiability_iI_pp0p0_zmy1nUSUALU5" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td>Present value of lease liabilities</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">1,199,614</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent_iNI_pp0p0_di_zQtX3tc7RN08" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt">Less: Current portion of operating lease liability</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(141,894</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr>
  <tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent_iI_pp0p0_zZw9jgxHuNM2" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Operating lease liability, net of current portion</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">$</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">1,057,720</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">&#160;</td></tr>
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<p id="xdx_8AE_zBB1OPXcQF35" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for operating leases of lessee. Includes, but is not limited to, description of operating lease and maturity analysis of operating lease liability.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/842-20/tableOfContent<br></p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Related Party<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">9 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2025</div></th></tr>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionsDisclosureTextBlock', window );">Related Party</a></td>
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11. <span id="xdx_824_zInSVnidAh3k">Related Party</span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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June 4, 2023, the Chairman and CEO of Gauzy, Ltd., one of the Company&#8217;s licensees, joined the Board of the Company. Gauzy&#8217;s
license agreement has been in effect since September 17, 2017 and provides for minimum annual royalties and earned royalties relating
to sales of SPD-SmartGlass architectural window products. Because the Company collects a <span id="xdx_90A_ecustom--RoyaltyPercentage_iI_dp_uPure_c20230604__dei--LegalEntityAxis__custom--GauzyLtdMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember_zUy4rvt7m004" title="Royalty percentage">10</span>-<span id="xdx_906_ecustom--RoyaltyPercentage_iI_dp_uPure_c20230604__dei--LegalEntityAxis__custom--GauzyLtdMember__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember_z3baKdIZfxil" title="Royalty percentage">15</span>% royalty from the higher-priced end product
sales by Gauzy&#8217;s customers purchasing their SPD-Smart light control film, under its license agreement with Gauzy, the Company does
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licensee Vision Systems, Inc. is a <span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--MinorityInterestOwnershipPercentageByParent_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20250930__srt--OwnershipAxis__custom--GauzyLtdMember_zREZB0RVbKDl" title="Subsidiary, ownership percentage">100</span>% owned subsidiary of Gauzy, Ltd. For the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024,
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three-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, fee income related to Gauzy and Vision Systems represented <span id="xdx_906_ecustom--FeeIncomePercentage_pid_dp_uPure_c20250701__20250930__dei--LegalEntityAxis__custom--GauzyAndVisionSystemsMember_zPbv7dFoUf36" title="Total fee income percentage">10</span>% and <span id="xdx_90C_ecustom--FeeIncomePercentage_pid_dp_uPure_c20240701__20240930__dei--LegalEntityAxis__custom--GauzyAndVisionSystemsMember_zuLwet55Bryb" title="Total fee income percentage">10</span>%, respectively,
of the Company&#8217;s total fee income. In addition, as of September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company&#8217;s accounts receivable from
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The entire disclosure for related party transactions. Examples of related party transactions include transactions between (a) a parent company and its subsidiary; (b) subsidiaries of a common parent; (c) and entity and its principal owners; and (d) affiliates.</p></div>
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<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Other Income<br></strong></div></th>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 610<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/610/tableOfContent<br></p></div>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: right">&#160;</td><td style="text-align: left">&#160;</td><td>&#160;</td>
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  </table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Equity (Tables)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">9 Months Ended</th>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Tabular disclosure of the significant assumptions used during the year to estimate the fair value of stock options, including, but not limited to: (a) expected term of share options and similar instruments, (b) expected volatility of the entity's shares, (c) expected dividends, (d) risk-free rate(s), and (e) discount for post-vesting restrictions.</p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Leases (Tables)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">9 Months Ended</th>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_DisclosureLeasesAbstract', window );"><strong>Leases</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock', window );">Schedule of Maturities of Operating Lease Liabilities</a></td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</span></p>

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  <tr id="xdx_40B_ecustom--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzjUb_zwOQbOcPP7q2" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr id="xdx_40F_ecustom--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzjUb_zVyzW5P04xa2" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
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  <tr id="xdx_40B_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzjUb_zGAZLZp3ohe4" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
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  <tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue_iTI_pp0p0_mtLOLLPzjUb_zpJwwjiSgto4" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <td style="text-align: left">Total lease payments</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(297,386</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr>
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    <td>Present value of lease liabilities</td><td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt">Less: Current portion of operating lease liability</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&#160;</td><td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">(141,894</td><td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">)</td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Operating lease liability, net of current portion</td><td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&#160;</td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Tabular disclosure of undiscounted cash flows of lessee's operating lease liability. Includes, but is not limited to, reconciliation of undiscounted cash flows to operating lease liability recognized in statement of financial position.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147478964/842-20-50-6<br></p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Business (Details Narrative) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2025</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2025</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2024</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2024</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 30, 2024</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2023</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OrganizationConsolidationAndPresentationOfFinancialStatementsAbstract', window );"><strong>Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_WorkingCapital', window );">Working capital</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,400,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue', window );">Cash and cash equivalents</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,130,390<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,994,186<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
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<tr class="ro">
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<td class="nump">1,499,518<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,798,026<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2,604,335<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 2,822,959<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 2,989,775<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 3,517,731<span></span>
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<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit', window );">Accumulated deficit</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 126,856,244<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 125,576,223<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Working capital.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash and cash equivalent. Cash includes, but is not limited to, currency on hand, demand deposit with financial institution, and account with general characteristic of demand deposit. Cash equivalent includes, but is not limited to, short-term, highly liquid investment that is both readily convertible to known amount of cash and so near maturity that it presents insignificant risk of change in value because of change in interest rate.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(1))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480566/210-10-S99-1<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147483467/210-10-45-1<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Topic 230<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482740/230-10-45-4<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of accumulated undistributed earnings (deficit).</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of equity (deficit) attributable to parent. Excludes temporary equity and equity attributable to noncontrolling interest.</p></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Schedule of Segment Information Related to Statement of Operations (Details) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">3 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">9 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2025</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2024</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2025</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2024</div></th>
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</td>
<td class="nump">$ 354,408<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,049,125<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,157,380<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingExpensesAbstract', window );"><strong>Operating Expenses:</strong></a></td>
<td class="th" style="border-bottom: 0px;"><sup></sup></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation', window );">Employee compensation</a></td>
<td class="th" style="border-bottom: 0px;"><sup></sup></td>
<td class="nump">235,785<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">230,896<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">834,855<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">746,582<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProfessionalFees', window );">Professional fees</a></td>
<td class="th" style="border-bottom: 0px;"><sup></sup></td>
<td class="nump">52,382<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">37,500<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">185,039<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">151,614<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_NoninterestExpenseDirectorsFees', window );">Directors fees and expenses</a></td>
<td class="th" style="border-bottom: 0px;"><sup></sup></td>
<td class="nump">148<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">227,254<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">121,306<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_MarketingExpense', window );">Marketing and investor relations</a></td>
<td class="th" style="border-bottom: 0px;"><sup></sup></td>
<td class="nump">109,201<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">27,946<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">187,467<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">125,187<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_InsuranceExpense', window );">Insurance</a></td>
<td class="th" style="border-bottom: 0px;"><sup>[1]</sup></td>
<td class="nump">39,535<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">46,151<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">131,079<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">144,534<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OccupancyNet', window );">Occupancy costs</a></td>
<td class="th" style="border-bottom: 0px;"><sup></sup></td>
<td class="nump">21,097<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">13,306<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">63,229<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">43,457<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_CreditLossExpense', window );">Credit loss expense</a></td>
<td class="th" style="border-bottom: 0px;"><sup></sup></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">25,001<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">124,253<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">25,001<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_PatentCosts', window );">Patent costs</a></td>
<td class="th" style="border-bottom: 0px;"><sup></sup></td>
<td class="nump">31,826<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">20,339<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">58,944<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">54,535<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_FloorBrokerageExchangeAndClearanceFees', window );">Stock listing fees</a></td>
<td class="th" style="border-bottom: 0px;"><sup></sup></td>
<td class="nump">17,500<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">16,375<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">52,500<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">49,125<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LegalFees', window );">Legal fees</a></td>
<td class="th" style="border-bottom: 0px;"><sup></sup></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">5,087<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,070<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">33,062<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_DepreciationDepletionAndAmortization', window );">Depreciation and amortization</a></td>
<td class="th" style="border-bottom: 0px;"><sup></sup></td>
<td class="nump">2,879<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">3,789<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">8,603<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">11,211<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OtherCostAndExpenseOperating', window );">Other operating expenses</a></td>
<td class="th" style="border-bottom: 0px;"><sup>[2]</sup></td>
<td class="nump">11,289<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">28,476<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">59,748<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">59,538<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingCostsAndExpenses', window );">Operating expenses</a></td>
<td class="th" style="border-bottom: 0px;"><sup></sup></td>
<td class="nump">521,642<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">454,866<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,934,041<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,565,152<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseAbstract', window );"><strong>Research and Development Expenses</strong></a></td>
<td class="th" style="border-bottom: 0px;"><sup></sup></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseEmployeeCompensation', window );">Employee compensation</a></td>
<td class="th" style="border-bottom: 0px;"><sup></sup></td>
<td class="nump">35,100<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">35,511<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">125,743<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">115,561<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseInsurance', window );">Insurance</a></td>
<td class="th" style="border-bottom: 0px;"><sup>[1]</sup></td>
<td class="nump">38,668<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">45,174<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">128,302<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">140,973<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseOccupancyCosts', window );">Occupancy costs</a></td>
<td class="th" style="border-bottom: 0px;"><sup></sup></td>
<td class="nump">64,578<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">43,437<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">192,374<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">133,883<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseDepreciationAndAmortization', window );">Depreciation and amortization</a></td>
<td class="th" style="border-bottom: 0px;"><sup></sup></td>
<td class="nump">233<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2,841<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">676<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">8,371<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseExcludingAcquiredInProcessCost', window );">Other research and development costs</a></td>
<td class="th" style="border-bottom: 0px;"><sup></sup></td>
<td class="nump">3,167<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">4,283<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">26,614<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">11,029<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="reu">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense', window );">Research and development expenses</a></td>
<td class="th" style="border-bottom: 0px;"><sup></sup></td>
<td class="nump">141,746<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">131,246<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">473,709<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">409,817<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss', window );">Operating loss</a></td>
<td class="th" style="border-bottom: 0px;"><sup></sup></td>
<td class="num">$ (303,944)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (231,704)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (1,358,625)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (817,589)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="5"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5"><table class="outerFootnotes" width="100%">
<tr class="outerFootnote">
<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 12pt;" valign="top">[1]</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;" valign="top">Insurance
    includes all coverage including property, liability, directors&#8217; and officers&#8217; and employees&#8217; medical.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="outerFootnote">
<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 12pt;" valign="top">[2]</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;" valign="top">Other
    operating expenses and other research and development expenses consist principally of miscellaneous expenses, each of which is under
    the Company&#8217;s threshold to be separately presented as a significant expense.</td>
</tr>
</table></td></tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_CreditLossExpense">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Credit loss expense.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_CreditLossExpense</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_InsuranceExpense">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The amount of expense in the period for insurance.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_InsuranceExpense</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_PatentCosts">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The amount of expense in the period for patent costs.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_PatentCosts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseDepreciationAndAmortization">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of expense for research and development depreciation and amortization.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseDepreciationAndAmortization</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseEmployeeCompensation">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of expense for research and development employee compensation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseEmployeeCompensation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseInsurance">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of expense for research and development insurance.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseInsurance</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseOccupancyCosts">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of expense for research and development occupancy costs.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseOccupancyCosts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_DepreciationDepletionAndAmortization">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The aggregate expense recognized in the current period that allocates the cost of tangible assets, intangible assets, or depleting assets to periods that benefit from use of the assets.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Topic 230<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482740/230-10-45-28<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 12<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147476148/220-40-50-12<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 48<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482785/280-10-55-48<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 49<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482785/280-10-55-49<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 270<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (i)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482964/270-10-50-1<br><br>Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (ee)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-32<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 22<br> -Subparagraph (e)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-22<br><br>Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -Subparagraph (e)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147476148/220-40-50-6<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_DepreciationDepletionAndAmortization</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of expense for employee benefit and equity-based compensation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03(2))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147483621/220-10-S99-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_FloorBrokerageExchangeAndClearanceFees">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The amount of expense during the period for floor brokerage fees paid to other broker-dealers to execute trades on their behalf, stock exchange fees, order flow fees, and clearance fees.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 940<br> -SubTopic 320<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479035/940-320-45-6<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_FloorBrokerageExchangeAndClearanceFees</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_LegalFees">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The amount of expense provided in the period for legal costs incurred on or before the balance sheet date pertaining to resolved, pending or threatened litigation, including arbitration and mediation proceedings.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (k)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479105/946-220-45-3<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.6-07(2)(b))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479134/946-220-S99-1<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03(6))<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Topic 220<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147483621/220-10-S99-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LegalFees</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_MarketingExpense">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Expenditures for planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services. Costs of public relations and corporate promotions are typically considered to be marketing costs.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03(4))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147483621/220-10-S99-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_MarketingExpense</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_NoninterestExpenseDirectorsFees">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of expense for service provided by entity's director.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-04(14))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147478524/942-220-S99-1<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.6-07(2)(b))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479134/946-220-S99-1<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (l)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479105/946-220-45-3<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_NoninterestExpenseDirectorsFees</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OccupancyNet">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of net occupancy expense that may include items, such as depreciation of facilities and equipment, lease expenses, property taxes and property and casualty insurance expense.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03(6))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147483621/220-10-S99-2<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.9-04(14)(b))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147478524/942-220-S99-1<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/otherTransitionRef<br> -Topic 840<br> -SubTopic 30<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481161/840-30-50-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OccupancyNet</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingCostsAndExpenses">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Generally recurring costs associated with normal operations except for the portion of these expenses which can be clearly related to production and included in cost of sales or services. Excludes Selling, General and Administrative Expense.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingCostsAndExpenses</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingExpensesAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingExpensesAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The net result for the period of deducting operating expenses from operating revenues.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147476153/220-40-55-4<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 14<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147476153/220-40-55-14<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 22<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-22<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (f)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-32<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 30<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-30<br><br>Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 270<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (i)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482964/270-10-50-1<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (ee)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-32<br><br>Reference 8: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/otherTransitionRef<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 32<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-32<br><br>Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 31<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-31<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingIncomeLoss</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OtherCostAndExpenseOperating">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The total amount of other operating cost and expense items that are associated with the entity's normal revenue producing operation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 48<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482785/280-10-55-48<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03(3))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147483621/220-10-S99-2<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 944<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.7-04(7)(b))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147477250/944-220-S99-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OtherCostAndExpenseOperating</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A fee charged for services from professionals such as doctors, lawyers and accountants. The term is often expanded to include other professions, for example, pharmacists charging to maintain a medicinal profile of a client or customer.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 830<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 10<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479168/946-830-55-10<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 40<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 21<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147476153/220-40-55-21<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 48<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482785/280-10-55-48<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (k)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479105/946-220-45-3<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.6-07(2)(b))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479134/946-220-S99-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ProfessionalFees</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
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<td>duration</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of expense for research and development. Includes, but is not limited to, cost for computer software product to be sold, leased, or otherwise marketed and writeoff of research and development assets acquired in transaction other than business combination or joint venture formation or both. Excludes write-down of intangible asset acquired in business combination or from joint venture formation or both, used in research and development activity.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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</div></td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseAbstract</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseExcludingAcquiredInProcessCost">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of expense for research and development. Excludes cost for computer software product to be sold, leased, or otherwise marketed, writeoff of research and development assets acquired in transaction other than business combination or joint venture formation or both, and write-down of intangible asset acquired in business combination or from joint venture formation or both, used in research and development activity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 730<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482916/730-10-50-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseExcludingAcquiredInProcessCost</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount, excluding tax collected from customer, of revenue from satisfaction of performance obligation by transferring promised good or service to customer. Tax collected from customer is tax assessed by governmental authority that is both imposed on and concurrent with specific revenue-producing transaction, including, but not limited to, sales, use, value added and excise.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax</td>
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<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<td>duration</td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Segment Information (Details Narrative)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">9 Months Ended</th>
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<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2025</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2024</div></th>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Percentage of revenue.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_PercentageOfRevenue</td>
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_RevenuesFromExternalCustomersAndLongLivedAssetsLineItems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_StatementGeographicalAxis=us-gaap_NonUsMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_StatementGeographicalAxis=us-gaap_NonUsMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>34
<FILENAME>R25.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
							function toggleNextSibling (e) {
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							e.nextSibling.style.display='block';
							} else { e.nextSibling.style.display='none'; }
							}</script>
</head>
<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Revenue Recognition (Details Narrative)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">9 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th">
<div>Sep. 30, 2025 </div>
<div>USD ($)</div>
</th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_UnbilledReceivablesCurrent', window );">Unbilled receivables current</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 37,736<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_RangeAxis=srt_MinimumMember', window );">Minimum [Member] | Revenue Benchmark [Member] | License Agreement [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice', window );">Royalty rate on selling price</a></td>
<td class="nump">10.00%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_RangeAxis=srt_MaximumMember', window );">Maximum [Member] | Revenue Benchmark [Member] | License Agreement [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice', window );">Royalty rate on selling price</a></td>
<td class="nump">15.00%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Royalty rate on selling price.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_UnbilledReceivablesCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount received for services rendered and products shipped, but not yet billed, for non-contractual agreements due within one year or the normal operating cycle, if longer.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_UnbilledReceivablesCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_RangeAxis=srt_MinimumMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_RangeAxis=srt_MinimumMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis=us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis=us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis=REFR_LicenseAgreementMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis=REFR_LicenseAgreementMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_RangeAxis=srt_MaximumMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_RangeAxis=srt_MaximumMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>35
<FILENAME>R26.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
							function toggleNextSibling (e) {
							if (e.nextSibling.style.display=='none') {
							e.nextSibling.style.display='block';
							} else { e.nextSibling.style.display='none'; }
							}</script>
</head>
<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Fee Income (Details Narrative) - Revenue Benchmark [Member] - Customer Concentration Risk [Member]<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">3 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">9 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2025</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2024</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2025</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2024</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_ProductOrServiceAxis=REFR_LicenseeOneMember', window );">Licensee One [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems', window );"><strong>Product Information [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1', window );">Concentration risk percentage</a></td>
<td class="nump">61.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">35.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">23.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">32.00%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_ProductOrServiceAxis=REFR_LicenseeTwoMember', window );">License Two [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems', window );"><strong>Product Information [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1', window );">Concentration risk percentage</a></td>
<td class="nump">27.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">33.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">22.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">31.00%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_ProductOrServiceAxis=REFR_LicenseeThreeMember', window );">License Three [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems', window );"><strong>Product Information [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1', window );">Concentration risk percentage</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">21.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">10.00%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_ProductOrServiceAxis=REFR_LicenseeFourMember', window );">Licensee Four [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems', window );"><strong>Product Information [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1', window );">Concentration risk percentage</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">18.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">10.00%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_ProductOrServiceAxis=REFR_LicenseeFiveMember', window );">Licensee Five [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems', window );"><strong>Product Information [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1', window );">Concentration risk percentage</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">11.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_ProductOrServiceAxis=REFR_LicenseeMember', window );">Licensee [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems', window );"><strong>Product Information [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1', window );">Concentration risk percentage</a></td>
<td class="nump">0.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">44.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For an entity that discloses a concentration risk in relation to quantitative amount, which serves as the "benchmark" (or denominator) in the equation, this concept represents the concentration percentage derived from the division.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 280<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 42<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-42<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 275<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 18<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482861/275-10-50-18<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 275<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 18<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482861/275-10-50-18<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 275<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 20<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482861/275-10-50-20<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 275<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 18<br> -Subparagraph (d)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482861/275-10-50-18<br><br>Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 275<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 18<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482861/275-10-50-18<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 275<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 18<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482861/275-10-50-18<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskPercentage1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ProductInformationLineItems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_ProductOrServiceAxis=REFR_LicenseeOneMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_ProductOrServiceAxis=REFR_LicenseeOneMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis=us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis=us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis=us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis=us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_ProductOrServiceAxis=REFR_LicenseeTwoMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_ProductOrServiceAxis=REFR_LicenseeTwoMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_ProductOrServiceAxis=REFR_LicenseeThreeMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_ProductOrServiceAxis=REFR_LicenseeThreeMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_ProductOrServiceAxis=REFR_LicenseeFourMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_ProductOrServiceAxis=REFR_LicenseeFourMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_ProductOrServiceAxis=REFR_LicenseeFiveMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_ProductOrServiceAxis=REFR_LicenseeFiveMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_ProductOrServiceAxis=REFR_LicenseeMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_ProductOrServiceAxis=REFR_LicenseeMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
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<SEQUENCE>36
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<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Basic and Diluted Loss Per Common Share (Details Narrative) - shares<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">9 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2025</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2024</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis=REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember', window );">Options and Warrants [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareLineItems', window );"><strong>Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount', window );">Antidilutive securities</a></td>
<td class="nump">2,911,923<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">2,706,872<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Securities (including those issuable pursuant to contingent stock agreements) that could potentially dilute basic earnings per share (EPS) or earnings per unit (EPU) in the future that were not included in the computation of diluted EPS or EPU because to do so would increase EPS or EPU amounts or decrease loss per share or unit amounts for the period presented.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 260<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482662/260-10-50-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 260<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482662/260-10-50-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareLineItems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis=REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis=REFR_OptionsAndWarrantsMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>37
<FILENAME>R28.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Schedule of Weighted Average Assumptions Used to Value Options Granted to Employees (Details)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">9 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr><th class="th">
<div>Sep. 30, 2025 </div>
<div>$ / shares</div>
</th></tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_EquityAbstract', window );"><strong>Equity [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue', window );">Fair value on grant date</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 1.265<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate', window );">Expected dividend yield</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate', window );">Expected volatility</a></td>
<td class="nump">76.00%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate', window );">Risk free interest rate</a></td>
<td class="nump">3.97%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1', window );">Expected term of the option</a></td>
<td class="text">5 years<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_EquityAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_EquityAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The estimated dividend rate (a percentage of the share price) to be paid (expected dividends) to holders of the underlying shares over the option's term.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (f)(2)(iii)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480429/718-10-50-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The estimated measure of the percentage by which a share price is expected to fluctuate during a period. Volatility also may be defined as a probability-weighted measure of the dispersion of returns about the mean. The volatility of a share price is the standard deviation of the continuously compounded rates of return on the share over a specified period. That is the same as the standard deviation of the differences in the natural logarithms of the stock prices plus dividends, if any, over the period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (f)(2)(ii)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480429/718-10-50-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The risk-free interest rate assumption that is used in valuing an option on its own shares.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (f)(2)(iv)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480429/718-10-50-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The weighted average grant-date fair value of options granted during the reporting period as calculated by applying the disclosed option pricing methodology.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (d)(1)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480429/718-10-50-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Expected term of award under share-based payment arrangement, in 'PnYnMnDTnHnMnS' format, for example, 'P1Y5M13D' represents reported fact of one year, five months, and thirteen days.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (f)(2)(i)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480429/718-10-50-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:durationItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Equity (Details Narrative) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
<th class="th" colspan="1">1 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">9 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">12 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 16, 2022</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2024</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2025</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2024</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2024</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2022</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems', window );"><strong>Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised', window );">Proceeds from stock options exercised</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 8,670<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation', window );">Share based compensation</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 175,204<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding', window );">Warrants outstanding</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,630,434<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber', window );">Options outstanding</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,281,489<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PlanNameAxis=REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember', window );">2019 Equity Incentive Plan [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems', window );"><strong>Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares', window );">Number of options vested</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">138,501<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis=REFR_SubscriptionAgreementMember', window );">Subscription Agreement [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems', window );"><strong>Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SaleOfStockNumberOfSharesIssuedInTransaction', window );">Number of shares sold</a></td>
<td class="nump">2,000,000.0<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_SaleOfStockPricePerShare', window );">Shares issued price per share</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 2.30<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromIssuanceOrSaleOfEquity', window );">Proceeds from issuance or sale of equity</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 300,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 3,450,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_ProceedsFromExpectsToReceiveRemainingAmount', window );">Proceeds from expects to receive the remaining amount</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 850,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=us-gaap_CommonStockMember', window );">Common Stock [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems', window );"><strong>Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised', window );">Proceeds from stock options exercised</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 0<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 8,670<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues', window );">Number of shares issued</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">8,500<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=us-gaap_CommonStockMember', window );">Common Stock [Member] | Subscription Agreement [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems', window );"><strong>Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues', window );">Number of shares issued</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">130,434<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,500,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=us-gaap_WarrantMember', window );">Warrant [Member] | Subscription Agreement [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems', window );"><strong>Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByWarrantsOrRights', window );">Number of warrants issued</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">130,434<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">130,434<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">1,500,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_ProceedsFromExpectsToReceiveRemainingAmount">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Proceeds from expects to receive the remaining amount.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_ProceedsFromExpectsToReceiveRemainingAmount</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 815<br> -SubTopic 30<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (d)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480870/815-30-50-2<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 815<br> -SubTopic 30<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480870/815-30-50-2<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 815<br> -SubTopic 30<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480870/815-30-50-2<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 815<br> -SubTopic 30<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480870/815-30-50-2<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482765/220-10-50-4<br><br>Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 220<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 5<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482765/220-10-50-5<br><br>Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 830<br> -SubTopic 30<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481674/830-30-50-1<br><br>Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 830<br> -SubTopic 30<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 17<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481694/830-30-45-17<br><br>Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 830<br> -SubTopic 30<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 20<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481694/830-30-45-20<br><br>Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 830<br> -SubTopic 30<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 20<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481694/830-30-45-20<br><br>Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 830<br> -SubTopic 30<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 20<br> -Subparagraph (c)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481694/830-30-45-20<br><br>Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 830<br> -SubTopic 30<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 20<br> -Subparagraph (d)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481694/830-30-45-20<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeLossLineItems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByWarrantsOrRights">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of securities into which the class of warrant or right may be converted. For example, but not limited to, 500,000 warrants may be converted into 1,000,000 shares.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-3<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByWarrantsOrRights</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of warrants or rights outstanding.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromIssuanceOrSaleOfEquity">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The cash inflow from the issuance of common stock, preferred stock, treasury stock, stock options, and other types of equity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 14<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Topic 230<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482740/230-10-45-14<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.6-03(i)(1))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479886/946-10-S99-3<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ProceedsFromIssuanceOrSaleOfEquity</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of cash inflow from exercise of option under share-based payment arrangement.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 14<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Topic 230<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482740/230-10-45-14<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2A<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Topic 718<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480429/718-10-50-2A<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_SaleOfStockNumberOfSharesIssuedInTransaction">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The number of shares issued or sold by the subsidiary or equity method investee per stock transaction.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_SaleOfStockNumberOfSharesIssuedInTransaction</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_SaleOfStockPricePerShare">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Per share amount received by subsidiary or equity investee for each share of common stock issued or sold in the stock transaction.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_SaleOfStockPricePerShare</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:perShareItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of noncash expense for share-based payment arrangement.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 28<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Topic 230<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482740/230-10-45-28<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>debit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of options outstanding, including both vested and non-vested options.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(i)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480429/718-10-50-2<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (c)(1)(ii)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480429/718-10-50-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of options vested.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 718<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480429/718-10-50-4<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Number of new stock issued during the period.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Topic 505<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-2<br><br>Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(28))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480566/210-10-S99-1<br><br>Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 210<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.5-02(29))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480566/210-10-S99-1<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 505<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Subparagraph (a)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147478448/946-505-50-2<br><br>Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 220<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.6-09(4)(b))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479134/946-220-S99-3<br><br>Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 946<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.6-03(i)(1))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479886/946-10-S99-3<br><br>Reference 7: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Topic 505<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.3-04)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480008/505-10-S99-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:sharesItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_PlanNameAxis=REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PlanNameAxis=REFR_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis=REFR_SubscriptionAgreementMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_TypeOfArrangementAxis=REFR_SubscriptionAgreementMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=us-gaap_CommonStockMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=us-gaap_CommonStockMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=us-gaap_WarrantMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_StatementEquityComponentsAxis=us-gaap_WarrantMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Schedule of Maturities of Operating Lease Liabilities (Details) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2025</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 31, 2024</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_DisclosureLeasesAbstract', window );"><strong>Leases</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsRemainderOfFiscalYear', window );">Year 1</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 222,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree', window );">Years 2-3</a></td>
<td class="nump">461,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive', window );">Years 4-5</a></td>
<td class="nump">492,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive', window );">Thereafter</a></td>
<td class="nump">322,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rou">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue', window );">Total lease payments</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,497,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount', window );">Less: Imputed lease interest</a></td>
<td class="num">(297,386)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability', window );">Present value of lease liabilities</a></td>
<td class="nump">1,199,614<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent', window );">Less: Current portion of operating lease liability</a></td>
<td class="num">(141,894)<span></span>
</td>
<td class="num">$ (129,875)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent', window );">Operating lease liability, net of current portion</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,057,720<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 1,166,285<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_DisclosureLeasesAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_DisclosureLeasesAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of lessee's undiscounted obligation for lease payments for operating lease, due in fouth and fifth fiscal year following latest fiscal year.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of lessee's undiscounted obligation for lease payments for operating lease, due in second and third fiscal year following latest fiscal year.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of lessee's undiscounted obligation for lease payment for operating lease.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 235<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147477314/942-235-S99-2<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480738/235-10-S50-4<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.12-04(a))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480678/235-10-S99-3<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147478964/842-20-50-6<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of lessee's undiscounted obligation for lease payment for operating lease due after fifth fiscal year following current fiscal year. Excludes interim and annual periods when interim periods are reported from current statement of financial position date (rolling approach).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 942<br> -SubTopic 235<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 2<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147477314/942-235-S99-2<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480738/235-10-S50-4<br><br>Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 235<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section S99<br> -Paragraph 3<br> -Subparagraph (SX 210.12-04(a))<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480678/235-10-S99-3<br><br>Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147478964/842-20-50-6<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsRemainderOfFiscalYear">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of lessee's undiscounted obligation for lease payment for operating lease having initial or remaining lease term in excess of one year to be paid in remainder of current fiscal year.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147478964/842-20-50-6<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsRemainderOfFiscalYear</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Amount of lessee's undiscounted obligation for lease payments in excess of discounted obligation for lease payments for operating lease.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 6<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147478964/842-20-50-6<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount</td>
</tr>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Present value of lessee's discounted obligation for lease payments from operating lease.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479041/842-20-45-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiability</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
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</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Present value of lessee's discounted obligation for lease payments from operating lease, classified as current.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479041/842-20-45-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<td>instant</td>
</tr>
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</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Present value of lessee's discounted obligation for lease payments from operating lease, classified as noncurrent.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479041/842-20-45-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent</td>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Leases (Details Narrative) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">9 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2025</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2024</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_DisclosureLeasesAbstract', window );"><strong>Leases</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1', window );">Weighted average remaining lease term</a></td>
<td class="text">6 years 3 months 18 days<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">6 months<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_LeaseExpirationDate1', window );">Lease expiration date</a></td>
<td class="text">Dec. 31,  2027<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent', window );">Weighted average discount rate of operating leases</a></td>
<td class="nump">7.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">5.50%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_PaymentsForRent', window );">Payments for rent</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 163,000<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 174,000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_DisclosureLeasesAbstract">
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_LeaseExpirationDate1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Date which lease or group of leases is set to expire, in YYYY-MM-DD format.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_LeaseExpirationDate1</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Weighted average discount rate for operating lease calculated at point in time.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 53<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479589/842-20-55-53<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Subparagraph (g)(4)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147478964/842-20-50-4<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent</td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Weighted average remaining lease term for operating lease, in 'PnYnMnDTnHnMnS' format, for example, 'P1Y5M13D' represents reported fact of one year, five months, and thirteen days.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 55<br> -Paragraph 53<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147479589/842-20-55-53<br><br>Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef<br> -Topic 842<br> -SubTopic 20<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 4<br> -Subparagraph (g)(3)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147478964/842-20-50-4<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cash payments to lessor's for use of assets under operating leases.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 45<br> -Paragraph 25<br> -Subparagraph (g)<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Topic 230<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482740/230-10-45-25<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_PaymentsForRent</td>
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<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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</head>
<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Related Party (Details Narrative)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">3 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">9 Months Ended</th>
<th class="th" colspan="1"></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2025</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2024</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2025</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2024</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 04, 2023</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_srt_OwnershipAxis=REFR_GauzyLtdMember', window );">Gauzy Ltd [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_MinorityInterestOwnershipPercentageByParent', window );">Subsidiary, ownership percentage</a></td>
<td class="nump">100.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">100.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LegalEntityAxis=REFR_GauzyLtdMember', window );">Gauzy Ltd [Member] | Minimum [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_RoyaltyPercentage', window );">Royalty percentage</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">10.00%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LegalEntityAxis=REFR_GauzyLtdMember', window );">Gauzy Ltd [Member] | Maximum [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_RoyaltyPercentage', window );">Royalty percentage</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">15.00%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LegalEntityAxis=REFR_GauzyAndVisionSystemsMember', window );">Gauzy and Vision Systems [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_FeeIncomePercentage', window );">Total fee income percentage</a></td>
<td class="nump">10.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">10.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">13.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">12.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionRate', window );">Related party percentage</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">17.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">6.00%<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_FeeIncomePercentage">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Fee income percentage.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_FeeIncomePercentage</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_RoyaltyPercentage">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Royalty percentage.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_RoyaltyPercentage</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_MinorityInterestOwnershipPercentageByParent">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The parent entity's interest in net assets of the subsidiary, expressed as a percentage.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_MinorityInterestOwnershipPercentageByParent</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>instant</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionRate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Identify the stated interest rate per the agreement, for example, leasing and debt arrangements between related parties.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef<br> -Topic 850<br> -SubTopic 10<br> -Name Accounting Standards Codification<br> -Section 50<br> -Paragraph 1<br> -Subparagraph (b)<br> -Publisher FASB<br> -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147483326/850-10-50-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_RelatedPartyTransactionRate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>us-gaap_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_OwnershipAxis=REFR_GauzyLtdMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_OwnershipAxis=REFR_GauzyLtdMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LegalEntityAxis=REFR_GauzyLtdMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LegalEntityAxis=REFR_GauzyLtdMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_RangeAxis=srt_MinimumMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_RangeAxis=srt_MinimumMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_srt_RangeAxis=srt_MaximumMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">srt_RangeAxis=srt_MaximumMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LegalEntityAxis=REFR_GauzyAndVisionSystemsMember">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LegalEntityAxis=REFR_GauzyAndVisionSystemsMember</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Other Income (Details Narrative) - USD ($)<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th" colspan="2">9 Months Ended</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2025</div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Sep. 30, 2024</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_OtherIncomeAndExpensesAbstract', window );"><strong>Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl custom" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_REFR_RefundableTaxCredit', window );">Refundable tax credit</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 47,357<span></span>
</td>
<td class="nump">$ 35,152<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_REFR_RefundableTaxCredit">
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Refundable tax credit.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">REFR_RefundableTaxCredit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>REFR_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>credit</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_us-gaap_OtherIncomeAndExpensesAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">us-gaap_OtherIncomeAndExpensesAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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</tr>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
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    <us-gaap:BasisOfAccounting contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000379">&lt;p id="xdx_80E_eus-gaap--BasisOfAccounting_zuZYF5kq2qHa" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline"&gt;Note
1. &lt;span id="xdx_824_zDxVHSbhyjUh"&gt;Basis of Presentation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting
principles (&#x201c;GAAP&#x201d;) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Rule 8-03 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly,
they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management,
all adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature.
Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected
for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2025. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 has been derived from
the audited consolidated financial statements as of that date. For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements
and footnotes thereto included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K relating to Research Frontiers Incorporated for the fiscal year ended
December 31, 2024.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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2. &lt;span id="xdx_822_zf9ghOr10d9d"&gt;Business&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Research
Frontiers Incorporated (&#x201c;Research Frontiers&#x201d; or the &#x201c;Company&#x201d;) operates in a single business segment which is
engaged in the development and marketing of technology and devices to control the flow of light. Such devices, often referred to as &#x201c;light
valves&#x201d; or suspended particle devices (&#x201c;SPDs&#x201d;), use colloidal particles that are either incorporated within a liquid
suspension or a film, which is usually enclosed between two sheets of glass or plastic having transparent, electrically conductive coatings
on the facing surfaces thereof. At least one of the two sheets is transparent. SPD technology, made possible by a flexible light-control
film invented by Research Frontiers, allows the user to instantly and precisely control the shading of glass/plastic manually or automatically.
SPD technology has numerous product applications, including SPD-Smart&#x2122; windows, sunshades, skylights and interior partitions for
homes and buildings; automotive windows, sunroofs, sun visors, sunshades, rear-view mirrors, instrument panels and navigation systems;
aircraft windows; museum display panels; eyewear products; and flat panel displays for electronic products. SPD-Smart light control film
is now being developed for, or used in, architectural, automotive, marine, aerospace and appliance applications.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
Company has primarily utilized its cash, cash equivalents, and investments generated from sales of our common stock, proceeds from the
exercise of options and warrants, and royalty fees collected to fund its research and development of SPD light valves, for marketing
initiatives, and for other working capital purposes. The Company&#x2019;s working capital and capital requirements depend upon numerous
factors, including the results of research and development activities, competitive and technological developments, the timing and cost
of patent filings, and the development of new licensees and changes in the Company&#x2019;s relationships with its existing licensees.
The degree of dependence of the Company&#x2019;s working capital requirements on each of the foregoing factors cannot be quantified; increased
research and development activities and related costs would increase such requirements; the addition of new licensees may provide additional
working capital or working capital requirements; and changes in relationships with existing licensees would have a favorable or negative
impact depending upon the nature of such changes. We have incurred recurring losses since inception and expect to continue to incur losses
as a result of costs and expenses related to our research and continued development of our SPD technology and our corporate general and
administrative expenses. Our capital requirements and operations to date have been substantially funded through sales of our common stock,
exercise of options and warrants and royalty fees collected. As of September 30, 2025, we had working capital of approximately $&lt;span id="xdx_90A_ecustom--WorkingCapital_iI_pn5n6_c20250930_zluwraJSlv14" title="Working capital"&gt;1.4&lt;/span&gt; million,
cash and cash equivalents of approximately $&lt;span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--CashAndCashEquivalentsAtCarryingValue_iI_pn5n6_c20250930_zPhZKX9tMge3" title="Cash and cash equivalents"&gt;1.1&lt;/span&gt; million, shareholders&#x2019; equity of approximately $&lt;span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--StockholdersEquity_iI_pn5n6_c20250930_zvapNs83duVg" title="Shareholders equity"&gt;1.5&lt;/span&gt; million and an accumulated
deficit of approximately $&lt;span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--RetainedEarningsAccumulatedDeficit_iNI_pn5n6_di_c20250930_zvmVMWl4Wzn4" title="Accumulated deficit"&gt;126.9&lt;/span&gt; million. Based on current operations, we expect to have sufficient working capital for at least 12 months
from the issuance of these financial statements.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;In
the event that we are unable to generate sufficient cash from our operating activities or raise additional funds, we may be required
to delay, reduce or severely curtail our operations or otherwise impede our on-going business efforts, which could have a material adverse
effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and long-term prospects. The Company may seek to obtain additional funding
through future equity issuances. There can be no assurance as to the availability or terms upon which such financing and capital might
be available. The eventual success of the Company and generation of positive cash flow will be dependent upon the commercialization of
products using the Company&#x2019;s technology by the Company&#x2019;s licensees and payments of continuing royalties on account thereof.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:NatureOfOperations>
    <REFR:WorkingCapital
      contextRef="AsOf2025-09-30"
      decimals="-5"
      id="Fact000383"
      unitRef="USD">1400000</REFR:WorkingCapital>
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      contextRef="AsOf2025-09-30"
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      id="Fact000385"
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    <us-gaap:StockholdersEquity
      contextRef="AsOf2025-09-30"
      decimals="-5"
      id="Fact000387"
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      contextRef="AsOf2025-09-30"
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    <us-gaap:SegmentReportingDisclosureTextBlock contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000391">&lt;p id="xdx_805_eus-gaap--SegmentReportingDisclosureTextBlock_znD1ueLSVbxi" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline"&gt;Note
3. &lt;span id="xdx_820_zNqQ77DouaSf"&gt;Segment Information&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
Company operates as a single operating segment which is engaged in the development and marketing of technology and devices to control
the flow of light (as described in Note 2). The Company develops and licenses our patented suspended particle device (&#x201c;SPD-Smart&#x201d;)
light-control technology to other companies that manufacture and/or market the: (i) SPD-Smart chemical emulsion, (ii) light-control film
made from the chemical emulsion, (iii) the light-control panels made by laminating the film, (iv) electronics to power end-products incorporating
the film, or (v) lamination services for and the end-products themselves such as &#x201c;smart&#x201d; windows, skylights and sunroofs.
The Company currently has over 40 licensees that, in the aggregate, are licensed to primarily serve five major SPD-Smart application
areas (aerospace, architectural, automotive, marine and display products) in every country of the world. The Company derives revenue
from licensees in North America, Europe and Asia. The Company&#x2019;s Chief Operating Decision Maker (&#x201c;CODM&#x201d;) reviews revenue
and consolidated net operating loss as a total and not by industry of licensees, and the royalty rates that we charge our licensees are
consistent when measuring the Company&#x2019;s profitability and allocating resources across geographical location and by industry. The
Company does not have intra-entity sales or transfers. The Company&#x2019;s long-lived assets consist of property and equipment and operating
lease right-of-use assets (&#x201c;ROU&#x201d;), all of which are located in the United States. During the nine-month periods ended September
30, 2025 and 2024, &lt;span id="xdx_904_ecustom--PercentageOfRevenue_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20250930__srt--StatementGeographicalAxis__us-gaap--NonUsMember_zA8lJDHN0nU4" title="Percentage of revenue"&gt;78&lt;/span&gt;% and &lt;span id="xdx_90E_ecustom--PercentageOfRevenue_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20240930__srt--StatementGeographicalAxis__us-gaap--NonUsMember_zlxa0Mzyovd4" title="Percentage of revenue"&gt;59&lt;/span&gt;%, respectively, of the Company&#x2019;s revenue was generated from sources outside of the United States.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
CODM is the Company&#x2019;s Chief Executive Officer and acting Chief Financial Officer. The CODM assesses performance for the single
operating segment and decides how to allocate resources based on consolidated net operating loss that is also reported on the Company&#x2019;s
condensed consolidated statements of operations.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Consolidated
net operating loss is used by the Company&#x2019;s CODM to monitor budget versus actual results; conducting this monitoring on at least
a quarterly basis as a part of the Company&#x2019;s quarterly 10-Q and annual 10-K filing processes. Included in the review process is
a detailed review and discussion related to the Company&#x2019;s Management&#x2019;s Discussion and Analysis. In addition, meetings of
the Company&#x2019;s Audit Committee are also held at least quarterly and those meetings include a review of consolidated operating results.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
following table illustrates the information about the Company&#x2019;s single reportable segment, which the Company&#x2019;s CODM regularly
evaluates in addition to the information already presented on the Company&#x2019;s condensed consolidated statements of operations and
identifies expense items exceeding the Company&#x2019;s significant expense thresholds described above:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_896_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfSegmentReportingInformationBySegmentTextBlock_zE9Ftpb1KDzg" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8B9_zbRRonbsIQN7" style="display: none"&gt;Schedule of Segment Information Related to Statement of Operations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="display: none; vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_49A_20250101__20250930_zurTXMehhN3" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;2025&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_495_20240101__20240930_zazu91iQOCdh" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;2024&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_494_20250701__20250930_zIi9fNgOCn2f" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;2025&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_498_20240701__20240930_zkfSHAhulwvb" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;2024&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;Nine months ended September 30,&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;Three months ended September 30,&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;2025&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;2024&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;2025&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;2024&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax_maOILz07D_zqqdGXVBtGy3" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 36%"&gt;Revenue&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 12%; text-align: right"&gt;1,049,125&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 12%; text-align: right"&gt;1,157,380&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 12%; text-align: right"&gt;359,444&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 12%; text-align: right"&gt;354,408&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_409_eus-gaap--OperatingExpensesAbstract_iB_zUkJS8kzzqzc" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Operating Expenses:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_404_eus-gaap--EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation_i01_maOCAEzTjK_zXnPCO38T205" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Employee compensation&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;834,855&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;746,582&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;235,785&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;230,896&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40B_eus-gaap--ProfessionalFees_i01_maOCAEzTjK_zVnYuy4wV3Kd" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Professional fees&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;185,039&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;151,614&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;52,382&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;37,500&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--NoninterestExpenseDirectorsFees_i01_maOCAEzTjK_ztHpgK1ePcNf" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Directors fees and expenses&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;227,254&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;121,306&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;148&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0422"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--MarketingExpense_i01_maOCAEzTjK_zrirAYaCKCzi" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Marketing and investor relations&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;187,467&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;125,187&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;109,201&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;27,946&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40A_ecustom--InsuranceExpense_i01_maOCAEzTjK_zgL1pTewaJ8h" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Insurance&lt;span id="xdx_F48_zU2iu8PZqwEb"&gt;**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;131,079&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;144,534&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;39,535&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;46,151&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_406_eus-gaap--OccupancyNet_i01_maOCAEzTjK_zLWzccW7HcUa" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Occupancy costs&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;63,229&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;43,457&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;21,097&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;13,306&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_407_ecustom--CreditLossExpense_i01_maOCAEzTjK_zEiVgPyXbTva" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Credit loss expense&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;124,253&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;25,001&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0441"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;25,001&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_408_ecustom--PatentCosts_i01_maOCAEzTjK_zwYb2XuKNjRj" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Patent costs&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;58,944&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;54,535&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;31,826&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;20,339&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40A_eus-gaap--FloorBrokerageExchangeAndClearanceFees_i01_maOCAEzTjK_zeLMz1vZIDn2" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Stock listing fees&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;52,500&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;49,125&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;17,500&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;16,375&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_404_eus-gaap--LegalFees_i01_maOCAEzTjK_zYU66p6LiWM2" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Legal fees&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;1,070&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;33,062&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0456"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;5,087&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_402_eus-gaap--DepreciationDepletionAndAmortization_i01_maOCAEzTjK_zy2AA2RdDOde" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Depreciation and amortization&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;8,603&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;11,211&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;2,879&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;3,789&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--OtherCostAndExpenseOperating_i01_maOCAEzTjK_z2tF6ya7kefj" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Other operating expenses&lt;span id="xdx_F4D_zRlQ2hX8PQJb"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;59,748&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;59,538&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;11,289&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;28,476&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--OperatingCostsAndExpenses_i01T_mtOCAEzTjK_msOILz07D_zAr04rIoEKPk" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Operating expenses&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;1,934,041&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;1,565,152&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;521,642&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;454,866&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_409_eus-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseAbstract_iB_z794sPM5zoSh" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Research and Development Expenses&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_407_ecustom--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseEmployeeCompensation_i01_maRADEz1Oh_zUalzLv0f1Rd" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Employee compensation&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;125,743&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;115,561&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;35,100&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;35,511&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40E_ecustom--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseInsurance_i01_maRADEz1Oh_zY2U0LuNRDx" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Insurance&lt;span id="xdx_F4F_zIZTHS8WYQB4"&gt;**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;128,302&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;140,973&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;38,668&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;45,174&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_408_ecustom--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseOccupancyCosts_i01_maRADEz1Oh_ziNXM4LMgDW" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Occupancy costs&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;192,374&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;133,883&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;64,578&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;43,437&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_401_ecustom--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseDepreciationAndAmortization_i01_maRADEz1Oh_z83aFnQ7i0gg" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Depreciation and amortization&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;676&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;8,371&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;233&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;2,841&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40A_eus-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseExcludingAcquiredInProcessCost_i01_maRADEz1Oh_zs4EsuDHsOFf" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Other research and development costs&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;26,614&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;11,029&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;3,167&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;4,283&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_402_eus-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense_i01T_mtRADEz1Oh_msOILz07D_zbq01yIuikv2" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Research and development
    expenses&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;473,709&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;409,817&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;141,746&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;131,246&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40E_eus-gaap--OperatingIncomeLoss_iT_mtOILz07D_zW99hbE6BJhh" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Operating Loss&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;(1,358,625&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;(817,589&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;(303,944&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;(231,704&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"&gt;
    &lt;td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_F08_zsldDV4tIKc1" style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_F12_z3gM8bD5Gbub" style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Other
    operating expenses and other research and development expenses consist principally of miscellaneous expenses, each of which is under
    the Company&#x2019;s threshold to be separately presented as a significant expense.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"&gt;
    &lt;td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"&gt;
    &lt;td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_F08_z4o8TWyHaCKh" style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_F15_zl3iorQLVoif" style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Insurance
    includes all coverage including property, liability, directors&#x2019; and officers&#x2019; and employees&#x2019; medical.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;
&lt;p id="xdx_8AF_zeqzZabjVd56" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:SegmentReportingDisclosureTextBlock>
    <REFR:PercentageOfRevenue
      contextRef="From2025-01-012025-09-30_us-gaap_NonUsMember"
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      id="Fact000393"
      unitRef="Pure">0.78</REFR:PercentageOfRevenue>
    <REFR:PercentageOfRevenue
      contextRef="From2024-01-012024-09-30_us-gaap_NonUsMember"
      decimals="INF"
      id="Fact000395"
      unitRef="Pure">0.59</REFR:PercentageOfRevenue>
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&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="display: none; vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_49A_20250101__20250930_zurTXMehhN3" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;2025&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_495_20240101__20240930_zazu91iQOCdh" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;2024&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_494_20250701__20250930_zIi9fNgOCn2f" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;2025&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_498_20240701__20240930_zkfSHAhulwvb" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;2024&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;Nine months ended September 30,&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;Three months ended September 30,&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;2025&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;2024&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;2025&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;2024&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--RevenueFromContractWithCustomerExcludingAssessedTax_maOILz07D_zqqdGXVBtGy3" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 36%"&gt;Revenue&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 12%; text-align: right"&gt;1,049,125&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 12%; text-align: right"&gt;1,157,380&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 12%; text-align: right"&gt;359,444&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 12%; text-align: right"&gt;354,408&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_409_eus-gaap--OperatingExpensesAbstract_iB_zUkJS8kzzqzc" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Operating Expenses:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_404_eus-gaap--EmployeeBenefitsAndShareBasedCompensation_i01_maOCAEzTjK_zXnPCO38T205" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Employee compensation&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;834,855&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;746,582&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;235,785&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;230,896&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40B_eus-gaap--ProfessionalFees_i01_maOCAEzTjK_zVnYuy4wV3Kd" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Professional fees&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;185,039&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;151,614&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;52,382&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;37,500&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_400_eus-gaap--NoninterestExpenseDirectorsFees_i01_maOCAEzTjK_ztHpgK1ePcNf" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Directors fees and expenses&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;227,254&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;121,306&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;148&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0422"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--MarketingExpense_i01_maOCAEzTjK_zrirAYaCKCzi" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Marketing and investor relations&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;187,467&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;125,187&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;109,201&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;27,946&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40A_ecustom--InsuranceExpense_i01_maOCAEzTjK_zgL1pTewaJ8h" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Insurance&lt;span id="xdx_F48_zU2iu8PZqwEb"&gt;**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;131,079&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;144,534&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;39,535&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;46,151&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_406_eus-gaap--OccupancyNet_i01_maOCAEzTjK_zLWzccW7HcUa" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Occupancy costs&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;63,229&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;43,457&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;21,097&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;13,306&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_407_ecustom--CreditLossExpense_i01_maOCAEzTjK_zEiVgPyXbTva" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Credit loss expense&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;124,253&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;25,001&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0441"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;25,001&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_408_ecustom--PatentCosts_i01_maOCAEzTjK_zwYb2XuKNjRj" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Patent costs&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;58,944&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;54,535&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;31,826&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;20,339&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40A_eus-gaap--FloorBrokerageExchangeAndClearanceFees_i01_maOCAEzTjK_zeLMz1vZIDn2" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Stock listing fees&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;52,500&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;49,125&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;17,500&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;16,375&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_404_eus-gaap--LegalFees_i01_maOCAEzTjK_zYU66p6LiWM2" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Legal fees&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;1,070&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;33,062&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0456"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;5,087&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_402_eus-gaap--DepreciationDepletionAndAmortization_i01_maOCAEzTjK_zy2AA2RdDOde" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Depreciation and amortization&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;8,603&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;11,211&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;2,879&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;3,789&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_401_eus-gaap--OtherCostAndExpenseOperating_i01_maOCAEzTjK_z2tF6ya7kefj" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Other operating expenses&lt;span id="xdx_F4D_zRlQ2hX8PQJb"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;59,748&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;59,538&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;11,289&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;28,476&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--OperatingCostsAndExpenses_i01T_mtOCAEzTjK_msOILz07D_zAr04rIoEKPk" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Operating expenses&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;1,934,041&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;1,565,152&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;521,642&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;454,866&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_409_eus-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseAbstract_iB_z794sPM5zoSh" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Research and Development Expenses&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_407_ecustom--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseEmployeeCompensation_i01_maRADEz1Oh_zUalzLv0f1Rd" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Employee compensation&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;125,743&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;115,561&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;35,100&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;35,511&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40E_ecustom--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseInsurance_i01_maRADEz1Oh_zY2U0LuNRDx" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Insurance&lt;span id="xdx_F4F_zIZTHS8WYQB4"&gt;**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;128,302&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;140,973&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;38,668&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;45,174&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_408_ecustom--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseOccupancyCosts_i01_maRADEz1Oh_ziNXM4LMgDW" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Occupancy costs&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;192,374&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;133,883&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;64,578&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;43,437&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_401_ecustom--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseDepreciationAndAmortization_i01_maRADEz1Oh_z83aFnQ7i0gg" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Depreciation and amortization&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;676&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;8,371&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;233&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;2,841&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40A_eus-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpenseExcludingAcquiredInProcessCost_i01_maRADEz1Oh_zs4EsuDHsOFf" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Other research and development costs&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;26,614&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;11,029&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;3,167&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;4,283&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_402_eus-gaap--ResearchAndDevelopmentExpense_i01T_mtRADEz1Oh_msOILz07D_zbq01yIuikv2" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span style="display: none; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Research and development
    expenses&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;473,709&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;409,817&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;141,746&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;131,246&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40E_eus-gaap--OperatingIncomeLoss_iT_mtOILz07D_zW99hbE6BJhh" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify"&gt;Operating Loss&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;(1,358,625&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;(817,589&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;(303,944&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;(231,704&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"&gt;
    &lt;td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 0.25in"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_F08_zsldDV4tIKc1" style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_F12_z3gM8bD5Gbub" style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Other
    operating expenses and other research and development expenses consist principally of miscellaneous expenses, each of which is under
    the Company&#x2019;s threshold to be separately presented as a significant expense.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"&gt;
    &lt;td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: top"&gt;
    &lt;td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_F08_z4o8TWyHaCKh" style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;**&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_F15_zl3iorQLVoif" style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Insurance
    includes all coverage including property, liability, directors&#x2019; and officers&#x2019; and employees&#x2019; medical.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;
</us-gaap:ScheduleOfSegmentReportingInformationBySegmentTextBlock>
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      contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30"
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      decimals="0"
      id="Fact000445"
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      decimals="0"
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    <us-gaap:LegalFees
      contextRef="From2024-07-012024-09-30"
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    <us-gaap:DepreciationDepletionAndAmortization
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      decimals="0"
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      contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30"
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    <us-gaap:OtherCostAndExpenseOperating
      contextRef="From2024-07-012024-09-30"
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      contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30"
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      contextRef="From2024-01-012024-09-30"
      decimals="0"
      id="Fact000470"
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      contextRef="From2025-07-012025-09-30"
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      id="Fact000471"
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      id="Fact000472"
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      id="Fact000480"
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      decimals="0"
      id="Fact000485"
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      id="Fact000505"
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    <us-gaap:IntangibleAssetsDisclosureTextBlock contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000516">&lt;p id="xdx_809_eus-gaap--IntangibleAssetsDisclosureTextBlock_zUorzuR5tIxl" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline"&gt;Note
4. &lt;span id="xdx_82F_zjPxb060TgNa"&gt;Patent Costs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
Company expenses costs relating to the development, acquisition or enforcement of patents due to the uncertainty of the recoverability
of these items.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:IntangibleAssetsDisclosureTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerTextBlock contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000518">&lt;p id="xdx_80D_eus-gaap--RevenueFromContractWithCustomerTextBlock_zCEIYUK05hO" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline"&gt;Note
5. &lt;span id="xdx_824_zeeNyvmPyoS6"&gt;Revenue Recognition&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
Company recognizes revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (&#x201c;ASC&#x201d;) 606, &lt;i&gt;Revenue from Contracts with
Customers (Topic 606&lt;/i&gt;). The standard provides a single comprehensive revenue recognition model for all contracts with customers and
supersedes existing revenue recognition guidance. The revenue standard contains principles that an entity will apply to determine the
measurement of revenue and timing of when it is recognized. The underlying principle is that an entity will recognize revenue to depict
the transfer of goods or services to customers at an amount that the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or
services.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;ASC
606 follows a five-step approach to determining revenue recognition including: 1) Identification of the contract; 2) Identification of
the performance obligations; 3) Determination of the transaction price; 4) Allocation of the transaction price; and 5) Recognition of
revenue.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
Company determined that its license agreements provide for three performance obligations which include: (i) the Grant of Use to its Patent
Portfolio (&#x201c;Grant of Use&#x201d;), (ii) Stand-Ready Technical Support (&#x201c;Technical Support&#x201d;) including the transfer of
trade secrets and other know-how, production of materials, scale-up support, analytical testing, etc., and (iii) access to new Intellectual
Property (&#x201c;IP&#x201d;) that may be developed sometime during the course of the contract period (&#x201c;New Improvements&#x201d;).
Given the nature of IP development, such New Improvements are on an unspecified basis and can occur and be made available to licensees
at any time during the contract period.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;When
a contract includes more than one performance obligation, the Company needs to allocate the total consideration to each performance obligation
based on its relative standalone selling price or estimate the standalone selling price if it is not observable. A standalone selling
price is not available for our performance obligations since we do not sell any of the services separately and there is no competitor
pricing that is available. As a consequence, the best method for determining the standalone selling price of our Grant of Use performance
obligation is through a comparison of the average royalty rate for comparable license agreements as compared to our license agreements.
Comparable license agreements must consider several factors including: (i) the materials that are being licensed, (ii) the market application
for the licensed materials, and (iii) the financial terms in the license agreements that can increase or decrease the risk/reward nature
of the agreement.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Based
on the royalty rate comparison referred to above, any pricing above and beyond the average royalty rate would relate to the Technical
Support and New Improvements performance obligations. The Company focuses a significant portion of its time and resources to provide
the Technical Support and New Improvements services to its licensees which further supports the conclusions reached using the royalty
rate analysis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations are co-terminus over the term of the license agreement. For purposes of
determining the transaction price, and recognizing revenue, the Company combined the Technical Support and New Improvements performance
obligations because they have the same pattern of transfer and the same term. We maintain a staff of scientists and other professionals
whose primary job responsibilities throughout the year are: (i) being available to respond to Technical Support needs of our licensees,
and (ii) developing improvements to our technology which are offered to our licensees as New Improvements. Since the costs incurred to
satisfy the Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations are incurred evenly throughout the year, the value of the
Technical Support and New Improvements services are recognized throughout the initial contract period as these performance obligations
are satisfied. If the agreement is not terminated at the end of the initial contract period, it will automatically renew on the same
terms as the initial contract for a one-year period. Consequently, any fees or minimum annual royalty obligations relating to this renewal
contract will be allocated similarly to the initial contract over the additional one-year period.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;We
recognize revenue when or as the performance obligations in the contract are satisfied. For performance obligations that are fulfilled
at a point in time, revenue is recognized at the fulfillment of the performance obligation. Since the IP is determined to be a functional
license, the value of the Grant of Use is recognized in the first period of the contract term in which the license agreement is in force.
The value of the Technical Support and New Improvements obligations is allocated throughout the contract period based on the satisfaction
of its performance obligations. If the agreement is not terminated at the end of the contract period, it will renew on the same terms
as the original agreement for a one-year period. Consequently, any fees or minimum annual royalties (&#x201c;MAR&#x201d;) relating to this
renewal contract will be allocated similarly over that additional year.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
Company&#x2019;s license agreements have a variable royalty fee structure (meaning that royalties are a fixed percentage of sales that
vary from period to period) and frequently include a minimum annual royalty commitment. In instances when sales of licensed products
by its licensees exceed the MAR, the Company recognizes fee income as the amounts have been earned. Typically, the royalty rate for such
sales is &lt;span id="xdx_901_ecustom--RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20250930__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MinimumMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--LicenseAgreementMember_z1eyrhKnoam6" title="Royalty rate on selling price"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;-&lt;span id="xdx_902_ecustom--RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20250930__srt--RangeAxis__srt--MaximumMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--LicenseAgreementMember_zgexE9PV4oTe" title="Royalty rate on selling price"&gt;15&lt;/span&gt;% of the selling price. While this is variable consideration, it is subject to the sales/usage royalty exception to recognition
of variable consideration in ASC 606 10-55-65 and therefore is not recognized until the subsequent sales or usage occurs or the MAR period
commences.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Because
of the immediate recognition of the Grant of Use performance obligation: (i) the first period of the contract term will generally have
a higher percent allocation of the transaction price under ASC 606, and (ii) the remaining periods in the year will have less of the
transaction price recognized under ASC 606. After the initial period in the contract term, the revenue for the remaining periods will
be based on the satisfaction of the Technical Support and New Improvements obligations.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;As
of September 30, 2025, the Company had $&lt;span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--UnbilledReceivablesCurrent_iI_c20250930_zd1o5dUfyH24" title="Unbilled receivables current"&gt;37,736&lt;/span&gt; in unbilled revenue included in royalty receivables.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Certain
of the contract fees are accrued by, or paid to, the Company in advance of the period in which they are earned resulting in deferred
revenue (contract liabilities). Such excess amounts are recorded as deferred revenue and are recognized as revenue in future periods
as earned. Contract assets represent unbilled receivables and are presented within accounts receivable, net on the condensed consolidated
balance sheets.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
Company operates in a single business segment which is engaged in the development and marketing of technology and devices to control
the flow of light. Our revenue source comes from the licensing of this technology and all of these license agreements have similar terms
and provisions. The majority of the Company&#x2019;s licensing fee income comes from the activities of several licensees participating
in the automotive market. The Company currently believes that the automotive market will be the largest source of its royalty income
over the next several years. The Company&#x2019;s royalty income from this market may be influenced by numerous factors including various
trends affecting demand in the automotive industry and the rate of introduction of new technology in OEM product lines. In addition to
these macro factors, the Company&#x2019;s royalty income from the automotive market could also be influenced by specific factors such
as whether the Company&#x2019;s SPD-SmartGlass technology appears as standard equipment or as an option on a particular vehicle, the number
of additional vehicle models that SPD-SmartGlass appears on, the size of each window on a vehicle and the number of windows on a vehicle
that use SPD-SmartGlass, fluctuations in the total number of vehicles produced by a manufacturer, and in the percentage of cars within
each model produced with SPD-SmartGlass, and changes in pricing or exchange rates.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerTextBlock>
    <REFR:RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice
      contextRef="From2025-01-012025-09-30_srt_MinimumMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_custom_LicenseAgreementMember"
      decimals="INF"
      id="Fact000520"
      unitRef="Pure">0.10</REFR:RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice>
    <REFR:RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice
      contextRef="From2025-01-012025-09-30_srt_MaximumMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_custom_LicenseAgreementMember"
      decimals="INF"
      id="Fact000522"
      unitRef="Pure">0.15</REFR:RoyaltyRateOnSellingPrice>
    <us-gaap:UnbilledReceivablesCurrent
      contextRef="AsOf2025-09-30"
      decimals="0"
      id="Fact000524"
      unitRef="USD">37736</us-gaap:UnbilledReceivablesCurrent>
    <REFR:FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000526">&lt;p id="xdx_801_ecustom--FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock_z5z8YLnvUAtf" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline"&gt;Note
6. &lt;span id="xdx_820_zW4d0CLeu5W5"&gt;Fee Income&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Fee
income represents amounts earned by the Company under various license and other agreements relating to technology developed by the Company.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;During
the first nine months of 2025, five licensees accounted for 10% or more of fee income of the Company; these licensees accounted for approximately
&lt;span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20250930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeOneMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_ziBhukWSFEd8" title="Concentration risk percentage"&gt;23&lt;/span&gt;%, &lt;span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20250930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeTwoMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zcQ0MhVPHyuk" title="Concentration risk percentage"&gt;22&lt;/span&gt;%, &lt;span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20250930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeThreeMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zLiw2je9yyUl" title="Concentration risk percentage"&gt;21&lt;/span&gt;%, &lt;span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20250930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeFourMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zwVpkgL5LMLd" title="Concentration risk percentage"&gt;18&lt;/span&gt;% and &lt;span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20250930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeFiveMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zw5Ew6r5oxRg" title="Concentration risk percentage"&gt;11&lt;/span&gt;% of fee income recognized during such period. During the first nine months of 2024, four licensees accounted
for 10% or more of fee income of the Company; these licensees accounted for approximately &lt;span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20240930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeOneMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zmPkyjSV3iMh" title="Concentration risk percentage"&gt;32&lt;/span&gt;%, &lt;span id="xdx_909_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20240930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeTwoMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_z4BGeIttCF4c" title="Concentration risk percentage"&gt;31&lt;/span&gt;%, &lt;span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20240930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeThreeMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zCZVskhoRe24" title="Concentration risk percentage"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;% and &lt;span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240101__20240930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeFourMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zYwTIo9H2n27" title="Concentration risk percentage"&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;% of fee income recognized
during such period.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;During
the three months ended September 30, 2025, two licensees accounted for 10% or more of fee income of the Company; these licensees accounted
for approximately  &lt;span id="xdx_903_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250701__20250930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeOneMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zZOQXs5w03r9" title="Concentration risk percentage"&gt;61&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;%
and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250701__20250930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeTwoMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zZouaV7DAav1" style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;27&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;%
of fee income recognized during such period. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, two licensees accounted for 10% or more
of fee income of the Company; these licensees accounted for approximately &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240701__20240930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeOneMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zhcqeADT5fx5" style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;35&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;%
and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20240701__20240930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeTwoMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zUINBOCz5xQ9" style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;33&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;%
of fee income recognized during such period.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;During
the quarter ended September 30, 2025, the Company was notified that one two of its significant European licensees and an affiliate
had filed for bankruptcy. These licensees accounted for approximately &lt;span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20250930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zkcZFIq8Zrw3" title="Concentration risk percentage"&gt;44&lt;/span&gt;%
and &lt;span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--ConcentrationRiskPercentage1_pid_dp_uPure_c20250701__20250930__srt--ProductOrServiceAxis__custom--LicenseeMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByBenchmarkAxis__us-gaap--SalesRevenueNetMember__us-gaap--ConcentrationRiskByTypeAxis__us-gaap--CustomerConcentrationRiskMember_zw91yehfCPlj" title="Concentration risk percentage"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;%
of the Company&#x2019;s revenue during the nine and three months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. No revenue was recognized
from these licensees during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. There is no outstanding accounts receivable from
these licensees as of September 30, 2025.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</REFR:FeeIncomeDisclosureTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2025-01-012025-09-30_custom_LicenseeOneMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember"
      decimals="INF"
      id="Fact000528"
      unitRef="Pure">0.23</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2025-01-012025-09-30_custom_LicenseeTwoMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember"
      decimals="INF"
      id="Fact000530"
      unitRef="Pure">0.22</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2025-01-012025-09-30_custom_LicenseeThreeMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember"
      decimals="INF"
      id="Fact000532"
      unitRef="Pure">0.21</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2025-01-012025-09-30_custom_LicenseeFourMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember"
      decimals="INF"
      id="Fact000534"
      unitRef="Pure">0.18</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2025-01-012025-09-30_custom_LicenseeFiveMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember"
      decimals="INF"
      id="Fact000536"
      unitRef="Pure">0.11</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2024-01-012024-09-30_custom_LicenseeOneMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember"
      decimals="INF"
      id="Fact000538"
      unitRef="Pure">0.32</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2024-01-012024-09-30_custom_LicenseeTwoMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember"
      decimals="INF"
      id="Fact000540"
      unitRef="Pure">0.31</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2024-01-012024-09-30_custom_LicenseeThreeMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember"
      decimals="INF"
      id="Fact000542"
      unitRef="Pure">0.10</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2024-01-012024-09-30_custom_LicenseeFourMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember"
      decimals="INF"
      id="Fact000544"
      unitRef="Pure">0.10</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2025-07-012025-09-30_custom_LicenseeOneMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember"
      decimals="INF"
      id="Fact000546"
      unitRef="Pure">0.61</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2025-07-012025-09-30_custom_LicenseeTwoMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember"
      decimals="INF"
      id="Fact000547"
      unitRef="Pure">0.27</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2024-07-012024-09-30_custom_LicenseeOneMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember"
      decimals="INF"
      id="Fact000548"
      unitRef="Pure">0.35</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2024-07-012024-09-30_custom_LicenseeTwoMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember"
      decimals="INF"
      id="Fact000549"
      unitRef="Pure">0.33</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2025-01-012025-09-30_custom_LicenseeMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember"
      decimals="INF"
      id="Fact000551"
      unitRef="Pure">0.44</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1
      contextRef="From2025-07-012025-09-30_custom_LicenseeMember_us-gaap_SalesRevenueNetMember_us-gaap_CustomerConcentrationRiskMember"
      decimals="INF"
      id="Fact000553"
      unitRef="Pure">0</us-gaap:ConcentrationRiskPercentage1>
    <us-gaap:IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000555">&lt;p id="xdx_801_eus-gaap--IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock_zX0548ejbNhe" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline"&gt;Note
7. &lt;span id="xdx_823_zPS9UlkIRS77"&gt;Income Taxes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Since
inception, the Company has incurred losses from operations and as a result has not recorded income tax expense. Benefits related to net
operating loss carryforwards and other deferred tax items have been fully reserved since it was more likely than not that the Company
would not achieve profitable operations and be able to utilize the benefit of the net operating loss carryforwards.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:IncomeTaxDisclosureTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:EarningsPerShareTextBlock contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000557">&lt;p id="xdx_809_eus-gaap--EarningsPerShareTextBlock_zG9kq0w5QvY7" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline"&gt;Note
8. &lt;span id="xdx_821_zj3LhVIoTMn5"&gt;Basic and Diluted Loss Per Common Share&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Basic
net loss per share excludes any dilution. It is based upon the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period.
Dilutive net loss per share reflects the potential dilution that would occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were
exercised or converted into common stock. The Company&#x2019;s dilutive loss per share equals basic loss per share for the periods ended
September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, because all common stock equivalents (i.e&lt;i&gt;., &lt;/i&gt;options and warrants) were antidilutive
in those periods. The number of options and warrants that were not included (because their effect is antidilutive) were &lt;span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20250101__20250930__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zUfu7juK6XUe" title="Antidilutive securities"&gt;2,911,923&lt;/span&gt; and
&lt;span id="xdx_90D_eus-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount_c20240101__20240930__us-gaap--AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareByAntidilutiveSecuritiesAxis__custom--OptionsAndWarrantsMember_zmjzhKYAKmqa" title="Antidilutive securities"&gt;2,706,872&lt;/span&gt; for the periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:EarningsPerShareTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount
      contextRef="From2025-01-012025-09-30_custom_OptionsAndWarrantsMember"
      decimals="INF"
      id="Fact000559"
      unitRef="Shares">2911923</us-gaap:AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount>
    <us-gaap:AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount
      contextRef="From2024-01-012024-09-30_custom_OptionsAndWarrantsMember"
      decimals="INF"
      id="Fact000561"
      unitRef="Shares">2706872</us-gaap:AntidilutiveSecuritiesExcludedFromComputationOfEarningsPerShareAmount>
    <us-gaap:StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000563">&lt;p id="xdx_802_eus-gaap--StockholdersEquityNoteDisclosureTextBlock_zi7NkkiPInYk" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline"&gt;Note
9. &lt;span id="xdx_822_zFbvvDSNrLxj"&gt;Equity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;During
the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company received proceeds of $&lt;span id="xdx_904_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised_c20240101__20240930__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--CommonStockMember_z76JL24xewz9" title="Proceeds from stock options exercised"&gt;8,670&lt;/span&gt; in connection with the exercise of options covering
&lt;span id="xdx_902_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues_c20240101__20240930__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--CommonStockMember_zHPMOJRqKfh4" title="Number of shares issued"&gt;8,500&lt;/span&gt; shares of common stock. &lt;span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised_do_c20250101__20250930__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--CommonStockMember_z5Ya3HB3GcPi" title="Proceeds from stock options exercised"&gt;No&lt;/span&gt; options or warrants were exercised during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;On
September 16, 2022, the Company entered into subscription agreements from a group of private accredited investors to sell them &lt;span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--SaleOfStockNumberOfSharesIssuedInTransaction_pn5n6_c20220914__20220916__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--SubscriptionAgreementMember_ztEcXa04bdO7" title="Number of shares sold"&gt;2.0&lt;/span&gt; million
shares of common stock of the Company at a price of $&lt;span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--SaleOfStockPricePerShare_iI_c20220916__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--SubscriptionAgreementMember_zUHX9z5Jwqli" title="Shares issued price per share"&gt;2.30&lt;/span&gt; per share (which represented the closing market price of the Company&#x2019;s
common stock on September 14, 2022 which was the date that the transaction was agreed to). As of December 31, 2022, the Company received
$&lt;span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromIssuanceOrSaleOfEquity_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--SubscriptionAgreementMember_z1nICIhZE8T1" title="Proceeds from issuance or sale of equity"&gt;3,450,000&lt;/span&gt; under these subscription agreements and issued &lt;span id="xdx_900_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues_c20220101__20221231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--SubscriptionAgreementMember__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--CommonStockMember_zvnAfhKuWbQ9" title="Number of shares issued"&gt;1,500,000&lt;/span&gt; common shares and issued &lt;span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByWarrantsOrRights_iI_c20221231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--SubscriptionAgreementMember__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_znGoniK3Nqqg" title="Number of warrants issued"&gt;1,500,000&lt;/span&gt; warrants. During 2024, the Company
received $&lt;span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ProceedsFromIssuanceOrSaleOfEquity_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--SubscriptionAgreementMember_zY0D0kwsvzNg" title="Proceeds from issuance or sale of equity"&gt;300,000&lt;/span&gt; and issued &lt;span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues_c20240101__20241231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--SubscriptionAgreementMember__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--CommonStockMember_zEKuKQNxSwC3" title="Number of shares issued"&gt;130,434&lt;/span&gt; shares and &lt;span id="xdx_90A_eus-gaap--ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByWarrantsOrRights_iI_c20241231__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--SubscriptionAgreementMember__us-gaap--StatementEquityComponentsAxis__us-gaap--WarrantMember_zxsmDUJ5gg18" title="Number of warrants issued"&gt;130,434&lt;/span&gt; warrants in connection with a remaining outstanding commitment under these subscription
agreements. The Company has an outstanding commitment from a potential investor for the remaining $&lt;span id="xdx_901_ecustom--ProceedsFromExpectsToReceiveRemainingAmount_c20250101__20250930__us-gaap--TypeOfArrangementAxis__custom--SubscriptionAgreementMember_zthWOR6476V5" title="Proceeds from expects to receive the remaining amount"&gt;850,000&lt;/span&gt; under these subscription agreements.
The Company did not sell any equity securities during the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
shares were issued to the investors in a private placement and, along with the shares issued in connection with the exercise of any warrants
in the future, are not registered and therefore currently subject to at least a six-month holding period by the investor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;In
December 2024, the Board of Directors approved &lt;span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares_c20241201__20241231__us-gaap--PlanNameAxis__custom--TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember_zKxn1308Q9Nb" title="Number of options vested"&gt;138,501&lt;/span&gt; stock options under the Company&#x2019;s 2019 Equity Incentive Plan which were
granted upon shareholder approval at the annual meeting of shareholders held in June 2025. These options became fully vested upon grant
and the Company recorded share-based compensation of $&lt;span id="xdx_906_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensation_c20250101__20250930_z1sKVxMFaqt6" title="Share based compensation"&gt;175,204&lt;/span&gt; during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. No options were granted
during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_896_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock_zz0YBnx97tX8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
Company valued this grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted average assumptions:&lt;br/&gt;
&#160;&lt;span id="xdx_8B1_zcJzK9Qbsxwh" style="display: none"&gt;Schedule of Weighted Average Assumptions Used to Value Options Granted to Employees&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 80%; margin-left: 0.25in"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;2025&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 80%; text-align: left"&gt;Fair value on grant date&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 16%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_c20250101__20250930_zcasMZqM2vIa" title="Fair value on grant date"&gt;1.265&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Expected dividend yield&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate_c20250101__20250930_z7Rc03yi6D93" title="Expected dividend yield"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0597"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Expected volatility&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20250930_zq6OsnxdVzs3" title="Expected volatility"&gt;76&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Risk free interest rate&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate_dp_uPure_c20250101__20250930_zyLmj6s6FlTl" title="Risk free interest rate"&gt;3.97&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Expected term of the option&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1_dtY_c20250101__20250930_z8JdaNeHd3V4" title="Expected term of the option"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt; years&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_8AC_zilxIuyenI96" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;As
of September 30, 2025, there were &lt;span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding_iI_c20250930_zm1lZkoQwlh8" title="Warrants outstanding"&gt;1,630,434&lt;/span&gt; warrants and &lt;span id="xdx_908_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber_iI_c20250930_zcC7qVaS03Ii" title="Options outstanding"&gt;1,281,489&lt;/span&gt; options outstanding.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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    <us-gaap:ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised
      contextRef="From2024-01-012024-09-30_us-gaap_CommonStockMember"
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      id="Fact000565"
      unitRef="USD">8670</us-gaap:ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised>
    <us-gaap:StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues
      contextRef="From2024-01-012024-09-30_us-gaap_CommonStockMember"
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      id="Fact000567"
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    <us-gaap:ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised
      contextRef="From2025-01-012025-09-30_us-gaap_CommonStockMember"
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      id="Fact000569"
      unitRef="USD">0</us-gaap:ProceedsFromStockOptionsExercised>
    <us-gaap:SaleOfStockNumberOfSharesIssuedInTransaction
      contextRef="From2022-09-142022-09-16_custom_SubscriptionAgreementMember"
      decimals="-5"
      id="Fact000571"
      unitRef="Shares">2000000.0</us-gaap:SaleOfStockNumberOfSharesIssuedInTransaction>
    <us-gaap:SaleOfStockPricePerShare
      contextRef="AsOf2022-09-16_custom_SubscriptionAgreementMember"
      decimals="INF"
      id="Fact000573"
      unitRef="USDPShares">2.30</us-gaap:SaleOfStockPricePerShare>
    <us-gaap:ProceedsFromIssuanceOrSaleOfEquity
      contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_custom_SubscriptionAgreementMember"
      decimals="0"
      id="Fact000575"
      unitRef="USD">3450000</us-gaap:ProceedsFromIssuanceOrSaleOfEquity>
    <us-gaap:StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues
      contextRef="From2022-01-012022-12-31_custom_SubscriptionAgreementMember_us-gaap_CommonStockMember"
      decimals="INF"
      id="Fact000577"
      unitRef="Shares">1500000</us-gaap:StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues>
    <us-gaap:ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByWarrantsOrRights
      contextRef="AsOf2022-12-31_custom_SubscriptionAgreementMember_us-gaap_WarrantMember"
      decimals="INF"
      id="Fact000579"
      unitRef="Shares">1500000</us-gaap:ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByWarrantsOrRights>
    <us-gaap:ProceedsFromIssuanceOrSaleOfEquity
      contextRef="From2024-01-012024-12-31_custom_SubscriptionAgreementMember"
      decimals="0"
      id="Fact000581"
      unitRef="USD">300000</us-gaap:ProceedsFromIssuanceOrSaleOfEquity>
    <us-gaap:StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues
      contextRef="From2024-01-012024-12-31_custom_SubscriptionAgreementMember_us-gaap_CommonStockMember"
      decimals="INF"
      id="Fact000583"
      unitRef="Shares">130434</us-gaap:StockIssuedDuringPeriodSharesNewIssues>
    <us-gaap:ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByWarrantsOrRights
      contextRef="AsOf2024-12-31_custom_SubscriptionAgreementMember_us-gaap_WarrantMember"
      decimals="INF"
      id="Fact000585"
      unitRef="Shares">130434</us-gaap:ClassOfWarrantOrRightNumberOfSecuritiesCalledByWarrantsOrRights>
    <REFR:ProceedsFromExpectsToReceiveRemainingAmount
      contextRef="From2025-01-012025-09-30_custom_SubscriptionAgreementMember"
      decimals="0"
      id="Fact000587"
      unitRef="USD">850000</REFR:ProceedsFromExpectsToReceiveRemainingAmount>
    <us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares
      contextRef="From2024-12-012024-12-31_custom_TwoThousandNineteenEquityIncentivePlanMember"
      decimals="INF"
      id="Fact000589"
      unitRef="Shares">138501</us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardOptionsVestedNumberOfShares>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensation
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      decimals="0"
      id="Fact000591"
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    <us-gaap:ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000593">&lt;p id="xdx_896_eus-gaap--ScheduleOfShareBasedPaymentAwardStockOptionsValuationAssumptionsTableTextBlock_zz0YBnx97tX8" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
Company valued this grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted average assumptions:&lt;br/&gt;
&#160;&lt;span id="xdx_8B1_zcJzK9Qbsxwh" style="display: none"&gt;Schedule of Weighted Average Assumptions Used to Value Options Granted to Employees&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 80%; margin-left: 0.25in"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"&gt;2025&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 80%; text-align: left"&gt;Fair value on grant date&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 16%; text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue_c20250101__20250930_zcasMZqM2vIa" title="Fair value on grant date"&gt;1.265&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Expected dividend yield&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_901_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedDividendRate_c20250101__20250930_z7Rc03yi6D93" title="Expected dividend yield"&gt;&lt;span style="-sec-ix-hidden: xdx2ixbrl0597"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Expected volatility&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate_pid_dp_uPure_c20250101__20250930_zq6OsnxdVzs3" title="Expected volatility"&gt;76&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Risk free interest rate&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90F_eus-gaap--ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate_dp_uPure_c20250101__20250930_zyLmj6s6FlTl" title="Risk free interest rate"&gt;3.97&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;%&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Expected term of the option&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1_dtY_c20250101__20250930_z8JdaNeHd3V4" title="Expected term of the option"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt; years&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

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      unitRef="USDPShares">1.265</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValue>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate
      contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30"
      decimals="INF"
      id="Fact000599"
      unitRef="Pure">0.76</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedVolatilityRate>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate
      contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30"
      decimals="INF"
      id="Fact000601"
      unitRef="Pure">0.0397</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsRiskFreeInterestRate>
    <us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1 contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000603">P5Y</us-gaap:SharebasedCompensationArrangementBySharebasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsExpectedTerm1>
    <us-gaap:ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding
      contextRef="AsOf2025-09-30"
      decimals="INF"
      id="Fact000605"
      unitRef="Shares">1630434</us-gaap:ClassOfWarrantOrRightOutstanding>
    <us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber
      contextRef="AsOf2025-09-30"
      decimals="INF"
      id="Fact000607"
      unitRef="Shares">1281489</us-gaap:ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsOutstandingNumber>
    <us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeasesTextBlock contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000609">&lt;p id="xdx_80B_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeasesTextBlock_ztBzBhg1vCy3" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline"&gt;Note
10. &lt;span id="xdx_827_zGjBYRaNK8e3"&gt;Leases&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at its inception. This determination generally depends on whether the arrangement conveys
the right to control the use of an identified fixed asset explicitly or implicitly for a period of time in exchange for consideration.
Control of an underlying asset is conveyed if the Company obtains the rights to direct the use of, and to obtain substantially all of
the economic benefits from the use of, the underlying asset. Lease expense for variable leases and short-term leases is recognized when
the obligation is incurred.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;The
Company has an operating lease for its facility, which was amended and extended in 2024, with a remaining lease term of &lt;span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1_iI_dtY_c20250930_z7EGumJrQMLj" title="Weighted average remaining lease term"&gt;6.3&lt;/span&gt; years (including
renewal options) as of September 30, 2025. As of September 30, 2024, the weighted average remaining lease term was &lt;span id="xdx_90C_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1_iI_dtY_c20240930_zdayPGAn8VN5" title="Weighted average remaining lease term"&gt;0.5&lt;/span&gt; years. The initial
term of the lease expires on &lt;span id="xdx_90B_eus-gaap--LeaseExpirationDate1_dd_c20250101__20250930_zl94jErnAaJc" title="Lease expiration date"&gt;December 31, 2027&lt;/span&gt; with renewal options that potentially extend expiration through December 31, 2031. Operating
leases are included in Operating lease ROU assets, other current liabilities and long-term lease liabilities on the condensed consolidated
balance sheets. Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized at each lease&#x2019;s commencement date based
on the present value of its lease payments over its respective lease term. The Company does not have an established incremental borrowing
rate as it does not have any debt. The Company uses the stated borrowing rate for a lease when readily determinable. When the interest
rate implicit in its lease agreements is not readily determinable, the Company uses an interest rate based on the marketplace for public
debt. The incremental borrowing rate associated with the operating lease as of September 30, 2025 and 2024 is &lt;span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20250930_ztv3PoBflfdd" title="Weighted average discount rate of operating leases"&gt;7.0&lt;/span&gt;% and &lt;span id="xdx_90E_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent_iI_pid_dp_uPure_c20240930_zaVmhCiQkIVi" title="Weighted average discount rate of operating leases"&gt;5.5&lt;/span&gt;%, respectively.
Cash rent paid for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 was $&lt;span id="xdx_907_eus-gaap--PaymentsForRent_c20250101__20250930_z3ekBSEleXP7" title="Payments for rent"&gt;163,000&lt;/span&gt; and $&lt;span id="xdx_905_eus-gaap--PaymentsForRent_c20240101__20240930_zPwVur3qZNCe" title="Payments for rent"&gt;174,000&lt;/span&gt;, respectively.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;




&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_890_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock_zB6Koihgdk9j" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Maturities
of operating lease liabilities as of September 30, 2025 were as follows:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8BC_z9tKBUK9ZWab" style="display: none"&gt;Schedule
of Maturities of Operating Lease Liabilities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 80%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_495_20250930_zC9nBImazpQj" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;September 30, 2025&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsRemainderOfFiscalYear_iI_maLOLLPzjUb_zTigNFrohkjf" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 80%"&gt;Year 1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 16%; text-align: right"&gt;222,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40B_ecustom--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzjUb_zwOQbOcPP7q2" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;Years 2-3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;461,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40F_ecustom--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzjUb_zVyzW5P04xa2" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;Years 4-5&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;492,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40B_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzjUb_zGAZLZp3ohe4" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;Thereafter&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;322,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue_iTI_pp0p0_mtLOLLPzjUb_zpJwwjiSgto4" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Total lease payments&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;1,497,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40A_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount_iNI_pp0p0_di_zMAqzZ7jNww7" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;Less: Imputed lease interest&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;(297,386&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiability_iI_pp0p0_zmy1nUSUALU5" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;Present value of lease liabilities&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;1,199,614&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent_iNI_pp0p0_di_zQtX3tc7RN08" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;Less: Current portion of operating lease liability&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;(141,894&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent_iI_pp0p0_zZw9jgxHuNM2" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;Operating lease liability, net of current portion&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;1,057,720&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

&lt;p id="xdx_8AE_zBB1OPXcQF35" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

</us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeasesTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1 contextRef="AsOf2025-09-30" id="Fact000611">P6Y3M18D</us-gaap:OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1>
    <us-gaap:OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1 contextRef="AsOf2024-09-30" id="Fact000613">P0Y6M</us-gaap:OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageRemainingLeaseTerm1>
    <us-gaap:LeaseExpirationDate1 contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000615">2027-12-31</us-gaap:LeaseExpirationDate1>
    <us-gaap:OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent
      contextRef="AsOf2025-09-30"
      decimals="INF"
      id="Fact000617"
      unitRef="Pure">0.070</us-gaap:OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent>
    <us-gaap:OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent
      contextRef="AsOf2024-09-30"
      decimals="INF"
      id="Fact000619"
      unitRef="Pure">0.055</us-gaap:OperatingLeaseWeightedAverageDiscountRatePercent>
    <us-gaap:PaymentsForRent
      contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30"
      decimals="0"
      id="Fact000621"
      unitRef="USD">163000</us-gaap:PaymentsForRent>
    <us-gaap:PaymentsForRent
      contextRef="From2024-01-012024-09-30"
      decimals="0"
      id="Fact000623"
      unitRef="USD">174000</us-gaap:PaymentsForRent>
    <us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock contextRef="From2025-01-01to2025-09-30" id="Fact000625">&lt;p id="xdx_890_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock_zB6Koihgdk9j" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;Maturities
of operating lease liabilities as of September 30, 2025 were as follows:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&lt;span id="xdx_8BC_z9tKBUK9ZWab" style="display: none"&gt;Schedule
of Maturities of Operating Lease Liabilities&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 80%"&gt;
  &lt;tr style="vertical-align: bottom"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td colspan="2" id="xdx_495_20250930_zC9nBImazpQj" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"&gt;September 30, 2025&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsRemainderOfFiscalYear_iI_maLOLLPzjUb_zTigNFrohkjf" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 80%"&gt;Year 1&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 2%"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 16%; text-align: right"&gt;222,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="width: 1%; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40B_ecustom--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzjUb_zwOQbOcPP7q2" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;Years 2-3&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;461,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40F_ecustom--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearFourAndFive_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzjUb_zVyzW5P04xa2" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;Years 4-5&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;492,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40B_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueAfterYearFive_iI_pp0p0_maLOLLPzjUb_zGAZLZp3ohe4" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;Thereafter&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;322,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_405_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDue_iTI_pp0p0_mtLOLLPzjUb_zpJwwjiSgto4" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;Total lease payments&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;1,497,000&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40A_eus-gaap--LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityUndiscountedExcessAmount_iNI_pp0p0_di_zMAqzZ7jNww7" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;Less: Imputed lease interest&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;(297,386&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40D_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiability_iI_pp0p0_zmy1nUSUALU5" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;Present value of lease liabilities&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: right"&gt;1,199,614&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_40C_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiabilityCurrent_iNI_pp0p0_di_zQtX3tc7RN08" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;Less: Current portion of operating lease liability&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right"&gt;(141,894&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left"&gt;)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr id="xdx_408_eus-gaap--OperatingLeaseLiabilityNoncurrent_iI_pp0p0_zZw9jgxHuNM2" style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)"&gt;
    &lt;td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;Operating lease liability, net of current portion&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left"&gt;$&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right"&gt;1,057,720&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left"&gt;&#160;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;/table&gt;

</us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityMaturityTableTextBlock>
    <us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsRemainderOfFiscalYear
      contextRef="AsOf2025-09-30"
      decimals="0"
      id="Fact000627"
      unitRef="USD">222000</us-gaap:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsRemainderOfFiscalYear>
    <REFR:LesseeOperatingLeaseLiabilityPaymentsDueYearTwoAndThree
      contextRef="AsOf2025-09-30"
      decimals="0"
      id="Fact000629"
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license agreement has been in effect since September 17, 2017 and provides for minimum annual royalties and earned royalties relating
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&lt;p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; text-align: justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"&gt;&#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

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