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Debt Securities

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

(2) Debt Securities. Debt securities have been classified according to management’s intent. The carrying amount of debt securities and approximate fair values are as follows (in thousands):

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value

*At December 31, 2023:*
Available for sale:
SBA Pool Securities	$	706	$	—	$	(16	)	$	690
Collateralized mortgage obligations		138		—		(15	)		123
Taxable municipal securities		16,690		—		(4,480	)		12,210
Mortgage-backed securities		13,927		—		(2,595	)		11,332
Total	$	31,461	$	—	$	(7,106	)	$	24,355

Held-to-maturity:
Collateralized mortgage obligations	$	353	$	—	$	(35	)	$	318
Mortgage-backed securities		7		1		—			8
Total	$	360	$	1		(35	)	$	326

(continued)

OPTIMUMBANK HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(2) Debt Securities, Continued.

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value

*At December 31, 2022:*
Available for sale:
SBA Pool Securities	$	834	$	1	$	(18	)	$	817
Collateralized mortgage obligations		145		—		(15	)		130
Taxable municipal securities		16,729		—		(5,109	)		11,620
Mortgage-backed securities		15,180		—		(2,645	)		12,535
Total	$	32,888	$	1	$	(7,787	)	$	25,102

Held-to-maturity:
Collateralized mortgage obligations	$	475	$	—	$	(35	)	$	440
Mortgage-backed securities		65		—		(1	)		64
Total	$	540	$	—	$	(36	)	$	504

There were no sales of debt securities available for sale during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Debt securities with gross unrealized losses, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual debt securities have been in a continuous loss position, is as follows (in thousands):

	Over Twelve Months					Less Than Twelve Months
	Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
At December 31, 2023:
Available for Sale:
SBA Pool Securities	$	(16	)		690		—			—
Collateralized mortgage obligations	$	—			—		(15	)		123
Taxable municipal securities	$	(4,480	)		12,210		—			—
Mortgage-backed securities	$	(2,595	)		11,332		—			—
Total		(7,091	)		24,232		(15	)		123
At December 31, 2022:
Available for Sale:
SBA Pool Securities	$	18		$	657	$	—		$	—
Collateralized mortgage obligations		—			—		15			130
Taxable municipal securities	$	5,109		$	11,620	$	—		$	—
Mortgage-backed securities	$	2,621		$	12,292	$	24		$	243
Total		7,748			24,569		39			373

(continued)

OPTIMUMBANK HOLDINGS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(2) Debt Securities, Continued.

At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the unrealized losses on forty and twenty-nine debt securities, respectively, were caused by market conditions.

Management evaluates debt securities for impairment where there has been a decline in fair value below the amortized cost basis of a security to determine whether there is a credit loss associated with the decline in fair value on at least a quarterly basis, and more frequently when economic or market concerns warrant such evaluation. Consideration is given to (1) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer including looking at default and delinquency rates, (2) the outlook for receiving the contractual cash flows of the investments, (3) the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, (4) the intent and ability to retain its investment in the issuer for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value or for a debt security whether it is more-likely-than-not that the Company will be required to sell the debt security prior to recovering its fair value, (5) the anticipated outlook for changes in the general level of interest rates, (6) credit ratings, (7) third party guarantees, and (8) collateral values. In analyzing an issuer’s financial condition, management considers whether the securities are issued by the federal government or its agencies, whether downgrades by bond rating agencies have occurred, the results of reviews of the issuer’s financial condition, and the issuer’s anticipated ability to pay the contractual cash flows of the investments.

The Company performed an analysis that determined that the mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations, and U.S. government securities, have a zero expected credit loss as they have the full faith and credit backing of the U.S. government or one of its agencies. Municipal bonds that do not have a zero expected credit loss are evaluated at least quarterly to determine whether there is a credit loss associated with a decline in fair value. At December 31, 2023 and 2022 all municipal securities were rated as investment grade. All debt securities in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2023 continue to perform as scheduled and the Company does not believe that there is a credit loss or that credit loss expense is necessary. Also, as part of our evaluation of our intent and ability to hold investments for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in the market, the Company considers our investment strategy, cash flow needs, liquidity position, capital adequacy and interest rate risk position. The Company does not currently intend to sell the investments within the portfolio, and it is not more-likely-than-not that a sale will be required.

Management continues to monitor all of our investments with a high degree of scrutiny. There can be no assurance that in a future period, conditions may exist at that time indicating that some or all of the Company’s securities may be sold that would require a charge to earnings as credit loss expense in such period.

The Company’s debt securities available-for-sale and held-to-maturity all have contractual maturity dates which are greater than ten years as of December 31, 2023. Expected maturities of these debt securities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers have the right to call or repay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.