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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)

| x | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2025
| OR |
| o | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 for the transition period from ___________ to _____________.

Commission File Number 000-23357
INOTIV, INC.
(Exact name of the registrant as specified in its charter)

INDIANA (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | 35-1345024 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
2701 KENT AVENUE WEST LAFAYETTE, IN (Address of principal executive offices) | 47906 (Zip code)

(765) 463-4527
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Shares |  | NOTV |  | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer o | Accelerated filer x | Non-accelerated filer o | Smaller Reporting Company o | Emerging growth company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes o No x
As of July 31, 2025, 34,354,251 of the registrant's common shares were outstanding.

Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page
PART I | FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1 | Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements: |
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2025 (Unaudited) and September 30, 2024 | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three and Nine Months Ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited) | 5
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the Three and Nine Months Ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited) | 6
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity and Noncontrolling Interest for the Three and Nine Months Ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited) | 7
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited) | 9
| Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 11
Item 2 | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 36
Item 3 | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 55
Item 4 | Controls and Procedures | 55
PART II | OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1 | Legal Proceedings | 57
Item 1A | Risk Factors | 57
Item 2 | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 58
Item 3 | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 58
Item 4 | Mine Safety Disclosures | 59
Item 5 | Other Information | 59
Item 6 | Exhibits | 60
| Signatures | 61

3

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INOTIV, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except share amounts)

| June 30, |  | September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024
| (Unaudited) |  |
Assets |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 6,215 |  |  | $ | 21,432 |
Trade receivables and contract assets, net of allowances for credit losses of $6,445 and $6,931, respectively | 78,745 |  |  | 73,560 |
Inventories, net | 45,074 |  |  | 18,173 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 43,535 |  |  | 50,248 |
Assets held for sale | 2,016 |  |  | — |
Total current assets | 175,585 |  |  | 163,413 |
Property and equipment, net | 182,335 |  |  | 188,328 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net | 44,930 |  |  | 49,165 |
Goodwill | 94,286 |  |  | 94,286 |
Other intangible assets, net | 248,930 |  |  | 274,396 |
Other assets | 13,671 |  |  | 11,773 |
Total assets | $ | 759,737 |  |  | $ | 781,361 |
Liabilities and shareholders' equity |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 45,373 |  |  | $ | 33,526 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | 35,921 |  |  | 28,218 |
Fees invoiced in advance | 40,251 |  |  | 41,986 |
Current portion of long-term operating lease | 8,845 |  |  | 11,774 |
Current portion of long-term debt | 6,206 |  |  | 3,538 |
Total current liabilities | 136,596 |  |  | 119,042 |
Long-term operating leases, net | 40,085 |  |  | 40,010 |
Long-term debt, less current portion, net of debt issuance costs | 390,336 |  |  | 389,801 |
Other long-term liabilities | 27,566 |  |  | 34,963 |
Deferred tax liabilities, net | 21,369 |  |  | 27,041 |
Total liabilities | 615,952 |  |  | 610,857 |
Contingencies and Commitments (Note 12) |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |
Common shares, no par value: |  |  |
Authorized 74,000,000 shares at June 30, 2025 and at September 30, 2024; 34,354,251 issued and outstanding at June 30, 2025 and 26,015,129 at September 30, 2024 | 8,550 |  |  | 6,466 |
Additional paid-in capital | 754,723 |  |  | 724,789 |
Accumulated deficit | (622,261) |  |  | (562,163) |
Accumulated other comprehensive income | 2,773 |  |  | 1,412 |
Total equity | 143,785 |  |  | 170,504 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 759,737 |  |  | $ | 781,361 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
4

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INOTIV, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
(unaudited)

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Nine Months Ended June 30, |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Service revenue | $ | 59,579 |  |  | $ | 54,364 |  |  | $ | 169,264 |  |  | $ | 165,188 |  |  |  |  |
Product revenue | 71,104 |  |  | 51,422 |  |  | 205,618 |  |  | 195,134 |  |  |  |  |
Total revenue | $ | 130,683 |  |  | $ | 105,786 |  |  | $ | 374,882 |  |  | $ | 360,322 |  |  |  |  |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of services provided (excluding depreciation and amortization of intangible assets) | 42,983 |  |  | 39,622 |  |  | 125,719 |  |  | 117,362 |  |  |  |  |
Cost of products sold (excluding depreciation and amortization of intangible assets) | 53,778 |  |  | 45,083 |  |  | 161,212 |  |  | 161,728 |  |  |  |  |
Selling | 5,530 |  |  | 5,030 |  |  | 15,745 |  |  | 15,781 |  |  |  |  |
General and administrative | 17,879 |  |  | 16,782 |  |  | 54,183 |  |  | 56,505 |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization of intangible assets | 13,985 |  |  | 14,119 |  |  | 41,988 |  |  | 42,524 |  |  |  |  |
Other operating expense | 2,203 |  |  | 5,902 |  |  | 155 |  |  | 39,661 |  |  |  |  |
Operating loss | $ | (5,675) |  |  | $ | (20,752) |  |  | $ | (24,120) |  |  | $ | (73,239) |  |  |  |  |
Other (expense) income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense, net | (13,606) |  |  | (12,116) |  |  | (40,890) |  |  | (34,568) |  |  |  |  |
Other income (expense) | 519 |  |  | (82) |  |  | 464 |  |  | 1,092 |  |  |  |  |
Loss before income taxes | $ | (18,762) |  |  | $ | (32,950) |  |  | $ | (64,546) |  |  | $ | (106,715) |  |  |  |  |
Income tax benefit | 1,185 |  |  | 6,863 |  |  | 4,473 |  |  | 16,721 |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated net loss | $ | (17,577) |  |  | $ | (26,087) |  |  | $ | (60,073) |  |  | $ | (89,994) |  |  |  |  |
Less: Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (440) |  |  |  |  |
Net loss attributable to common shareholders | $ | (17,577) |  |  | $ | (26,087) |  |  | $ | (60,073) |  |  | $ | (89,554) |  |  |  |  |
Loss per common share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss attributable to common shareholders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | (0.51) |  |  | $ | (1.00) |  |  | $ | (1.89) |  |  | $ | (3.46) |  |  |  |  |
Diluted | $ | (0.51) |  |  | $ | (1.00) |  |  | $ | (1.89) |  |  | $ | (3.46) |  |  |  |  |
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 34,353 |  | 25,993 |  | 31,811 |  | 25,862 |  |  |  |
Diluted | 34,353 |  | 25,993 |  | 31,811 |  | 25,862 |  |  |  |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
5

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INOTIV, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(in thousands)
(unaudited)

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Nine Months Ended June 30, |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Consolidated net loss | $ | (17,577) |  |  | $ | (26,087) |  |  | $ | (60,073) |  |  | $ | (89,994) |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation | 2,385 |  |  | (284) |  |  | 1,375 |  |  | 133 |  |  |  |  |
Defined benefit plan: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pension cost amortization | 71 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 206 |  |  | 140 |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation | 53 |  |  | (76) |  |  | (220) |  |  | (146) |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | 2,509 |  |  | (313) |  |  | 1,361 |  |  | 127 |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated comprehensive loss | (15,068) |  |  | (26,400) |  |  | (58,712) |  |  | (89,867) |  |  |  |  |
Less: Comprehensive loss attributable to non-controlling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (440) |  |  |  |  |
Comprehensive loss attributable to common stockholders | $ | (15,068) |  |  | $ | (26,400) |  |  | $ | (58,712) |  |  | $ | (89,427) |  |  |  |  |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
6

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INOTIV, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND NONCONTROLLING INTEREST
(in thousands, except number of shares)
(unaudited)

| Common Shares |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Accumulated deficit |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Total shareholders’ equity
| Number |  | Amount |  |  |  |
Balance at September 30, 2024 | 26,015,129 |  | $ | 6,466 |  |  | $ | 724,789 |  |  | $ | (562,163) |  |  | $ | 1,412 |  |  | $ | 170,504 |
Consolidated net loss | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (27,630) |  |  | — |  |  | (27,630) |
Issuance of common shares | 6,900,000 |  | 1,725 |  |  | 25,799 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 27,524 |
Issuance of stock under employee stock plans | 1,520 |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Stock-based compensation | — |  | — |  |  | 1,770 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,770 |
Pension cost amortization | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 66 |  |  | 66 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,379) |  |  | (2,379) |
Other | 801,013 |  | 200 |  |  | (223) |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | (24) |
Balance at December 31, 2024 | 33,717,662 |  | $ | 8,391 |  |  | $ | 752,136 |  |  | $ | (589,794) |  |  | $ | (901) |  |  | $ | 169,832 |
Consolidated net loss | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (14,866) |  |  | — |  |  | (14,866) |
Issuance of stock under employee stock plans | 630,878 |  | 158 |  |  | (131) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 27 |
Stock-based compensation | — |  | — |  |  | 1,435 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,435 |
Pension cost amortization | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 69 |  |  | 69 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,096 |  |  | 1,096 |
Other | — |  | — |  |  | 123 |  |  | (24) |  |  | — |  |  | 99 |
Balance at March 31, 2025 | 34,348,540 |  | $ | 8,549 |  |  | $ | 753,563 |  |  | $ | (604,684) |  |  | $ | 264 |  |  | $ | 157,692 |
Consolidated net loss | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (17,577) |  |  | — |  |  | (17,577) |
Issuance of stock under employee stock plans | 5,711 |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Stock-based compensation | — |  | — |  |  | 1,439 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,439 |
Pension cost amortization | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 71 |  |  | 71 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,438 |  |  | 2,438 |
Other | — |  | — |  |  | (279) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (279) |
Balance at June 30, 2025 | 34,354,251 |  | $ | 8,550 |  |  | $ | 754,723 |  |  | $ | (622,261) |  |  | $ | 2,773 |  |  | $ | 143,785 |

7

Table of Contents

| Common Shares |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Accumulated deficit |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income |  | Non- Controlling Interests |  | Total shareholders’ equity
| Number |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |
Balance at September 30, 2023 | 25,777,169 |  | $ | 6,406 |  |  | $ | 715,696 |  |  | $ | (453,278) |  |  | $ | 330 |  |  | $ | (664) |  |  | $ | 268,490 |
Consolidated net (loss) income | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (15,828) |  |  | — |  |  | 440 |  |  | (15,388) |
Change in noncontrolling interest | — |  | — |  |  | (2,309) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 224 |  |  | (2,085) |
Issuance of stock under employee stock plans | 13,511 |  | 3 |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Stock-based compensation | — |  | — |  |  | 1,897 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,897 |
Pension cost amortization | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 46 |  |  | — |  |  | 46 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,201 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,201 |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | 25,790,680 |  | $ | 6,409 |  |  | $ | 715,282 |  |  | $ | (469,106) |  |  | $ | 1,577 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 254,162 |
Consolidated net loss | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (48,079) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (48,079) |
Issuance of stock under employee stock plans | 114,715 |  | 29 |  |  | (27) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Stock-based compensation | — |  | — |  |  | 1,884 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,884 |
Pension cost amortization | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 47 |  |  | — |  |  | 47 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (854) |  |  | — |  |  | (854) |
Balance at March 31, 2024 | 25,905,395 |  | $ | 6,438 |  |  | $ | 717,139 |  |  | $ | (517,185) |  |  | $ | 770 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 207,162 |
Consolidated net loss | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (26,087) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (26,087) |
Issuance of stock under employee stock plans | 101,065 |  | 25 |  |  | (17) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |
Stock-based compensation | — |  | — |  |  | 1,337 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,337 |
Pension cost amortization | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 47 |  |  | — |  |  | 47 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (360) |  |  | — |  |  | (360) |
Balance at June 30, 2024 | 26,006,460 |  | $ | 6,463 |  |  | $ | 718,459 |  |  | $ | (543,272) |  |  | $ | 457 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 182,107 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
8

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INOTIV, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
(unaudited)

| Nine Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024
Operating activities: |  |  |
Consolidated net loss | $ | (60,073) |  |  | $ | (89,994) |
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 41,988 |  |  | 42,524 |
Employee stock compensation expense | 4,644 |  |  | 5,118 |
Changes in deferred taxes | (5,835) |  |  | (17,407) |
Provision for expected credit losses | (451) |  |  | (1,282) |
Amortization of debt issuance costs and original issue discount | 3,862 |  |  | 2,575 |
Non-cash interest and accretion expense | 9,176 |  |  | 5,553 |
Other non-cash operating activities | 1,083 |  |  | (711) |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Trade receivables and contract assets | (4,338) |  |  | 24,876 |
Inventories | (26,846) |  |  | 17,520 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 6,877 |  |  | 942 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities, net | 1,382 |  |  | 1,092 |
Accounts payable | 11,384 |  |  | (4,931) |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | 3,340 |  |  | 2,254 |
Fees invoiced in advance | (1,868) |  |  | (17,017) |
Other asset and liabilities, net | (9,085) |  |  | 24,455 |
Net cash used in operating activities | (24,760) |  |  | (4,433) |
Investing activities: |  |  |
Capital expenditures | (13,938) |  |  | (17,015) |
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment | 1,522 |  |  | 5,432 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (12,416) |  |  | (11,583) |
Financing activities: |  |  |
Payments on revolving credit facility | (20,000) |  |  | — |
Payments on senior term notes and delayed draw term loans | (4,254) |  |  | (2,073) |
Borrowings on revolving credit facility | 20,000 |  |  | — |
Issuance of common shares | 27,524 |  |  | — |
Other financing activities, net | (1,187) |  |  | (2,816) |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 22,083 |  |  | (4,889) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | (124) |  |  | (153) |
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | (15,217) |  |  | (21,058) |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 21,432 |  |  | 35,492 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 6,215 |  |  | $ | 14,434 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |
Cash paid for interest | $ | 30,950 |  |  | $ | 27,398 |
Income taxes paid, net | $ | 714 |  |  | $ | 1,517 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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Index to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

| Page
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS | 11
1. DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION | 11
2. REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CLIENTS | 14
3. SEGMENT AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION | 15
4. DEBT | 17
5. SUPPLEMENTAL BALANCE SHEET INFORMATION | 25
6. DEFINED BENEFIT PLAN | 27
7. OTHER OPERATING INCOME / EXPENSE | 28
8. RESTRUCTURING AND ASSETS HELD FOR SALE | 28
9. LEASES | 29
10. EQUITY, STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION AND LOSS PER SHARE | 31
11. INCOME TAXES | 32
12. CONTINGENCIES AND COMMITMENTS | 32

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INOTIV, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Amounts in thousands except share amounts, unless otherwise indicated)
(unaudited)
1. DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION
Inotiv, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“we,” “our,” “us,” the “Company,” and “Inotiv”) comprise a leading contract research organization (“CRO”) dedicated to providing nonclinical and analytical drug discovery and development services primarily to the pharmaceutical and medical device industries and selling a range of research-quality animals and diets to the same industries as well as academia and government clients. Our products and services focus on bringing new drugs and medical devices through the discovery and preclinical phases of development, all while increasing efficiency, improving data, and reducing the cost of discovering and taking new drugs and medical devices to market. Inotiv is committed to supporting discovery and development objectives as well as helping researchers realize the full potential of their critical research and development projects, all while working together to build a healthier and safer world. We are dedicated to practicing high standards of laboratory animal care and welfare.
The Company reports its results in two segments: Discovery and Safety Assessment (“DSA”) and Research Models and Services (“RMS”).
Through our DSA segment, we support the discovery, nonclinical development and clinical development needs of researchers and clinicians for primarily small molecule drug candidates, as well as biotherapeutics and biomedical devices. Our scientists have skills in analytical instrumentation development, chemistry, computer software development, histology, pathology, physiology, surgery, analytical chemistry, drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology to make the services and products we provide increasingly valuable to our current and potential clients. Our principal clients are companies whose scientists are engaged in analytical chemistry, drug safety evaluation, clinical trials, drug metabolism studies, pharmacokinetics and basic research, from small start-up biotechnology companies to some of the largest global pharmaceutical companies.
Through our RMS segment, we offer access to a wide range of small and large purpose-bred animal research models for basic research and drug discovery and development, as well as specialized models for specific diseases and therapeutic areas, in addition to diet, bedding and enrichment products. We provide deep animal husbandry expertise and expanded access to scientists across the discovery and preclinical continuum, which can reduce nonclinical lead times and provide enhanced project delivery. In conjunction with our DSA business, we have the ability to run selected nonclinical studies directly on-site at closely located research model facilities and provide access to innovative genetically engineered models and services solutions. Our principal clients include biopharmaceutical companies, CROs, and academic and government organizations.
Liquidity and Going Concern
The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") applicable to a going concern. This presentation contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business and does not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might result from the outcome of the uncertainties described below.
On December 18, 2024, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”) with Lake Street Capital Markets, LLC, as underwriter (the “Underwriter”), relating to the public offering of 6,000,000 common shares at a purchase price per share to the public of $4.25 (the “Offering Price”). Pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement, the Company granted the Underwriter a 30-day option to purchase up to an additional 900,000 common shares at the Offering Price, less underwriting discounts and commissions, which option was exercised in full and closed on December 30, 2024. Net proceeds from the offering were $27,524 after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses paid by the Company. The Company has and intends to continue to use the net proceeds from the offering for working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes.
As of June 30, 2025, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $6,215 and access to a $15,000 revolving credit facility, which had no balance outstanding. The Company has requested a draw of $3,000 on its revolving credit facility, but has not yet received the funds as of the date of this report. Further, for the nine months ended June 30,
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2025, the Company had negative operating cash flows, operating losses and net losses. If the Company's results of operations in the twelve months following the date of this report do not improve relative to the results of the first nine months of fiscal 2025, the Company will be at risk of non-compliance with its financial covenants under its Credit Agreement, dated as of November 5, 2021 (as amended through the date hereof, the "Credit Agreement").
If at any time in the twelve months following the date of this report the Company fails to comply with its financial covenants which remain unremedied for the period of time stipulated under the Credit Agreement, this would constitute an event of default under the Credit Agreement and the lenders may, among other remedies set out under the Credit Agreement, declare all or any portion of the outstanding principal amount of the borrowings plus accrued and unpaid interest to be immediately due and payable. Furthermore, if the lenders were to accelerate the loans under the Credit Agreement, such acceleration would constitute a default under our indentures governing the Company's Convertible Senior Notes (the "Notes") and the Company's 15.00% Senior Secured Second Lien PIK Notes due 2027 (the "Second Lien Notes") which, if not cured within 30 days following notice of such default from the trustee or holders of 25 percent of the Notes and from the trustee or holders of 30 percent of the Second Lien Notes, would permit the trustee or such holders to accelerate the Notes and the Second Lien Notes. If the loans under the Credit Agreement, the Notes and the Second Lien Notes are accelerated, the Company does not believe its existing cash and cash equivalents, together with cash generated from operations, would be sufficient to fund its operations, satisfy its obligations, including cash outflows for planned targeted capital expenditures, and repay the entirety of its outstanding senior term loans, repay the entirety of its outstanding Notes and repay the entirety of its outstanding Second Lien Notes. Additionally, access to the revolving credit facility would be restricted and such funds would not be available to pay for any operating activities.
On September 13, 2024, the Company entered into a Seventh Amendment to the Credit Agreement, which among other changes, made certain changes to the component definitions of the financial covenants, including the definition of Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio, and increased the cash netting capability in the First Lien Leverage Ratio covenant. Further, the Seventh Amendment included the addition of a maximum capital expenditure limit and a minimum EBITDA test effective as of the closing date for the testing periods of the six months ended December 31, 2024 and the nine months ended March 31, 2025, waived the existing financial covenants from the date of the Seventh Amendment until June 30, 2025, replaced the Secured Leverage Ratio covenant with a First Lien Leverage Ratio covenant, and established new testing ratios for the Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio and the First Lien Leverage Ratio covenants for the fiscal quarters beginning June 30, 2025 and thereafter. The Seventh Amendment also capped the reinvestment of funds from extraordinary receipts, asset sales and casualty events at $5,000 in the aggregate, and established a non-voting third party observer to the Company’s board of directors meetings, as elected by the lenders. In connection with the $5,000 capped reinvestment of funds from extraordinary receipts, asset sales and casualty events in the aggregate, during the three months ended June 30, 2025, the Company made additional principal payments of $2,181 on the outstanding term loans. The Company was in compliance with the First Lien Leverage Ratio test and the Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio test for the testing period ended June 30, 2025.
Our evaluation of the Company's ability to continue as a going concern in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles entailed analyzing prospective fully implemented operating budgets and forecasts for expectations of our cash needs and comparing those needs to the current cash and cash equivalent balances in order to satisfy our obligations, including cash outflows for planned targeted capital expenditures, and to comply with minimum liquidity and financial covenant requirements under our debt covenants related to borrowings pursuant to our Credit Agreement for at least the next twelve months. This evaluation initially does not take into consideration the potential mitigating effect of management’s plans that have not been fully implemented and are outside of its control as of the date the condensed consolidated financial statements are issued. When substantial doubt exists under this methodology, we evaluate whether the mitigating effect of our plans sufficiently alleviates substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. The mitigating effect of management’s plans, however, is only considered if both (1) it is probable that the plans will be effectively implemented within one year after the date that the condensed consolidated financial statements are issued, and (2) it is probable that the plans, when implemented, will mitigate the relevant conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that these condensed consolidated financial statements are issued.
During the next twelve months, the Company plans to continue its efforts to optimize its capital allocation and expense base. Additionally, the Company's plan is to continue its efforts to improve its operating results through increases to non-human primate ("NHP")-related product and service revenue, including pre-selling NHP inventory, and increasing purchase orders for long-term colony management service contracts and our volume of discovery and safety assessment contract awards. The Company also continues to discuss its current business conditions with its lenders. In the event that the Company fails to comply with the requirements of the financial covenants set forth in the Credit Agreement, the Company has approximately 55 days subsequent to any fiscal quarter, and approximately 100 days subsequent to fiscal
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year-end, to cure noncompliance (the "grace period"). Further, the Company has and may continue to seek additional financing and evaluate financing alternatives to meet its cash requirements for the next twelve months. There is no assurance that the Company’s lenders will agree to any amendment to the Credit Agreement, nor can there be any assurance that the Company would be able to raise additional capital, whether through selling additional equity or debt securities or obtaining a line of credit or other loan on terms acceptable to the Company or at all.
Management's operating plan forecasts compliance with the financial covenants under the Credit Agreement for the next twelve months. Although management believes that it will be able to implement its plan, there can be no assurances that its plan will prove successful. As a result, substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern exists.
Basis of Presentation
The Company has prepared the accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) regarding interim financial reporting. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP, and therefore should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements, and the notes thereto, included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024. In the opinion of management, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 include all adjustments which are necessary for a fair presentation of the results of the interim periods and of the Company’s financial position at June 30, 2025. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2025.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the Company to make estimates and judgments that may affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. These include, but are not limited to, management estimates in the calculation and timing of revenue recognition, pension liabilities, deferred tax assets and liabilities and the related valuation allowance. Although estimates are based upon management’s best estimate using historical experience, current events, and actions, actual results could differ from those estimates. Changes in estimates are reflected in reported results in the period in which they become known.
Consolidation
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited and have been prepared by the Company, including all subsidiaries and prior to December 23, 2023, a variable interest entity (“VIE”) it previously consolidated in accordance with GAAP. During December 2023, the Company entered into a transition services agreement with Vanguard Supply Chain Solutions LLC, one of the Company's transportation providers, to enable the in-house integration of Inotiv’s North American transportation operations. Following this transaction, Inotiv was no longer required to consolidate this entity. The VIE has not materially impacted our net assets or net loss. The Company successfully completed the in-house integration of its North American transportation operations during the second fiscal quarter of 2024.
The Company accounted for noncontrolling interests in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 810, “Consolidation” (“ASC 810”). ASC 810 requires companies with noncontrolling interests to disclose such interests as a portion of equity but separate from the parent’s equity. The noncontrolling interests’ portion of net loss is presented on the condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the twelve months ended September 30, 2024, and there have been no material changes to those significant accounting policies.
Newly Issued Accounting Pronouncements
In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-07, “Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (Topic 280)”. ASU 2023-07 modifies reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about segment expenses categorized as significant or
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regularly provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM"). In addition, the amendments enhance interim disclosure requirements, clarify circumstances in which an entity can disclose multiple segment measures of profit or loss, and contain other disclosure requirements. The purpose of the amendments is to enable investors to better understand an entity’s overall performance and assess potential future cash flows. This ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this new standard will have on the related disclosures in the consolidated financial statements.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (Topic 740)”. ASU 2023-09 requires enhanced disclosures on income taxes paid, adds disaggregation of continuing operations before income taxes between foreign and domestic earnings and defines specific categories for the reconciliation of jurisdictional tax rate to effective tax rate. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, and can be applied on a prospective basis. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this new standard will have on the related disclosures in the consolidated financial statements.
In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40)”. ASU 2024-03 requires enhanced disclosures on disaggregated information about certain income statement line items in a tabular format in the notes to the financial statements. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted, and can be applied on either a prospective or retrospective basis. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this new standard will have on the related disclosures in the consolidated financial statements.
Concentration of Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of trade receivables from clients in the biopharmaceutical, contract research, academic, and governmental sectors. The Company believes its exposure to credit risk is minimal, as the majority of the clients are predominantly well established and viable. Additionally, the Company maintains allowances for potential credit losses. The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event that payment is not received for revenue recognized equals the outstanding trade receivables and contract assets less fees invoiced in advance.
During the three and nine months ended June 30, 2025, one client accounted for 16.4% and 16.1% of revenue, respectively. During the three months ended June 30, 2024, no clients accounted for more than 10.0% of revenue. During the nine months ended June 30, 2024, one client accounted for 16.1% of revenue. During the three and nine months ended June 30, 2025 and June 30, 2024, no vendor spend accounted for more than 10.0% of the sum of cost of services and cost of products.
2. REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CLIENTS
DSA
The DSA segment generates service revenue through drug discovery and development services. The DSA segment generates product revenue through internally-manufactured scientific instruments for life sciences research and the related software for use by pharmaceutical companies, universities, government research centers and medical research institutions under the Company’s BASi product line. Refer to Note 1 – Description of the Business and Basis of Presentation for further discussion of types of services and products offered within the DSA segment.
RMS
The RMS segment generates product revenue through the commercial production, procurement and sale of research models, diet, bedding and enrichment products and bioproducts. The RMS segment generates service revenue through Genetically Engineered Models and Services ("GEMS"), client-owned animal colony care (colony management services), and health monitoring and diagnostics services related to research models. Refer to Note 1 – Description of the Business and Basis of Presentation for further discussion of types of services and products offered within the RMS segment.
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Contract Assets and Liabilities from Contracts with Clients
The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in billed receivables (trade receivables), contract assets (unbilled revenue), and contract liabilities (client deposits and deferred revenue) on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The following table provides information about contract assets (trade receivables and unbilled revenue, excluding allowances for credit losses), and fees invoiced in advance (client deposits and deferred revenue):

| Balance at June 30, 2025 |  | Balance at September 30, 2024
Contract assets: Trade receivables | $ | 74,576 |  |  | $ | 65,867 |
Contract assets: Unbilled revenue | 10,614 |  |  | 14,624 |
Contract liabilities: Client deposits | 21,724 |  |  | 24,898 |
Contract liabilities: Deferred revenue | 18,527 |  |  | 17,088

When the Company does not have the unconditional right to advanced billings, both advanced client payments and unpaid advanced client billings are excluded from deferred revenue, with the advanced billings also being excluded from client receivables. The Company excluded approxima tely $12,170 and $10,399 of unpaid advanced client billings from both client receivables and deferred revenue as of June 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, respectively.
The Company expects approximately 80% of deferred revenue to be recognized as revenue within the next twelve months and the remainder to be recognized thereafter during the remaining contract term.
Changes in the contract asset and the contract liability balances during the nine months ended June 30, 2025 include the following:
•Changes in the time frame for a right for consideration to become unconditional – approximately 80% of unbilled revenue as of September 30, 2024, was billed during the nine months ended June 30, 2025; and
•Changes in the time frame for a performance obligation to be satisfied – approximately 71% of deferred revenue as of September 30, 2024, was recognized as revenue during the nine months ended June 30, 2025.
3. SEGMENT AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Segment Information
During the three and nine months ended June 30, 2025, the RMS segment reported intersegment revenue of $1,680 and $5,946, respectively, related to sales to the DSA segment. During the three and nine months ended June 30, 2024, the RMS segment reported intersegment revenue of $396 and $5,230, respectively, related to sales to the DSA segment. The following table presents revenue, operating (loss) income and other results of operations by reportable segment for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024:
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| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Nine Months Ended June 30, |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
DSA: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service revenue | $ | 46,895 |  |  | $ | 43,086 |  |  | $ | 132,834 |  |  | $ | 131,951 |  |  |  |
Product revenue | 1,255 |  |  | 1,133 |  |  | 3,470 |  |  | 3,597 |  |  |  |
RMS: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service revenue | 12,684 |  |  | 11,278 |  |  | 36,430 |  |  | 33,237 |  |  |  |
Product revenue | 69,849 |  |  | 50,289 |  |  | 202,148 |  |  | 191,537 |  |  |  |
| $ | 130,683 |  |  | $ | 105,786 |  |  | $ | 374,882 |  |  | $ | 360,322 |  |  |  |
Operating Income (Loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
DSA | $ | 2,149 |  |  | $ | 2,325 |  |  | $ | 4,039 |  |  | $ | 6,771 |  |  |  |
RMS | 6,378 |  |  | (7,447) |  |  | 16,625 |  |  | (32,973) |  |  |  |
Unallocated Corporate | (14,202) |  |  | (15,630) |  |  | (44,784) |  |  | (47,037) |  |  |  |
| $ | (5,675) |  |  | $ | (20,752) |  |  | $ | (24,120) |  |  | $ | (73,239) |  |  |  |
Interest expense | (13,606) |  |  | (12,116) |  |  | (40,890) |  |  | (34,568) |  |  |  |
Other income (expense) | 519 |  |  | (82) |  |  | 464 |  |  | 1,092 |  |  |  |
Loss before income taxes | $ | (18,762) |  |  | $ | (32,950) |  |  | $ | (64,546) |  |  | $ | (106,715) |  |  |  |

The following table presents depreciation and amortization and capital expenditures by reportable segment for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Nine Months Ended June 30, |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
DSA | $ | 4,444 |  |  | $ | 4,488 |  |  | $ | 13,543 |  |  | $ | 13,260 |  |  |  |
RMS | 9,365 |  |  | 9,401 |  |  | 27,953 |  |  | 28,781 |  |  |  |
Unallocated Corporate | 176 |  |  | 230 |  |  | 492 |  |  | 483 |  |  |  |
| $ | 13,985 |  |  | $ | 14,119 |  |  | $ | 41,988 |  |  | $ | 42,524 |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
DSA | $ | 549 |  |  | 1,390 |  |  | $ | 2,030 |  |  | $ | 4,594 |  |  |  |
RMS | 3,457 |  |  | 3,031 |  |  | 11,908 |  |  | 12,421 |  |  |  |
| $ | 4,006 |  |  | $ | 4,421 |  |  | $ | 13,938 |  |  | $ | 17,015 |  |  |  |

Geographic Information
The following represents revenue originating in entities physically located in the identified geographic area:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Nine Months Ended June 30, |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |
United States | $ | 116,474 |  |  | $ | 89,707 |  |  | $ | 326,024 |  |  | $ | 303,905 |  |  |  |
Netherlands | 6,277 |  |  | 8,545 |  |  | 26,714 |  |  | 36,331 |  |  |  |
Other | 7,932 |  |  | 7,534 |  |  | 22,144 |  |  | 20,086 |  |  |  |
| $ | 130,683 |  |  | $ | 105,786 |  |  | $ | 374,882 |  |  | $ | 360,322 |  |  |  |

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Long-lived assets shown below include property and equipment, net. The following represents long-lived assets where they are physically located:

| June 30, |  | September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024
United States | $ | 161,362 |  |  | $ | 167,772 |
Netherlands | 7,103 |  |  | 7,159 |
Other | 13,870 |  |  | 13,397 |
| $ | 182,335 |  |  | $ | 188,328 |

4. DEBT
Long-term debt as of June 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024 is detailed in the table below.

| June 30, 2025 |  | September 30, 2024
Seller Note – Bolder BioPath (related party) | $ | 207 |  |  | $ | 376 |
Seller Note – Preclinical Research Services | — |  |  | 464 |
Seller Payable - Orient BioResource Center | 3,235 |  |  | 3,700 |
Seller Note – Histion (related party) | — |  |  | 84 |
Second Lien Notes | 21,816 |  |  | 17,846 |
Convertible Senior Notes | 114,754 |  |  | 109,979 |
Term Loan Facility, DDTL and Incremental Term Loans | 269,167 |  |  | 272,840 |
Total debt before unamortized debt issuance costs | $ | 409,179 |  |  | $ | 405,289 |
Less: Debt issuance costs not amortized | (12,637) |  |  | (11,950) |
Total debt, net of unamortized debt issuance costs | $ | 396,542 |  |  | $ | 393,339 |
Less: Current portion | (6,206) |  |  | (3,538) |
Total Long-term debt | $ | 390,336 |  |  | $ | 389,801 |

Revolving Credit Facility
As of June 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, the Company had no outstanding balance on the revolving credit facility. Refer to the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for information related to borrowings and payments on the revolving credit facility during the nine months ended June 30, 2025.
Term Loan Facility, DDTL and Incremental Term Loans
Below are the weighted-average effective interest rates for the loans available under the Credit Agreement:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Nine Months Ended June 30, |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |
Effective interest rates: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Term Loan | 11.41 | % |  | 11.67 | % |  | 11.55 | % |  | 11.43 | % |
Initial DDTL | 11.39 | % |  | 11.66 | % |  | 11.53 | % |  | 11.41 | % |
Additional DDTL | 11.52 | % |  | 11.78 | % |  | 11.66 | % |  | 11.54 | % |

Credit Agreement
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On November 5, 2021, the Company, certain subsidiaries of the Company (the “Subsidiary Guarantors”), the lenders party thereto, and an administrative agent (the "Agent"), entered into the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement provides for a term loan facility (the "Term Loan") in the original principal amount of $165,000, a delayed draw term loan facility in the original principal amount of $35,000 (available to be drawn up to 18 months from the date of the Credit Agreement) (the “Initial DDTL” and together with the Additional DDTL, the “DDTL”) and a revolving credit facility in the original principal amount of $15,000. On November 5, 2021, the Company borrowed the full amount of the term loan facility, but did not borrow any amounts on the DDTL or the revolving credit facility.
The Company could have elected to borrow on each of the loan facilities at either an adjusted LIBOR rate of interest or an adjusted prime rate of interest. Adjusted LIBOR rate loans accrued interest at an annual rate equal to the LIBOR rate plus a margin of between 6.00% and 6.50%, depending on the Company’s then current Secured Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement). The LIBOR rate had to be a minimum of 1.00%. The initial adjusted LIBOR rate of interest was the LIBOR rate plus 6.25%. Adjusted prime rate loans accrued interest at an annual rate equal to the prime rate plus a margin of between 5.00% and 5.50%, depending on the Company’s then current Secured Leverage Ratio. The initial adjusted prime rate of interest was the prime rate plus 5.25%.
The Company must pay (i) a fee based on a percentage per annum equal to 0.50% on the average daily undrawn portion of the commitments in respect of the revolving credit facility and (ii) a fee based on a percentage per annum equal to 1.00% on the average daily undrawn portion of the commitments in respect of the delayed draw loan facility. In each case, such fee shall be paid quarterly in arrears.
Each of the term loan facility and delayed draw term loan facility require annual principal payments in an amount equal to 1.00% of their respective original principal amounts. The Company shall also repay the term loan facility on an annual basis in an amount equal to a percentage of its Excess Cash Flow (as defined in the Credit Agreement), which percentage will be determined by its then current Secured Leverage Ratio. Each of the loan facilities may be repaid at any time. Voluntary prepayments were subject to a 1.00% prepayment premium if made on or prior to November 5, 2023 and other breakage penalties, as defined in the Credit Agreement. Voluntary prepayments made after November 5, 2023 are not subject to any prepayment premium.
The Company is required to maintain a Secured Leverage Ratio of not more than 4.25 to 1.00 for the Company's fiscal quarters through the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2023, 3.75 to 1.00 beginning with the Company’s fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2023, and 3.00 to 1.00 beginning with the Company’s fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2025. The Company is required to maintain a minimum Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement), which ratio was 1.00 to 1.00 during the first year of the Credit Agreement and is 1.10 to 1.00 from and after the Credit Agreement’s first anniversary. The covenants related to the Secured Leverage Ratio and Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio were amended by the Seventh Amendment.
Each of the loan facilities is secured by all assets (other than certain excluded assets) of the Company and each of the Subsidiary Guarantors. Repayment of each of the loan facilities is guaranteed by each of the Subsidiary Guarantors.
On January 7, 2022, the Company drew $35,000 on the Initial DDTL. Amounts outstanding under the Initial DDTL accrued interest at an annual rate equal to the LIBOR rate plus a margin of between 6.00% and 6.50%, depending on the Company’s then current Secured Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement). The initial adjusted LIBOR rate of interest was the LIBOR rate plus 6.25%.
The Term Loan and the Initial DDTL will mature on November 5, 2026.
First Amendment to Credit Agreement
On January 27, 2022, the Company, Subsidiary Guarantors, the lenders party thereto, and the Agent entered into the First Amendment to the existing Credit Agreement. The First Amendment provides for, among other things, an increase to the existing term loan facility in the amount of $40,000 (the “Incremental Term Loans”) and the Additional DDTL in the original principal amount of $35,000, which amount is available to be drawn up to 24 months from the date of the First Amendment. The Incremental Term Loans and any amounts borrowed under the Additional DDTL are referred to herein as the “Additional Term Loans”. On January 27, 2022, the Company borrowed the full amount of the Incremental Term Loans, and on October 12, 2022, the Company borrowed the full $35,000 under the Additional DDTL.
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Amounts outstanding under the Additional Term Loans accrued interest at an annual rate equal to the LIBOR rate plus a margin of between 6.00% and 6.50%, depending on the Company’s then current Secured Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement). The initial adjusted LIBOR rate of interest was the LIBOR rate plus 6.25%.
The Additional Term Loans require annual principal payments in an amount equal to 1.00% of the original principal amount. Voluntary prepayments of the Additional Term Loans were subject to a 1.00% prepayment premium if made on or prior to November 5, 2023 and other breakage penalties, as defined in the Credit Agreement. Voluntary prepayments made after November 5, 2023 are not subject to any prepayment premium.
The Company shall also repay the term loans on an annual basis in an amount equal to a percentage of its Excess Cash Flow (as defined in the Credit Agreement), which percentage will be determined by its then current Secured Leverage Ratio.
The Additional Term Loans are secured by all assets (other than certain excluded assets) of the Company and each of the Subsidiary Guarantors. Repayment of the Additional Term Loans is guaranteed by each of the Subsidiary Guarantors.
The Additional Term Loans will mature on November 5, 2026.
Second Amendment to Credit Agreement
On December 29, 2022, the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors, the lenders party thereto, and the Agent, entered into a Second Amendment (the “Second Amendment”) to the Credit Agreement.
The Second Amendment provided for, among other things, an extension of the deadline for the Company to provide to the lenders the audited financial statements for the Company’s fiscal year ended September 30, 2022 and an annual budget for 2023; the Company satisfied these requirements by the extended deadline. The Second Amendment added a requirement that the Company provide, within 30 days after the end of each month, an unaudited consolidated balance sheet, statement of income and statement of cash flows as of the end of, and for, such month, as well as a “key performance indicator” report. The Second Amendment also requires that, within 10 business days after the end of each month, the Company will provide a rolling 13-week cash flow forecast prepared on a monthly basis. The Second Amendment further provides that, upon the request of the Required Lenders (as defined in the Credit Agreement), the Company will permit a financial advisor designated by the Required Lenders to meet with management of the Company to discuss the affairs, finances, accounts and condition of the Company during the six-month period following the effective date of the Second Amendment. In addition, the Second Amendment requires the Company to deliver an updated organization chart and certain supplemental information regarding the Company’s subsidiaries in connection with each quarterly report required pursuant to the Credit Agreement.
Under the Second Amendment, the Company could have elected to borrow on each of the loan facilities at either an adjusted term secured overnight financing rate (“Term SOFR”) rate of interest or an alternate base rate of interest. Term SOFR loans accrued interest at an annual rate equal to the applicable Term SOFR rate plus (i) an adjustment percentage equal to between 0.11448% and 0.42826%, depending on the term of the loan (“Adjusted Term SOFR”); provided that, Adjusted Term SOFR could never be less than 1.00%, and (ii) a margin of between 6.00% and 6.50%, depending on the Company’s then current Secured Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement). Alternate base rate loans could accrue interest at an annual rate equal to (i) the highest of (a) the Federal Funds Effective Rate (as defined in the Credit Agreement) plus 0.50%, (b) the Agent’s prime rate and (c) Adjusted Term SOFR for a one-month tenor plus 1.00% (the “Second Amendment Alternate Base Rate”); provided that, the Second Amendment Alternate Base Rate could never be less than 2.00%, plus (ii) a margin of between 5.00% and 5.50%, depending on the Company’s then current Secured Leverage Ratio.
The Second Amendment also provides that the Company may not request any credit extensions under the revolving credit facility under the Credit Agreement, if any of the conditions precedent set forth in Section 4.02 of the Credit Agreement cannot be satisfied, including, without limitation, the making of the representation and warranty that as of the date of the most recent audited financial statements delivered to the Agent, no event, change, circumstance, condition, development or occurrence has had, or would reasonably be expected to result in, either individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect (as defined in the Credit Agreement).
In addition, the Second Amendment provided that, no later than January 13, 2023 (or such later date as the Required Lenders shall agree in their discretion), the Company shall (i) appoint a financial advisor on terms reasonably acceptable to
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the Required Lenders and the Company for a term of at least six months, (ii) provide a 13-week budget to the Agent, and (iii) deliver a perfection certificate supplement updating certain information previously provided with respect to each of the Company and the Subsidiary Guarantors, including information regarding certain collateral and other assets owned by such parties. The Company timely satisfied each of these requirements.
Third Amendment to Credit Agreement
On January 9, 2023, the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors, the lenders party thereto, and the Agent, entered into a Third Amendment (“Third Amendment”) to the Credit Agreement. The Third Amendment provides that, among other things, during the period beginning on January 9, 2023 and, subject to the terms of the Credit Agreement, ending on the date on which financial statements for the Company’s fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2024 are delivered or are required to be delivered, as long as no event of default has occurred (the “Amendment Relief Period”):
•the Cambodian NHP-related matters, to the extent existing and disclosed to the lenders prior to December 29, 2022, shall not constitute a Material Adverse Effect under the Credit Agreement and will not restrict the Company’s ability to request credit extensions under the revolving credit facility;
•the use of borrowings under the revolving credit facility is limited to funding operational expenses of the Company in the ordinary course and cannot be used for the making or funding of investments, permitted acquisitions or restricted payments, payments or purchases with respect to any indebtedness, bonuses or executive compensation, or judgments, fines or settlements; and
•additional limitations are imposed on the Company under the Credit Agreement, including restrictions on permitted asset sales, a prohibition on making permitted acquisitions, and significant limitations on the ability to incur additional debt, make investments and make restricted payments.
The Third Amendment provides that from and after the date thereof, no incremental facilities under the Credit Agreement may be established or incurred. The Third Amendment also provides for additional mandatory prepayments of borrowed amounts following the receipt by the Company of certain cash receipts, including proceeds from certain equity issuances and cash received by the Company not in the ordinary course of business. Under the Third Amendment, after any draw on the revolving credit facility, the Company’s cash and cash equivalents held on hand domestically within the U.S. cannot exceed $10,000.
Under the Third Amendment, the Company may elect to borrow on each of the loan facilities accruing interest at either an adjusted Term SOFR or an alternate base rate of interest. Term SOFR loans shall accrue interest at an annual rate equal to the applicable Term SOFR rate plus (i) an adjustment percentage equal to between 0.11448% and 0.42826%, depending on the term of the loan, provided that, the Adjusted Term SOFR shall never be less than 1.00% per annum, plus (ii) an applicable margin of 6.75% per annum for term loans maintained as SOFR loans or 9.50% per annum for revolving loans maintained as SOFR loans. Alternate base rate loans shall accrue interest at an annual rate equal to (i) the highest of (a) the Federal Funds Effective Rate (as defined in the Credit Agreement) plus 0.50%, (b) the Agent’s prime rate and (c) Adjusted Term SOFR for a one-month tenor plus 1.00% (the “Alternate Base Rate”), provided that, the Alternate Base Rate is subject to a floor of 2.00% per annum plus (ii) an applicable margin of 5.75% per annum for term loans maintained as Alternate Base Rate loans or 8.50% per annum for revolving loans maintained as Alternate Base Rate loans.
The fee consideration payable by the Company for each consenting lender party to the Third Amendment is: (i) 0.50% of the aggregate outstanding principal amount of the term loans held by each consenting term loan lender, to be paid in-kind and capitalized to the principal amounts of the term loans held by such lender; (ii) 0.50% of the aggregate outstanding principal amount of the term loans held by each consenting term loan lender, to be paid in cash upon the occurrence of certain prepayments of the term loan under the Credit Agreement; and (iii) 7.00% of the aggregate amount of the revolving commitments held by each consenting revolving lender, to be paid in cash upon the occurrence with certain permanent reductions of the revolving loans under the Credit Agreement.
Fourth Amendment to Credit Agreement
On May 14, 2024, the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors and the lenders party thereto entered into a Fourth Amendment (the “Fourth Amendment”) to the Credit Agreement. The Fourth Amendment provided that any charges or expenses attributable to or related to the Resolution Agreement and Plea Agreement (each as defined in Note 12) could be added back to the Company’s Consolidated EBITDA (up to $26,500) for purposes of the financial covenants under the Credit Agreement. Refer to Note 12 - Contingencies and Commitments for further discussion of the Resolution Agreement and Plea Agreement.
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The fee consideration payable by the Company for each consenting lender party to the Fourth Amendment is 0.50% of the aggregate outstanding principal amount of the term loans held by each consenting term loan lender, to be paid in-kind and capitalized to the principal amounts of the term loans held by such lender.
Fifth Amendment to Credit Agreement
On June 2, 2024, the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors and the lenders party thereto entered into a Fifth Amendment (the “Fifth Amendment”) to the Credit Agreement. The Fifth Amendment, among other changes, permits charges or expenses attributable to or related to the Resolution Agreement and the Plea Agreement to be added back to the Company’s Consolidated EBITDA in an amount up to $28,500; excludes any direct effects to the Company resulting from the Resolution Agreement and the Plea Agreement from being deemed a material adverse effect under the Credit Agreement; permits liens on the Company and certain subsidiaries in favor of the U.S. Department of Justice (the “DOJ”) in connection with the Resolution Agreement and the Plea Agreement; provides that certain uncured or unwaived breaches of the terms and conditions of the Resolution Agreement and the Plea Agreement shall be considered an event of default under the Credit Agreement; and enables the lenders to cause, at their discretion, material foreign subsidiaries to be joined as guarantors of the Company’s obligations under the Credit Agreement. Refer to Note 12 - Contingencies and Commitments for further discussion of the Resolution Agreement and Plea Agreement.
The fee consideration payable by the Company for each consenting lender party to the Fifth Amendment is 0.50% of the aggregate outstanding principal amount of the term loans held by each consenting term loan lender, to be paid in-kind and capitalized to the principal amounts of the term loans held by such lender.
Sixth Amendment to Credit Agreement
On August 7, 2024, the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors and the lenders party thereto entered into a Sixth Amendment (the “Sixth Amendment”) to the Credit Agreement. The Sixth Amendment among other changes, waived the financial covenant tests set out under the Credit Agreement for the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2024, established a new weekly liquidity reporting requirement to the lenders, and established a new minimum weekly liquidity requirement of $7,000 for each of the weeks ended August 16, 2024, August 23, 2024 and August 30, 2024, $17,500 for each of the weeks ended October 11, 2024, October 18, 2024 and October 25, 2024 and $10,000 for each other week thereafter.
Seventh Amendment to Credit Agreement
On September 13, 2024, the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors and the lenders party thereto entered into the Seventh Amendment to the Credit Agreement. The Seventh Amendment, among other changes, permitted the incurrence of the issuance of the Second Lien Notes in an aggregate amount of $22,550, made certain changes to the component definitions of the financial covenants, including the definition of Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio, and increased the cash netting capability in the First Lien Leverage Ratio covenant. Further, the Seventh Amendment included the addition of a maximum capital expenditure limit and a minimum EBITDA test effective as of the closing date for the testing periods of the six months ended December 31, 2024 and the nine months ended March 31, 2025, waived the existing financial covenants from the date of the Seventh Amendment until June 30, 2025, replaced the Secured Leverage Ratio covenant with a First Lien Leverage Ratio covenant, and established new testing ratios for the Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio and the First Lien Leverage Ratio covenants for the fiscal quarters beginning June 30, 2025 and thereafter. The Seventh Amendment also capped the reinvestment of funds from extraordinary receipts, asset sales and casualty events at $5,000 in the aggregate, and established a non-voting third party observer to the Company’s board of directors meetings, as elected by the lenders. Additionally, the Seventh Amendment permits charges or expenses attributable to or related to the Resolution Agreement and the Plea Agreement to be added back to the Company’s Consolidated EBITDA in an amount up to $32,000 for purposes of the financial covenants under the Credit Agreement. This is an update to the $28,500 provided in the Fifth Amendment.
Second Lien Notes
Purchase Agreement
The Company and the Subsidiary Guarantors entered into a Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”), dated September 13, 2024, with certain investors (the "Purchasers"), pursuant to which the Purchasers acquired $22,000 in aggregate principal amount of the Second Lien Notes and warrants to purchase 3,946,250 c ommon shares (the "Warrants") for consideration comprised of (i) $17,000 in cash and (ii) the cancellation of approximately $8,333 of the Company’s Notes held by certain of the Purchasers. In connection with the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement, and
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pursuant to a Fee Letter between the Company and the structuring agent, the Company also issued to the structuring agent $550 aggregate principal amount of the Second Lien Notes and additional Warrants to purchase 200,000 common shares as compensation for its services as structuring agent for the transactions. In connection therewith, $8,333 of the Notes were cancelled by the Company under the terms of the Purchase Agreement, such that the aggregate principal amount of Notes that remains outstanding is $131,667.
Second Lien Indenture
The Second Lien Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture (the “Second Lien Indenture”), dated as of September 13, 2024, by and between the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee (the “Second Lien Trustee”). The Second Lien Notes are the Company’s senior secured second lien obligations and are secured by substantially all of the Company’s and its subsidiaries’ assets, and are guaranteed on a senior secured second lien basis by the Subsidiary Guarantors.
Interest on the Second Lien Notes is payable in kind. The Second Lien Notes accrue interest at a rate of 15.00% per annum, payable quarterly in arrears on March 31, June 30, September 30 and December 31 of each year, with the initial payment on December 31, 2024. The Second Lien Notes will mature on February 4, 2027, unless earlier repurchased or redeemed.
The Second Lien Notes will be redeemable, in whole or in part, at the Company’s option at any time on or prior to March 13, 2026, at a cash redemption price equal to 100.00% of the principal amount of the Second Lien Notes redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, plus a make-whole premium, as further described in the Second Lien Indenture. The Second Lien Notes may be redeemed on or after March 14, 2026 through and including September 13, 2026, at a redemption price of 102.00% of the principal amount of the Second Lien Notes to be redeemed and (ii) on and after September 14, 2026, at a redemption price of 100.00% of the principal amount of the Second Lien Notes to be redeemed, in each case plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date.
As of June 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, there were $1,333 and $1,563, respectively, in unamortized debt issuance costs related to the Second Lien Notes. For the three months ended June 30, 2025, the total interest expense was $1,588, including coupon interest expense of $992, accretion expense of $415, and amortization of debt discount and issuance costs of $181. For the nine months ended June 30, 2025, the total interest expense was $4,633, including coupon interest expense of $2,981, accretion expense of $1,156, and amortization of debt discount and issuance costs of $496.
The Second Lien Indenture contains covenants restricting the Company’s and its subsidiaries’ ability to incur indebtedness, incur liens, make investments, make restricted payments, make asset sales and engage in transactions with affiliates, subject to certain baskets. The Second Lien Indenture requires the Company to add future assets to the collateral under the Security Agreement (as defined below) and to add future subsidiaries as guarantors under the Security Agreement.
The Second Lien Notes have customary provisions relating to the occurrence of “Events of Default” (as defined in the Second Lien Indenture), which include, among others, the following: (i) certain payment defaults on the Second Lien Notes (which, in the case of a default in the payment of interest on the Second Lien Notes, will be subject to a 30-day cure period); (ii) a default by the Company in its obligations or agreements under the Second Lien Indenture or the Second Lien Notes if such default is not cured or waived within certain grace periods; (iii) certain defaults by the Company or any of its subsidiaries with respect to indebtedness for borrowed money of at least $8,625 during the Amendment Relief Period (as defined in the Second Lien Indenture) or of at least $17,250 thereafter; (iv) certain defaults by the Company or any of its subsidiaries with respect to the Credit Agreement; (v) subject to certain exceptions, the rendering of certain judgments against the Company or any of its subsidiaries for the payment of at least $8,625 during the Amendment Relief Period or of at least $17,250 thereafter, where such judgments are not discharged or stayed within 90 days after the date on which the right to appeal has expired or on which all rights to appeal have been extinguished; (vi) the occurrence of certain ERISA events; (vii) the loss of material security interests and liens and guarantees, subject to certain exceptions; (viii) certain payment defaults in excess of $11,500 owned by the Company or any of its subsidiaries under the 2024 Settlement (as defined in the Second Lien Indenture) and other failures to perform any term, covenant, condition or agreement contained in the 2024 Settlement that is capable of being cured and that is not cured within 30 days after receipt by the Company or any of its subsidiaries of written notice of such failure; (ix) any note Document (as defined in the Second Lien Indenture) or material provision thereof being declared null and void by a court of competent jurisdiction and (x) certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency and reorganization involving the Company or any of the Company’s significant subsidiaries.
If an Event of Default involving bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization events with respect to the Company occurs, then the principal amount of, and all accrued and unpaid interest on, all of the Second Lien Notes then outstanding will
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immediately become due and payable without any further action or notice by any person. If any other Event of Default occurs and is continuing, then, the Second Lien Trustee, by notice to the Company, or noteholders of at least 30.00% of the aggregate principal amount of Second Lien Notes then outstanding, by notice to the Company and the Second Lien Trustee, may declare the principal amount of, and all accrued and unpaid interest on, all of the Second Lien Notes then outstanding to be due and payable immediately.
Security Agreement
On September 13, 2024, the Company and the Subsidiary Guarantors entered into a Security Agreement (the “Security Agreement”) with U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as the collateral agent for the Second Lien Notes (the “Collateral Agent”). Pursuant to the Security Agreement, the Company and Subsidiary Guarantors granted the Collateral Agent a second lien security interest in substantially all of their assets, including but not limited to certain accounts, equipment, fixtures and intellectual property, in order to secure the payment and performance of all of the Obligations, as defined in the Second Lien Indenture.
Convertible Senior Notes
On September 27, 2021, the Company issued $140,000 principal amount of the Notes. The Notes were issued pursuant to, and are governed by, an indenture, dated as of September 27, 2021, among the Company, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, BAS Evansville, Inc., as guarantor (the “Guarantor”), and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (the “Convertible Bond Indenture”). Pursuant to the purchase agreement between the Company and the initial purchaser of the Notes, the Company granted the initial purchaser an option to purchase, for settlement within a period of 13 days from, and including, the date the Notes were first issued, up to an additional $15,000 principal amount of the Notes. The Notes issued on September 27, 2021 included $15,000 principal amount of the Notes issued pursuant to the full exercise by the initial purchaser of such option. The Company used the net proceeds from the offering of the Notes, together with borrowings under a new senior secured term loan facility, to fund the cash portion of the purchase price of the Envigo acquisition and related fees and expenses.
In connection with the Purchase Agreement, $8,333 of the Notes were cancelled by the Company under the terms of the Purchase Agreement, such that the aggregate principal amount of Notes that remains outstanding is $131,667.
The Notes are the Company’s senior, unsecured obligations and are (i) equal in right of payment with the Company’s existing and future senior, unsecured indebtedness; (ii) senior in right of payment to the Company’s existing and future indebtedness that is expressly subordinated to the Notes; (iii) effectively subordinated to the Company’s existing and future secured indebtedness, to the extent of the value of the collateral securing that indebtedness; and (iv) structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities, including trade payables, and (to the extent the Company is not a holder thereof) preferred equity, if any, of the Company’s non-guarantor subsidiaries. The Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed, on a senior, unsecured basis, by the Guarantor.
The Notes accrue interest at a rate of 3.25% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on April 15 and October 15 of each year, beginning on April 15, 2022. The Notes will mature on October 15, 2027, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted. Before April 15, 2027, noteholders have the right to convert their Notes only upon the occurrence of certain events. From and after April 15, 2027, noteholders may convert their Notes at any time at their election until the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date. The Company will settle conversions by paying or delivering, as applicable, cash, its common shares or a combination of cash and its common shares, at the Company’s election. The initial conversion rate is 21.7162 common shares per $1 principal amount of Notes, which represents an initial conversion price of approximately $46.05 per common share. The conversion rate and conversion price are subject to customary adjustments upon the occurrence of certain events. In addition, if certain corporate events that constitute a “Make-Whole Fundamental Change” (as defined in the Convertible Bond Indenture) occur, then the conversion rate will, in certain circumstances, be increased for a specified period of time.
As of June 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, there were $2,334 and $3,031, respectively, in unamortized debt issuance costs related to the Notes. For the three months ended June 30, 2025, the total interest expense was $2,934 at an effective rate of 9.38%, including coupon interest expense of $1,068, accretion expense of $1,630, and amortization of debt discount and issuance costs of $236. For the three months ended June 30, 2024, the total interest expense was $2,948 at an effective rate of 9.38%, including coupon interest expense of $1,131, accretion expense of $1,580, and amortization of debt discount and issuance costs of $237. For the nine months ended June 30, 2025, the total interest expense was $8,675, including coupon interest expense of $3,203, accretion expense of $4,775, and amortization of debt discount and issuance costs of
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$697. For the nine months ended June 30, 2024, the total interest expense was $8,755, including coupon interest expense of $3,406, accretion expense of $4,645, and amortization of debt discount and issuance costs of $704.
The Notes are redeemable, in whole and not in part, at the Company’s option at any time on or after October 15, 2024 and on or before the 40th scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date, but only if the last reported sale price per common share of the Company exceeds 130.00% of the conversion price on (i) each of at least 20 trading days, whether or not consecutive, during the 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the trading day immediately before the date the Company sends the related redemption notice; and (ii) the trading day immediately before the date the Company sends such notice. The redemption price is a cash amount equal to the principal amount of the Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date. In addition, calling the Notes for redemption pursuant to the provisions described in this paragraph will constitute a Make-Whole Fundamental Change, which will result in an increase to the conversion rate in certain circumstances for a specified period of time.
If certain corporate events that constitute a “Fundamental Change” (as defined in the Convertible Bond Indenture) occur, then noteholders may require the Company to repurchase their Notes at a cash repurchase price equal to the principal amount of the Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the Fundamental Change repurchase date. The definition of Fundamental Change includes certain business combination transactions involving the Company and certain de-listing events with respect to the Company’s common shares.
The Notes have customary provisions relating to the occurrence of “Events of Default” (as defined in the Convertible Bond Indenture), which include the following: (i) certain payment defaults on the Notes (which, in the case of a default in the payment of interest on the Notes, are subject to a 30-day cure period); (ii) the Company’s failure to send certain notices under the Convertible Bond Indenture within specified periods of time; (iii) the failure by the Company or the Guarantor to comply with certain covenants in the Convertible Bond Indenture relating to the ability of the Company or the Guarantor to consolidate with or merge with or into, or sell, lease or otherwise transfer, in one transaction or a series of transactions, all or substantially all of the assets of the Company or the Guarantor, as applicable, and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole, to another person; (iv) a default by the Company or the Guarantor in its other obligations or agreements under the Convertible Bond Indenture or the Notes if such default is not cured or waived within 60 days after notice is given in accordance with the Convertible Bond Indenture; (v) certain defaults by the Company, the Guarantor or any of their respective subsidiaries with respect to indebtedness for borrowed money of at least $20,000; (vi) the rendering of certain judgments against the Company, the Guarantor or any of their respective subsidiaries for the payment of at least $20,000, where such judgments are not discharged or stayed within 60 days after the date on which the right to appeal has expired or on which all rights to appeal have been extinguished; (vii) certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency and reorganization involving the Company, the Guarantor or any of their respective significant subsidiaries; and (viii) the guarantee of the Notes ceases to be in full force and effect (except as permitted by the Convertible Bond Indenture) or the Guarantor denies or disaffirms its obligations under its guarantee of the Notes.
If an Event of Default involving bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization events with respect to the Company or the Guarantor (and not solely with respect to a significant subsidiary of the Company or the Guarantor) occurs, then the principal amount of, and all accrued and unpaid interest on, all of the Notes then outstanding will immediately become due and payable without any further action or notice by any person. If any other Event of Default occurs and is continuing, then the trustee, by notice to the Company, or noteholders of at least 25.00% of the aggregate principal amount of Notes then outstanding, by notice to the Company and the trustee, may declare the principal amount of, and all accrued and unpaid interest on, all of the Notes then outstanding to become due and payable immediately. However, notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company may elect, at its option, that the sole remedy for an Event of Default relating to certain failures by the Company to comply with certain reporting covenants in the Convertible Bond Indenture consists exclusively of the right of the noteholders to receive special interest on the Notes for up to 180 days at a specified rate per annum not exceeding 0.50% on the principal amount of the Notes.
At issuance, the Company evaluated the convertible feature of the Notes and determined it was required to be bifurcated as an embedded derivative and did not qualify for equity classification. In subsequent periods, the Notes’ conversion rights met all equity classification criteria and the fair value of the embedded derivative was reclassified to additional paid-in-capital. The discount resulting from the initial fair value of the embedded derivative has and will continue to be amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method. Non-cash interest expense during the period primarily related to this discount.
Acquisition-related Debt (Seller Notes)
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In addition to the indebtedness described above, certain of the Company’s subsidiaries have issued unsecured notes as partial payment of the purchase prices of certain acquisitions as described herein. Each of these notes is subordinated to the indebtedness under the Credit Agreement.
As part of the acquisition of Bolder BioPATH, the Company issued unsecured subordinated promissory notes payable to the former shareholders of Bolder BioPATH in an aggregate principal amount of $1,500. As part of the working capital adjustment in March 2022, a reduction of the promissory note of $470 was recorded. The promissory notes bear interest at a rate of 4.50% per annum, with monthly payments of principal and interest and a maturity date of May 1, 2026.
As part of the acquisition of Pre-Clinical Research Services, Inc. ("PCRS"), the Company issued an unsecured subordinated promissory note payable to the PCRS seller in the initial principal amount of $800. The promissory note bore interest at a rate of 4.50% per annum with monthly payments of principal and interest and a maturity date of December 1, 2024. The promissory note was paid in full as of December 1, 2024.
As part of the acquisition of Orient BioResource Center, Inc. ("OBRC"), the Company agreed to leave in place a payable (the "Seller Payable") owed by OBRC to Orient Bio, Inc. (the "Seller") in the amount of $3,700, which the Company determined to have a fair value of $3,325 as of January 27, 2022. The Seller Payable did not bear interest and was originally required to be paid to the Seller 18 months after the closing date of January 27, 2022. The Company has the right to set off against the Seller Payable any amounts that become payable by the Seller on account of indemnification obligations under the purchase agreement. On April 4, 2023, the Company and the Seller entered into a First Amendment to extend the maturity date of the Seller Payable to July 27, 2024. On May 24, 2024, the Company and the Seller entered into a Second Amendment to extend the maturity date of the Seller Payable to July 27, 2025. Further, beginning on July 27, 2024, the note bears interest at a rate of 4.60% per annum. Accrued interest and principal will be paid at the maturity date. On October 24, 2024, the Company and the Seller entered into a Third Amendment to extend the maturity date of the Seller Payable to January 27, 2026. No amendments to the Seller Payable have affected the rights and remedies of any party under the stock purchase agreement, nor did any alter, modify or amend or in any way affect any of the terms and conditions, obligations, covenants or agreements contained in the stock purchase agreement.
As part of the acquisition of Histion, LLC ("Histion") the Company issued unsecured subordinated promissory notes payable to the former shareholders of Histion in an aggregate principal amount of $433. The promissory notes bore interest at a rate of 4.50% per annum, with monthly payments of principal and interest and a maturity date of April 1, 2025. The promissory notes were paid in full as of April 1, 2025.
5. SUPPLEMENTAL BALANCE SHEET INFORMATION
Trade receivables and contract assets, net consisted of the following:

| June 30, |  | September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024
Trade receivables | $ | 74,576 |  |  | $ | 65,867 |
Unbilled revenue | 10,614 |  |  | 14,624 |
Total | 85,190 |  |  | 80,491 |
Less: Allowance for credit losses | (6,445) |  |  | (6,931) |
Trade receivables and contract assets, net of allowances for credit losses | $ | 78,745 |  |  | $ | 73,560 |

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Inventories, net consisted of the following:

| June 30, |  | September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024
Raw materials | $ | 1,854 |  |  | $ | 1,868 |
Work in progress | 50 |  |  | 61 |
Finished goods | 4,763 |  |  | 4,174 |
Research model inventory | 41,234 |  |  | 14,870 |
Total | 47,901 |  |  | 20,973 |
Less: Obsolescence reserve | (2,827) |  |  | (2,800) |
Inventories, net | $ | 45,074 |  |  | $ | 18,173 |

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following:

| June 30, |  | September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024
Advances to suppliers | $ | 19,261 |  |  | $ | 36,516 |
Prepaid research models | 4,011 |  |  | 4,993 |
Income tax receivable | 1,881 |  |  | 2,602 |
Note receivable | 1,226 |  |  | 1,280 |
Insurance recovery receivable (1) | 10,000 |  |  | — |
Other | 7,156 |  |  | 4,857 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | $ | 43,535 |  |  | $ | 50,248 |
(1) In connection with ongoing negotiations to settle the securities class action lawsuit and related derivative lawsuits, the Company booked a $10,000 insurance recovery receivable. Refer to Note 12 - Contingencies - Securities Class Action and Derivative Lawsuits for further discussion.

The composition of other assets is as follows:

| June 30, |  | September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024
Note receivable | $ | 6,233 |  |  | $ | 6,082 |
Funded status of defined benefit plan | 3,126 |  |  | 3,142 |
Finance lease right-of-use assets, net | 2,734 |  |  | 652 |
Other | 1,578 |  |  | 1,897 |
Other assets | $ | 13,671 |  |  | $ | 11,773 |

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Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following:

| June 30, |  | September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024
Accrued compensation | $ | 8,802 |  |  | $ | 10,851 |
Non-income taxes | 3,731 |  |  | 4,409 |
Accrued interest | 3,531 |  |  | 3,017 |
Current portion of long-term finance lease | 426 |  |  | 211 |
Other | 5,124 |  |  | 4,730 |
Resolution Agreement and Plea Agreement (1) | 5,000 |  |  | 5,000 |
Settlement accrual (2) | 9,307 |  |  | — |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | $ | 35,921 |  |  | $ | 28,218 |
(1) Pursuant to the Resolution Agreement and Plea Agreement, the Company paid $6,500 during fiscal 2024 and $5,000 during the three months ended June 30, 2025 and expects to pay an additional $17,000 over multiple years. Further, all interest accrued on the liabilities associated with the Resolution Agreement and Plea Agreement is payable at the time of the due date of the final payment, which is June 3, 2028. Therefore, accrued interest related to the Resolution Agreement and Plea Agreement is also presented within other long-term liabilities. Beginning in October 2024, interest accrues on the entire unpaid balance of the liabilities associated with the Resolution Agreement and Plea Agreement at an annual rate of 4.18%. Accordingly, the Company has included $12,613 and $17,000 in other long-term liabilities on its condensed consolidated balance sheets as of June 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, respectively.
(2) In connection with the ongoing negotiations to settle the securities class action lawsuit and related derivative lawsuits, the Company booked a $10,000 liability, including a $9,307 settlement accrual and $693 within accounts payable. Refer to Note 12 Contingencies - Securities Class Action and Derivative Lawsuits for for further discussion.

The composition of fees invoiced in advance is as follows:

| June 30, |  | September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024
Client deposits | $ | 21,724 |  |  | $ | 24,898 |
Deferred revenue | 18,527 |  |  | 17,088 |
Fees invoiced in advance | $ | 40,251 |  |  | $ | 41,986 |

The composition of other long-term liabilities is as follows:

| June 30, |  | September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024
Long-term client deposits | $ | 12,127 |  |  | $ | 16,966 |
Long-term finance leases | 2,316 |  |  | 433 |
Other | 510 |  |  | 564 |
Resolution Agreement and Plea Agreement (1) | 12,613 |  |  | 17,000 |
Other long-term liabilities | $ | 27,566 |  |  | $ | 34,963 |
(1) Pursuant to the Resolution Agreement and Plea Agreement, the Company paid $6,500 during fiscal 2024 and $5,000 during the three months ended June 30, 2025 and expects to pay an additional $17,000 over multiple years. Further, all interest accrued on the liabilities associated with the Resolution Agreement and Plea Agreement is payable at the time of the due date of the final payment, which is June 3, 2028. Therefore, accrued interest related to the Resolution Agreement and Plea Agreement is also presented within other long-term liabilities. Beginning in October 2024, interest accrues on the entire unpaid balance of the liabilities associated with the Resolution Agreement and Plea Agreement at an annual rate of 4.18%. Accordingly, the Company has included $12,613 and $17,000 in other long-term liabilities on its condensed consolidated balance sheets as of June 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, respectively.

6. DEFINED BENEFIT PLAN
The Company has a defined benefit plan in the U.K., the Harlan Laboratories UK Limited Occupational Pension Scheme (the "Pension Plan"), which operated through April 2012. As of April 30, 2012, the accumulation of plan benefits of employees in the Pension Plan was permanently suspended and therefore the Pension Plan was curtailed. During the year
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ending September 30, 2025, the Company expects to contribute $0 to the Pension Plan. As of June 30, 2025, the funded status of the defined benefit plan obligation of $3,126 is included in other assets (non-current) in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Net periodic expense is included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations in general and administrative expenses.
The following table provides the components of net periodic benefit costs for the Pension Plan, which is included in general and administrative expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Nine Months Ended June 30, |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Components of net periodic benefit: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest cost | $ | 191 |  |  | $ | 185 |  |  | $ | 555 |  |  | $ | 551 |  |  |  |  |
Expected return on assets | (238) |  |  | (196) |  |  | (690) |  |  | (585) |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of prior gain, net | (24) |  |  | (36) |  |  | (71) |  |  | (106) |  |  |  |  |
Net periodic benefit | $ | (71) |  |  | $ | (47) |  |  | $ | (206) |  |  | $ | (140) |  |  |  |  |

7. OTHER OPERATING EXPENSE
Other operating expense consisted of the following:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Nine Months Ended June 30, |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Acquisition and integration costs | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 70 |  |  |  |  |
Restructuring costs 1 | 145 |  |  | 457 |  |  | 1,378 |  |  | 2,859 |  |  |  |  |
Startup costs | 591 |  |  | 772 |  |  | 1,708 |  |  | 2,569 |  |  |  |  |
Remediation costs | — |  |  | 231 |  |  | — |  |  | 883 |  |  |  |  |
Other costs | 1,467 |  |  | 2,442 |  |  | 4,619 |  |  | 4,780 |  |  |  |  |
Settlement Agreement 2 | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,550) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Resolution Agreement and Plea Agreement 3 | — |  |  | 2,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 28,500 |  |  |  |  |
| $ | 2,203 |  |  | $ | 5,902 |  |  | $ | 155 |  |  | $ | 39,661 |  |  |  |  |
1 Restructuring costs represent costs incurred in connection with the Company's site closures, site optimization strategy, the in-house integration of the Company’s North American transportation operations and Phase Two of the Company's site optimization program as discussed in Note 8 – Restructuring and Assets Held for Sale.
2 The proceeds received in connection with the settlement agreement with Freese and Nichols, Inc. (the "Settlement Agreement") offset costs incurred to dispose of excess wastewater during previous years in addition to attorneys' fees in previous years and fiscal year 2025. Refer to Note 12 - Contingencies and Commitments for further discussion of the Settlement Agreement. |  |  |  |
3 Amounts relate to the Resolution Agreement and Plea Agreement. Refer to Note 12 - Contingencies and Commitments for further discussion of the Resolution Agreement and Plea Agreement. |  |  |  |

8. RESTRUCTURING AND ASSETS HELD FOR SALE
During June 2022, the Company approved and announced a plan to close its facility in Cumberland, Virginia. Further, during fiscal 2023, the Company announced restructuring and site optimization plans that included the following sites, which were identified for relocation of operations: Dublin, Virginia, Gannat, France, Blackthorn, U.K., RMS St. Louis, Missouri, Spain, Boyertown, Pennsylvania, Haslett, Michigan and Israel ("Phase One"). As of September 30, 2024, Phase One of the Company's restructuring and site optimization plans was complete.
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During the nine months ended June 30, 2025, the Company initiated the next phase of its site optimization program to further improve and consolidate additional RMS facilities in the U.S. ("Phase Two"). In connection with Phase Two, the sale of one U.S. property, which initially met the criteria for assets held for sale as of March 31, 2025, was completed in June 2025. Additionally, one U.S. property continued to meet the held for sale criteria as of June 30, 2025. The assets held for sale consist of land and buildings, which are a part of the RMS operating segment.
9. LEASES
The Company records a right-of-use (“ROU”) asset and lease liability for substantially all leases for which it is a lessee, in accordance with ASC 842. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company recognizes lease expense for the leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. At inception of a contract, the Company considers all relevant facts and circumstances to assess whether or not the contract represents a lease by determining whether or not the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, either explicit or implicit, for a period of time in exchange for consideration.
The Company has various operating and finance leases for facilities, vehicles and equipment. Facilities leases provide office, laboratory, warehouse, or land that the Company uses to conduct its operations. Vehicle leases primarily provide trucks, vans and trailers utilized in the transportation of diet, bedding and enrichment products and animal research models. Equipment leases provide office equipment, laboratory equipment or services the Company uses to conduct its operations.
ROU lease assets and lease liabilities that are reported in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets are as follows:

| June 30, 2025 |  | September 30, 2024
Operating ROU assets, net | $ | 44,930 |  |  | $ | 49,165 |
Current portion of operating lease liabilities | 8,845 |  |  | 11,774 |
Long-term operating lease liabilities | 40,085 |  |  | 40,010 |
Total operating lease liabilities | $ | 48,930 |  |  | $ | 51,784 |
Finance ROU assets, net | $ | 2,734 |  |  | $ | 652 |
Current portion of finance lease liabilities | $ | 426 |  |  | 211 |
Long-term finance lease liabilities | 2,316 |  |  | 433 |
Total finance lease liabilities | $ | 2,742 |  |  | $ | 644 |

Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The components of lease expense related to the Company’s leases for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Nine Months Ended June 30, |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |
Operating lease costs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed operating lease costs | $ | 3,355 |  |  | $ | 3,448 |  |  | $ | 10,197 |  |  | $ | 10,042 |  |  |  |
Lease (income) | (656) |  |  | (753) |  |  | (1,888) |  |  | (2,311) |  |  |  |
Financing lease costs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of ROU asset expense | $ | 113 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 262 |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  |  |
Interest on finance lease liability | 87 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 219 |  |  | 15 |  |  |  |
Total operating lease cost | $ | 2,899 |  |  | $ | 2,723 |  |  | $ | 8,790 |  |  | $ | 7,804 |  |  |  |

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The Company serves as lessor to a lessee in nine facilities. The gross rental income and underlying lease expense are presented net in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations. The rent receivables and underlying lease liabilities are presented gross in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

| Nine Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024
Cash flows included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases | $ | 8,277 |  |  | $ | 8,906 |
Operating cash flows from finance leases | 218 |  |  | 68 |
Financing cash flows from finance leases | 235 |  |  | 15 |
Non-cash lease activity: |  |  |
ROU assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities | $ | 3,205 |  |  | $ | 12,858 |
ROU assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities | 2,294 |  |  | 191 |

The weighted average remaining lease term and discount rate for the Company’s operating leases as of June 30, 2025 and 2024 were:

| June 30, 2025 |  | June 30, 2024
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years) |  |  |
Operating lease | 9.36 |  | 8.83
Finance lease | 6.10 |  | 2.10
Weighted-average discount rate (in percentages) |  |  |
Operating lease | 12.58 | % |  | 11.92 | %
Finance lease | 12.66 | % |  | 12.77 | %

Lease duration was determined utilizing renewal options that the Company is reasonably certain to execute.
As of June 30, 2025, maturities of operating and finance lease liabilities for each of the following five fiscal years and a total thereafter were as follows:

| Operating Leases |  | Finance Leases
2025 (remainder of fiscal year) | $ | 3,197 |  |  | $ | 186 |
2026 | 11,551 |  |  | 740 |
2027 | 9,801 |  |  | 712 |
2028 | 8,615 |  |  | 683 |
2029 | 7,862 |  |  | 639 |
Thereafter | 48,323 |  |  | 995 |
Total minimum future lease payments | 89,349 |  |  | 3,955 |
Less interest | (40,419) |  |  | (1,213) |
Total lease liability | 48,930 |  |  | 2,742 |

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10. EQUITY, STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION AND LOSS PER SHARE
Authorized Shares
On November 4, 2021, the Company’s shareholders approved an amendment to the Company’s Second Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation to increase the number of authorized shares from 20,000,000 shares, consisting of 19,000,000 common shares and 1,000,000 preferred shares, to 75,000,000 shares, consisting of 74,000,000 common shares and 1,000,000 preferred shares. Approval of this matter by the Inotiv shareholders was a condition to the closing of the Envigo RMS, LLC (“Envigo”) acquisition. The amendment was effective on November 4, 2021.
As of June 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, no preferred shares were outstanding.
Offering
On December 18, 2024, the Company entered into the Underwriting Agreement as discussed in Note 1 - Description of the Business and Basis of Presentation, relating to the public offering of 6,000,000 common shares at a purchase price per share to the public of $4.25. Pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement, the Company granted the Underwriter a 30-day option to purchase up to an additional 900,000 common shares at the Offering Price, less underwriting discounts and commissions, which option was exercised in full and closed on December 30, 2024. Net proceeds from the offering were $27,524 after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses paid by the Company.
Warrants
The Warrants are classified as equity instruments, have an exercise price of $1.57 per share, are exercisable at any time until September 13, 2034. Refer to Note 4 - Debt for further discussion of the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement and the Fee Letter. During the three months ended December 31, 2024, 1,112,126 of the Warrants were exercised on a cashless basis and exchanged for 801,013 common shares. This is included in the condensed consolidated statements of shareholders' equity and noncontrolling interest in the "Other" line for the three months ended December 31, 2024.
Stock-Based Compensation
On March 13, 2025, the Company's shareholders approved an amendment to the Inotiv, Inc. 2024 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2024 Plan”). The amendment to the 2024 Plan increased the number of shares available for issuance under the 2024 Plan by an additional 2,250,000 common shares. On March 14, 2024, the Company's shareholders approved the 2024 Plan. As originally approved, the 2024 Plan provided for the issuance of up to 1,500,000 of the Company's common shares, plus the number of common shares remaining available for future grants under the Amended and Restated 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”) as of March 14, 2024. Any common shares subject to an award under the 2024 Plan or 2018 Plan that expires, is forfeited or cancelled, is settled for cash or exchanged will become available for future awards under the 2024 Plan. Following the shareholders' approval of the 2024 Plan, awards can no longer be granted under the 2018 Plan. The Company currently grants equity awards from the 2024 Plan. As of June 30, 2025, 914,941 shares remained available for grants under the 2024 Plan.
The Company expenses the estimated fair value of stock options, restricted stock and restricted stock units over the vesting periods of the grants. The Company recognizes expense for awards subject to graded vesting using the straight-line attribution method and forfeitures, as they are incurred. Stock based compensation expense for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, was $1,439 and $1,337, respectively. Stock based compensation expense for the nine months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, was $4,644 and $5,118, respectively.
Loss per Share
The Company computes basic loss per share using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. The Company computes diluted loss per share using the if-converted method for preferred shares and convertible debt, if any, and the treasury stock method for stock options and restricted stock units.
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The following table reconciles the numerator and denominator in the computations of basic and diluted loss per share:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Nine Months Ended June 30, |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated net loss | $ | (17,577) |  |  | $ | (26,087) |  |  | $ | (60,073) |  |  | $ | (89,994) |  |  |  |  |
Less: Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (440) |  |  |  |  |
Net loss attributable to common shareholders | (17,577) |  |  | (26,087) |  |  | (60,073) |  |  | (89,554) |  |  |  |  |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted-average shares outstanding - Basic (in thousands) | 34,353 |  | 25,993 |  | 31,811 |  | 25,862 |  |  |  |
Weighted-average shares outstanding - Diluted (in thousands) | 34,353 |  | 25,993 |  | 31,811 |  | 25,862 |  |  |  |
Anti-dilutive common share equivalents 1 | 10,712 |  | 5,451 |  | 10,712 |  | 5,451 |  |  |  |
1 As of June 30, 2025, anti-dilutive common share equivalents are comprised of stock options, restricted stock units, 2,859,306 common shares issuable upon conversion of the Notes and 3,034,124 common shares issuable upon the exercise of the Warrants. As of June 30, 2024, anti-dilutive common share equivalents are comprised of stock options, restricted stock units, restricted stock awards and 3,040,268 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the Notes. These common share equivalents were outstanding for the periods presented, but were not included in the computation of diluted net loss per share for those periods because their inclusion would have had an anti-dilutive effect.

11. INCOME TAXES
The Company uses the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. The Company measures deferred tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The Company recognizes the effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company records valuation allowances based on a determination of the expected realization of tax assets.
The Company’s effective tax rates for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were 6.3% and 20.8%, respectively. For the three months ended June 30, 2025, the Company’s effective tax rate was primarily driven by the change in forecasted income in non-U.S. jurisdictions and unfavorable discrete items. For the three months ended June 30, 2024, the Company’s effective tax rate was primarily driven by a change in the Company's forecasted loss before income taxes.
The Company’s effective tax rates for the nine months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were 6.9% and 15.7%, respectively. For the nine months ended June 30, 2025, the Company’s effective tax rate was primarily driven by a change in the valuation allowance. For the nine months ended June 30, 2024, the Company’s effective tax rate was primarily driven by unfavorable permanent items related to the Resolution Agreement and Plea Agreement and valuation allowance adjustments.
The “One Big Beautiful Bill Act” (“OBBBA”) was signed into law on July 4, 2025, which is considered the enactment date under U.S. GAAP. Under ASC 740, the impact of tax law changes on current and deferred taxes is reflected in the estimated annual effective tax rate and/or recognized discretely in the period including the enactment date, which is the fourth quarter of the Company’s current fiscal year. The Company is currently assessing the tax implications stemming from certain provisions in the OBBBA and how they may affect the current fiscal year’s financial statements.
12. CONTINGENCIES AND COMMITMENTS
Litigation
From time to time, the Company is involved in actual or threatened legal actions, including class actions, and the Company also receives inquiries from regulators and other government authorities relating to various aspects of its business. At any given time, the Company has matters at various stages of resolution. The outcomes of these matters are not within the
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Company’s control and may not be known for prolonged periods of time. In some actions, claimants seek damages, as well as other relief including injunctive relief, that could require significant expenditures or result in lost revenues.
In accordance with applicable accounting standards, the Company records a liability in its condensed consolidated financial statements for material loss contingencies when a loss is known or considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. If the reasonable estimate of a known or probable loss is a range, and no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other, the minimum amount of the range is accrued. When determining the estimated loss or range of loss, significant judgment is required to estimate the amount and timing of a loss to be recorded. Estimates of probable losses resulting from litigation, governmental proceedings and other contingencies are inherently difficult to predict, particularly when the matters are in early procedural stages, with incomplete facts or legal discovery; involve unsubstantiated or indeterminate claims for damages; potentially involve penalties, fines, disgorgement, or punitive damages; or could result in a change in business practice.
Further, in accordance with applicable accounting standards, the Company records an asset in its condensed consolidated financial statements relating to a recovery only when realization of the claim for recovery is deemed probable. An asset should be recognized to the extent that a loss has previously been recognized. Any expected proceeds in excess of a previously recognized loss or a recovery of a loss not yet recognized in the financial statements should be treated as a gain contingency.
Envigo Class Action
Envigo is a defendant in a purported class action and a related action under California’s Private Attorney General Act of 2004 (“PAGA”) brought by Jacob Greenwell, a former non-exempt employee of Envigo, on June 25, 2021 in the Superior Court of California, Alameda County ("Court"). The complaints allege that Envigo violated certain wage and hour requirements under the California Labor Code. PAGA authorizes private attorneys to bring claims on behalf of the State of California and aggrieved employees for violations of California’s wage and hour laws. The class action complaint seeks certification of a class of similarly situated employees and the award of actual, consequential and incidental losses and damages for the alleged violations. The PAGA complaint seeks civil penalties pursuant to the California Labor Code and attorney’s fees. On June 2, 2023, Envigo and the plaintiff signed a Memorandum of Understanding (“MOU”) that sets forth the parties’ intent to settle these matters for $795 which includes attorneys’ fees. On August 2, 2024, the parties entered into a Joint Stipulation of Class Action and PAGA Settlement and Release of Claims (the “Agreement”) that incorporated the material terms of the MOU and is subject to the Court's approval. The Agreement contains no admission of liability or wrongdoing by Envigo. The Agreement provides that, if the settlement is approved by the Court, the settlement amount would be paid in four quarterly installments, with the first one to be funded after the Court’s final approval of the settlement, and the following ones in the three subsequent quarters. A motion for preliminary approval of the settlement was granted by the Court on June 12, 2025, subject to the submission of a revised proposed order. The parties await the Court adopting the proposed order so that the settlement notice process may commence. The final approval hearing by the Court is scheduled for December 11, 2025. The Company took a reserve equal to the proposed settlement amount, which is included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities.
Securities Class Action and Derivative Lawsuits
On June 23, 2022, a putative securities class action lawsuit (the "Securities Class Action") was filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Indiana, naming the Company and Robert W. Leasure and Beth A. Taylor as defendants, captioned Grobler v. Inotiv, Inc., et al., Case No. 4:22-cv-00045 (N.D. Ind.). The complaint alleged violations of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”), as amended, and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, based on alleged false and misleading statements and material omissions regarding the Company’s acquisition of Envigo and its regulatory compliance. On September 12, 2022, Oklahoma Police Pension and Retirement System was appointed by the Court as lead plaintiff. Thereafter, on November 14, 2022, the lead plaintiff filed an amended complaint against the same defendants, in addition to John E. Sagartz and Carmen Wilbourn, that asserted the same claims along with a claim under Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act. On November 23, 2022, the lead plaintiff filed a further amended complaint against the aforementioned defendants asserting the same claims as the amended complaint and further alleging that false and misleading statements and material omissions were made concerning the Company’s non-human primate business. The purported class in the operative complaint includes all persons who purchased or otherwise acquired the Company’s common stock between September 21, 2021 and November 16, 2022, and the complaint seeks an unspecified amount of monetary damages, interest, fees and expenses of attorneys and experts, and other relief. On January 27, 2023, the defendants filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint. That motion was fully briefed by April 28, 2023. On March 29, 2024, the Court issued a decision denying, in part, Defendants’ motion to dismiss. The case is currently stayed.
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On September 9, 2022, a purported shareholder derivative lawsuit was filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Indiana, naming Robert W. Leasure, Beth A. Taylor, Gregory C. Davis, R. Matthew Neff, Richard A. Johnson, John E. Sagartz, Nigel Brown, and Scott Cragg as defendants, and the Company as a nominal defendant, captioned Grobler v. Robert W. Leasure, et al., Case No. 4:22-cv-00064 (N.D. Ind.) (the “Grobler Derivative Action”). On January 4, 2023, an additional shareholder derivative lawsuit was filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Indiana, naming Robert W. Leasure, Beth A. Taylor, Gregory C. Davis, R. Matthew Neff, Richard A. Johnson, John E. Sagartz, Nigel Brown, and Scott Cragg as defendants, and the Company as a nominal defendant, captioned Burkhart v. Robert W. Leasure, et al., Case No 4:23-cv-00003 (N.D. Ind.) (the “Burkhart Derivative Action,” and together with the Grobler Derivative Action, the “Federal Derivative Actions”). The Federal Derivative Actions collectively assert claims for breach of fiduciary duty, abuse of control, gross mismanagement, and waste of corporate assets, as well as violations of Sections 10(b), 14(a), and 21D of the Exchange Act arising out of the Company’s acquisition of Envigo and its regulatory compliance. The Court consolidated the Federal Derivative Actions on April 24, 2024, and Plaintiffs filed a consolidated complaint on June 24, 2024. The consolidated Federal Derivative Actions are currently stayed pending the outcome of the securities class action matter.
On April 20, 2023, a purported shareholder derivative lawsuit was filed in the State of Indiana Tippecanoe County Circuit Court, naming Robert W. Leasure, Beth A. Taylor, Gregory C. Davis, R. Matthew Neff, Richard A. Johnson, John E. Sagartz, Nigel Brown, and Scott Cragg as defendants, and the Company as a nominal defendant, captioned Whitfield v. Gregory C. Davis, et al., Case No. 79C01-2304-PL-000048 (Tippecanoe Circuit Court) (the “Whitfield Derivative Action”). On June 2, 2023, an additional shareholder derivative lawsuit was filed in the Indiana Commercial Court of Marion County, naming Robert W. Leasure, Beth A. Taylor, Carmen Wilbourn, Gregory C. Davis, R. Matthew Neff, Richard A. Johnson, John E. Sagartz, Nigel Brown, and Scott Cragg as defendants, and the Company as a nominal defendant, captioned Castro v. Robert W. Leasure, et al., Case No. 49D01-2306-PL-022213 (Marion Superior Court 1) (the “Castro Derivative Action,” and together with the Whitfield Derivative Action, the “State Derivative Actions”). The State Derivative Actions collectively assert claims for breach of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment, aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty, and waste of corporate assets arising out of the Company’s acquisition of Envigo and its regulatory compliance, and the Company’s non-human primate business. On August 24, 2023, the Castro Derivative Action was transferred to the Tippecanoe County Circuit Court and consolidated with the Whitfield Derivative Action. The consolidated State Derivative Actions are currently stayed pending the outcome of the securities class action matter.
Although no agreements have been reached, based on current negotiations with the plaintiffs, the Company has recorded a $10,000 liability for the Securities Class Action, the Federal Derivative Actions and the State Derivative Action lawsuits as of June 30, 2025 and a $10,000 receivable, as the Company currently expects to recover the full amount of the accrual under its existing insurance policies. Refer to Note 5 - Supplemental Balance Sheet Information for further information on balance sheet presentation of the liability and receivable. Although these amounts have been recorded to date, there can be no assurance that final agreements will be reached, on these or other terms. Final amounts payable or recoverable related to these lawsuits may be materially different than the amounts recorded, and are subject to final resolution of these lawsuits, including negotiations between the Company, the other defendants and the plaintiffs, and required approvals by all parties involved and the courts.
FNI Settlement
On January 13, 2022, the Company filed a complaint against Freese and Nichols, Inc. ("FNI") titled Envigo RMS Holding Corp. and Envigo Global Services, Inc. v. Freese and Nichols, Inc., Case No. 22-01-61647-CV, in the District Court of Jim Wells County, Texas, 79th Judicial District related to, among other things, FNI’s failure to design an adequately sized lagoon to dispose of the current wastewater and wastewater from expanded operations in the future. The complaint asserted claims against FNI for negligence, negligence per se, and breach of contract seeking damages and attorney fees and costs. On February 14, 2025, the Company (through two of its subsidiaries) entered into a Settlement Agreement (the “Settlement Agreement”) with FNI to settle the lawsuit. The Settlement Agreement provides that the parties fully resolve all claims set forth in such lawsuit, without any admission of liability, and that FNI will pay the Company $7,550 within 30 days following the date of the Settlement Agreement. The Court granted the Company's Agreed Motion to Dismiss All Claims on March 27, 2025. The Company received the settlement payment in full prior to March 31, 2025. The $7,550 settlement payment is presented within other operating expense within the condensed consolidated statement of operations for the nine months ended June 30, 2025.
The Company is party to certain other legal actions arising out of the normal course of its business. In management's opinion, none of these actions will have a material effect on the Company's operations, financial condition or liquidity.
Government Investigations and Actions
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The Company is subject to and/or involved in government investigations, inquiries and actions, including those described below. Given their inherent uncertainty, except as otherwise noted, the Company cannot predict the duration or outcome of the pending matter described below. An adverse outcome of the matter could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s operations, financial condition, operating results and cash flows.
On May 23, 2023, Inotiv received a voluntary request from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) seeking documents and information for the period December 1, 2017 to the present regarding the Company, Envigo Global
Services, Inc. ("EGSI"), and OBRC’s importation of NHPs from Asia, including information relating to whether their importation practices complied with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. In March 2024, the SEC provided the Company a formal order of investigation concerning this matter that is dated January 9, 2024, and on April 12, 2024, the SEC provided supplemental document requests to the Company. On June 2, 2025, the SEC provided notice to the Company, through the Company’s external counsel, that the SEC’s Division of Enforcement (the “Division”) has concluded its investigation and, based on the information available to the Division as of the date of its letter, the Division does not intend to recommend an enforcement action by the SEC against the Company.
Resolution Agreement and Plea Agreement
On June 3, 2024, the Company announced that it had reached agreement with the DOJ to resolve a previously-announced criminal investigation into its shuttered canine breeding facility located in Cumberland, Virginia, which was operated originally by Envigo in November 2021. In connection with such resolution, the Company and its related entities entered into the Resolution Agreement (the "Resolution Agreement") with the DOJ and the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Western District of Virginia ("USAO-WDV"), and Envigo and EGSI entered into the Plea Agreement (the “Plea Agreement”) with the DOJ and the USAO-WDV. On June 3, 2024, before the United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia, Envigo pleaded guilty to one misdemeanor count of conspiracy to violate the Animal Welfare Act and EGSI pleaded guilty to one felony count of conspiracy to violate the Clean Water Act. On October 24, 2024, the Court sentenced Envigo and EGSI according to the terms agreed to between the DOJ and the Company in the Resolution Agreement and Plea Agreement.
Pursuant to the Resolution Agreement and the Plea Agreement, the Company, Envigo and EGSI, among other matters, have agreed to: (i) make payments totaling $22,000 in fines, with $5,000 payable on each of June 3, 2025, 2026 and 2027, and $7,000 (plus accrued interest beginning on the sentencing date) payable on June 3, 2028; (ii) on June 3, 2024, pay $3,000, split between the Virginia Animal Fighting Taskforce and the Humane Society of the United States in recognition of assistance provided to the U.S. Government’s investigation; (iii) on June 3, 2024, pay $3,500 to the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation to fund environmental projects, studies, and initiatives in Cumberland County, Virginia; (iv) expend at least $7,000 ($2,500 by June 3, 2025, $2,500 by June 3, 2026, and $2,000 by June 3, 2027) for improvements to its facilities and personnel related to the welfare of animals; (v) provide a lien to the United States against sufficient Company assets to secure the deferred payments in connection with the $22,000 fine, which lien will be junior to only the lien provided by the Company to lenders under its credit facility as of April 1, 2024 and additional liens to secure up to $100,000 of additional debt; (vi) meet specified standards with respect to the health, safety and well-being of animals under the Company’s care; (vii) develop, adopt, implement, fund and comply with a comprehensive nationwide compliance plan related to applicable laws; and (viii) on January 20, 2025, appoint the Compliance Monitor to review the Company’s care of animals and compliance with certain laws, and to pay all associated costs, which Compliance Monitor shall serve for a term that expires on January 20, 2030, five years from appointment of the Compliance Monitor, unless the Company is released from probation prior to completion of the five-year term, in which case the monitorship term shall expire on January 20, 2028, three years from appointment of the Compliance Monitor, or two months after the completion of probation, whichever is later. In addition, the pleas result in Envigo and EGSI being subject to probation for up to five years, with the potential to end the term early at a minimum of three years if the Company complies with the elements of the resolution. Refer to Note 5 Supplemental Balance Sheet Information - Other long term liabilities for further discussion of payments associated with the Resolution Agreement and the Plea Agreement.
Index to Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Business Overview | 36
Financial Highlights During Three Months Ended June 30, 2025 | 39
Financial Highlights During Nine Months Ended June 30, 2025 | 39
Results of Operations | 39

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Three Months Ended June 30, 2025 Compared to Three Months Ended June 30, 2024 | 39
Nine Months Ended June 30, 2025 Compared to Nine Months Ended June 30, 2024 | 41
Liquidity and Capital Resources | 43
Liquidity and Going Concern | 43
Comparative Cash Flow Analysis | 45
Capital Resources | 46
Critical Accounting Estimates | 54

ITEM 2 – MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
This Report contains statements that constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Those statements appear in a number of places in this Report and may include, but are not limited to, statements regarding our intent, belief or current expectations with respect to (i) our strategic plans; (ii) trends in the demand for our services and products; (iii) trends in the industries that consume our services and products; (iv) market and company-specific impacts of non-human primate ("NHP") supply and demand matters; (v) compliance with the Resolution Agreement and Plea Agreement and the expected impacts on the Company related to the compliance plan and compliance monitor, and the expected amounts, timing and expense treatment of cash payments and other investments thereunder; (vi) our ability to service our outstanding indebtedness and to comply or regain compliance with financial covenants, including those established by the Seventh Amendment to our Credit Agreement; (vii) our current and forecasted cash position; (viii) our ability to make capital expenditures, fund our operations and satisfy our obligations; (ix) our ability to manage recurring and unusual costs; (x) our ability to execute on and realize the expected benefits related to our restructuring and site optimization plans; (xi) our expectations regarding the volume of new bookings, pre-sales, pricing, cost savings initiatives, expansion of services, operating income or losses and liquidity; (xii) our ability to effectively fill the recent expanded capacity or any future expansion or acquisition initiatives undertaken by us; (xiii) our ability to develop and build infrastructure and teams to manage growth and projects; (xiv) our ability to continue to retain and hire key talent; (xv) our ability to market our services and products under our corporate name and relevant brand names; (xvi) our ability to develop new services and products; (xvii) our ability to negotiate amendments to the Credit Agreement or obtain waivers related to the financial covenants defined within the Credit Agreement; and (xviii) the impact of macroeconomic factors, including but not limited to tariffs. Actual results may differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including but not limited to those discussed in Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors, contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, in Part II, Item 1A, Risk Factors, contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in subsequent filings with the SEC, many of which are beyond our control.
In addition, we have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events. Although we believe that the assumptions on which the forward-looking statements contained herein are based are reasonable, any of those assumptions could prove inaccurate and, as a result, the forward-looking statements based upon those assumptions could be significantly different from actual results. In light of the uncertainties inherent in any forward-looking statement, the inclusion of a forward-looking statement herein should not be regarded as a representation by us that our plans and objectives will be achieved. We do not undertake any obligation to update any forward-looking statement, except as required by law. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements.
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this Report.
All amounts in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations are presented in thousands, unless otherwise specified.
Business Overview
Inotiv is a leading contract research organization (“CRO”) dedicated to providing nonclinical and analytical drug discovery and development services primarily to the pharmaceutical and medical device industries and selling a range of research-quality animals and diets to the same industries as well as academia and government clients. Our products and services focus on bringing new drugs and medical devices through the discovery and preclinical phases of development, all while
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focusing on increasing efficiency, improving data, and reducing the cost of discovering and taking new drugs and medical devices to market. Inotiv is committed to supporting discovery and development objectives as well as helping researchers realize the full potential of their critical research and development projects, all while working together to build a healthier and safer world. We are dedicated to practicing high standards of laboratory animal care and welfare.
We have two reportable segments: Discovery and Safety Assessment (“DSA”) and Research Models and Services (“RMS”).
Through our DSA segment, we support the discovery, nonclinical development and clinical development needs of researchers and clinicians for primarily small molecule drug candidates, as well as biotherapeutics and biomedical devices. Our scientists have skills in analytical instrumentation development, chemistry, computer software development, histology, pathology, physiology, surgery, analytical chemistry, drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology to make the services and products we provide increasingly valuable to our current and potential clients. Our principal clients are companies whose scientists are engaged in analytical chemistry, drug safety evaluation, clinical trials, drug metabolism studies, pharmacokinetics and basic research, from small start-up biotechnology companies to some of the largest global pharmaceutical companies.
Through our RMS segment, we offer access to a wide range of small and large purpose-bred animal research models for basic research and drug discovery and development, as well as specialized models for specific diseases and therapeutic areas, in addition to diet, bedding and enrichment products. We provide deep animal husbandry expertise and expanded access to scientists across the discovery and preclinical continuum, which can reduce nonclinical lead times and provide enhanced project delivery. In conjunction with our DSA business, we have the ability to run selected nonclinical studies directly on-site at closely located research model facilities and provide access to innovative genetically engineered models and services solutions. Our principal clients include biopharmaceutical companies, CROs, and academic and government organizations.
Site Optimization and Transportation
During the nine months ended June 30, 2025, we moved forward with many of our strategic objectives which include strengthening the Company’s liquidity position, reducing NHP revenue volatility, continuing to focus on client satisfaction and client relationships and continuing integration efforts. Our December 2024 equity offering provided net proceeds of $27,524. This additional equity assisted in reducing liquidity risk and allowed us to continue to make strategic long-term decisions, while providing additional operational stability.
In an effort to reduce revenue volatility, we have expanded our NHP client base for calendar 2025 and have continued to pre-sell our NHP inventory, which we believe has and will continue to deliver a more consistent revenue stream as compared to fiscal 2024. In addition, we expect our revenue from our long-term colony management services to continue to increase in calendar 2025 as compared to calendar 2024. During the nine months ended June 30, 2025, we continued to invest in our NHP facilities in order to support our growth initiatives.
Further, we continued to make progress integrating and improving our North American transportation and distribution systems, which we brought in house during fiscal 2024. This has provided an improved client experience and improved our operational efficiency.
From fiscal year 2022 through the end of fiscal year 2024, we executed on our restructuring and site optimization plans. These plans included the sale of our Israeli businesses in fiscal year 2023 in addition to the closure and relocation of multiple RMS facilities ("Phase One"). As of September 30, 2024, Phase One of our restructuring and site optimization plans was complete. By the end of fiscal year 2025, we believe that, as a result of Phase One and the integration of our North American transportation and distribution systems, we will have achieved approximately $17,000 to $19,000 in net annual cost savings.
During the first quarter of fiscal 2025, we announced that we would continue our site optimization plan for the RMS business ("Phase Two"). Initially, we estimated Phase Two would require a $5,000 investment, which would have included the use of tenant improvement dollars along with proceeds from the sale of owned facilities. We also estimated that Phase Two would not change production capacity and would provide annual cost savings of approximately $4,000 to $5,000 from reduced repair and maintenance expense on facilities and lower cost of production, along with improved service for clients.
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We have continued to refine our plans for Phase Two and now anticipate that Phase Two will require a capital investment of approximately $6,500, which will include the use of tenant improvement dollars and a portion of the settlement payment received during March 2025. We also now expect that Phase Two will reduce production capacity and create operating efficiencies, while supporting our animal welfare objectives, and provide net annual savings of $6,000 to $7,000. Additionally, we believe Phase Two will allow us to remain agile and to increase capacity in the future, if needed. We are in the process of executing Phase Two, which we now plan to complete by March 2026, approximately six months earlier than we originally planned. Further, we anticipate beginning to see savings benefits as early as the fourth quarter of fiscal 2025.
In connection with Phase Two, the sale of one U.S. property was completed in June 2025 and the net proceeds were used to repay principal on our term loans, as required by the Credit Agreement (as defined below). Additionally, one U.S. property continued to meet the held for sale criteria as of June 30, 2025. The net proceeds from the sale of the U.S. property that is held for sale will also be used to repay principal on our term loans.
Refer to Note 8 – Restructuring and Assets Held for Sale in our condensed consolidated financial statements contained in Part I, Item 1 for more information related to the site optimizations.
Securities Class Action and Derivative Lawsuits
Although no agreements have been reached, based on current negotiations with the plaintiffs, the Company has recorded a $10,000 liability for the Securities Class Action, Federal Derivative and State Derivative lawsuits (as defined in Note 12 - Contingencies and Commitments) as of June 30, 2025 and a $10,000 receivable, as the Company currently expects to recover the full amount of the accrual under its existing insurance policies. Refer to Note 5 - Supplemental Balance Sheet for further information on balance sheet presentation of the liability and the receivable. Although these amounts have been recorded to date, there can be no assurance that final agreements will be reached, on these or other terms. Final amounts payable or recoverable related to these lawsuits may be materially different than the amounts recorded, and are subject to final resolution of these lawsuits, including negotiations between the Company, the other defendants and the plaintiffs, and required approvals by all parties involved and the courts.
External Factors
Additionally, we remain attentive to external factors, including tariffs, client research and development funding levels, and the recently announced efforts to accelerate implementation of the FDA Modernization Act 2.0, passed in December 2022, any of which may increase our costs and could continue to drive uncertainty and instability in global markets. Any or all of these external factors could impact both of our segments during the remainder of fiscal 2025 and beyond.
Our imported NHPs were subject to 10% tariffs during the third quarter of fiscal 2025. These tariffs were required to be paid within 30 days of import, which is a shorter timeframe than the average NHP research model inventory turnover period. As a result, payment of tariffs negatively impacted the Company's cash flows during the third fiscal quarter of 2025 and is expected to continue to impact the Company's cash flows in the future. Future NHP imports are expected to be subject to 15%-20% tariffs. However, we have and expect to continue to work with suppliers and customers to attempt to mitigate the financial impact of these additional costs. The current and future applicable tariff percentages are based on the country of origin of the imported NHPs. If tariff rates continue to increase, we expect to continue working with suppliers and customers to attempt to mitigate these potential additional costs as the NHP’s are mission-critical to the safety testing of new medicines.
Client research and development funding levels, particularly those impacted by government sources like the U.S. National Institutes of Health ("NIH"), can be challenging to forecast. Funding of research and development is impacted by the political process, which is ever-changing. For example, on February 7, 2025, the NIH announced a policy that would reduce research grants by limiting payments for indirect overhead. Subsequently, on April 4, 2025, a federal judge issued a permanent injunction blocking the implementation of this policy.
With respect to the FDA Modernization Act 2.0, which encourages the industry to explore alternatives to animal testing, many of our acquisitions and investments have been implemented, at least in part, if not sometimes wholly, with the intent to help position us for the future. We believe our future objectives are in line with the goals outlined in the FDA Modernization Act 2.0. Examples of some of our current service offerings which we believe are in line with these goals include predictive computer software, computational toxicology, bioinformatics, proteomics, ex vivo and in vitro cell-based assays, and assays we run in human cells and tissues.
Refer to Part II, Item 1A - Risk Factors of this report for further discussion of potential risks associated with tariffs, client research and development funding levels and the efforts to accelerate implementation of the FDA Modernization Act 2.0.
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Financial Highlights During Three Months Ended June 30, 2025
•Revenue was $130,683 in the three months ended June 30, 2025, an increase of $24,897, or 23.5%, compared to $105,786 during the three months ended June 30, 2024, driven by an increase of $20,966, or 34.1%, in RMS revenue and a $3,931, or 8.9%, increase in DSA revenue.
•Consolidated net loss for the three months ended June 30, 2025 was $17,577, or 13.5% of total revenue, compared to a consolidated net loss of $26,087, or 24.7% of total revenue, in the three months ended June 30, 2024.
•Book-to-bill ratio for the three months ended June 30, 2025 was 1.07x for the DSA services business.
•DSA backlog was $134,319 at June 30, 2025 compared to $139,384 at June 30, 2024 and $130,824 at March 31, 2025.
Financial Highlights During Nine Months Ended June 30, 2025
•Revenue was $374,882 in the nine months ended June 30, 2025, an increase of $14,560, or 4.0%, compared to $360,322 during the nine months ended June 30, 2024, driven by an increase of $13,804, or 6.1%, in RMS revenue and an increase of $756, or 0.6%, in DSA revenue.
•Consolidated net loss for the nine months ended June 30, 2025 was $60,073, or 16.0% of total revenue, compared to a consolidated net loss of $89,994, or 25.0% of total revenue, in the nine months ended June 30, 2024.
•Book-to-bill ratio for the nine months ended June 30, 2025 was 1.03x for the DSA services business.
Highlights
•On June 2, 2025, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") provided notice to the Company, through the Company’s external counsel, that the SEC’s Division of Enforcement (the “Division”) has concluded its previously-disclosed investigation related to NHP importations from Asia, including importation practices in accordance with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and, based on the information available to the Division as of the date of its letter, the Division does not intend to recommend an enforcement action by the SEC against the Company.
•In connection with Phase Two of our U.S. optimization plan, during the three months ended June 30, 2025, one property previously reported as held for sale was sold. As of June 30, 2025, one property remained under contract to be sold and continued to meet the held for sale criteria.
•As previously disclosed, the Company and certain of its current and former directors and officers have been named as defendants in a putative securities class action lawsuit and two consolidated shareholder derivative lawsuits. Although no agreements have been reached, based on current negotiations with the plaintiffs, the Company has recorded a $10,000 liability for these lawsuits as of June 30, 2025 and a 10,000 receivable, as the Company currently expects to recover the full amount of the accrual under its existing insurance policies. Although these amounts have been recorded to date, there can be no assurance that final agreements will be reached, on these or other terms. Final amounts payable or recoverable related to these lawsuits may be materially different than the amounts recorded, and are subject to final resolution of these lawsuits, including negotiations between the Company, the other defendants and the plaintiffs, and required approvals by all parties involved and the courts.
Results of Operations
Three Months Ended June 30, 2025 Compared to Three Months Ended June 30, 2024
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DSA

(in thousands, except percentages) | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
Revenue | $ | 48,150 |  | $ | 44,219 |  | $ | 3,931 |  |  | 8.9 | %
Cost of revenue 1 | 35,318 |  | 32,597 |  | 2,721 |  |  | 8.3 | %
Operating expenses 2 | 6,239 |  | 4,809 |  | 1,430 |  |  | 29.7 | %
Depreciation and amortization of intangible assets | 4,444 |  | 4,488 |  | (44) |  |  | (1.0) | %
Operating income 3 | $ | 2,149 |  | $ | 2,325 |  | $ | (176) |  | (7.6) | %
Operating income % of total revenue | 1.6 | % |  | 2.2 | % |  |  |  |
1 Cost of revenue includes cost of services provided and cost of products sold and excludes depreciation and amortization of intangible assets, which is separately stated
2 Operating expenses include selling, general and administrative and other operating expenses and excludes depreciation and amortization of intangible assets, which is separately stated
3 Table may not foot due to rounding

DSA revenue increased by $3,931 in the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024. DSA revenue increased primarily due to an increase in general toxicology services revenue, as well as an increase in biotherapeutic services revenue and medical device services revenue.
DSA operating income was $2,149 in the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to operating income of $2,325 in the three months ended June 30, 2024, a decrease of $176 primarily due to an increase in cost of revenue and an increase in operating expenses, partially offset by the increase in revenue discussed above. The increase in cost of revenue was primarily due to increased cost of research models, additional commercial activity at our Rockville facility and increased repairs and maintenance expense. The increase in operating expenses was primarily due to increased compensation and benefits expense and increased bad debt expense, partially offset by decreased startup costs.
RMS

(in thousands, except percentages) | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
Revenue | $ | 82,533 |  | $ | 61,567 |  | $ | 20,966 |  | 34.1 | %
Cost of revenue 1 | 61,443 |  | 52,108 |  | 9,335 |  | 17.9 | %
Operating expenses 2 | 5,347 |  | 7,505 |  | (2,158) |  | (28.8) | %
Depreciation and amortization of intangible assets | 9,365 |  | 9,401 |  | (36) |  | (0.4) | %
Operating income (loss)3 | $ | 6,378 |  | $ | (7,447) |  | $ | 13,825 |  | 185.6 | %
Operating income (loss) % of total revenue | 4.9 | % |  | (7.0) | % |  |  |  |
1 Cost of revenue includes cost of services provided and cost of products sold and excludes depreciation and amortization of intangible assets, which is separately stated
2 Operating expenses include selling, general and administrative and other operating expenses and excludes depreciation and amortization of intangible assets, which is separately stated
3 Table may not foot due to rounding

RMS revenue increased $20,966 in the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024, primarily due to higher NHP volumes sold and higher average selling prices for NHPs compared to the prior year quarter.
RMS operating income was $6,378 in the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to an operating loss of $7,447 in the three months ended June 30, 2024, a change of $13,825, due primarily to the increase in revenue discussed above and decreased operating expenses, partially offset by increased cost of revenue. The $2,158 decrease in operating expenses was primarily due to the $2,000 charge incurred during the three months ended June 30, 2024 related to the Resolution Agreement and Plea Agreement between the Company and the U.S. Department of Justice ("DOJ") entered into to resolve an investigation by the DOJ, which did not repeat during the three months ended June 30, 2025. The $9,335 increase in cost of revenue primarily related to increased costs associated with the increased NHP related product and service revenue
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from increased volumes as discussed above, partially offset by reduced non-NHP inventory costs and reduced facility-related expenses.
Unallocated Corporate

(in thousands, except percentages) | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
Operating expenses 1 | $ | 14,026 |  | $ | 15,400 |  | $ | (1,374) |  |  | (8.9) | %
Depreciation | 176 |  | 230 |  | (54) |  |  | (23.5) | %
Operating loss 2 | $ | 14,202 |  | $ | 15,630 |  | $ | (1,428) |  |  | (9.1) | %
Operating loss % of total revenue | (10.9) | % |  | (14.8) | % |  |  |  |
1 Operating expenses includes general and administrative and other operating expenses
2 Table may not foot due to rounding

Unallocated corporate costs consist of general and administrative expenses, other operating expenses and depreciation expenses that are not directly related or allocated to the reportable segments. The decreased operating loss of $1,428 in the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024 was primarily driven by decreased legal fees and compensation and benefits expense, partially offset by increased non-legal professional fees.
Other Expense
Other expense increased by $889 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2024, primarily driven by an increase of $1,490 in interest expense, net, which was largely due to interest incurred in relation to the Second Lien Notes (as defined below) issued in September 2024, partially offset by gains related to changes in foreign exchange rates.
Income Taxes
The Company’s effective tax rates for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were 6.3% and 20.8%, respectively. For the three months ended June 30, 2025, the Company’s effective tax rate was primarily driven by the change in forecasted income in non-U.S. jurisdictions and unfavorable discrete items. For the three months ended June 30, 2024, the Company’s effective tax rate was primarily driven by a change in the Company's forecasted loss before income taxes.
Consolidated Net Loss
As a result of the factors described above, we had a consolidated net loss of $17,577 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 as compared to a consolidated net loss of $26,087 during the three months ended June 30, 2024.
Nine Months Ended June 30, 2025 Compared to Nine Months Ended June 30, 2024
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DSA

| Nine Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
Revenue | $ | 136,304 |  | $ | 135,548 |  | $ | 756 |  | 0.6 | %
Cost of revenue 1 | 101,499 |  | 96,210 |  | 5,289 |  | 5.5 | %
Operating expenses 2 | 17,223 |  | 19,307 |  | (2,084) |  | (10.8) | %
Depreciation and amortization of intangible assets | 13,543 |  | 13,260 |  | 283 |  | 2.1 | %
Operating income 3 | $ | 4,039 |  | $ | 6,771 |  | $ | (2,732) |  | (40.3) | %
Operating income % of total revenue | 1.1 | % |  | 1.9 | % |  |  |  |
1 Cost of revenue includes cost of services provided and cost of products sold and excludes depreciation and amortization of intangible assets, which is separately stated
2 Operating expenses include selling, general and administrative and other operating expenses and excludes depreciation and amortization of intangible assets, which is separately stated
3 Table may not foot due to rounding

DSA revenue increased $756 in the nine months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended June 30, 2024. The increase in DSA revenue was primarily driven by an increase in general toxicology services revenue, partially offset by a decrease in discovery services revenue.
DSA operating income decreased by $2,732 in the nine months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended June 30, 2024, primarily due to the increase of $5,289 in cost of revenue and an increase of $283 in depreciation and amortization of intangible assets, partially offset by a decrease of $2,084 in operating expenses and the increase in revenue discussed above. The increase in cost of revenue was primarily due to increased compensation and benefits expense, increased research animal model costs and increased repair and maintenance costs, partially offset by a decrease in facility-related costs. The decrease in operating expenses primarily related to decreases in professional fees and bad debt expense, partially offset by increased compensation and benefits costs.
RMS

| Nine Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
Revenue | $ | 238,578 |  | $ | 224,774 |  | $ | 13,804 |  |  | 6.1 | %
Cost of revenue 1 | 185,432 |  | 182,880 |  | 2,552 |  |  | 1.4 | %
Operating expenses 2 | 8,568 |  | 46,086 |  | (37,518) |  |  | (81.4) | %
Depreciation and amortization of intangible assets | 27,953 |  | 28,781 |  | (828) |  |  | (2.9) | %
Operating income (loss) 3 | $ | 16,625 |  | $ | (32,973) |  | $ | 49,598 |  | 150.4 | %
Operating income (loss) % of total revenue | 4.4 | % |  | (9.2) | % |  |  |  |
1 Cost of revenue includes cost of services provided and cost of products sold and excludes depreciation and amortization of intangible assets, which is separately stated
2 Operating expenses include selling, general and administrative and other operating expenses and excludes depreciation and amortization of intangible assets, which is separately stated
3 Table may not foot due to rounding

RMS revenue increased $13,804 in the nine months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended June 30, 2024, due primarily to increased NHP product and service revenue, mainly as a result of increased volume of sales of NHPs.
RMS operating income was $16,625 in the nine months ended June 30, 2025 compared to an operating loss of $32,973 in the nine months ended June 30, 2024, a change of $49,598. This change was primarily due to the decreased operating expenses and increased revenue discussed above, partially offset by an increase in cost of revenue. The $37,518 decrease in operating expenses was primarily due to the $28,500 million charge related to the Resolution Agreement and Plea Agreement that was incurred during nine months ended June 30, 2024, which did not repeat during the nine months ended June 30, 2025, and the $7,550 settlement payment we received during the nine months ended June 30, 2025 as a result of the complaint we filed against Freese and Nichols, Inc. (“FNI”). Refer to Note 12 - Contingencies and Commitments for
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further discussion of the Settlement Agreement with FNI. The increase of $2,552 in cost of revenue was primarily due to increased costs associated with higher NHP-related product and service revenue, partially offset by lower non-NHP inventory costs, reduced transportation costs, reduced utilities costs and reduced operating supplies costs.
Unallocated Corporate

| Nine Months Ended June 30, |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
Operating expenses 1 | $ | 44,292 |  | $ | 46,554 |  | $ | (2,262) |  | (4.9) | %
Depreciation and amortization of intangible assets | 492 |  | 483 |  |  | 9 |  | 1.9 | %
Operating loss 2 | $ | 44,784 |  | $ | 47,037 |  | $ | (2,253) |  | (4.8) | %
Operating loss % of total revenue | (11.9) | % |  | (13.1) | % |  |  |  |
1 Operating expenses include general and administrative and other operating expenses
2 Table may not foot due to rounding

Unallocated corporate operating loss consists of general and administrative expenses, other operating expenses and depreciation expenses that are not directly related or allocated to the reportable segments. The decrease in unallocated corporate operating loss was driven by a decrease in operating expenses of $2,262 in the nine months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the nine months ended June 30, 2024, which was primarily driven by reduced compensation and benefits expense and stock compensation expense, partially offset by an increase in professional fees.
Other Expense
Other expense increased by $6,950 for the nine months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the nine months ended June 30, 2024, primarily driven by an increase of $6,322 in interest expense, net, largely due to interest incurred in relation to the Second Lien Notes (as defined below) issued in September 2024 and periodic draws on our revolving credit facility.
Income Taxes
The Company’s effective tax rates for the nine months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were 6.9% and 15.7%, respectively. For the nine months ended June 30, 2025, the Company’s effective tax rate was primarily driven by a change in the valuation allowance. For the nine months ended June 30, 2024, the Company’s effective tax rate was primarily driven by unfavorable permanent items related to the Resolution Agreement and Plea Agreement and valuation allowance adjustments.
Additionally, the “One Big Beautiful Bill Act” (“OBBBA”) was signed into law on July 4, 2025, which is considered the enactment date under U.S. GAAP. Under Accounting Standards Codification 740, the impact of tax law changes on current and deferred taxes is reflected in the estimated annual effective tax rate and/or recognized discretely in the period including the enactment date, which is the fourth quarter of the Company’s current fiscal year. The Company is currently assessing the tax implications stemming from certain provisions in the OBBBA and how they may affect the current fiscal year’s financial statements.
Consolidated Net Loss
As a result of the factors described above, we had a consolidated net loss of $60,073 for the nine months ended June 30, 2025 as compared to a consolidated net loss of $89,994 during the nine months ended June 30, 2024.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity and Going Concern
The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") applicable to a going concern. This presentation contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business and does not include any adjustments
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relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might result from the outcome of the uncertainties described below.
On December 18, 2024, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”) with Lake Street Capital Markets, LLC, as underwriter (the “Underwriter”), relating to the public offering of 6,000,000 common shares at a purchase price per share to the public of $4.25 (the “Offering Price”). Pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement, the Company granted the Underwriter a 30-day option to purchase up to an additional 900,000 common shares at the Offering Price, less underwriting discounts and commissions, which option was exercised in full and closed on December 30, 2024. Net proceeds from the offering were $27,524 after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses paid by the Company. The Company has and intends to continue to use the net proceeds from the offering for working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes.
As of June 30, 2025, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $6,215 and access to a $15,000 revolving credit facility, which had no balance outstanding. The Company has requested a draw of $3,000 on its revolving credit facility, but has not yet received the funds as of the date of this report,. The Company has utilized and will continue to utilize its revolving credit facility during the ordinary course of business, as needed. Further, for the nine months ended June 30, 2025, the Company had negative operating cash flows, operating losses and net losses. If the Company's results of operations in the twelve months following the date of this report do not improve relative to the results of the first nine months of fiscal 2025, the Company will be at risk of non-compliance with its financial covenants under its Credit Agreement, dated as of November 5, 2021 (as amended through the date hereof, the "Credit Agreement").
If at any time in the twelve months following the date of this report the Company fails to comply with its financial covenants which remain unremedied for the period of time stipulated under the Credit Agreement, this would constitute an event of default under the Credit Agreement and the lenders may, among other remedies set out under the Credit Agreement, declare all or any portion of the outstanding principal amount of the borrowings plus accrued and unpaid interest to be immediately due and payable. Furthermore, if the lenders were to accelerate the loans under the Credit Agreement, such acceleration would constitute a default under our indentures governing the Company's Convertible Senior Notes (the "Notes") and the Company's 15.00% Senior Secured Second Lien PIK Notes due 2027 (the "Second Lien Notes") which, if not cured within 30 days following notice of such default from the trustee or holders of 25 percent of the Notes and from the trustee or holders of 30 percent of the Second Lien Notes, would permit the trustee or such holders to accelerate the Notes and the Second Lien Notes. If the loans under the Credit Agreement, the Notes and the Second Lien Notes are accelerated, the Company does not believe its existing cash and cash equivalents, together with cash generated from operations, would be sufficient to fund its operations, satisfy its obligations, including cash outflows for planned targeted capital expenditures, and repay the entirety of its outstanding senior term loans, repay the entirety of its outstanding Notes and repay the entirety of its outstanding Second Lien Notes. Additionally, access to the revolving credit facility would be restricted and such funds would not be available to pay for any operating activities.
On September 13, 2024, the Company entered into a Seventh Amendment to the Credit Agreement, which among other changes, made certain changes to the component definitions of the financial covenants, including the definition of Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio, and increased the cash netting capability in the First Lien Leverage Ratio covenant. Further, the Seventh Amendment included the addition of a maximum capital expenditure limit and a minimum EBITDA test effective as of the closing date for the testing periods of the six months ended December 31, 2024 and the nine months ended March 31, 2025, waived the existing financial covenants from the date of the Seventh Amendment until June 30, 2025, replaced the Secured Leverage Ratio covenant with a First Lien Leverage Ratio covenant and established new testing ratios for the Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio and the First Lien Leverage Ratio covenants for the fiscal quarters beginning June 30, 2025 and thereafter. The Seventh Amendment also capped the reinvestment of funds from extraordinary receipts, asset sales and casualty events at $5,000 in the aggregate, and established a non-voting third party observer to the Company’s board of directors meetings, as elected by the lenders. In connection with the $5,000 capped reinvestment of funds from extraordinary receipts, asset sales and casualty events in the aggregate, during the three months ended June 30, 2025, the Company made additional principal payments of $2,181 on the outstanding term loans. The Company was in compliance with the First Lien Leverage Ratio test and the Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio test for the testing period ended June 30, 2025.
Our evaluation of the Company's ability to continue as a going concern in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles entailed analyzing prospective fully implemented operating budgets and forecasts for expectations of our cash needs and comparing those needs to the current cash and cash equivalent balances in order to satisfy our obligations, including cash outflows for planned targeted capital expenditures, and to comply with minimum liquidity and financial covenant requirements under our debt covenants related to borrowings pursuant to our Credit Agreement for at least the next twelve months. This evaluation initially does not take into consideration the potential mitigating effect of management’s plans that have not been fully implemented and are outside of its control as of the date the condensed
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consolidated financial statements are issued. When substantial doubt exists under this methodology, we evaluate whether the mitigating effect of our plans sufficiently alleviates substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. The mitigating effect of management’s plans, however, is only considered if both (1) it is probable that the plans will be effectively implemented within one year after the date that the condensed consolidated financial statements are issued, and (2) it is probable that the plans, when implemented, will mitigate the relevant conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that these condensed consolidated financial statements are issued.
During the next twelve months, the Company plans to continue its efforts to optimize its capital allocation and expense base. Additionally, the Company's plan is to continue its efforts to improve its operating results through increases to NHP-related product and service revenue, including pre-selling NHP inventory, and increasing purchase orders for long-term colony management service contracts and our volume of discovery and safety assessment contract awards. The Company also continues to discuss its current business conditions with its lenders. In the event that the Company fails to comply with the requirements of the financial covenants set forth in the Credit Agreement, the Company has approximately 55 days subsequent to any fiscal quarter, and approximately 100 days subsequent to fiscal year-end to cure noncompliance (the "grace period"). Further, the Company has and may continue to seek additional financing and evaluate financing alternatives to meet its cash requirements for the next twelve months. There is no assurance that the Company’s lenders will agree to any amendment to the Credit Agreement, nor can there be any assurance that the Company would be able to raise additional capital, whether through selling additional equity or debt securities or obtaining a line of credit or other loan on terms acceptable to the Company or at all.
Management's operating plan forecasts compliance with the financial covenants under the Credit Agreement for the next twelve months. Although management believes that it will be able to implement its plan, there can be no assurances that its plan will prove successful. As a result, substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern exists.
Comparative Cash Flow Analysis
At June 30, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents of $6,215, compared to $21,432 at September 30, 2024.
Net cash used in operating activities was $24,760 for the nine months ended June 30, 2025 compared to $4,433 for the nine months ended June 30, 2024.
Net cash used in operating activities in the nine months ended June 30, 2025, was driven by consolidated net loss of $60,073, partially offset by non-cash charges of $54,467 and a net increase in operating assets and liabilities of $19,154. Non-cash charges primarily included $41,988 for depreciation and amortization, $9,176 for non-cash interest and accretion expense, $4,644 for non-cash employee stock compensation expense, and amortization of debt issuance costs and original issue discount of $3,862, partially offset by a decrease in deferred taxes of $5,835. The net increase in operating assets and liabilities was primarily driven by an increase of $26,846 in inventory, an increase of $9,085 in other assets and liabilities, net, a decrease in fees invoiced in advance of $1,868 and an increase in trade receivables and contract assets of $4,338, partially offset by decreases in prepaid expenses and other current assets of $6,877 and increases in accounts payable of $11,384. The increase in inventory and the decreases in prepaid expenses and other current assets were driven by increased NHP animal research model inventory and the timing of prepaid deposits for future NHP shipments.
Net cash used in operating activities for the nine months ended June 30, 2024 was primarily driven by non-cash charges of $36,370 and a net increase in operating assets and liabilities of $49,191, partially offset by a consolidated net loss of $89,994. Non-cash charges primarily included $42,524 for depreciation and amortization, $5,118 for non-cash stock compensation expense, non-cash interest and accretion expense of $5,553 and amortization of debt issuance costs and original issue discount of $2,575, partially offset by changes in deferred taxes of $17,407.
Net cash used in investing activities of $12,416 in the nine months ended June 30, 2025 was primarily due to capital expenditures of $13,938, partially offset by the proceeds from the sale of property and equipment. The capital additions during the nine months ended June 30, 2025 primarily consisted of investments in facility improvements for animal welfare and capacity expansions to support future NHP colony management service revenue growth.
Net cash used in investing activities of $11,583 in the nine months ended June 30, 2024 was primarily due to capital expenditures of $17,015. The capital additions during the nine months ended June 30, 2024 primarily consisted of investments in facility improvements, site expansions, enhancements to laboratory technology, improvements for animal welfare and system enhancements to improve the client experience. Partially offsetting these capital expenditures were net
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investing cash inflows of $5,432 related to the proceeds from the sale of property and equipment, which primarily related to the sale of various sites in connection with our site optimization strategy.
Net cash provided by financing activities of $22,083 in the nine months ended June 30, 2025 primarily included net proceeds from the issuance of common shares of $27,524 and borrowings on the revolving credit facility of $20,000, partially offset by payments on the revolving credit facility of $20,000 and payments on senior term notes and delayed draw term loans of $4,254.
Net cash used in financing activities of $4,889 in the nine months ended June 30, 2024 included other net financing payments of $2,816 and principal payments of $2,073 on the senior term notes and delayed draw term loans.
Capital Resources
Long-term debt as of June 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024 is detailed in the table below.

| June 30, 2025 |  | September 30, 2024
Seller Note – Bolder BioPath (related party) | $ | 207 |  |  | $ | 376 |
Seller Note – Preclinical Research Services | — |  |  | 464 |
Seller Payable - Orient BioResource Center | 3,235 |  |  | 3,700 |
Seller Note – Histion (related party) | — |  |  | 84 |
Second Lien Notes | 21,816 |  |  | 17,846 |
Convertible Senior Notes | 114,754 |  |  | 109,979 |
Term Loan Facility, DDTL and Incremental Term Loans | 269,167 |  |  | 272,840 |
Total debt before unamortized debt issuance costs | $ | 409,179 |  |  | $ | 405,289 |
Less: Debt issuance costs not amortized | (12,637) |  |  | (11,950) |
Total debt, net of unamortized debt issuance costs | $ | 396,542 |  |  | $ | 393,339 |
Less: Current portion | (6,206) |  |  | (3,538) |
Total Long-term debt | $ | 390,336 |  |  | $ | 389,801 |

Revolving Credit Facility
As of June 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, the Company had no outstanding balance on the revolving credit facility. Refer to the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for information related to borrowings and payments on the revolving credit facility during the nine months ended June 30, 2025.
Term Loan Facility, DDTL and Incremental Term Loans
Below are the weighted-average effective interest rates for the loans available under the Credit Agreement:

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Nine Months Ended June 30, |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Effective interest rates: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Term Loan | 11.41 | % |  | 11.67 | % |  | 11.55 | % |  | 11.43 | % |  |  |  |
Initial DDTL | 11.39 | % |  | 11.66 | % |  | 11.53 | % |  | 11.41 | % |  |  |  |
Additional DDTL | 11.52 | % |  | 11.78 | % |  | 11.66 | % |  | 11.54 | % |  |  |  |

Credit Agreement
On November 5, 2021, the Company, certain subsidiaries of the Company (the “Subsidiary Guarantors”), the lenders party thereto, and an administrative agent (the "Agent"), entered into the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement provides for a term loan facility (the "Term Loan") in the original principal amount of $165,000, a delayed draw term loan facility in the
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original principal amount of $35,000 (available to be drawn up to 18 months from the date of the Credit Agreement) (the “Initial DDTL” and together with the Additional DDTL, the “DDTL”) and a revolving credit facility in the original principal amount of $15,000. On November 5, 2021, the Company borrowed the full amount of the term loan facility, but did not borrow any amounts on the DDTL or the revolving credit facility.
The Company could have elected to borrow on each of the loan facilities at either an adjusted LIBOR rate of interest or an adjusted prime rate of interest. Adjusted LIBOR rate loans accrued interest at an annual rate equal to the LIBOR rate plus a margin of between 6.00% and 6.50%, depending on the Company’s then current Secured Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement). The LIBOR rate had to be a minimum of 1.00%. The initial adjusted LIBOR rate of interest was the LIBOR rate plus 6.25%. Adjusted prime rate loans accrued interest at an annual rate equal to the prime rate plus a margin of between 5.00% and 5.50%, depending on the Company’s then current Secured Leverage Ratio. The initial adjusted prime rate of interest was the prime rate plus 5.25%.
The Company must pay (i) a fee based on a percentage per annum equal to 0.50% on the average daily undrawn portion of the commitments in respect of the revolving credit facility and (ii) a fee based on a percentage per annum equal to 1.00% on the average daily undrawn portion of the commitments in respect of the delayed draw loan facility. In each case, such fee shall be paid quarterly in arrears.
Each of the term loan facility and delayed draw term loan facility require annual principal payments in an amount equal to 1.00% of their respective original principal amounts. The Company shall also repay the term loan facility on an annual basis in an amount equal to a percentage of its Excess Cash Flow (as defined in the Credit Agreement), which percentage will be determined by its then current Secured Leverage Ratio. Each of the loan facilities may be repaid at any time. Voluntary prepayments were subject to a 1.00% prepayment premium if made on or prior to November 5, 2023 and other breakage penalties, as defined in the Credit Agreement. Voluntary prepayments made after November 5, 2023 are not subject to any prepayment premium.
The Company is required to maintain a Secured Leverage Ratio of not more than 4.25 to 1.00 for the Company's fiscal quarters through the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2023, 3.75 to 1.00 beginning with the Company’s fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2023, and 3.00 to 1.00 beginning with the Company’s fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2025. The Company is required to maintain a minimum Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement), which ratio was 1.00 to 1.00 during the first year of the Credit Agreement and is 1.10 to 1.00 from and after the Credit Agreement’s first anniversary. The covenants related to the Secured Leverage Ratio and Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio were amended by the Seventh Amendment.
Each of the loan facilities is secured by all assets (other than certain excluded assets) of the Company and each of the Subsidiary Guarantors. Repayment of each of the loan facilities is guaranteed by each of the Subsidiary Guarantors.
On January 7, 2022, the Company drew $35,000 on the Initial DDTL. Amounts outstanding under the Initial DDTL accrued interest at an annual rate equal to the LIBOR rate plus a margin of between 6.00% and 6.50%, depending on the Company’s then current Secured Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement). The initial adjusted LIBOR rate of interest was the LIBOR rate plus 6.25%.
The Term Loan and the Initial DDTL will mature on November 5, 2026.
First Amendment to Credit Agreement
On January 27, 2022, the Company, Subsidiary Guarantors, the lenders party thereto, and the Agent entered into the First Amendment to the existing Credit Agreement. The First Amendment provides for, among other things, an increase to the existing term loan facility in the amount of $40,000 (the “Incremental Term Loans”) and the Additional DDTL in the original principal amount of $35,000, which amount is available to be drawn up to 24 months from the date of the First Amendment. The Incremental Term Loans and any amounts borrowed under the Additional DDTL are referred to herein as the “Additional Term Loans”. On January 27, 2022, the Company borrowed the full amount of the Incremental Term Loans, and on October 12, 2022, the Company borrowed the full $35,000 under the Additional DDTL.
Amounts outstanding under the Additional Term Loans accrued interest at an annual rate equal to the LIBOR rate plus a margin of between 6.00% and 6.50%, depending on the Company’s then current Secured Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement). The initial adjusted LIBOR rate of interest was the LIBOR rate plus 6.25%.
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The Additional Term Loans require annual principal payments in an amount equal to 1.00% of the original principal amount. Voluntary prepayments of the Additional Term Loans were subject to a 1.00% prepayment premium if made on or prior to November 5, 2023 and other breakage penalties, as defined in the Credit Agreement. Voluntary prepayments made after November 5, 2023 are not subject to any prepayment premium.
The Company shall also repay the term loans on an annual basis in an amount equal to a percentage of its Excess Cash Flow (as defined in the Credit Agreement), which percentage will be determined by its then current Secured Leverage Ratio.
The Additional Term Loans are secured by all assets (other than certain excluded assets) of the Company and each of the Subsidiary Guarantors. Repayment of the Additional Term Loans is guaranteed by each of the Subsidiary Guarantors.
The Additional Term Loans will mature on November 5, 2026.
Second Amendment to Credit Agreement
On December 29, 2022, the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors, the lenders party thereto, and the Agent, entered into a Second Amendment (the “Second Amendment”) to the Credit Agreement.
The Second Amendment provided for, among other things, an extension of the deadline for the Company to provide to the lenders the audited financial statements for the Company’s fiscal year ended September 30, 2022 and an annual budget for 2023; the Company satisfied these requirements by the extended deadline. The Second Amendment added a requirement that the Company provide, within 30 days after the end of each month, an unaudited consolidated balance sheet, statement of income and statement of cash flows as of the end of, and for, such month, as well as a “key performance indicator” report. The Second Amendment also requires that, within 10 business days after the end of each month, the Company will provide a rolling 13-week cash flow forecast prepared on a monthly basis. The Second Amendment further provides that, upon the request of the Required Lenders (as defined in the Credit Agreement), the Company will permit a financial advisor designated by the Required Lenders to meet with management of the Company to discuss the affairs, finances, accounts and condition of the Company during the six-month period following the effective date of the Second Amendment. In addition, the Second Amendment requires the Company to deliver an updated organization chart and certain supplemental information regarding the Company’s subsidiaries in connection with each quarterly report required pursuant to the Credit Agreement.
Under the Second Amendment, the Company could have elected to borrow on each of the loan facilities at either an adjusted term secured overnight financing rate (“Term SOFR”) rate of interest or an alternate base rate of interest. Term SOFR loans accrued interest at an annual rate equal to the applicable Term SOFR rate plus (i) an adjustment percentage equal to between 0.11448% and 0.42826%, depending on the term of the loan (“Adjusted Term SOFR”); provided that, Adjusted Term SOFR could never be less than 1.00%, and (ii) a margin of between 6.00% and 6.50%, depending on the Company’s then current Secured Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement). Alternate base rate loans could accrue interest at an annual rate equal to (i) the highest of (a) the Federal Funds Effective Rate (as defined in the Credit Agreement) plus 0.50%, (b) the Agent’s prime rate and (c) Adjusted Term SOFR for a one-month tenor plus 1.00% (the “Second Amendment Alternate Base Rate”); provided that, the Second Amendment Alternate Base Rate could never be less than 2.00%, plus (ii) a margin of between 5.00% and 5.50%, depending on the Company’s then current Secured Leverage Ratio.
The Second Amendment also provides that the Company may not request any credit extensions under the revolving credit facility under the Credit Agreement, if any of the conditions precedent set forth in Section 4.02 of the Credit Agreement cannot be satisfied, including, without limitation, the making of the representation and warranty that as of the date of the most recent audited financial statements delivered to the Agent, no event, change, circumstance, condition, development or occurrence has had, or would reasonably be expected to result in, either individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect (as defined in the Credit Agreement).
In addition, the Second Amendment provided that, no later than January 13, 2023 (or such later date as the Required Lenders shall agree in their discretion), the Company shall (i) appoint a financial advisor on terms reasonably acceptable to the Required Lenders and the Company for a term of at least six months, (ii) provide a 13-week budget to the Agent, and (iii) deliver a perfection certificate supplement updating certain information previously provided with respect to each of the Company and the Subsidiary Guarantors, including information regarding certain collateral and other assets owned by such parties. The Company timely satisfied each of these requirements.
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Third Amendment to Credit Agreement
On January 9, 2023, the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors, the lenders party thereto, and the Agent, entered into a Third Amendment (“Third Amendment”) to the Credit Agreement. The Third Amendment provides that, among other things, during the period beginning on January 9, 2023 and, subject to the terms of the Credit Agreement, ending on the date on which financial statements for the Company’s fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2024 are delivered or are required to be delivered, as long as no event of default has occurred (the “Amendment Relief Period”):
•the Cambodian NHP-related matters, to the extent existing and disclosed to the lenders prior to December 29, 2022, shall not constitute a Material Adverse Effect under the Credit Agreement and will not restrict the Company’s ability to request credit extensions under the revolving credit facility;
•the use of borrowings under the revolving credit facility is limited to funding operational expenses of the Company in the ordinary course and cannot be used for the making or funding of investments, permitted acquisitions or restricted payments, payments or purchases with respect to any indebtedness, bonuses or executive compensation, or judgments, fines or settlements; and
•additional limitations are imposed on the Company under the Credit Agreement, including restrictions on permitted asset sales, a prohibition on making permitted acquisitions, and significant limitations on the ability to incur additional debt, make investments and make restricted payments.
The Third Amendment provides that from and after the date thereof, no incremental facilities under the Credit Agreement may be established or incurred. The Third Amendment also provides for additional mandatory prepayments of borrowed amounts following the receipt by the Company of certain cash receipts, including proceeds from certain equity issuances and cash received by the Company not in the ordinary course of business. Under the Third Amendment, after any draw on the revolving credit facility, the Company’s cash and cash equivalents held on hand domestically within the U.S. cannot exceed $10,000.
Under the Third Amendment, the Company may elect to borrow on each of the loan facilities accruing interest at either an adjusted Term SOFR or an alternate base rate of interest. Term SOFR loans shall accrue interest at an annual rate equal to the applicable Term SOFR rate plus (i) an adjustment percentage equal to between 0.11448% and 0.42826%, depending on the term of the loan, provided that, the Adjusted Term SOFR shall never be less than 1.00% per annum, plus (ii) an applicable margin of 6.75% per annum for term loans maintained as SOFR loans or 9.50% per annum for revolving loans maintained as SOFR loans. Alternate base rate loans shall accrue interest at an annual rate equal to (i) the highest of (a) the Federal Funds Effective Rate (as defined in the Credit Agreement) plus 0.50%, (b) the Agent’s prime rate and (c) Adjusted Term SOFR for a one-month tenor plus 1.00% (the “Alternate Base Rate”), provided that, the Alternate Base Rate is subject to a floor of 2.00% per annum plus (ii) an applicable margin of 5.75% per annum for term loans maintained as Alternate Base Rate loans or 8.50% per annum for revolving loans maintained as Alternate Base Rate loans.
The fee consideration payable by the Company for each consenting lender party to the Third Amendment is: (i) 0.50% of the aggregate outstanding principal amount of the term loans held by each consenting term loan lender, to be paid in-kind and capitalized to the principal amounts of the term loans held by such lender; (ii) 0.50% of the aggregate outstanding principal amount of the term loans held by each consenting term loan lender, to be paid in cash upon the occurrence of certain prepayments of the term loan under the Credit Agreement; and (iii) 7.00% of the aggregate amount of the revolving commitments held by each consenting revolving lender, to be paid in cash upon the occurrence with certain permanent reductions of the revolving loans under the Credit Agreement.
Fourth Amendment to Credit Agreement
On May 14, 2024, the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors and the lenders party thereto entered into a Fourth Amendment (the “Fourth Amendment”) to the Credit Agreement. The Fourth Amendment provided that any charges or expenses attributable to or related to the Resolution Agreement and Plea Agreement (each as defined in Note 12) could be added back to the Company’s Consolidated EBITDA (up to $26,500) for purposes of the financial covenants under the Credit Agreement. Refer to Note 12 - Contingencies and Commitments for further discussion of the Resolution Agreement and Plea Agreement.
The fee consideration payable by the Company for each consenting lender party to the Fourth Amendment is 0.50% of the aggregate outstanding principal amount of the term loans held by each consenting term loan lender, to be paid in-kind and capitalized to the principal amounts of the term loans held by such lender.
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Fifth Amendment to Credit Agreement
On June 2, 2024, the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors and the lenders party thereto entered into a Fifth Amendment (the “Fifth Amendment”) to the Credit Agreement. The Fifth Amendment, among other changes, permits charges or expenses attributable to or related to the Resolution Agreement and the Plea Agreement to be added back to the Company’s Consolidated EBITDA in an amount up to $28,500; excludes any direct effects to the Company resulting from the Resolution Agreement and the Plea Agreement from being deemed a material adverse effect under the Credit Agreement; permits liens on the Company and certain subsidiaries in favor of the DOJ in connection with the Resolution Agreement and the Plea Agreement; provides that certain uncured or unwaived breaches of the terms and conditions of the Resolution Agreement and the Plea Agreement shall be considered an event of default under the Credit Agreement; and enables the lenders to cause, at their discretion, material foreign subsidiaries to be joined as guarantors of the Company’s obligations under the Credit Agreement. Refer to Note 12 - Contingencies and Commitments for further discussion of the Resolution Agreement and Plea Agreement.
The fee consideration payable by the Company for each consenting lender party to the Fifth Amendment is 0.50% of the aggregate outstanding principal amount of the term loans held by each consenting term loan lender, to be paid in-kind and capitalized to the principal amounts of the term loans held by such lender.
Sixth Amendment to Credit Agreement
On August 7, 2024, the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors and the lenders party thereto entered into a Sixth Amendment (the “Sixth Amendment”) to the Credit Agreement. The Sixth Amendment among other changes, waived the financial covenant tests set out under the Credit Agreement for the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2024, established a new weekly liquidity reporting requirement to the lenders, and established a new minimum weekly liquidity requirement of $7,000 for each of the weeks ended August 16, 2024, August 23, 2024 and August 30, 2024, $17,500 for each of the weeks ended October 11, 2024, October 18, 2024 and October 25, 2024 and $10,000 for each other week thereafter.
Seventh Amendment to Credit Agreement
On September 13, 2024, the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors and the lenders party thereto entered into the Seventh Amendment to the Credit Agreement. The Seventh Amendment, among other changes, permitted the incurrence of the issuance of the Second Lien Notes in an aggregate amount of $22,550, made certain changes to the component definitions of the financial covenants, including the definition of Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio, and increased the cash netting capability in the First Lien Leverage Ratio covenant. Further, the Seventh Amendment included the addition of a maximum capital expenditure limit and a minimum EBITDA test effective as of the closing date for the testing periods of the six months ended December 31, 2024 and the nine months ended March 31, 2025, waived the existing financial covenants from the date of the Seventh Amendment until June 30, 2025, replaced the Secured Leverage Ratio covenant with a First Lien Leverage Ratio covenant, and established new testing ratios for the Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio and the First Lien Leverage Ratio covenants for the fiscal quarters beginning June 30, 2025 and thereafter. The Seventh Amendment also capped the reinvestment of funds from extraordinary receipts, asset sales and casualty events at $5,000 in the aggregate, and established a non-voting third party observer to the Company’s board of directors meetings, as elected by the lenders. Additionally, the Seventh Amendment permits charges or expenses attributable to or related to the Resolution Agreement and the Plea Agreement to be added back to the Company’s Consolidated EBITDA in an amount up to $32,000 for purposes of the financial covenants under the Credit Agreement. This is an update to the $28,500 provided in the Fifth Amendment.
Second Lien Notes
Purchase Agreement
The Company and the Subsidiary Guarantors entered into a Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”), dated September 13, 2024, with certain investors (the "Purchasers"), pursuant to which the Purchasers acquired $22,000 in aggregate principal amount of the Second Lien Notes and warrants to purchase 3,946,250 c ommon shares (the "Warrants") for consideration comprised of (i) $17,000 in cash and (ii) the cancellation of approximately $8,333 of the Company’s Notes held by certain of the Purchasers. In connection with the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement, and pursuant to a Fee Letter between the Company and the structuring agent, the Company also issued to the structuring agent $550 aggregate principal amount of the Second Lien Notes and additional Warrants to purchase 200,000 common shares as compensation for its services as structuring agent for the transactions. In connection therewith, $8,333 of the Notes were
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cancelled by the Company under the terms of the Purchase Agreement, such that the aggregate principal amount of Notes that remains outstanding is $131,667.
Second Lien Indenture
The Second Lien Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture (the “Second Lien Indenture”), dated as of September 13, 2024, by and between the Company, the Subsidiary Guarantors and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee (the “Second Lien Trustee”). The Second Lien Notes are the Company’s senior secured second lien obligations and are secured by substantially all of the Company’s and its subsidiaries’ assets, and are guaranteed on a senior secured second lien basis by the Subsidiary Guarantors.
Interest on the Second Lien Notes is payable in kind. The Second Lien Notes accrue interest at a rate of 15.00% per annum, payable quarterly in arrears on March 31, June 30, September 30 and December 31 of each year, with the initial payment on December 31, 2024. The Second Lien Notes will mature on February 4, 2027, unless earlier repurchased or redeemed.
The Second Lien Notes will be redeemable, in whole or in part, at the Company’s option at any time on or prior to March 13, 2026, at a cash redemption price equal to 100.00% of the principal amount of the Second Lien Notes redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, plus a make-whole premium, as further described in the Second Lien Indenture. The Second Lien Notes may be redeemed on or after March 14, 2026 through and including September 13, 2026, at a redemption price of 102.00% of the principal amount of the Second Lien Notes to be redeemed and (ii) on and after September 14, 2026, at a redemption price of 100.00% of the principal amount of the Second Lien Notes to be redeemed, in each case plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date.
As of June 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, there were $1,333 and $1,563, respectively, in unamortized debt issuance costs related to the Second Lien Notes. For the three months ended June 30, 2025, the total interest expense was $1,588, including coupon interest expense of $992, accretion expense of $415, and amortization of debt discount and issuance costs of $181. For the nine months ended June 30, 2025, the total interest expense was $4,633, including coupon interest expense of $2,981, accretion expense of $1,156, and amortization of debt discount and issuance costs of $496.
The Second Lien Indenture contains covenants restricting the Company’s and its subsidiaries’ ability to incur indebtedness, incur liens, make investments, make restricted payments, make asset sales and engage in transactions with affiliates, subject to certain baskets. The Second Lien Indenture requires the Company to add future assets to the collateral under the Security Agreement (as defined below) and to add future subsidiaries as guarantors under the Security Agreement.
The Second Lien Notes have customary provisions relating to the occurrence of “Events of Default” (as defined in the Second Lien Indenture), which include, among others, the following: (i) certain payment defaults on the Second Lien Notes (which, in the case of a default in the payment of interest on the Second Lien Notes, will be subject to a 30-day cure period); (ii) a default by the Company in its obligations or agreements under the Second Lien Indenture or the Second Lien Notes if such default is not cured or waived within certain grace periods; (iii) certain defaults by the Company or any of its subsidiaries with respect to indebtedness for borrowed money of at least $8,625 during the Amendment Relief Period (as defined in the Second Lien Indenture) or of at least $17,250 thereafter; (iv) certain defaults by the Company or any of its subsidiaries with respect to the Credit Agreement; (v) subject to certain exceptions, the rendering of certain judgments against the Company or any of its subsidiaries for the payment of at least $8,625 during the Amendment Relief Period or of at least $17,250 thereafter, where such judgments are not discharged or stayed within 90 days after the date on which the right to appeal has expired or on which all rights to appeal have been extinguished; (vi) the occurrence of certain ERISA events; (vii) the loss of material security interests and liens and guarantees, subject to certain exceptions; (viii) certain payment defaults in excess of $11,500 owned by the Company or any of its subsidiaries under the 2024 Settlement (as defined in the Second Lien Indenture) and other failures to perform any term, covenant, condition or agreement contained in the 2024 Settlement that is capable of being cured and that is not cured within 30 days after receipt by the Company or any of its subsidiaries of written notice of such failure; (ix) any note Document (as defined in the Second Lien Indenture) or material provision thereof being declared null and void by a court of competent jurisdiction and (x) certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency and reorganization involving the Company or any of the Company’s significant subsidiaries.
If an Event of Default involving bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization events with respect to the Company occurs, then the principal amount of, and all accrued and unpaid interest on, all of the Second Lien Notes then outstanding will immediately become due and payable without any further action or notice by any person. If any other Event of Default occurs and is continuing, then, the Second Lien Trustee, by notice to the Company, or noteholders of at least 30.00% of the aggregate principal amount of Second Lien Notes then outstanding, by notice to the Company and the Second Lien
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Trustee, may declare the principal amount of, and all accrued and unpaid interest on, all of the Second Lien Notes then outstanding to be due and payable immediately.
Security Agreement
On September 13, 2024, the Company and the Subsidiary Guarantors entered into a Security Agreement (the “Security Agreement”) with U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as the collateral agent for the Second Lien Notes (the “Collateral Agent”). Pursuant to the Security Agreement, the Company and Subsidiary Guarantors granted the Collateral Agent a second lien security interest in substantially all of their assets, including but not limited to certain accounts, equipment, fixtures and intellectual property, in order to secure the payment and performance of all of the Obligations, as defined in the Second Lien Indenture.
Convertible Senior Notes
On September 27, 2021, the Company issued $140,000 principal amount of the Notes. The Notes were issued pursuant to, and are governed by, an indenture, dated as of September 27, 2021, among the Company, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, BAS Evansville, Inc., as guarantor (the “Guarantor”), and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (the “Convertible Bond Indenture”). Pursuant to the purchase agreement between the Company and the initial purchaser of the Notes, the Company granted the initial purchaser an option to purchase, for settlement within a period of 13 days from, and including, the date the Notes were first issued, up to an additional $15,000 principal amount of the Notes. The Notes issued on September 27, 2021 included $15,000 principal amount of the Notes issued pursuant to the full exercise by the initial purchaser of such option. The Company used the net proceeds from the offering of the Notes, together with borrowings under a new senior secured term loan facility, to fund the cash portion of the purchase price of the Envigo acquisition and related fees and expenses.
In connection with the Purchase Agreement, $8,333 of the Notes were cancelled by the Company under the terms of the Purchase Agreement, such that the aggregate principal amount of Notes that remains outstanding is $131,667.
The Notes are the Company’s senior, unsecured obligations and are (i) equal in right of payment with the Company’s existing and future senior, unsecured indebtedness; (ii) senior in right of payment to the Company’s existing and future indebtedness that is expressly subordinated to the Notes; (iii) effectively subordinated to the Company’s existing and future secured indebtedness, to the extent of the value of the collateral securing that indebtedness; and (iv) structurally subordinated to all existing and future indebtedness and other liabilities, including trade payables, and (to the extent the Company is not a holder thereof) preferred equity, if any, of the Company’s non-guarantor subsidiaries. The Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed, on a senior, unsecured basis, by the Guarantor.
The Notes accrue interest at a rate of 3.25% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on April 15 and October 15 of each year, beginning on April 15, 2022. The Notes will mature on October 15, 2027, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted. Before April 15, 2027, noteholders have the right to convert their Notes only upon the occurrence of certain events. From and after April 15, 2027, noteholders may convert their Notes at any time at their election until the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date. The Company will settle conversions by paying or delivering, as applicable, cash, its common shares or a combination of cash and its common shares, at the Company’s election. The initial conversion rate is 21.7162 common shares per $1 principal amount of Notes, which represents an initial conversion price of approximately $46.05 per common share. The conversion rate and conversion price are subject to customary adjustments upon the occurrence of certain events. In addition, if certain corporate events that constitute a “Make-Whole Fundamental Change” (as defined in the Convertible Bond Indenture) occur, then the conversion rate will, in certain circumstances, be increased for a specified period of time.
As of June 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, there were $2,334 and $3,031, respectively, in unamortized debt issuance costs related to the Notes. For the three months ended June 30, 2025, the total interest expense was $2,934 at an effective rate of 9.38%, including coupon interest expense of $1,068, accretion expense of $1,630, and amortization of debt discount and issuance costs of $236. For the three months ended June 30, 2024, the total interest expense was $2,948 at an effective rate of 9.38%, including coupon interest expense of $1,131, accretion expense of $1,580, and amortization of debt discount and issuance costs of $237. For the nine months ended June 30, 2025, the total interest expense was $8,675, including coupon interest expense of $3,203, accretion expense of $4,775, and amortization of debt discount and issuance costs of $697. For the nine months ended June 30, 2024, the total interest expense was $8,755, including coupon interest expense of $3,406, accretion expense of $4,645, and amortization of debt discount and issuance costs of $704.
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The Notes are redeemable, in whole and not in part, at the Company’s option at any time on or after October 15, 2024 and on or before the 40th scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date, but only if the last reported sale price per common share of the Company exceeds 130.00% of the conversion price on (i) each of at least 20 trading days, whether or not consecutive, during the 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the trading day immediately before the date the Company sends the related redemption notice; and (ii) the trading day immediately before the date the Company sends such notice. The redemption price is a cash amount equal to the principal amount of the Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date. In addition, calling the Notes for redemption pursuant to the provisions described in this paragraph will constitute a Make-Whole Fundamental Change, which will result in an increase to the conversion rate in certain circumstances for a specified period of time.
If certain corporate events that constitute a “Fundamental Change” (as defined in the Convertible Bond Indenture) occur, then noteholders may require the Company to repurchase their Notes at a cash repurchase price equal to the principal amount of the Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the Fundamental Change repurchase date. The definition of Fundamental Change includes certain business combination transactions involving the Company and certain de-listing events with respect to the Company’s common shares.
The Notes have customary provisions relating to the occurrence of “Events of Default” (as defined in the Convertible Bond Indenture), which include the following: (i) certain payment defaults on the Notes (which, in the case of a default in the payment of interest on the Notes, are subject to a 30-day cure period); (ii) the Company’s failure to send certain notices under the Convertible Bond Indenture within specified periods of time; (iii) the failure by the Company or the Guarantor to comply with certain covenants in the Convertible Bond Indenture relating to the ability of the Company or the Guarantor to consolidate with or merge with or into, or sell, lease or otherwise transfer, in one transaction or a series of transactions, all or substantially all of the assets of the Company or the Guarantor, as applicable, and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole, to another person; (iv) a default by the Company or the Guarantor in its other obligations or agreements under the Convertible Bond Indenture or the Notes if such default is not cured or waived within 60 days after notice is given in accordance with the Convertible Bond Indenture; (v) certain defaults by the Company, the Guarantor or any of their respective subsidiaries with respect to indebtedness for borrowed money of at least $20,000; (vi) the rendering of certain judgments against the Company, the Guarantor or any of their respective subsidiaries for the payment of at least $20,000, where such judgments are not discharged or stayed within 60 days after the date on which the right to appeal has expired or on which all rights to appeal have been extinguished; (vii) certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency and reorganization involving the Company, the Guarantor or any of their respective significant subsidiaries; and (viii) the guarantee of the Notes ceases to be in full force and effect (except as permitted by the Convertible Bond Indenture) or the Guarantor denies or disaffirms its obligations under its guarantee of the Notes.
If an Event of Default involving bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization events with respect to the Company or the Guarantor (and not solely with respect to a significant subsidiary of the Company or the Guarantor) occurs, then the principal amount of, and all accrued and unpaid interest on, all of the Notes then outstanding will immediately become due and payable without any further action or notice by any person. If any other Event of Default occurs and is continuing, then the trustee, by notice to the Company, or noteholders of at least 25.00% of the aggregate principal amount of Notes then outstanding, by notice to the Company and the trustee, may declare the principal amount of, and all accrued and unpaid interest on, all of the Notes then outstanding to become due and payable immediately. However, notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company may elect, at its option, that the sole remedy for an Event of Default relating to certain failures by the Company to comply with certain reporting covenants in the Convertible Bond Indenture consists exclusively of the right of the noteholders to receive special interest on the Notes for up to 180 days at a specified rate per annum not exceeding 0.50% on the principal amount of the Notes.
At issuance, the Company evaluated the convertible feature of the Notes and determined it was required to be bifurcated as an embedded derivative and did not qualify for equity classification. In subsequent periods, the Notes' conversion rights met all equity classification criteria and the fair value of the embedded derivative was reclassified to additional paid-in-capital. The discount resulting from the initial fair value of the embedded derivative has and will continue to be amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method. Non-cash interest expense during the period primarily related to this discount.
Acquisition-related Debt (Seller Notes)
In addition to the indebtedness described above, certain of the Company’s subsidiaries have issued unsecured notes as partial payment of the purchase prices of certain acquisitions as described herein. Each of these notes is subordinated to the indebtedness under the Credit Agreement.
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As part of the acquisition of Bolder BioPATH, the Company issued unsecured subordinated promissory notes payable to the former shareholders of Bolder BioPATH in an aggregate principal amount of $1,500. As part of the working capital adjustment in March 2022, a reduction of the promissory note of $470 was recorded. The promissory notes bear interest at a rate of 4.50% per annum, with monthly payments of principal and interest and a maturity date of May 1, 2026.
As part of the acquisition of Pre-Clinical Research Services, Inc. ("PCRS"), the Company issued an unsecured subordinated promissory note payable to the PCRS seller in the initial principal amount of $800. The promissory note bore interest at a rate of 4.50% per annum with monthly payments of principal and interest and a maturity date of December 1, 2024. The promissory note was paid in full as of December 1, 2024.
As part of the acquisition of Orient BioResource Center, Inc. ("OBRC"), the Company agreed to leave in place a payable (the "Seller Payable") owed by OBRC to Orient Bio, Inc. (the "Seller") in the amount of $3,700, which the Company determined to have a fair value of $3,325 as of January 27, 2022. The Seller Payable did not bear interest and was originally required to be paid to the Seller 18 months after the closing date of January 27, 2022. The Company has the right to set off against the Seller Payable any amounts that become payable by the Seller on account of indemnification obligations under the purchase agreement. On April 4, 2023, the Company and the Seller entered into a First Amendment to extend the maturity date of the Seller Payable to July 27, 2024. On May 24, 2024, the Company and the Seller entered into a Second Amendment to extend the maturity date of the Seller Payable to July 27, 2025. Further, beginning on July 27, 2024, the note bears interest at a rate of 4.60% per annum. Accrued interest and principal will be paid at the maturity date. On October 24, 2024, the Company and the Seller entered into a Third Amendment to extend the maturity date of the Seller Payable to January 27, 2026. No amendments to the Seller Payable have affected the rights and remedies of any party under the stock purchase agreement, nor did any alter, modify or amend or in any way affect any of the terms and conditions, obligations, covenants or agreements contained in the stock purchase agreement.
As part of the acquisition of Histion, LLC ("Histion"), the Company issued unsecured subordinated promissory notes payable to the former shareholders of Histion in an aggregate principal amount of $433. The promissory notes bore interest at a rate of 4.50% per annum, with monthly payments of principal and interest and a maturity date of April 1, 2025. The promissory notes were paid in full as of April 1, 2025.
Critical Accounting Estimates
Our financial results are affected by the selection and application of accounting policies and methods and require us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Critical accounting estimates are those that involve a significant level of estimation uncertainty and have had or are reasonably likely to have a material impact on our financial condition and results of operations. There were no changes in the nine months ended June 30, 2025 to the application of our critical accounting estimates as described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024.
We will continue to evaluate the impact of macroeconomic and external factors, including, but not limited to, tariffs and government funding of research and development, on our critical accounting estimates.
Our critical accounting estimates, as described in Part II, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of our 2024 Form 10-K, relate to revenue recognition, income taxes, goodwill and intangible assets, long-lived tangible assets, fair value of financial instruments and pension costs.
Except as set forth below, there have been no material updates to our critical accounting estimates previously described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024.
Contingencies
In accordance with applicable accounting standards, the Company records a liability in its condensed consolidated financial statements for material loss contingencies when a loss is known or considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. If the reasonable estimate of a known or probable loss is a range, and no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other, the minimum amount of the range is accrued. When determining the estimated loss or range of loss, significant judgment is required to estimate the amount and timing of a loss to be recorded. Estimates of probable losses resulting from litigation, governmental proceedings and other contingencies are inherently difficult to predict, particularly when the matters are in early procedural stages, with incomplete facts or legal discovery; involve unsubstantiated or indeterminate claims for damages; potentially involve penalties, fines, disgorgement, or punitive damages; or could result in a change in business practice.
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Further, in accordance with applicable accounting standards, the Company records an asset in its condensed consolidated financial statements relating to a recovery only when realization of the claim for recovery is deemed probable. An asset should be recognized to the extent that a loss has previously been recognized. Any expected proceeds in excess of a previously recognized loss or a recovery of a loss not yet recognized in the financial statements should be treated as a gain contingency.
The Company reflects litigation accruals and the related estimated insurance recovery receivable on a gross basis as liabilities and assets, respectively, on our condensed consolidated balance sheet.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
For a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements please refer to Note 1 - Description of the Business and Basis of Presentation, in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We did not adopt any new accounting pronouncements during the nine months ended June 30, 2025 that had a significant effect on our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
ITEM 3 – QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Interest Rate Risk
We are exposed to changes in interest rates while conducting normal business operations as a result of ongoing financing activities. As of June 30, 2025, our debt portfolio was reliant on reference rates. Based on our interest rate exposure at June 30, 2025 and assumed debt levels throughout the next 12 months, a one-percentage-point increase in interest rates would result in an estimated $2.7 million increase in loss before income taxes over a one-year period.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
We operate on a global basis and have exposure to some foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations for our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.
While the financial results of our global activities are reported in U.S. dollars, our foreign subsidiaries typically conduct their operations in their respective local currency. The principal functional currencies of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries are the Euro and British Pound.
Fluctuations in the foreign currency exchange rates of the countries in which we do business will affect our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. As the U.S. dollar strengthens against other currencies, the value of our non-U.S. revenue, expenses, assets, liabilities, and cash flows will generally decline when reported in U.S. dollars. The impact to net loss as a result of a U.S. dollar strengthening will be partially mitigated by the value of non-U.S. expenses, which will decline when reported in U.S. dollars. As the U.S. dollar weakens versus other currencies, the value of the non-U.S. revenue, expenses, assets, liabilities, and cash flows will generally increase when reported in U.S. dollars.
A hypothetical 10% change in the foreign exchange rates applicable to our business would change our June 30, 2025 cash balance by approximately $0.4 million and our revenue by approximately $4.9 million for the nine months ended June 30, 2025.
ITEM 4 – CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) are controls and other procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports filed or submitted by us under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the rules and forms adopted by the SEC, including to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports filed or submitted by us under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including our President and Chief Executive Officer (our principal executive officer) and our Chief Financial Officer and Executive Vice President (our principal financial officer), or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure ("Management").
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Management has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, Management has concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of June 30, 2025 because of the material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting described below.
Previously Identified Material Weaknesses
We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company's annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
As of September 30, 2022, Management identified the following material weaknesses in internal controls, which continued to exist as of June 30, 2025:
a)Management did not design and maintain effective controls over information technology general controls (“ITGCs”) for applications that are relevant to the preparation of the consolidated financial statements throughout the year ended September 30, 2022, which resulted in ineffective business process controls (automated and IT-dependent manual controls) that could result in misstatements potentially impacting all of the financial statement accounts and disclosures. Specifically, management did not design and maintain: sufficient user access controls to ensure appropriate segregation of duties and adequately restrict user and privileged access to financial applications, programs and data to appropriate Company personnel; and program change management controls to ensure that information technology (“IT”) program and data changes affecting financial information technology applications and underlying accounting records are authorized, tested, and implemented appropriately. As a result, business process controls (automated and IT-dependent manual controls) that are dependent on the ineffective ITGCs, or that use data produced from systems impacted by the ineffective ITGCs were deemed ineffective at September 30, 2022, and were not remediated and therefore remained ineffective at June 30, 2025; and
b)Management did not have an adequate process in place to design and test the operating effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting in a timely manner or an adequate process in place to monitor and provide oversight over the completion of its assessment of internal control over financial reporting. As such, we determined that management did not effectively design and implement components of the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (COSO framework) to address all relevant risks of material misstatement, including elements of the control environment, information and communication, control activities and monitoring activities components, relating to: (i) providing sufficient and timely management oversight and ownership over the internal control evaluation process; (ii) hiring and training sufficient personnel to timely support the Company’s internal control objectives; and (iii) performing timely monitoring and oversight to ascertain whether the components of internal control are present and functioning effectively. As a result, controls relevant to all business processes and related controls (including relevant entity level controls) were deemed ineffective at September 30, 2022, and were not remediated and therefore remained ineffective at June 30, 2025.
As of the date of this report, Management has updated the design of several controls and modified process designs in an effort to improve our internal control over financial reporting and remediate the control deficiencies that led to the material weaknesses described above. Management's efforts have resulted in the effective design of ITGCs over the enterprise resource planning system in which the discovery and safety assessment business, as well as certain corporate functions, operate. Additionally, Management effectively designed ITGCs in connection with certain third party hosted applications utilized in connection with certain processes. Management also performed testing over the related ITGCs covering a limited period of fiscal 2024 and has continued to perform testing during fiscal 2025. The material weaknesses related to our ITGCs cannot be considered remediated until the applicable controls operate for a sufficient period of time, and a sufficient period of time has not yet been achieved.
Furthermore, Management remediated design deficiencies for some business processes and made progress on the design of controls related to other business processes in connection with corporate financial reporting and our discovery and safety assessment business. Management performed testing over the related business processes covering a limited period of fiscal 2024 and has continued to perform testing during fiscal 2025. The material weaknesses related to our business processes over financial reporting cannot be considered remediated until the applicable controls, including the ITGCs discussed above, operate for a sufficient period of time, and a sufficient period of time has not yet been achieved.
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However, there remain several controls and processes related to ITGCs and business processes that Management continues to re-assess, including the design of controls and modifying processes to improve our internal control over financial reporting. Management’s remediation efforts have included but are not limited to: (i) hiring additional accounting personnel, (ii) hiring key IT personnel with appropriate technical and internal control-related skillsets, and (iii) utilizing an internal team dedicated to oversight of control and process design. Management’s ongoing remediation efforts include: (i) improving consistency in ITGCs supported by standard operating procedures to govern the authorization, testing and approval of changes to IT systems supporting all of the Company’s internal control processes, including the implementation of certain applications to achieve these operating procedures, (ii) enhancing design and implementation of our control environment, including the expansion of formal accounting and IT policies and procedures, (iii) designing, implementing, reviewing, analyzing, and properly documenting our review and approval controls, as it relates to ITGCs, account reconciliations, journal entries and estimates, and (iv) continuing to provide training to personnel related to ensuring the accuracy and completeness of data used in the performance of the internal controls.
The material weaknesses cannot be considered remediated until the applicable controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Except for the changes in connection with our remediation activities as described above, there were no other changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2025 that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.
PART II
ITEM 1 – LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Information pertaining to legal proceedings can be found in Note 12 to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this report and is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 1A – RISK FACTORS
The risks described in our Annual Reports on Form 10-K and our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q from time to time are not the only risks we face. New risk factors or risks that we currently deem immaterial emerge from time to time and it is not possible for us to predict all such risk factors, nor to assess the impact such risk factors might have on our business, financial condition and operating results, or the extent to which any such risk factor or combination of risk factors may impact our business, financial condition and operating results.
Except as set forth below, there have been no material changes to the risk factors previously described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024. The risk factors set forth below update the risk factors with similar headings in, and should be read together with, the risk factors disclosed under the heading "Risk Factors" appearing in Item 1A of Part I of the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024. Realization of any of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.
Our business, results of operations, financial condition, including the carrying value of certain of our assets, and cash flows have and may continue to be adversely affected by our dependence on the importation of NHPs from suppliers located outside the U.S., particularly from certain countries in Southeast Asia and Africa, legal issues related to these suppliers, increased costs associated with trade and economic factors, and any inability to diversify our suppliers located outside the U.S.
Our business, results of operations, financial condition, including the carrying value of certain of our assets, and cash flows have and may continue to be adversely affected by our dependence on NHP suppliers that are located outside the U.S. and difficulties in being able to diversify our suppliers located outside the U.S. China exited the NHP exportation market in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, and has repeatedly stated that it strategically intends to dominate, amongst other things, worldwide biomedical research. As such, their demand for NHPs has shifted a previously exported supply to their domestic use. Legal matters affecting the Cambodian supply of NHPs, including those arising as a result of the U.S.
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Attorney's Office for the Southern District of Florida criminally charging employees of our then-principal supplier of NHPs in November 2022, further exacerbated an already constrained NHP supply for U.S. research.
The number of NHP suppliers located outside the U.S. is limited. If we are unable to obtain NHPs in sufficient quantities of the required species or in a timely manner to meet the needs of our clients, if the price of NHPs that are available increases significantly, or if we are unable to ship the NHPs in our possession to our clients because of governmental restrictions or limitations, our business, particularly in our RMS segment, will be materially adversely affected.
In recent years, overall supply constraints with respect to NHPs led to an extremely dynamic pricing environment for NHPs, which made it difficult to predict results, led to reduced volumes, and required us to adjust operations.
In addition, increases in the costs of NHPs without ratable increased revenue as a result of macroeconomic and other factors, including increased tariffs, export or import laws/restrictions or embargoes, inflation, international trade regulations and foreign government instability, among other circumstances could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.
Our imported NHPs were subject to 10% tariffs during the third quarter of fiscal 2025. These tariffs were required to be paid within 30 days of import, which is a shorter timeframe than the average NHP research model inventory turnover. As a result, payment of tariffs negatively impacted the Company's cash flows during the third fiscal quarter of 2025 and is expected to impact the Company's cash flows in the future. Future NHP imports are expected to be subject to 15%-20% tariffs. The current and future applicable tariff percentages are based on the country of origin of the imported NHPs. Further, there continues to be a risk of additional and/or increased tariffs in connection with ongoing geopolitical factors. Our attempts to mitigate the financial impacts of the additional tariff costs may not be successful in the desired timeframe or at all. Should additional and/or increased tariffs be put into place and exist for some time, our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations could be materially adversely affected by the additional costs to us and/or by our clients' prioritization of studies and our suppliers' prioritization and allocation of their supply going forward.
Some of our clients and contracts depend on government funding of research and development and a reduction in that funding may adversely affect our business.
A significant portion of our sales are derived from clients at academic institutions and research laboratories whose funding is partially dependent on funding from government sources, including the National Institutes of Health and U.K./E.U. equivalents. Such funding can be difficult to forecast as government research and development funding is subject to political and budgetary uncertainties, which can delay client purchases or reduce demand for our products and services. Our sales may be adversely affected if our clients delay purchases as a result of uncertainties surrounding the approval of government budget proposals. There can be no certainty that government research funding that is approved will be directed towards projects and studies that involve use of our products and services. Direct cuts to agency budgets or shifts in funding priorities away from areas using our offerings could negatively affect our business, revenue and financial results.
The following new risk factor is added to those disclosed under the heading "Risk Factors" appearing in Item 1A of Part I of the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024:
Regulatory changes in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries could reduce demand for our services and products.
Our business depends on helping clients navigate complex drug development regulations. While new or stricter regulations can increase demand for our services, changes such as relaxed regulatory requirements, expedited drug approvals, or rules that make our services less competitive could reduce the demand for our products and services. For example, the FDA Modernization Act 2.0, passed in December 2022, encourages the industry to explore alternatives to animal testing. A shift away from animal research could negatively impact our business, operations, or financial condition if we are unable to implement any approved alternatives, or if they do not deliver comparable financial results even if implemented.
ITEM 2 – UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
Not applicable.
ITEM 3 – DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
Not applicable.
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ITEM 4 – MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
ITEM 5 – OTHER INFORMATION
Bylaw Amendments
Because we are filing this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q within four business days after the triggering event, we are making the following disclosure under this Part II, Item 5 instead of filing a Current Report on Form 8-K under Item 5.03. Amendments to Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws; Changes in Fiscal Year.
On August 6, 2025, our Board of Directors approved certain amendments to our Third Amended and Restated Bylaws, effective as of that date, in the form of the Fourth Amended and Restated Bylaws, including the following:
•require a shareholder soliciting proxies in support of nominations of persons, other than our nominees, for election to our Board of Directors to certify their compliance with Rule 14a-19 under the Exchange Act and, upon our request, to deliver reasonable evidence of such compliance to us no later than five business days prior to the date of the applicable meeting of shareholders;
•clarify the procedure for the transfer of shares that are uncertificated;
•provide a process for director resignations;
•provide that the act of a majority of the number of directors present at a meeting at which a quorum is present will constitute approval of that matter;
•clarify the provisions related a director written consent;
•revise provisions related to the authority and responsibilities of various officers of the Company, and provide a process for officer resignations;
•update provisions related to the execution of documents, the making of deposits and the authority to act as a proxy for another company; and
•i ncorporate other technical, clarifying and conforming changes.
The foregoing description of the amendments is qualified in its entirety by reference to the text of the Fourth Amended and Restated Bylaws, a marked copy of which is attached hereto as Exhibit 3.3 and is incorporated herein by reference, and a clean copy of which is attached hereto as Exhibit 3.2 and is incorporated herein by reference.
Trading Arrangements
During the three months ended June 30, 2025, none of our directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Exchange Act) adopted or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of our securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) of the Exchange Act or any non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (as defined in the SEC’s rules).
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ITEM 6 – EXHIBITS

Number |  | Description of Exhibits
(2) | 2.1 |  | Stock Purchase Agreement, dated January 27, 2022, by and among Envigo Global Services, Inc., Inotiv, Inc. and Orient Bio, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to Form 8-K filed January 31, 2022).
| 2.2 |  | Amendment No. 1 to Stock Purchase Agreement, dated April 4, 2023, by and among Envigo Global Services, Inc., Inotiv, Inc. and Orient Bio, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Form 10-Q filed May 15, 2023).
| 2.3 |  | Amendment No. 2 to Stock Purchase Agreement, dated May 24, 2024, by and among Envigo Global Services, Inc., Inotiv, Inc. and Orient Bio, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.4 to Form 10-K filed December 4, 2024).
| 2.4 |  | Amendment No. 3 to Stock Purchase Agreement, dated October 23, 2024, by and among Envigo Global Services, Inc., Inotiv, Inc. and Orient Bio, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.5 to Form 10-K filed December 4, 2024).
(3) | 3.1 |  | Second Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of Inotiv, Inc. as amended through November 4, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Form 8-K filed November 5, 2021).
| 3.2 |  | Fourth Amended and Restated Bylaws of Inotiv, Inc. as amended through August 6, 2025 (filed herewith).
| 3.3 |  | Fourth Amended and Restated Bylaws of Inotiv, Inc. as amended through August 6, 2025 (marked to show amendments effective August 6, 2025)(filed herewith).
(31) | 31.1 |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer (filed herewith).
| 31.2 |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer (filed herewith).
(32) | 32.1 |  | Written Statement of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (18 U.S.C. Section 1350) (filed herewith).
| 32.2 |  | Written Statement of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (18 U.S.C. Section 1350) (filed herewith).
| 101 |  | Inline XBRL data file (filed herewith)
| 104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized:

Date: August 7, 2025 | INOTIV, INC.
| (Registrant)
| By: | /s/ Robert W. Leasure
| Robert W. Leasure
| President and Chief Executive Officer
| (Principal Executive Officer)

Date: August 7, 2025 | By: | /s/ Beth A. Taylor
| Beth A. Taylor
| Chief Financial Officer and Executive Vice President (Principal Financial Officer)

Date: August 7, 2025 | By: | /s/ Brennan Freeman
| Brennan Freeman
| Vice President of Finance and Corporate Controller (Principal Accounting Officer)

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