Stock-based compensation is recorded in the consolidated statements of operations as follows (in thousands):


	Three months ended September 30,					Nine months ended September 30,
	2023			2022		2023		2022
Cost of goods sold	$	29		$	36	$	73	$	71
Research and development		230			255		747		800
Sales and marketing(1)		(223	)		273		53		856
General and administrative		487			556		1,599		1,848
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	523		$	1,120	$	2,472	$	3,575

(1) In the quarter ending September 30, 2023, the company recorded $0.2 million stock based compensation expense reversals that were non-vested and previously recognized expense in the sales and marketing department due to terminations.

The following table summarizes the outstanding stock option activity during the period indicated (shares in thousands):


				Weighted average
	Number of stock options			Exercise price		Remaining contractual term (in years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2022		2,065		$	11.78		6.7	$	758.00
Granted		297		$	5.56
Exercised		(12	)	$	2.30			$	40.00
Expired/Forfeited		(304	)	$	13.65
Balance at September 30, 2023		2,046		$	10.65		6.2	$	281.00

Vested and exercisable at September 30, 2023		1,461		$	11.36		5.2	$	281.00
Vested and expected to vest at September 30, 2023		2,046		$	10.65		6.2	$	281.00

The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $2.84. The grant-date fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model. For stock options vested and expected to vest, the aggregate intrinsic value as of September 30, 2023 was $0.3 million.

At September 30, 2023, there was $2.3 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options granted under the Company’s equity plans that is expected to be recognized over the next 2.5 years.

The following table summarizes the Company's restricted stock unit (RSU) activity during the period indicated (shares in thousands):


	Restricted stock units			Weighted average grant date fair value
Balance at December 31, 2022		444		$	11.78
Grants		653		$	5.16
Vested and released		(287	)	$	8.17
Forfeited		(138	)	$	9.28
Balance at September 30, 2023		672		$	7.41

As of September 30, 2023, there was $3.9 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested restricted stock units having a weighted average remaining contractual term of 3.0 years.

The following table summarizes the Company's performance stock unit (PSU) activity during the period indicated (shares in thousands):


	Performance stock units			Weighted average grant date fair value
Balance at December 31, 2022		137		$	2.09
Grants		—		$	—
Vested and released		—		$	—
Forfeited		(45	)	$	2.20
Balance at September 30, 2023		92		$	2.03

Service as well as market and performance conditions determine the number of PSUs that the holder will earn from 0% to 150% of the target number of shares. The percentage received is based on the Company common stock price targets over a three-year service period. Additionally, the Company must achieve or exceed 75% of the year to date revenue target measured at the end of the quarter in which the price target is achieved. As of September 30, 2023, there was $0.1 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested PSUs having a weighted average remaining contractual term of 1.5 years.

We estimate the fair value of PSUs with a market condition using a Monte Carlo simulation model as of the date of grant using historical volatility.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company settled $0.9 million related to the 2022 bonus awards by granting 187,200 immediately vested RSUs.

The Company maintains the 2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP) that provides employees an opportunity to purchase common stock through payroll deductions. The ESPP is implemented through consecutive 6-month offering periods commencing on March 1 and September 1 of each year. The purchase price is set at 85% of the fair market value of the Company's common stock on either the first or last trading day of the offering period, whichever is lower. Annual contributions are limited to the lower of 20% of an employee's eligible compensation or such other limits as apply under Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code. The ESPP is intended to qualify as an employee stock purchase plan for purposes of Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code.

Based on the 15% discount and the fair value of the option feature of the ESPP, it is considered compensatory. Compensation expense is calculated using the fair value of the employees’ purchase rights under the Black-Scholes model. The Company currently uses authorized and unissued shares to satisfy share award exercises.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company received $0.2 million from the issuance of 38,400 shares under the ESPP.