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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes

15. Income Taxes

The components of loss before income taxes are as follows (in thousands):

 

 

 

Years Ended December 31,

 

 

 

2023

 

 

2022

 

 

2021

 

Domestic

 

$

(328,475

)

 

$

(307,056

)

 

$

(268,499

)

Foreign

 

 

41,608

 

 

 

12,187

 

 

 

(22,184

)

Loss before provision for income taxes

 

$

(286,867

)

 

$

(294,869

)

 

$

(290,683

)

The provision for income taxes consists of the following (in thousands):

 

 

 

Years Ended December 31,

 

 

 

2023

 

 

2022

 

 

2021

 

Current:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Federal

 

$

—

 

 

$

—

 

 

$

—

 

State

 

 

—

 

 

 

—

 

 

 

—

 

Foreign

 

 

3

 

 

 

358

 

 

 

347

 

Total current

 

 

3

 

 

 

358

 

 

 

347

 

Deferred:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Federal

 

 

—

 

 

 

—

 

 

 

—

 

State

 

 

—

 

 

 

—

 

 

 

—

 

Foreign

 

 

—

 

 

 

—

 

 

 

—

 

Total deferred

 

 

—

 

 

 

—

 

 

 

—

 

Total provision for income taxes

 

$

3

 

 

$

358

 

 

$

347

 

 

The following is the reconciliation between the statutory federal income tax rate and the Company’s effective tax rate:

 

 

Years Ended December 31,

 

 

2023

 

 

2022

 

 

2021

 

Tax at statutory federal rate

 

21.0

 %

 

 

21.0

 %

 

 

21.0

 %

State tax

 

—

%

 

 

—

%

 

 

—

%

Stock-based compensation expense

 

(1.1

)%

 

 

(2.5

)%

 

 

(1.8

)%

Net operating losses not benefitted

 

(17.9

)%

 

 

(16.3

)%

 

 

(16.8

)%

Foreign net operating losses not benefitted

 

3.0

 %

 

 

0.9

 %

 

 

(1.6

)%

Deduction limitation on executive compensation

 

(0.5

)%

 

 

(0.2

)%

 

 

(0.3

)%

Global intangible low-taxed income

 

(4.3

)%

 

 

(2.8

)%

 

 

(0.4

)%

Other

 

(0.2

)%

 

 

(0.2

)%

 

 

(0.2

)%

Total

 

—

%

 

 

(0.1

)%

 

 

(0.1

)%

Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets are as follows (in thousands):

 

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

2023

 

 

2022

 

Federal and state net operating loss carryforwards

 

$

175,257

 

 

$

166,708

 

Tax credit carryforwards

 

 

123,156

 

 

 

106,131

 

Foreign net operating loss carryforwards

 

 

48,396

 

 

 

49,990

 

Capitalized research and development expenses

 

 

81,697

 

 

 

45,125

 

Stock-based compensation

 

 

9,155

 

 

 

8,616

 

Lease obligations

 

 

17,189

 

 

 

18,442

 

Reserves and accruals

 

 

5,475

 

 

 

4,929

 

Deferred revenue

 

 

24,792

 

 

 

21,624

 

Intangible assets

 

 

63,146

 

 

 

69,159

 

Other

 

 

698

 

 

 

1,277

 

Subtotal

 

 

548,961

 

 

 

492,001

 

Less: Valuation allowance

 

 

(534,967

)

 

 

(477,969

)

Net deferred tax assets

 

 

13,994

 

 

 

14,032

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fixed assets

 

 

(10,511

)

 

 

(13,101

)

Non-deductible accrued expenses

 

 

(3,483

)

 

 

(931

)

Net deferred tax liabilities

 

 

(13,994

)

 

 

(14,032

)

Total net deferred tax assets

 

$

—

 

 

$

—

 

A valuation allowance has been provided to reduce the deferred tax assets to an amount management believes is more likely than not to be realized. Expected realization of the deferred tax assets for which a valuation allowance has not been recognized is based on upon the reversal of existing temporary differences and future taxable income.

The valuation allowance increased by $57.0 million, $68.2 million and $72.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Due to uncertainty surrounding the realization of the favorable tax attributes in the future tax returns, the Company has established a valuation allowance against its otherwise recognizable net deferred tax assets.

The Company intends to continue maintaining a full valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets until there is sufficient evidence to support the reversal of all or some portion of this allowance.

At December 31, 2023, the Company had net operating loss carryforwards available to offset future taxable income of approximately $796.7 million and $147.2 million for federal and state tax purposes, respectively. $292.4 million of the federal net operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2026 if not utilized, while the remainder can be carried forward indefinitely. The state net operating loss carryforward will begin to expire in 2028 if not utilized. The Company also had foreign net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $235.1 million, which expire between 2024 and 2033 if not utilized.

At December 31, 2023, the Company had approximately $143.3 million of federal and $50.8 million of California research and development tax credit and other tax credit carryforwards available to offset future taxable income. The federal credits begin to expire in 2024 and the California research credits have no expiration dates.

Federal and state tax laws impose substantial restrictions on the utilization of net operating loss and credit carryforwards in the event of an “ownership change” for tax purposes, as defined in IRC Section 382. The Company did not perform an IRC Section 382 analysis and any previous ownership changes may result in a limitation that will reduce the total amount of net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards disclosed that can be utilized. Subsequent ownership changes may affect the limitation in future years.

On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”) was signed into law. Among other changes to the Internal Revenue Code, the IRA imposes a 15% corporate alternative minimum tax on certain corporations and 1% excise tax on public company stock buybacks for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022. The tax provisions in the IRA did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Uncertain Tax Positions

The Company had unrecognized tax benefits of approximately $81.0 million as of December 31, 2023. Approximately $0.6 million of unrecognized tax benefits, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate. The interest accrued as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 was immaterial.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized income tax benefits during the three years ended December 31, 2023 is as follows (in thousands):

 

 

 

Federal and State

 

Balance as of December 31, 2020

 

$

48,574

 

Decrease due to prior positions

 

 

(245

)

Increase due to current year position

 

 

8,415

 

Foreign exchange rate differential

 

 

927

 

Balance as of December 31, 2021

 

 

57,671

 

Increase due to prior positions

 

 

6,954

 

Increase due to current year position

 

 

9,074

 

Foreign exchange rate differential

 

 

(908

)

Balance as of December 31, 2022

 

 

72,791

 

Decrease due to prior positions

 

 

(154

)

Increase due to current year position

 

 

8,805

 

Foreign exchange rate differential

 

 

(477

)

Balance as of December 31, 2023

 

$

80,965

 

Unrecognized tax benefits may change during the next twelve months for items that arise in the ordinary course of business. The Company does not anticipate a material change to its unrecognized tax benefits over the next twelve months that would affect the Company’s effective tax rate.

The Company classifies interest and penalties as a component of tax expense, if any.

The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, U.S. state and other foreign jurisdictions. The U.S. federal and U.S. state taxing authorities may choose to audit tax returns for tax years beyond the statute of limitation period due to significant tax attribute carryforwards from prior years, making adjustments only to carryforward attributes. The foreign statute of limitation generally remains open from 2014 to 2023. The Company is not currently under audit in any tax jurisdiction.