<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001193125-24-049499.txt : 20240228
<SEC-HEADER>0001193125-24-049499.hdr.sgml : 20240228
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20240228092655
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001193125-24-049499
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		17
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20240228
ITEM INFORMATION:		Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement
ITEM INFORMATION:		Results of Operations and Financial Condition
ITEM INFORMATION:		Other Events
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20240228
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20240228

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			vTv Therapeutics Inc.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001641489
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS [2834]
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	03 Life Sciences
		IRS NUMBER:				473916571
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-37524
		FILM NUMBER:		24690710

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		3980 PREMIER DR
		STREET 2:		SUITE 310
		CITY:			HIGH POINT
		STATE:			NC
		ZIP:			27265
		BUSINESS PHONE:		336-841-0300

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		3980 PREMIER DR
		STREET 2:		SUITE 310
		CITY:			HIGH POINT
		STATE:			NC
		ZIP:			27265

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	VTV Therapeutics Inc.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20150506
</SEC-HEADER>
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<td style="vertical-align:top"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:left"><span style="white-space:nowrap">Pre-commencement</span> communications pursuant to Rule <span style="white-space:nowrap">14d-2(b)</span> under the Exchange Act (17 CFR <span style="white-space:nowrap">240.14d-2(b))</span></p></td></tr></table> <p style="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td style="vertical-align:top"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:left">Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))</p></td></tr></table> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td style=" text-align: center;margin:auto; border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap"> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">Title of each class</p></td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;</td>
<td style=" text-align: center;margin:auto; border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;vertical-align:bottom"> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">Trading<br/>Symbol(s)</p></td>
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<td style=" text-align: center;margin:auto; border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;vertical-align:bottom"> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">Name of each exchange</p> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">on which registered</p></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;</td>
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;</td>
<td style=" text-align: center;margin:auto; vertical-align:top"> <span style=" -sec-ix-hidden:Hidden_dei_SecurityExchangeName">Nasdaq Capital Market</span> </td></tr></table> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 or Rule <span style="white-space:nowrap">12b-2</span> of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.</p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" contextRef="duration_2024-02-28_to_2024-02-28" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox" id="ixv-341">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric> Emerging growth company</p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. &#9744;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p> <p style="line-height:1.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;border-bottom:1px solid #000000">&#160;</p> <p style="line-height:3.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #000000">&#160;</p></div></div>

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<td style="width:11%;vertical-align:top" align="left"><span style="font-weight:bold">Item&#8201;1.01.</span></td>
<td align="left" style="vertical-align:top"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:left">Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement. </p></td></tr></table> <p style="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">On February&#160;28, 2024, vTv Therapeutics Inc. (the &#8220;Company&#8221;) entered into a sales agreement (the &#8220;Sales Agreement&#8221;) with Cowen and Company, LLC (&#8220;TD Cowen&#8221;), pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell, from time to time, through TD Cowen, as sales agent, shares of the Company&#8217;s Class&#160;A common stock, par value $0.01 per share, having an aggregate offering price of up to $50.0&#160;million (the &#8220;ATM Offering&#8221;). Pursuant to General Instruction I.B.6 of Form <span style="white-space:nowrap">S-3,</span> in no event will the Company sell securities registered on the registration statement relating to the ATM Offering with a value exceeding more than <span style="white-space:nowrap">one-third</span> of its public float in any <span style="white-space:nowrap">12-month</span> period so long as its public float remains below $75.0&#160;million. </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Company is not obligated to sell any shares under the Sales Agreement. Subject to the terms and conditions of the Sales Agreement, TD Cowen will use commercially reasonable efforts, consistent with its normal trading and sales practices, applicable state and federal law, rules and regulations and the rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market, to sell shares from time to time based upon the Company&#8217;s instructions, including any price, time or size limits specified by the Company. Under the Sales Agreement, TD Cowen may sell shares by any method deemed to be an &#8220;at the market offering&#8221; as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &#8220;Securities Act&#8221;). The Company will pay TD Cowen a commission equal to 3.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds from each sale of shares, reimburse legal fees and disbursements up to $75,000 and provide TD Cowen with customary indemnification and contribution rights. The Sales Agreement may be terminated by TD Cowen or the Company upon notice to the other party as provided in the Sales Agreement, or by TD Cowen at any time subject to certain conditions. </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The issuance and sale, if any, of the Shares by the Company under the Agreement will be made pursuant to the Company&#8217;s effective registration statement on Form <span style="white-space:nowrap">S-3</span> (File <span style="white-space:nowrap">No.&#160;333-254445)</span> (the &#8220;Registration Statement&#8221;), filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#8220;SEC&#8221;) on March&#160;18, 2021, amended on April&#160;9, 2021 and declared effective on April&#160;20, 2021. The ATM Offering is described in the Company&#8217;s Prospectus dated April&#160;20, 2021 (the &#8220;Base Prospectus), as supplemented by a Prospectus Supplement dated February&#160;28, 2024 (the &#8220;Prospectus Supplement&#8221;). </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The foregoing description of the Sales Agreement does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Sales Agreement, a copy of which is filed as Exhibit 1.1 to this Current Report on Form <span style="white-space:nowrap">8-K</span> and is incorporated herein by reference. </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">A copy of the opinion of Dechert LLP relating to the validity of the Shares to be issued pursuant to the Sales Agreement is filed herewith as Exhibit 5.1 hereto. </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The ATM Offering will only be made by means of the Base Prospectus, as supplemented by the Prospectus Supplement. This Current Report on Form <span style="white-space:nowrap">8-K</span> shall not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any shares under the Sales Agreement nor shall there be any sale of such shares in any state in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to registration or qualification under the securities laws of any such state. </p> <p style="font-size:18pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td style="width:11%;vertical-align:top" align="left"><span style="font-weight:bold">Item&#8201;2.02</span></td>
<td align="left" style="vertical-align:top"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:left">Results of Operations and Financial Condition. </p></td></tr></table> <p style="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><span style="font-style:italic">Preliminary Financial Results - Cash Balance as of December&#160;31, 2023 </span></p> <p style="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Based upon preliminary estimates and information available to the Company, it expects to report that it had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $9.4&#160;million as of December&#160;31, 2023. </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The preliminary cash balance presented above is not a comprehensive statement of the Company&#8217;s financial position, and is subject to change following the completion of the Company&#8217;s financial closing and independent auditor review procedures. Complete results will be included in the Company&#8217;s Annual Report on <span style="white-space:nowrap">Form&#160;10-K&#160;for</span> the fiscal year ended December&#160;31, 2023. </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The information contained in Item 2.02 of this <span style="white-space:nowrap">Form&#160;8-K&#160;shall</span> not be deemed &#8220;filed&#8221; for purposes of Section&#160;18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the &#8220;Exchange Act&#8221;), or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act, except as expressly provided by specific reference in such a filing. </p>
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<td style="width:11%;vertical-align:top" align="left"><span style="font-weight:bold">Item&#8201;8.01.</span></td>
<td align="left" style="vertical-align:top"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:left">Other Events. </p></td></tr></table> <p style="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold"><span style="font-style:italic">Termination of Prior &#8220;At the Market&#8221; Equity Offering Program </span></p> <p style="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">On February&#160;26, 2024, the Company terminated the Controlled Equity Offering<sup style="font-size:75%; vertical-align:top">SM</sup> Sales Agreement, dated as of April&#160;24, 2020, by and between the Company and Cantor Fitzgerald&#160;&amp; Co., in accordance with its terms. </p> <p style="font-size:18pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td style="width:11%;vertical-align:top" align="left"><span style="font-weight:bold">Item&#8201;9.01.</span></td>
<td align="left" style="vertical-align:top"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:left">Financial Statements and Exhibits. </p></td></tr></table> <p style="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td style="width:5%;vertical-align:top" align="left">(d)</td>
<td align="left" style="vertical-align:top"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:left">Exhibits </p></td></tr></table> <p style="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td align="center" style="border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap"><span style="font-weight:bold">EXHIBIT<br/>NUMBER</span></td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;&#160;</td>
<td style="border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;vertical-align:bottom"> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold">DESCRIPTION</p></td></tr>


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<td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap">1.1</td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;&#160;</td>
<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="d766950dex11.htm">Sales Agreement, dated February&#160;28, 2024, by and between vTv Therapeutics Inc. and Cowen and Company, LLC. </a></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="d766950dex51.htm">Opinion of Dechert LLP </a></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap">23.1</td>
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<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="d766950dex51.htm">Consent of Dechert LLP (included in Exhibit&#160;5.1) </a></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap">Exhibit&#160;104</td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;&#160;</td>
<td style="vertical-align:top">Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)</td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom" colspan="3"><span style="font-weight:bold">VTV THERAPEUTICS INC.</span></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom">Dated: February&#160;28, 2024</td>
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;</td>
<td style="vertical-align:top">By:</td>
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom"> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">/s/ Paul J. Sekhri</p></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom"/>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;</td>
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;</td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom"/>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;</td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom">Paul J. Sekhri</td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;</td>
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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><B>Exhibit 1.1 </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>VTV THERAPEUTICS INC. </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>$50,000,000 </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><U>CLASS A
COMMON STOCK </U></B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><U>SALES AGREEMENT </U></B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right">February&nbsp;28, 2024 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Cowen and Company, LLC
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">599 Lexington Avenue </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">New York, NY 10022 </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Ladies and Gentlemen: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">vTv Therapeutics Inc.
(the &#147;<B><U>Company</U></B>&#148;), confirms its agreement (this &#147;<B><U>Agreement</U></B>&#148;) with Cowen and Company, LLC (&#147;<B><U>TD Cowen</U></B>&#148;), as follows: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">1. <U>Issuance and Sale of Shares</U>. The Company agrees that, from time to time during the term of this Agreement, on the terms and subject
to the conditions set forth herein, it may issue and sell through TD Cowen, acting as agent and/or principal, shares (the &#147;<B><U>Placement Shares</U></B>&#148;) of the Company&#146;s Class&nbsp;A common stock, par value $0.01 per share (the
&#147;<B><U>Common Stock</U></B>&#148;), having an aggregate offering price of up to $50,000,000.00; <I>provided, however, </I>that in no event shall the Company issue or sell through the TD Cowen such number or dollar amount of Placement Shares
that would (a)&nbsp;exceed the number or dollar amount of shares of Common Stock registered on the effective Registration Statement (as defined below) pursuant to which the offering is being made, (b)&nbsp;exceed the number of authorized but
unissued shares of Common Stock (less shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise, conversion or exchange of any outstanding securities of the Company or otherwise reserved from the Company&#146;s authorized capital stock), (c) exceed the number
or dollar amount of shares of Common Stock permitted to be sold under Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3</FONT> (including General Instruction I.B.6 thereof, if applicable) or (d)&nbsp;exceed the number or dollar amount of shares of Common
Stock for which the Company has filed a prospectus supplement relating to the Placement Shares (the lesser of (a), (b), (c) and (d), the &#147;<B><U>Maximum Amount</U></B>&#148;). Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, the
parties hereto agree that compliance with the limitation set forth in this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;1</U> on the number of shares of Common Stock issued and sold under this Agreement shall be the sole responsibility of the Company, and TD Cowen
shall have no obligation in connection with such compliance. The issuance and sale of Common Stock through TD Cowen will be effected pursuant to the Registration Statement (as defined below) filed by the Company and after such Registration Statement
has been declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#147;<B><U>Commission</U></B>&#148;), although nothing in this Agreement shall be construed as requiring the Company to use the Registration Statement (as defined below) to
issue the Common Stock. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Company has filed, in accordance with the provisions of the Securities Act of 1933,as
amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder (collectively, the &#147;<B><U>Securities Act</U></B>&#148;), with the Commission a registration statement on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3</FONT> (File
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">No.&nbsp;333-254445),</FONT> including a base prospectus, relating to certain securities, including the Common Stock, to be issued from time to time by the Company, and which incorporates by reference documents that
the Company has filed or will file in accordance with the provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder (collectively, the &#147;<B><U>Exchange Act</U></B>&#148;). The Company has prepared a
prospectus supplement specifically relating to the Placement Shares (the &#147;<B><U>Prospectus Supplement</U></B>&#148;) to the base prospectus included as part of such registration statement. The Company has furnished to TD Cowen, for use by TD
Cowen, copies of the prospectus included as part of such registration statement, as supplemented by the Prospectus Supplement, relating to the Placement Shares. Except where the context otherwise requires, such registration statement, and any
post-effective amendment thereto, as amended when it became effective, including all documents filed as part thereof or incorporated by reference therein, and including any information contained in a Prospectus (as defined below) subsequently filed
with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act or deemed to be a part of such registration statement pursuant to Rule 430B or 462(b) of the Securities Act, or any subsequent registration statement on Form <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3</FONT> filed pursuant to Rule 415(a)(6) under the Securities Act by the Company with respect to the Placement Shares, is herein called the &#147;<B><U>Registration Statement</U></B>.&#148; The base prospectus,
including all documents incorporated therein by reference, included in the Registration Statement, as it may be supplemented by the Prospectus Supplement, in the form in which such prospectus and/or Prospectus Supplement have most recently been
filed by the Company with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act, together with any &#147;issuer free writing prospectus,&#148; as defined in Rule 433 under the Securities Act (&#147;<B><U>Rule 433</U></B>&#148;), relating
to the Placement Shares that (i)&nbsp;is consented to by TD Cowen, hereinafter referred to as a &#147;<B><U>Permitted Free Writing Prospectus</U></B>,&#148; (ii) is required to be filed with the Commission by the Company or (iii)&nbsp;is exempt from
filing pursuant to Rule 433(d)(5)(i), in each case in the form filed or required to be filed with the Commission or, if not required to be filed, in the form retained in the Company&#146;s records pursuant to Rule 433(g), is herein called the
&#147;<B><U>Prospectus</U></B>.&#148; Any reference herein to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto shall be deemed to refer to and include the documents incorporated by reference therein, and any
reference herein to the terms &#147;amend,&#148; &#147;amendment&#148; or &#147;supplement&#148; with respect to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus shall be deemed to refer to and include the filing after the execution hereof of any
document with the Commission deemed to be incorporated by reference therein. For purposes of this Agreement, all references to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or to any amendment or supplement thereto shall be deemed to include any copy
filed with the Commission pursuant to the Electronic Data Gathering Analysis and Retrieval System (&#147;<B><U>EDGAR</U></B>&#148;). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">2.
<U>Placements</U>. Each time that the Company wishes to issue and sell the Placement Shares hereunder (each, a &#147;<B><U>Placement</U></B>&#148;), it will notify TD Cowen by email notice (or other method mutually agreed to in writing by the
parties) (a &#147;<B><U>Placement Notice</U></B>&#148;) containing the parameters in accordance with which it desires the Placement Shares to be sold, which shall at a minimum include the number of Placement Shares to be issued, the time period
during which sales are requested to be made, any limitation on the number of Placement Shares that may be sold in any one Trading Day (as defined in <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;3</U>) and any minimum price below which sales may not be made, a form
of which containing such minimum sales parameters necessary is attached hereto as <B><U>Schedule 1</U></B>. The Placement Notice shall originate from any of the individuals from the Company </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">- 2 - </P>

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set forth on <B><U>Schedule 2</U></B><B> </B>(with a copy to each of the other individuals from the Company listed on such schedule), and shall be addressed to each of the individuals from TD
Cowen set forth on <B><U>Schedule 2</U></B>, as such <B><U>Schedule 2</U></B> may be amended from time to time. The Placement Notice shall be effective upon receipt by TD Cowen unless and until (i)&nbsp;in accordance with the notice requirements set
forth in <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;4</U>, TD Cowen declines to accept the terms contained therein for any reason, in its sole discretion, (ii)&nbsp;the entire amount of the Placement Shares subject to such Placement Notice have been sold,
(iii)&nbsp;in accordance with the notice requirements set forth in <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;4</U>, the Company suspends or terminates the Placement Notice, (iv)&nbsp;the Company issues a subsequent Placement Notice with parameters superseding
those on the earlier dated Placement Notice, or (v)&nbsp;this Agreement has been terminated under the provisions of <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11</U>. The amount of any discount, commission or other compensation to be paid by the Company to TD
Cowen in connection with the sale of the Placement Shares shall be calculated in accordance with the terms set forth in <B><U>Schedule 3</U></B>. It is expressly acknowledged and agreed that neither the Company nor TD Cowen will have any obligation
whatsoever with respect to a Placement or any Placement Shares unless and until the Company delivers a Placement Notice to TD Cowen and TD Cowen does not decline such Placement Notice pursuant to the terms set forth above, and then only upon the
terms specified therein and herein. In the event of a conflict between the terms of this Agreement and the terms of a Placement Notice, the terms of the Placement Notice will control. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">3. <U>Sale of Placement Shares by TD Cowen.</U> Subject to the terms and conditions herein set forth, upon the Company&#146;s delivery of a
Placement Notice, and unless the sale of the Placement Shares described therein has been declined, suspended, or otherwise terminated in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, TD Cowen, for the period specified in the Placement Notice, will
use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable state and federal laws, rules and regulations and the rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market, Inc. (&#147;<B><U>Nasdaq</U></B>&#148;) to sell
such Placement Shares up to the amount specified, and otherwise in accordance with the terms of such Placement Notice. TD Cowen will provide written confirmation to the Company (including by email correspondence to each of the individuals of the
Company set forth on <U>Schedule 2</U>, if receipt of such correspondence is actually acknowledged by any of the individuals to whom the notice is sent, other than via auto-reply) no later than the opening of the Trading Day (as defined below)
immediately following the Trading Day on which it has made sales of Placement Shares hereunder setting forth the number of Placement Shares sold on such day, the volume-weighted average price of the Placement Shares sold, and the Net Proceeds (as
defined below) payable to the Company. In the event the Company engages TD Cowen for a sale of Placement Shares that would constitute a &#147;block&#148; within the meaning of Rule <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10b-18(a)(5)</FONT> under the
Exchange Act (a &#147;<B><U>Block Sale</U></B>&#148;), the Company will provide TD Cowen, at TD Cowen&#146;s request and upon reasonable advance notice to the Company, on or prior to the Settlement Date (as defined below), the opinions of counsel,
accountant&#146;s letter and officers&#146; certificates set forth in <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;8</U> hereof, each dated the Settlement Date, and such other documents and information as TD Cowen shall reasonably request. TD Cowen may sell
Placement Shares by any method permitted by law deemed to be an &#147;at the market&#148; offering as defined in Rule 415 of the Securities Act, including without limitation sales made through Nasdaq or on any other existing trading market for the
Common Stock. TD Cowen shall not purchase Placement Shares for its own account as principal unless expressly authorized to do so by the Company in a Placement Notice. The Company acknowledges and agrees that (i)&nbsp;there can be no assurance that
TD Cowen will be successful in selling Placement Shares, and (ii)&nbsp;TD Cowen will incur no liability or obligation to the Company or any other person or entity if it does not sell Placement Shares for any reason other
</P>
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than a failure by TD Cowen to use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices to sell such Placement Shares as required under this
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;3</U>. For the purposes hereof, &#147;<B><U>Trading Day</U></B>&#148; means any day on which the Company&#146;s Common Stock is purchased and sold on the principal market on which the Common Stock is listed or quoted.
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, the Company shall not offer, sell or deliver, or request the offer or sale, of any Placement
Shares pursuant to this Agreement and, by notice to TD Cowen given by telephone (confirmed promptly by email), shall cancel any instructions for the offer or sale of any Placement Shares, and TD Cowen shall not be obligated to offer or sell any
Placement Shares, (i)&nbsp;during any period in which the Company is, or could be deemed to be, in possession of material <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-public</FONT> information, or (ii)&nbsp;at any time from and including the date on which
the Company shall issue a press release containing, or shall otherwise publicly announce, its earnings, revenues or other results of operations (an &#147;<B><U>Earnings Announcement</U></B>&#148;) through and including the time that the Company
files a Quarterly Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-Q</FONT> or an Annual Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> that includes consolidated financial statements as of and for the same period or periods, as the
case may be, covered by such Earnings Announcement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">4. <U>Suspension of Sales</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a) The Company or TD Cowen may, upon notice to the other party in writing (including by email correspondence to each of the individuals of
the other party set forth on <B><U>Schedule 2</U></B>, if receipt of such correspondence is actually acknowledged by any of the individuals to whom the notice is sent, other than via auto-reply) or by telephone (confirmed immediately by verifiable
facsimile transmission or email correspondence to each of the individuals of the other party set forth on <B><U>Schedule 2</U></B>), suspend any sale of Placement Shares; <I>provided, however</I>, that such suspension shall not affect or impair
either party&#146;s obligations with respect to any Placement Shares sold hereunder prior to the receipt of such notice. Each of the parties agrees that no such notice under this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;4</U> shall be effective against the
other unless it is made to one of the individuals named on <B><U>Schedule 2</U></B> hereto, as such schedule may be amended from time to time. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b) If, after a period in which the exemptive provisions set forth in Rule 101(c)(1) of Regulation M under the Exchange Act have been
satisfied with respect to the Common Stock, either TD Cowen or the Company has reason to believe that such exemptive provisions are not satisfied, it shall promptly notify the other party, and TD Cowen may, at its sole discretion, suspend sales of
the Placement Shares under this Agreement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c) The Registration Statement was declared effective on April&nbsp;20, 2021. Notwithstanding
any other provision of this Agreement, during any period in which the Registration Statement is no longer effective under the Securities Act, the Company shall promptly notify TD Cowen, the Company shall not request the sale of any Placement Shares,
and TD Cowen shall not be obligated to sell or offer to sell any Placement Shares. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d) The Company shall promptly inform TD Cowen upon
becoming an ineligible issuer as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act at the times specified in Rules 164 and 433 under the Securities Act, and during any period in which the Company remains an ineligible issuer, the </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Company shall not request the sale of any Placement Shares and TD Cowen shall not be obligated to sell or offer to sell any Placement Shares. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">5. <U>Settlement.</U> </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a) <U>Settlement of Placement Shares</U>. Unless otherwise specified in the applicable Placement Notice, settlement for sales
of Placement Shares will occur on the second (2<SUP STYLE="font-size:75%; vertical-align:top">nd</SUP>) Trading Day (or such earlier day as is industry practice for <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">regular-way</FONT> trading) following the date on
which such sales are made (each, a &#147;<B><U>Settlement Date</U></B>&#148; and the first such settlement date, the &#147;<B><U>First Delivery Date</U></B>&#148;). The amount of proceeds to be delivered to the Company on a Settlement Date against
receipt of the Placement Shares sold (the &#147;<B><U>Net Proceeds</U></B>&#148;) will be equal to the aggregate sales price received by TD Cowen at which such Placement Shares were sold, after deduction for (i)&nbsp;TD Cowen&#146;s commission,
discount or other compensation for such sales payable by the Company pursuant to <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;2</U> hereof, (ii)&nbsp;any other amounts due and payable by the Company to TD Cowen hereunder pursuant to
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(g)</U> (Expenses) hereof, and (iii)&nbsp;any transaction fees imposed by any governmental or self-regulatory organization in respect of such sales. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b) <U>Delivery of Placement Shares</U>. On or before each Settlement Date, the Company will, or will cause its transfer agent
to, electronically transfer the Placement Shares being sold by crediting TD Cowen&#146;s or its designee&#146;s account (provided TD Cowen shall have given the Company written notice of such designee at least one Trading Day prior to the Settlement
Date) at The Depository Trust Company through its Deposit and Withdrawal at Custodian System or by such other means of delivery as may be mutually agreed upon by the parties hereto which in all cases shall be freely tradeable, transferable,
registered shares in good deliverable form. On each Settlement Date, TD Cowen will deliver the related Net Proceeds in same day funds to an account designated by the Company on, or prior to, the Settlement Date. If the Company, or its transfer agent
(if applicable), defaults in its obligation to deliver duly authorized Placement Shares on a Settlement Date, the Company agrees that in addition to and in no way limiting the rights and obligations set forth in
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;9(a)</U> (Indemnification and Contribution) hereto, it will (i)&nbsp;hold TD Cowen harmless against any loss, claim, damage, or expense (including reasonable and documented legal fees and expenses), as incurred, arising
out of or in connection with such default by the Company or its transfer agent (if applicable) and (ii)&nbsp;pay to TD Cowen (without duplication) any commission, discount, or other compensation to which it would otherwise have been entitled absent
such default. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">6. <U>Representations and Warranties of the Company</U>. The Company represents and warrants to, and agrees with TD Cowen
that as of (i)&nbsp;the date of this Agreement, (ii)&nbsp;each Time of Sale (as defined below), (iii) each Settlement Date, and (iv)&nbsp;each Bring-Down Date (as defined below) (each date included in (i)&nbsp;through (iv), a
&#147;<B><U>Representation Date</U></B>&#148;): </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a) <U>Compliance with Registration Requirements</U>. The Registration
Statement and any Rule&nbsp;462(b) Registration Statement have been declared effective by the Commission under the Securities Act. The Company has complied to the Commission&#146;s satisfaction with all requests of the Commission for additional or
</P>
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supplemental information. No stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or any Rule&nbsp;462(b) Registration Statement is in effect and no proceedings for such purpose
have been instituted or are pending or, to the best knowledge of the Company, contemplated or threatened by the Commission. The Company meets the requirements for use of Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3</FONT> under the Securities Act. The
sale of the Placement Shares hereunder meets the requirements of General Instruction I.B.6. of Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3.</FONT> </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b) <U>No Misstatement or Omission</U>. The Prospectus when filed complied and, as amended or supplemented, if applicable, will
comply in all material respects with the Securities Act. Each of the Registration Statement, any Rule&nbsp;462(b) Registration Statement, the Prospectus and any post-effective amendments or supplements thereto, at the time it became effective or its
date, as applicable, complied and as of each Representation Date, complied and will comply in all material respects with the Securities Act and did not and, as of each Representation Date, did not and will not contain any untrue statement of a
material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading. The Prospectus, as amended or supplemented, as of its date, did not and, as of each Representation Date, will
not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The representations and warranties
set forth in the two immediately preceding sentences do not apply to statements in or omissions from the Registration Statement, any Rule&nbsp;462(b) Registration Statement, or any post-effective amendment thereto, or the Prospectus, or any
amendments or supplements thereto, made in reliance upon and in conformity with information relating to Agent&#146;s Information (as defined below). There are no contracts or other documents required to be described in the Prospectus or to be filed
as exhibits to the Registration Statement which have not been described or filed as required. As used herein, &#147;<B><U>Time of Sale</U></B>&#148; means with respect to each offering of Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement, the time of TD
Cowen&#146;s initial entry into contracts with purchasers for the sale of such Placement Shares. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c) <U>Offering Materials
Furnished to TD Cowen</U>. The Company has delivered to TD Cowen one complete copy of the Registration Statement and a copy of each consent and certificate of experts filed as a part thereof, and conformed copies of the Registration Statement
(without exhibits) and the Prospectus, as amended or supplemented, in such quantities and at such places as TD Cowen has reasonably requested. The Registration Statement, the Prospectus and any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus (to the extent any
such Permitted Free Writing Prospectus was required to be filed with the Commission) delivered to TD Cowen for use in connection with the public offering of the Placement Shares contemplated herein have been and will be identical to the versions of
such documents transmitted to the Commission for filing via EDGAR, except to the extent permitted by Regulation <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-T.</FONT> </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d) <U>Conformity with Securities Act and Exchange Act</U>. The Registration
Statement, the Prospectus, any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto, and the Incorporated Documents, when such documents were or are filed with the Commission under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act or became
or become effective under the Securities Act, as the case may be, conformed or will conform in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, as applicable. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(e) <U>Financial Information</U>. The consolidated financial statements of the Company included or incorporated by reference in
the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus, together with the related notes and schedules, present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company and the Subsidiaries
(as defined below) as of the dates indicated and the consolidated results of operations, cash flows and changes in stockholders&#146; equity of the Company for the periods specified and have been prepared in compliance with the requirements of the
Securities Act and Exchange Act and in conformity with GAAP (as defined below) applied on a consistent basis during the periods involved; and the other financial and statistical data with respect to the Company and the Subsidiaries (as defined
below) contained or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus are accurately and fairly presented in all material respects and prepared on a basis consistent in all material
respects with the financial statements and books and records of the Company; there are no financial statements (historical or pro forma) that are required to be included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, or the Prospectus
that are not included or incorporated by reference as required. The interactive data in eXtensible Business Reporting Language included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus fairly presents the information
called for in all material respects and has been prepared in accordance with the Commission&#146;s rules and guidelines applicable thereto. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(f) <U>Conformity with EDGAR Filing</U>. The Prospectus delivered to TD Cowen for use in connection with the sale of the
Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement will be identical to the versions of the Prospectus created to be transmitted to the Commission for filing via EDGAR, except to the extent permitted by Regulation
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-T.</FONT> </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(g) <U>Organization</U>. The Company and each of its Subsidiaries (as defined
below) have been duly organized and are validly existing and in good standing under the laws of their respective jurisdictions of organization. The Company and each of its Subsidiaries are duly licensed or qualified as a foreign corporation for
transaction of business and in good standing under the laws of each other jurisdiction in which their respective ownership or lease of property or the conduct of their respective businesses requires such license or qualification, and have all
corporate power and authority necessary to own or hold their respective properties and to conduct their respective businesses as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, except where the failure to be so qualified or in good
standing or have such power or authority would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on or affecting the assets, business, operations, earnings, properties, condition (financial or otherwise), prospects,
stockholders&#146; equity or results of operations of the Company and the Subsidiaries taken as a whole, or prevent or materially interfere with consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby (a &#147;<B><U>Material Adverse
Change</U></B>&#148;). </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(h) <U>Subsidiaries</U>. The subsidiaries listed in Exhibit&nbsp;21.1 to the
Company&#146;s Annual Report on <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Form&nbsp;10-K</FONT> for the most recently ended fiscal year (each a &#147;<B><U>Subsidiary</U></B>&#148; and collectively, the &#147;<B><U>Subsidiaries</U></B>&#148;), are the
Company&#146;s only significant subsidiaries (as such term is defined in Rule <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">1-02</FONT> of Regulation <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-X</FONT> promulgated by the Commission). Except as set forth in the
Registration Statement and in the Prospectus, the Company owns, directly or indirectly, all of the equity interests of the Subsidiaries free and clear of any lien, charge, security interest, encumbrance, right of first refusal or other restriction,
and all the equity interests of the Subsidiaries are validly issued and are fully paid, nonassessable and free of preemptive and similar rights. No Subsidiary is currently prohibited, directly or indirectly, from paying any dividends to the Company,
from making any other distribution on such Subsidiary&#146;s capital stock, from repaying to the Company any loans or advances to such Subsidiary from the Company or from transferring any of such Subsidiary&#146;s property or assets to the Company
or any other Subsidiary of the Company. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(i) <U>No Violation or Default</U>. Neither the Company nor any of its
Subsidiaries is (i)&nbsp;in violation of its charter or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">by-laws</FONT> or similar organizational documents; (ii)&nbsp;in default, and no event has occurred that, with notice or lapse of time or both, would constitute
such a default, in the due performance or observance of any term, covenant or condition contained in any indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan agreement or other agreement or instrument to which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is a party
or by which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is bound or to which any of the property or assets of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries are subject; or (iii)&nbsp;in violation of any law or statute or any judgment, order, rule or regulation
of any Governmental Authority, except, in the case of each of clauses (ii)&nbsp;and (iii) above, for any such violation or default that would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Change. As used
herein, &#147;<B><U>Governmental Authority</U></B>&#148; means (i)&nbsp;any federal, provincial, state, local, municipal, national or international government or governmental authority, regulatory or administrative agency, governmental commission,
department, board, bureau, agency or instrumentality, court, tribunal, arbitrator or arbitral body (public or private); (ii) any self-regulatory organization; or (iii) any political subdivision of any of the foregoing. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(j) <U>No Material Adverse Change</U>. Subsequent to the respective dates as of which information is given in the Registration
Statement, the Prospectus and any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus (including any Incorporated Document), there has not been (i)&nbsp;any Material Adverse Change or the occurrence of any development that the Company reasonably expects will result
in a Material Adverse Change, (ii)&nbsp;any transaction which is material to the Company and the Subsidiaries taken as a whole, (iii)&nbsp;any obligation or liability, direct or contingent (including any
off-</P>
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balance sheet obligations), incurred by the Company or any Subsidiary, which is material to the Company and the Subsidiaries taken as a whole, (iv)&nbsp;any material change in the capital stock
or outstanding long-term indebtedness of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (other than as a result of (a)&nbsp;the sale of Placement Shares, (b)&nbsp;the issuance or vesting of equity awards under the Company&#146;s existing equity incentive
plans or (c)&nbsp;the issuance of shares upon the exercise or conversion of securities exercisable for, or convertible into, shares of Common Stock outstanding on the date hereof,) or (v)&nbsp;any dividend or distribution of any kind declared, paid
or made on the capital stock of the Company or any Subsidiary, other than in each case above in the ordinary course of business or as otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement or Prospectus (including any Incorporated Document). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(k) <U>Capitalization</U>. The issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company have been validly issued, are
fully paid and nonassessable and, other than as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, are not subject to any preemptive rights, rights of first refusal or similar rights. The Company has an authorized, issued and outstanding
capitalization as set forth in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as of the dates referred to therein and such authorized capital stock conforms in all material respects to the description thereof set forth in the Registration Statement
and the Prospectus. The description of the Common Stock of the Company in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus is complete and accurate in all material respects. Except as disclosed in or contemplated by the Registration Statement or the
Prospectus, as of the date referred to therein, the Company does not have outstanding any options to purchase, or any rights or warrants to subscribe for, or any securities or obligations convertible into, or exchangeable for, or any contracts or
commitments to issue or sell, any shares of capital stock or other securities. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(l) <U>Authorization; Enforceability</U>.
The Company has full legal right, power and authority to enter into this Agreement and perform the transactions contemplated hereby. This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company and is a legal, valid and binding
agreement of the Company enforceable against the Company in accordance with its terms, except to the extent that enforceability may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or similar laws affecting creditors&#146; rights
generally and by general equitable principles. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(m) <U>Authorization of Placement Shares</U>. The Placement Shares, when
issued and delivered pursuant to the terms approved by the board of directors of the Company or a duly authorized committee thereof, or a duly authorized executive officer, against payment therefor as provided herein, will be duly authorized,
validly issued and fully paid and nonassessable, free and clear of any pledge, lien, encumbrance, security interest or other claim, including any statutory or contractual preemptive rights, resale rights, rights of first refusal or other similar
rights, and will be registered pursuant to Section&nbsp;12 of the Exchange Act. The Placement Shares, when issued, will conform in all material respects to the description thereof set forth in or incorporated into the Prospectus. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(n) <U>No Consents Required</U>. No consent, approval, authorization, order,
registration or qualification of or with any Governmental Authority is required for the execution, delivery and performance by the Company of this Agreement, the issuance and sale by the Company of the Placement Shares, except for such consents,
approvals, authorizations, orders and registrations or qualifications as have been obtained or as may be required under applicable state securities laws or by the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">by-laws</FONT> and rules of the Financial Industry
Regulatory Authority (&#147;<B><U>FINRA</U></B>&#148;) or the Nasdaq Capital Market (the &#147;<B><U>Exchange</U></B>&#148;) in connection with the sale of the Placement Shares by TD Cowen. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(o) <U>No Preferential Rights</U>. Except as set forth in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus and except for such
rights as have been waived, (i)&nbsp;no person, as such term is defined in Rule <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">1-02</FONT> of Regulation <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-X</FONT> promulgated under the Securities Act (each, a
&#147;<B><U>Person</U></B>&#148;), has the right, contractual or otherwise, to cause the Company to issue or sell to such Person any Common Stock or shares of any other capital stock or other securities of the Company, (ii)&nbsp;no Person has any
preemptive rights, resale rights, rights of first refusal, rights of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">co-sale,</FONT> or any other rights (whether pursuant to a &#147;poison pill&#148; provision or otherwise) to purchase any Common Stock or shares
of any other capital stock or other securities of the Company, (iii)&nbsp;no Person has the right to act as an underwriter or as a financial advisor to the Company in connection with the offer and sale of the Placement Shares, and (iv)&nbsp;no
Person has the right, contractual or otherwise, to require the Company to register under the Securities Act any Common Stock or shares of any other capital stock or other securities of the Company, or to include any such shares or other securities
in the Registration Statement or the offering contemplated thereby, whether as a result of the filing or effectiveness of the Registration Statement or the sale of the Placement Shares as contemplated thereby or otherwise. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(p) <U>Independent Public Accounting Firm</U>. Ernst&nbsp;&amp; Young LLP (the &#147;<B><U>Accountant</U></B>&#148;), whose
report on the consolidated financial statements of the Company is filed with the Commission as part of the Company&#146;s most recent Annual Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> filed with the Commission and incorporated by
reference into the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, are and, during the periods covered by their report, were an independent registered public accounting firm within the meaning of the Securities Act and the Public Company Accounting
Oversight Board (United States). To the Company&#146;s knowledge, the Accountant is not in violation of the auditor independence requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the &#147;<B><U>Sarbanes-Oxley Act</U></B>&#148;) with respect to the
Company. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(q) <U>No Litigation</U>. Except as set forth in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, there are no
actions, suits or proceedings by or before any Governmental Authority pending, nor, to the Company&#146;s knowledge, any audits or investigations by or before any Governmental Authority to which the Company or a Subsidiary is a party or to which any
property of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is the subject that, individually or in the aggregate, would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Change and, to the Company&#146;s knowledge, no such actions, suits, proceedings,
audits or investigations are threatened or contemplated by any </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">- 10 - </P>

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Governmental Authority or threatened by others; and there are no current or pending audits or investigations, actions, suits or proceedings by or before any Governmental Authority that are
required under the Securities Act to be described in the Prospectus that are not so described. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(r) <U>Consents and
Permits</U>. Except as set forth in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, the Company and its Subsidiaries have made all filings, applications and submissions required by, possesses and is operating in compliance with, all approvals,
licenses, certificates, certifications, clearances, consents, grants, exemptions, marks, notifications, orders, permits and other authorizations issued by, the appropriate federal, state or foreign Governmental Authority (including, without
limitation, the United States Food and Drug Administration (the &#147;<B><U>FDA</U></B>&#148;), the United States Drug Enforcement Administration or any other foreign, federal, state, provincial, court or local government or regulatory authorities
including self-regulatory organizations engaged in the regulation of clinical trials, pharmaceuticals, biologics or biohazardous substances or materials) necessary for the ownership or lease of their respective properties or to conduct its
businesses as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus (collectively, &#147;<B><U>Permits</U></B>&#148;), except for such Permits the failure of which to possess, obtain or make the same would not reasonably be expected to have a
Material Adverse Change; the Company and its Subsidiaries are in compliance with the terms and conditions of all such Permits, except where the failure to be in compliance would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Change; all of
the Permits are valid and in full force and effect, except where any invalidity, individually or in the aggregate, would not be reasonably expected to have a Material Adverse Change; and neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries has received
any written notice relating to the limitation, revocation, cancellation, suspension, modification or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-renewal</FONT> of any such Permit which, singly or in the aggregate, if the subject of an unfavorable decision,
ruling or finding, would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Change, or has any reason to believe that any such license, certificate, permit or authorization will not be renewed in the ordinary course. To the extent required by
applicable laws and regulations of the FDA, the Company or the applicable Subsidiary has submitted to the FDA an Investigational New Drug Application or amendment or supplement thereto for each clinical trial it has conducted or sponsored or is
conducting or sponsoring; all such submissions were in material compliance with applicable laws and rules and regulations when submitted and no material deficiencies have been asserted by the FDA with respect to any such submissions. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(s) <U>Regulatory Filings</U>. Except as set forth in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, neither the Company nor
any of its Subsidiaries has failed to file with the applicable Governmental Authorities (including, without limitation, the FDA, or any foreign, federal, state, provincial or local Governmental Authority performing functions similar to those
performed by the FDA) any required filing, declaration, listing, registration, report or submission, except for such failures that, individually or in the aggregate, would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Change; except as
disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, all such filings, declarations, listings, registrations, reports or </P>
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submissions were in compliance in all material respects with applicable laws when filed and no deficiencies have been asserted by any applicable regulatory authority with respect to any such
filings, declarations, listings, registrations, reports or submissions, except for any deficiencies that, individually or in the aggregate, would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Change. The Company has operated and currently
is, in all material respects, in compliance with the United States Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, all applicable rules and regulations of the FDA and other federal, state, local and foreign Governmental Authority exercising comparable
authority. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(t) <U>Intellectual Property</U>. Except as set forth in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, the
Company and its Subsidiaries own, possess, license or have other rights to use or can acquire on reasonable terms all foreign and domestic patents, patent applications, trade and service marks, trade and service mark registrations, trade names,
copyrights, licenses, inventions, trade secrets, technology, Internet domain names, <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">know-how</FONT> and other intellectual property (collectively, the &#147;<B><U>Intellectual Property</U></B>&#148;), necessary for
the conduct of their respective businesses as now conducted except to the extent that the failure to own, possess, license or otherwise hold adequate rights to use such Intellectual Property would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a
Material Adverse Change. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus (i)&nbsp;there are no rights of third parties to any such Intellectual Property owned by the Company and its Subsidiaries; (ii)&nbsp;to the Company&#146;s
knowledge, there is no infringement by third parties of any such Intellectual Property; (iii)&nbsp;there is no pending or, to the Company&#146;s knowledge, threatened action, suit, proceeding or claim by others challenging the Company&#146;s and its
Subsidiaries&#146; rights in or to any such Intellectual Property, and the Company is unaware of any facts which could form a reasonable basis for any such action, suit, proceeding or claim; (iv)&nbsp;there is no pending or, to the Company&#146;s
knowledge, threatened action, suit, proceeding or claim by others challenging the validity or scope of any such Intellectual Property; (v)&nbsp;there is no pending or, to the Company&#146;s knowledge, threatened action, suit, proceeding or claim by
others that the Company and its Subsidiaries infringe or otherwise violate any patent, trademark, copyright, trade secret or other proprietary rights of others; (vi)&nbsp;to the Company&#146;s knowledge, there is no third-party U.S. patent or
published U.S. patent application which contains claims for which an Interference Proceeding (as defined in 35 U.S.C. &#167; 135) has been commenced against any patent or patent application described in the Prospectus as being owned by or licensed
to the Company; and (vii)&nbsp;the Company and its Subsidiaries have complied with the terms of each agreement pursuant to which Intellectual Property has been licensed to the Company or such Subsidiary, and all such agreements are in full force and
effect, except, in the case of any of clauses (i)-(vii) above, for any such infringement by third parties or any such pending or threatened suit, action, proceeding or claim as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to
result in a Material Adverse Change. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(u) <U>Preclinical Studies, Clinical Trials</U>. (i)&nbsp;The preclinical
studies, and clinical trials, if any, conducted by or, to the knowledge of the Company, on behalf of or sponsored by the Company or its subsidiaries that are described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, or the results of which are
referred to in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, as applicable, were, and if still pending are, being conducted in all material respects in accordance with the protocols and procedures established for such studies and with all
applicable statutes and all applicable rules and regulations of the FDA, the Department of Health and Human Services and any applicable comparable foreign or other regulatory authority (collectively, the &#147;<B><U>Applicable Regulatory
Authorities</U></B>&#148;) and current Good Laboratory Practices, as applicable; (ii)&nbsp;the descriptions in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus of the results of such studies and trials are accurate and complete descriptions in all
material respects and fairly present the data derived therefrom; (iii)&nbsp;the Company has no knowledge of any other studies or trials not described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, the results of which are materially inconsistent
with or call into question the results described or referred to in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus; (iv)&nbsp;to the Company&#146;s knowledge, the Company and its subsidiaries have operated at all relevant times and are currently in
compliance in all material respects with all applicable statutes, rules and regulations of the Applicable Regulatory Authorities; and (v)&nbsp;other than as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, neither the Company nor its
subsidiaries have received any written notices, correspondence or other communications from the Applicable Regulatory Authorities or any other governmental agency requiring or threatening the termination, material modification or suspension of any
preclinical studies, or clinical trials, if any, that are described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus or the results of which are referred to in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, other than ordinary course communications
with respect to modifications in connection with the design and implementation of such studies or trials, and, to the Company&#146;s knowledge, there are no reasonable grounds for the same. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(v) <U>Market Capitalization</U>. At the time the Registration Statement was declared effective, and at the time the
Company&#146;s most recent Annual Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> was filed with the Commission, the Company met the then applicable requirements for the use of Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3</FONT> under the
Securities Act, including, but not limited to, General Instruction I.B.6 of Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3.</FONT> As of the date of this Agreement, the aggregate market value of the outstanding voting and
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-voting</FONT> common equity (as defined in Securities Act Rule 405) of the Company held by persons other than affiliates of the Company (pursuant to Securities Act Rule 144, those that directly, or indirectly
through one or more intermediaries, control, or are controlled by, or are under common control with, the Company) (the &#147;<B><U><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Non-Affiliate</FONT> Shares</U></B>&#148;), was equal to approximately
$14.771&nbsp;million (calculated by multiplying (x)&nbsp;the highest price at which the common equity of the Company closed on the Exchange within 60 days of the date of this Agreement times (y)&nbsp;the number of
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Non-Affiliate</FONT> Shares). The Company is not a shell company (as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act) and has not been a shell company for at least 12 calendar months previously and if it has been a
shell company at any time previously, has filed current Form 10 information (as defined in Instruction I.B.6 of Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3)</FONT> with the Commission at least 12 calendar months previously reflecting its status as an
entity that is not a shell company. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(w) <U>No Material Defaults</U>. Neither the Company nor any of the
Subsidiaries has defaulted on any installment on indebtedness for borrowed money or on any rental on one or more long-term leases, which defaults, individually or in the aggregate, would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Change. The
Company has not filed a report pursuant to Section&nbsp;13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act since the filing of its last Annual Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K,</FONT> indicating that it (i)&nbsp;has failed to pay any dividend or
sinking fund installment on preferred stock or (ii)&nbsp;has defaulted on any installment on indebtedness for borrowed money or on any rental on one or more long-term leases, which defaults, individually or in the aggregate, would reasonably be
expected to have a Material Adverse Change. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(x) <U>Certain Market Activities</U>. Neither the Company, nor any of the
Subsidiaries, nor, to the Company&#146;s knowledge, any of their respective directors, officers or controlling persons has taken, directly or indirectly, any action designed, or that has constituted or might reasonably be expected to cause or result
in, under the Exchange Act or otherwise, the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company to facilitate the sale or resale of the Placement Shares. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(y) <U>Broker/Dealer Relationships</U>. Neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries (i)&nbsp;is required to register as a
&#147;broker&#148; or &#147;dealer&#148; in accordance with the provisions of the Exchange Act or (ii)&nbsp;directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls or is a &#147;person associated with a member&#148; or &#147;associated
person of a member&#148; (within the meaning set forth in the FINRA Manual). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(z) <U>No Reliance</U>. The Company has not
relied upon TD Cowen or legal counsel for TD Cowen for any legal, tax or accounting advice in connection with the offering and sale of the Placement Shares. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(aa) <U>Taxes</U>. The Company and each of its Subsidiaries have filed all federal, state, local and foreign tax returns which
have been required to be filed and paid all taxes shown thereon through the date hereof, to the extent that such taxes have become due and are not being contested in good faith, except where the failure to so file or pay would not, individually or
in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change. Except as otherwise disclosed in or contemplated by the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, no tax deficiency has been determined adversely to the Company or any
of its Subsidiaries which has had, or would reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Change. The Company has no knowledge of any federal, state or other governmental tax deficiency, penalty or assessment
which has been or might be asserted or threatened against it which would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Change. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(bb) <U>Title to Real and Personal Property</U>. Except as set forth in the
Registration Statement or the Prospectus, the Company and its Subsidiaries have good and marketable title in fee simple to all items of real property owned by them, good and valid title to all personal property described in the Registration
Statement or Prospectus as being owned by them that are material to the respective businesses of the Company and its Subsidiaries, in each case free and clear of all liens, encumbrances and claims, except those matters that (i)&nbsp;do not
materially interfere with the use made and proposed to be made of such property by the Company and any of its Subsidiaries or (ii)&nbsp;would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Change. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(cc) <U>Environmental Laws</U>. Except as set forth in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, the Company and its
Subsidiaries (i)&nbsp;are in compliance with any and all applicable federal, state, local and foreign laws, rules, regulations, decisions and orders relating to the protection of human health and safety, the environment or hazardous or toxic
substances or wastes, pollutants or contaminants (collectively, &#147;<B><U>Environmental Laws</U></B>&#148;); (ii) have received and are in compliance with all permits, licenses or other approvals required of them under applicable Environmental
Laws to conduct their respective businesses as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus; and (iii)&nbsp;have not received notice of any actual or potential liability for the investigation or remediation of any disposal or release
of hazardous or toxic substances or wastes, pollutants or contaminants, except, in the case of any of clauses (i), (ii) or (iii)&nbsp;above, for any such failure to comply or failure to receive required permits, licenses, other approvals or
liability as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Change. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(dd)
<U>Disclosure Controls</U>. The Company and each of its Subsidiaries, on a consolidated basis, maintain systems of internal accounting controls that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that (i)&nbsp;transactions are executed in accordance
with management&#146;s general or specific authorizations; (ii)&nbsp;transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles and to maintain asset
accountability; (iii)&nbsp;access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management&#146;s general or specific authorization; and (iv)&nbsp;the recorded accountability for assets is compared with the existing assets at reasonable intervals
and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences. As of the date of the last audited financial statements of the Company, the Company&#146;s internal control over financial reporting were effective and the Company was not aware of any
material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting (other than as set forth in the Prospectus). Since the date of the latest audited financial statements of the Company included in the Prospectus, there has been no change in the
Company&#146;s internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company&#146;s internal control over financial reporting (other than as set forth in the Prospectus). The
Company has established disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">13a-15</FONT> and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">15d-15)</FONT> for the Company and designed such disclosure controls and
procedures to provide reasonable assurance that material information relating to the Company and each of its Subsidiaries is made known to the certifying officers by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which the
Company&#146;s Annual Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> or Quarterly Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-Q,</FONT> as the case may be, is being prepared. The Company&#146;s
</P>
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certifying officers have evaluated the effectiveness of the Company&#146;s disclosure controls and procedures as of a date within 90 days prior to the filing date of the Form <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> for the fiscal year most recently ended (such date, the <B>&#147;</B><B><U>Evaluation Date</U></B>&#148;). The Company presented in its Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> for the fiscal year most
recently ended the conclusions of the certifying officers about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures based on their evaluations as of the Evaluation Date and the disclosure controls and procedures are effective. Since the
Evaluation Date, there have been no significant changes in the Company&#146;s internal controls (as such term is defined in Item 307(b) of Regulation <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-K</FONT> under the Securities Act) or, to the Company&#146;s
knowledge, in other factors that could significantly affect the Company&#146;s internal controls. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ee)
<U>Sarbanes-Oxley</U>. There is and has been no failure on the part of the Company or, to the Company&#146;s knowledge, any of the Company&#146;s directors or officers, in their capacities as such, to comply in all respects with any applicable
provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. Each of the principal executive officer and the principal financial officer of the Company (or each former principal executive officer of the Company and each
former principal financial officer of the Company as applicable) has made all certifications required by Sections 302 and 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act with respect to all reports, schedules, forms, statements and other documents required to be
filed by it or furnished by it to the Commission. For purposes of the preceding sentence, &#147;principal executive officer&#148; and &#147;principal financial officer&#148; shall have the meanings given to such terms in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ff) <U>Finder&#146;s Fees</U>. Neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries has incurred any liability for any
finder&#146;s fees, brokerage commissions or similar payments in connection with the transactions herein contemplated, except as may otherwise exist with respect to TD Cowen pursuant to this Agreement. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(gg) <U>Labor Disputes</U>. No labor disturbance by or dispute with employees of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries exists
or, to the knowledge of the Company, is threatened which would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(hh)<U> Investment Company Act</U>. Neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries is or, after giving effect to the offering
and sale of the Placement Shares, will be an &#147;investment company&#148; or an entity &#147;controlled&#148; by an &#147;investment company,&#148; as such terms are defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the
&#147;<B><U>Investment Company Act</U></B>&#148;). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ii) <U>Operations</U>. The operations of the Company and its
Subsidiaries are and have been conducted at all times in compliance with applicable financial record keeping and reporting requirements of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970, as amended, the money laundering statutes of all
jurisdictions to which the Company or its Subsidiaries are subject, the rules and regulations thereunder and any related or similar rules, regulations or guidelines, issued, administered or enforced by any Governmental Authority (collectively, the
</P>
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&#147;<B><U>Money Laundering Laws</U></B>&#148;), except as would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change; and no action, suit or proceeding by or before any
Governmental Authority involving the Company or any of its Subsidiaries with respect to the Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened.</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(jj) <U>Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements</U>. There are no transactions, arrangements and other relationships between and/or
among the Company, and/or any of its affiliates and any unconsolidated entity, including, but not limited to, any structural finance, special purpose or limited purpose entity (each, an &#147;<B><U><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Off-Balance</FONT>
Sheet Transaction</U></B>&#148;) that could reasonably be expected to affect materially the Company&#146;s liquidity or the availability of or requirements for its capital resources, including those
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Off-Balance</FONT> Sheet Transactions described in the Commission&#146;s Statement about Management&#146;s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations (Release Nos. <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">33-8056;</FONT> <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">34-45321;</FONT> <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">FR-61),</FONT> required to be described in the Prospectus which have not been described as required. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(kk) <U>ERISA</U>. To the knowledge of the Company, each material employee benefit plan, within the meaning of
Section&nbsp;3(3) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (&#147;<B><U>ERISA</U></B>&#148;), that is maintained, administered or contributed to by the Company or any of its affiliates for employees or former employees of
the Company and any of its Subsidiaries has been maintained in material compliance with its terms and the requirements of any applicable statutes, orders, rules and regulations, including but not limited to ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code of
1986, as amended (the &#147;<B><U>Code</U></B>&#148;); no prohibited transaction, within the meaning of Section&nbsp;406 of ERISA or Section&nbsp;4975 of the Code, has occurred which would result in a material liability to the Company with respect
to any such plan excluding transactions effected pursuant to a statutory or administrative exemption; and for each such plan that is subject to the funding rules of Section&nbsp;412 of the Code or Section&nbsp;302 of ERISA, no &#147;accumulated
funding deficiency&#148; as defined in Section&nbsp;412 of the Code has been incurred, whether or not waived, and the fair market value of the assets of each such plan (excluding for these purposes accrued but unpaid contributions) exceeds the
present value of all benefits accrued under such plan determined using reasonable actuarial assumptions. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ll)
<U>Forward-Looking Statements</U>. No forward-looking statement (within the meaning of Section&nbsp;27A of the Securities Act and Section&nbsp;21E of the Exchange Act) (a &#147;<B><U>Forward-Looking Statement</U></B>&#148;) contained in the
Registration Statement and the Prospectus has been made or reaffirmed without a reasonable basis or has been disclosed other than in good faith. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(mm) <U>Margin Rules</U>. Neither the issuance, sale and delivery of the Placement Shares nor the application of the proceeds
thereof by the Company as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus will violate Regulation T, U or X of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System or any other regulation of such Board of Governors. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">- 17 - </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(nn) <U>Insurance</U>. The Company and each of its Subsidiaries carry, or
are covered by, insurance in such amounts and covering such risks as the Company and each of its Subsidiaries reasonably believe are adequate for the conduct of their properties and as is customary for companies of similar size engaged in similar
businesses in similar industries. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(oo) <U>No Improper Practices</U>. (i)&nbsp;None of the Company, the Subsidiaries, any
of their directors or officers, or, to the Company&#146;s knowledge, any employees, agents, affiliates or other persons acting on behalf of the Company or any Subsidiary has, in the past five years, made any unlawful contributions to any candidate
for any political office (or failed fully to disclose any contribution in violation of applicable law) or made any contribution or other payment to any official of, or candidate for, any federal, state, municipal, or foreign office or other person
charged with similar public or quasi-public duty in violation of any applicable law or of the character required to be disclosed in the Prospectus; (ii)&nbsp;no relationship, direct or indirect, exists between or among the Company or any Subsidiary
or, to the Company&#146;s knowledge, any affiliate of any of them, on the one hand, and the directors, officers and stockholders of the Company or any Subsidiary, on the other hand, that is required by the Securities Act to be described in the
Registration Statement and the Prospectus that is not so described; (iii)&nbsp;no relationship, direct or indirect, exists between or among the Company or any Subsidiary or, to the Company&#146;s knowledge, any affiliate of them, on the one hand,
and the directors, officers, or stockholders of the Company or any Subsidiary, on the other hand, that is required by the rules of FINRA to be described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus that is not so described; (iv)&nbsp;except as
described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, there are no material outstanding loans or advances or material guarantees of indebtedness by the Company or any Subsidiary to or for the benefit of any of their respective officers or
directors or any of the members of the families of any of them; and (v)&nbsp;the Company has not offered, or caused any placement agent to offer, Common Stock to any person with the intent to influence unlawfully (A)&nbsp;a customer or supplier of
the Company or any Subsidiary to alter the customer&#146;s or supplier&#146;s level or type of business with the Company or any Subsidiary or (B)&nbsp;a trade journalist or publication to write or publish favorable information about the Company or
any Subsidiary or any of their respective products or services, and, (vi)&nbsp;none of the Company, any Subsidiary, any of their directors or officers, or, to the Company&#146;s knowledge, any employees, agents, affiliates or other person acting on
behalf of the Company or any Subsidiary has (A)&nbsp;violated or is in violation of any applicable provision of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, or any other applicable anti-bribery or anti-corruption law (collectively,
&#147;<B>Anti-Corruption Laws</B>&#148;), (B) promised, offered, provided, attempted to provide or authorized the provision of anything of value, directly or indirectly, to any person for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business, influencing
any act or decision of the recipient, or securing any improper advantage on behalf of the Company or (C)&nbsp;made any payment of funds of the Company or any Subsidiary or received or retained any funds in violation of any Anti-Corruption Laws. </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(pp) <U>Status Under the Securities Act</U>. The Company was not and is not
an ineligible issuer as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act at the times specified in Rules 164 and 433 under the Securities Act in connection with the offering of the Placement Shares. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(qq) <U>No Misstatement or Omission in a Permitted Free Writing Prospectus</U>. Each Permitted Free Writing Prospectus, as of
its issue date and as of each Time of Sale, did not, does not and will not include any information that conflicted, conflicts or will conflict with the information contained in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, including any Incorporated
Document that has not been superseded or modified. The foregoing sentence does not apply to statements in or omissions from any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus based upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Company by TD
Cowen specifically for use therein. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(rr) <U>No Conflicts</U>. Neither the execution of this Agreement by the Company, nor
the issuance, offering or sale of the Placement Shares, nor the consummation by the Company of any of the transactions contemplated herein, nor the compliance by the Company with the terms and provisions hereof will conflict with, or will result in
a breach of, any of the terms and provisions of, or has constituted or will constitute a default under, or has resulted in or will result in the creation or imposition of any lien, charge or encumbrance upon any property or assets of the Company
pursuant to the terms of any contract or other agreement to which the Company may be bound or to which any of the property or assets of the Company is subject, except (i)&nbsp;such conflicts, breaches or defaults as may have been waived and
(ii)&nbsp;such conflicts, breaches and defaults that would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Change; nor will such action result (x)&nbsp;in any violation of the provisions of the organizational or governing documents of the
Company, or (y)&nbsp;in any material violation of the provisions of any statute or any order, rule or regulation applicable to the Company or of any Governmental Authority having jurisdiction over the Company. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ss) <U>Sanctions</U>. (i)&nbsp;The Company represents that, neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries (collectively, the
&#147;<B><U>Entity</U></B>&#148;) or, to the Company&#146;s knowledge, any director, officer, employee, agent, affiliate or representative of the Entity, is a government, individual, or entity (in this paragraph (ss),
&#147;<B><U>Person</U></B>&#148;) that is, or is owned or controlled by a Person that is: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:13%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(A) the subject of any sanctions administered
or enforced by the U.S. Department of Treasury&#146;s Office of Foreign Assets Control (&#147;<B>OFAC</B>&#148;), the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, His Majesty&#146;s Treasury, or other relevant sanctions authorities,
including, without limitation, designation on OFAC&#146;s Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List or OFAC&#146;s Foreign Sanctions Evaders List (as amended, collectively, &#147;<B><U>Sanctions</U></B>&#148;), nor </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">- 19 - </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:13%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(B) domiciled, organized or resident in a country or territory that is the subject of
Sanctions that broadly prohibit dealings with that country or territory (including, without limitation, the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">so-called</FONT> Donetsk People&#146;s Republic, the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">so-called</FONT>
Luhansk People&#146;s Republic, the Crimea Region of Ukraine, the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-government</FONT> controlled areas of the Zaporizhzhia and Kherson Regions, Cuba, Iran, North Korea and Syria) (the &#147;<B>Sanctioned
Countries</B>&#148;)). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ii) The Entity represents and covenants that it will not, directly or indirectly, use the proceeds
of the offering, or lend, contribute or otherwise make available such proceeds to any subsidiary, joint venture partner or other Person: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:13%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(A) to fund or facilitate any activities or business of or with any Person or in any country or territory that, at the time of such funding or
facilitation, is the subject of Sanctions or is a Sanctioned Country; or </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:13%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(B) in any other manner that will result in a violation of
Sanctions by any Person (including any Person participating in the offering, whether as underwriter, advisor, investor or otherwise). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(iii) The Entity represents and covenants that, except as detailed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, for the
past 5 years, it has not engaged in, is not now engaging in, and will not engage in, any dealings or transactions with any Person, or in any country or territory, that at the time of the dealing or transaction is or was the subject of Sanctions or
is or was a Sanctioned Country. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(tt) <U>Stock Transfer Taxes</U>. On each Settlement Date, all stock transfer or other
taxes (other than income taxes) which are required to be paid in connection with the sale and transfer of the Placement Shares to be sold hereunder will be, or will have been, fully paid or provided for by the Company and all laws imposing such
taxes will be or will have been fully complied with in all material respects. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(uu) <U>Compliance with Laws</U>. Each of
the Company and its Subsidiaries: (A)&nbsp;is and at all times has been in compliance with all statutes, rules, or regulations applicable to the ownership, testing, development, manufacture, packaging, processing, use, distribution, marketing,
labeling, promotion, sale, offer for sale, storage, import, export or disposal of any product manufactured or distributed by the Company or its Subsidiaries (&#147;<B><U>Applicable Laws</U></B>&#148;), except as would not, individually or in the
aggregate, reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change; (B)&nbsp;has not received any FDA Form 483, notice of adverse finding, warning letter, untitled letter or other correspondence or notice from the FDA or any other Governmental
Authority alleging or asserting noncompliance in any material respect with any Applicable Laws or any licenses, certificates, approvals, clearances, authorizations, permits and supplements or amendments thereto required by any such Applicable Laws
(&#147;<B><U>Authorizations</U></B>&#148;); (C) possesses all material Authorizations and such Authorizations are valid and in full force and effect and are not in material violation of any term of any such Authorizations; (D)&nbsp;has not received
notice of any claim, action, suit, proceeding, hearing, enforcement, investigation, arbitration or other action from any Governmental Authority or third party alleging that any product operation or activity is in violation of any Applicable Laws or
Authorizations and has no knowledge that any such Governmental Authority or third </P>
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party is considering any such claim, litigation, arbitration, action, suit, investigation or proceeding; (E)&nbsp;has not received notice that any Governmental Authority has taken, is taking or
intends to take action to limit, suspend, modify or revoke any Authorizations and has no knowledge that any such Governmental Authority is considering such action; (F)&nbsp;has filed, obtained, maintained or submitted all material reports,
documents, forms, notices, applications, records, claims, submissions and supplements or amendments as required by any Applicable Laws or Authorizations and that all such reports, documents, forms, notices, applications, records, claims, submissions
and supplements or amendments were complete and correct in all material respects on the date filed (or were corrected or supplemented by a subsequent submission); and (G)&nbsp;has not, either voluntarily or involuntarily, initiated, conducted, or
issued or caused to be initiated, conducted or issued, any recall, market withdrawal or replacement, safety alert, post sale warning, &#147;dear healthcare provider&#148; letter, or other notice or action relating to the alleged lack of safety or
efficacy of any product or any alleged product defect or violation and, to the Company&#146;s knowledge, no third party has initiated, conducted or intends to initiate any such notice or action.</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(vv) <U>Statistical and Market-Related Data</U>. The statistical, demographic and market-related data included in the
Registration Statement and Prospectus are based on or derived from sources that the Company believes to be reliable and accurate or represent the Company&#146;s good faith estimates that are made on the basis of data derived from such sources. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ww) <U>Cyber Security</U>. Except as may be included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and the
Prospectus: (i)&nbsp;to the Company&#146;s knowledge, there has been no material security breach or other material compromise of or relating to any of the Company&#146;s information technology and computer systems, networks, hardware, software, data
(including the data of their respective customers, employees, suppliers, vendors and any third party data maintained by or on behalf of them), equipment or technology (collectively, &#147;<B><U>IT Systems and Data</U></B>&#148;), except as did not
have a Material Adverse Change, and the Company has not been notified of, and has no knowledge of any event or condition that would reasonably be expected to result in, any material security breach or other material compromise to their IT Systems
and Data; (ii)&nbsp;the Company is in material compliance with all applicable laws or statutes and all judgments, orders, rules and regulations of any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority, internal policies and contractual
obligations relating to the security of IT Systems and Data and to the protection of such IT Systems and Data from unauthorized use, access, misappropriation or modification, except as would not, in the case of this clause, individually or in the
aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Change; and (iii)&nbsp;the Company has implemented backup and disaster recovery technology consistent with industry standards and practices. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xx) <U>Privacy Laws</U>. To the Company&#146;s knowledge, except as would
not be expected to have a Material Adverse Change, the Company and each of its subsidiaries are in compliance with all applicable data privacy and security laws and regulations, including, without limitation, the Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act (&#147;<B><U>HIPAA</U></B>&#148;), as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (the &#147;<B><U>HITECH Act</U></B>&#148;) (42 U.S.C. Section&nbsp;17921 et seq.), and the European Union
General Data Protection Regulation (&#147;<B><U>GDPR</U></B>&#148;) (EU 2016/679) (collectively, &#147;<B><U>Privacy Laws</U></B>&#148;). To the Company&#146;s knowledge, except as would not be expected to have a Material Adverse Change, the Company
and each of its subsidiaries have in place and comply with, in all respects, policies and procedures relating to data privacy and security and the collection, storage, use, disclosure, handling and processing of Personal Data (the
&#147;<B><U>Policies</U></B>&#148;). To the Company&#146;s knowledge, except as would not be expected to have a Material Adverse Change, the Policies provide notice of the Company&#146;s privacy practices and do not contain material omissions.
&#147;<B><U>Personal Data</U></B>&#148; means (i)&nbsp;a natural persons&#146; name, street address, telephone number, email address, social security number, bank information, or customer or account number; (ii)&nbsp;any information which would
qualify as &#147;personally identifying information&#148; under the Federal Trade Commission Act, as amended; (iii)&nbsp;Protected Health Information as defined by HIPAA; (iv) &#147;personal data&#148; as defined by GDPR; and (v)&nbsp;any other
piece of information that allows the identification of a natural person. The execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement or any other agreement referred to in this Agreement will not result in a breach of any Privacy Laws or Policies. To
the Company&#146;s knowledge, except as would not be expected to have a Material Adverse Change, neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries, (i)&nbsp;has received written notice of any actual or potential liability under or relating to, or
actual or potential violation of, any of the Privacy Laws, and has no knowledge of any event or condition that would reasonably be expected to result in any such notice; (ii)&nbsp;is currently conducting or paying for, in whole or in part, any
investigation, remediation or other corrective action pursuant to any Privacy Law; or (iii)&nbsp;is a party to any order, decree, or agreement that imposed any obligation or liability under any Privacy Law. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(yy) <U>Export and Import Laws</U>. Each of the Company and the Subsidiaries, and, to the Company&#146;s knowledge, each of
their affiliates and any director, officer, agent or employee of, or other person associated with or acting on behalf of, the Company has acted at all times in compliance with applicable Export and Import Laws (as defined below) and there are no
claims, complaints, charges, investigations or proceedings pending or expected or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened between the Company or any of the Subsidiaries and any Governmental Authority under any Export or Import Laws. The term
&#147;<B><U>Export and Import Laws</U></B>&#148; means the Arms Export Control Act, the International Traffic in Arms Regulations, the Export Administration Act of 1979, as amended, the Export Administration Regulations, and all other laws and
regulations of the United States government regulating the provision of services to <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-U.S.</FONT> parties or the export and import of articles or information from and to the United States of America, and all
similar laws and regulations of any foreign government regulating the provision of services to parties not of the foreign country or the export and import of articles and information from and to the foreign country to parties not of the foreign
country. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(zz)<U>&nbsp;Related Party Transactions</U>. There are no business
relationships or related-party transactions involving the Company or any Subsidiary or any other person required to be described in the Prospectus which have not been described as required. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(aaa) <U>Listing</U>. The Company is subject to and in compliance in all material respects with the reporting requirements of
Section&nbsp;13 or Section&nbsp;15(d) of the Exchange Act. The Common Stock is registered pursuant to Section&nbsp;12(b) or Section&nbsp;12(g) of the Exchange Act and is listed on the Exchange, and the Company has taken no action designed to, or
reasonably likely to have the effect of, terminating the registration of the Common Stock under the Exchange Act or delisting the Common Stock from the Exchange, and, except as disclosed in Registration Statement and Prospectus, the Company has not
received any notification that the Commission or the Exchange is contemplating terminating such registration or listing. All of the Placement Shares that have been or may be sold under this Agreement have been approved for listing on the Exchange,
subject to official notice of issuance; the Company has taken all necessary actions to ensure that, upon and at all times after the Exchange shall have approved the Placement Shares for listing, it will be in compliance with all applicable corporate
governance requirements set forth in the Exchanges&#146; listing rules that are then in effect. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Any certificate signed by an officer of the Company and
delivered to TD Cowen or to counsel for TD Cowen pursuant to or in connection with this Agreement shall be deemed to be a representation and warranty by the Company to TD Cowen as to the matters set forth therein. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Company acknowledges that TD Cowen and, for purposes of the opinions to be delivered pursuant to <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7</U> hereof, counsel to
the Company and counsel to TD Cowen, will rely upon the accuracy and truthfulness of the foregoing representations and hereby consents to such reliance. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">7. <U>Covenants of the Company</U>. The Company covenants and agrees with TD Cowen that: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a) <U>Registration Statement Amendments</U>. After the date of this Agreement and during any period in which a Prospectus
relating to any Placement Shares is required to be delivered by TD Cowen under the Securities Act (including in circumstances where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule&nbsp;172 under the Securities Act), (i)&nbsp;the Company will
notify TD Cowen promptly of the time when any subsequent amendment to the Registration Statement, other than documents incorporated by reference, has been filed with the Commission and/or has become effective or any subsequent supplement to the
Prospectus has been filed and of any request by the Commission for any amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement or Prospectus or for additional information, (ii)&nbsp;the Company will prepare and file with the Commission, promptly upon
TD Cowen&#146;s request, any amendments or supplements to the Registration Statement or Prospectus that, in TD Cowen&#146;s reasonable opinion, may be necessary or advisable in connection with the distribution of the Placement Shares by TD Cowen
(<I>provided, however</I>, that the failure of TD Cowen to make such request shall not relieve the Company of any </P>
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obligation or liability hereunder, or affect TD Cowen&#146;s right to rely on the representations and warranties made by the Company in this Agreement and <I>provided, further</I>, that, without
limiting its rights under Section&nbsp;9(a), the only remedy TD Cowen shall have with respect to the failure to make such filing shall be to cease making sales under this Agreement until such amendment or supplement is filed); (iii) the Company will
not file any amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement or Prospectus, other than documents incorporated by reference, relating to the Placement Shares or a security convertible into the Placement Shares unless a copy thereof has been
submitted to TD Cowen within a reasonable period of time before the filing and TD Cowen has not reasonably objected thereto (<I>provided, however</I>, that the failure of TD Cowen to make such objection shall not relieve the Company of any
obligation or liability hereunder, or affect TD Cowen&#146;s right to rely on the representations and warranties made by the Company in this Agreement and <I>provided, further</I>, that, without limiting its rights under Section&nbsp;9(a), the only
remedy TD Cowen shall have with respect to the failure to make such filing shall be to cease making sales under this Agreement until such amendment or supplement is filed) and the Company will furnish to TD Cowen at the time of filing thereof a copy
of any document that upon filing is deemed to be incorporated by reference into the Registration Statement or Prospectus, except for those documents available via EDGAR; (iv)&nbsp;the Company will cause each amendment or supplement to the Prospectus
relating to the Placement Shares, other than documents incorporated by reference, to be filed with the Commission as required pursuant to the applicable paragraph of Rule 424(b) of the Securities Act, and (v)&nbsp;prior to the termination of this
Agreement, the Company will notify TD Cowen if at any time the Registration Statement shall no longer be effective as a result of the passage of time pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act or otherwise. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b)&nbsp;<U>Notice of Commission Stop Orders</U>. The Company will advise TD Cowen, promptly after it receives notice or
obtains knowledge thereof, of the issuance or threatened issuance by the Commission of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement, of the suspension of the qualification of the Placement Shares for offering or sale in
any jurisdiction, or of the initiation or threatening of any proceeding for any such purpose; and it will promptly use its commercially reasonable efforts to prevent the issuance of any stop order or to obtain its withdrawal if such a stop order
should be issued. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c)&nbsp;<U>Delivery of Prospectus; Subsequent Changes</U>. During any period in which a Prospectus
relating to the Placement Shares is required to be delivered by TD Cowen under the Securities Act with respect to a pending sale of the Placement Shares, (including in circumstances where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule 172 under
the Securities Act), the Company will comply with all requirements imposed upon it by the Securities Act, as from time to time in force, and to file on or before their respective due dates all reports and any definitive proxy or information
statements required to be filed by the Company with the Commission pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14, 15(d) or any other provision of or under the Exchange Act. If during such period any event occurs as a result of which the
</P>
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Prospectus as then amended or supplemented would include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the
circumstances then existing, not misleading, or if during such period it is necessary to amend or supplement the Registration Statement or Prospectus to comply with the Securities Act, the Company will promptly notify TD Cowen to suspend the
offering of Placement Shares during such period and the Company will promptly amend or supplement the Registration Statement or Prospectus (at the expense of the Company) so as to correct such statement or omission or effect such compliance;
<I>provided</I>, that the Company may delay such amendment or supplement if, in the reasonable judgment of the Company, it is in the best interests of the Company to do so. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d)&nbsp;<U>Listing of Placement Shares</U>. During any period in which the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares is
required to be delivered by TD Cowen under the Securities Act with respect to a pending sale of the Placement Shares (including in circumstances where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule 172 under the Securities Act), the Company will
use its commercially reasonable efforts to cause the Placement Shares to be listed on Nasdaq and to qualify the Placement Shares for sale under the securities laws of such jurisdictions as TD Cowen reasonably designates and to continue such
qualifications in effect so long as required for the distribution of the Placement Shares; <I>provided, however,</I> that the Company shall not be required in connection therewith to qualify as a foreign corporation or dealer in securities or file a
general consent to service of process in any jurisdiction. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(e)&nbsp;<U>Delivery of Registration Statement and
Prospectus</U>. The Company will furnish to TD Cowen and its counsel (at the expense of the Company) copies of the Registration Statement, the Prospectus (including all documents incorporated by reference therein) and all amendments and supplements
to the Registration Statement or Prospectus that are filed with the Commission during any period in which a Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares is required to be delivered under the Securities Act (including all documents filed with the
Commission during such period that are deemed to be incorporated by reference therein), in each case as soon as reasonably practicable and in such quantities as TD Cowen may from time to time reasonably request and, at TD Cowen&#146;s request, will
also furnish copies of the Prospectus to each exchange or market on which sales of the Placement Shares may be made; <I>provided, however,</I> that the Company shall not be required to furnish any document (other than the Prospectus) to TD Cowen to
the extent such document is available on EDGAR. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(f)&nbsp;<U>Earnings Statement</U>. The Company will make generally
available to its security holders as soon as practicable, but in any event not later than 15 months after the end of the Company&#146;s current fiscal quarter, an earnings statement covering a <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">12-month</FONT> period
that satisfies the provisions of Section&nbsp;11(a) and Rule 158 of the Securities Act. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(g)&nbsp;<U>Expenses</U>. The Company, whether or not the transactions
contemplated hereunder are consummated or this Agreement is terminated, in accordance with the provisions of <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11</U> hereunder, will pay the following expenses all incident to the performance of its obligations
hereunder, including, but not limited to, expenses relating to (i)&nbsp;the preparation, printing and filing of the Registration Statement and each amendment and supplement thereto, of each Prospectus and of each amendment and supplement thereto,
(ii)&nbsp;the preparation, issuance and delivery of the Placement Shares, (iii)&nbsp;the qualification of the Placement Shares under securities laws in accordance with the provisions of <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(d)</U> of this Agreement,
including filing fees (provided, however, that any fees or disbursements of counsel for TD Cowen in connection therewith shall be paid by TD Cowen except as set forth in (vii)&nbsp;below), (iv) the printing and delivery to TD Cowen of copies of the
Prospectus and any amendments or supplements thereto, and of this Agreement, (v)&nbsp;the fees and expenses incurred in connection with the listing or qualification of the Placement Shares for trading on Nasdaq, (vi)&nbsp;the filing fees and
expenses, if any, of the Commission, (vii)&nbsp;the filing fees and associated legal expenses of TD Cowen&#146;s outside counsel for filings with the FINRA Corporate Financing Department (viii)&nbsp;the reasonable fees and disbursements of TD
Cowen&#146;s counsel; such fees and expenses pursuant to (vii)&nbsp;and (viii) not to exceed $75,000 in the aggregate. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(h)<U> Use of Proceeds</U>. The Company will use the Net Proceeds as described in the Prospectus in the section entitled
&#147;Use of Proceeds.&#148; </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(i) <U>Notice of Other Sales</U>. During the pendency of any Placement Notice given
hereunder, and for 5 Trading Days following the termination of any Placement Notice given hereunder, the Company shall provide TD Cowen notice as promptly as reasonably possible before it offers to sell, contracts to sell, sells, grants any option
to sell or otherwise disposes of any shares of Common Stock (other than Placement Shares offered pursuant to the provisions of this Agreement) or securities convertible into or exchangeable for Common Stock, warrants or any rights to purchase or
acquire Common Stock; <I>provided</I>, that such notice shall not be required in connection with the (i)&nbsp;issuance, grant or sale of Common Stock, options to purchase shares of Common Stock or Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of options
or other equity awards pursuant to any stock option, stock bonus or other stock plan or arrangement described in the Prospectus, (ii)&nbsp;the issuance of securities in connection with an acquisition, merger or sale or purchase of assets,
(iii)&nbsp;the issuance or sale of Common Stock pursuant to any dividend reinvestment plan that the Company may adopt from time to time provided the implementation of such is disclosed to TD Cowen in advance or (iv)&nbsp;any shares of common stock
issuable upon the exchange, conversion or redemption of securities or the exercise of warrants, options or other rights in effect or outstanding. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(j) <U>Change of Circumstances</U>. The Company will, at any time during the pendency of a Placement Notice, advise TD Cowen
promptly after it shall have received notice or obtained knowledge thereof, of any information or fact that would alter or affect in any material respect any opinion, certificate, letter or other document provided to TD Cowen pursuant to this
Agreement. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(k)&nbsp;<U>Due Diligence Cooperation</U>. The Company will cooperate with
any reasonable due diligence review conducted by TD Cowen or its agents in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby, including, without limitation, providing information and making available documents and senior corporate officers,
during regular business hours and at the Company&#146;s principal offices, as TD Cowen may reasonably request. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(l)&nbsp;<U>Required Filings Relating to Placement of Placement Shares</U>. The Company agrees that on such dates as the
Securities Act shall require with respect to the Placement Shares, the Company will (i)&nbsp;file a prospectus supplement with the Commission under the applicable paragraph of Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act (each and every filing under Rule
424(b), a &#147;<B><U>Filing Date</U></B>&#148;), and (ii)&nbsp;deliver such number of copies of each such prospectus supplement to each exchange or market on which such sales were effected as may be required by the rules or regulations of such
exchange or market. The Company shall disclose in its quarterly reports on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-Q</FONT> and in its annual report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> the number of the Placement Shares sold
through TD Cowen under this Agreement, and the gross proceeds and Net Proceeds to the Company from the sale of the Placement Shares and the compensation paid by the Company with respect to sales of the Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement,
during the relevant quarter or, in the case of an Annual Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K,</FONT> during the fiscal year covered by such Annual Report and the fourth quarter of such fiscal year. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(m)&nbsp;<U>Bring-Down Dates; Certificate</U>. On or prior to the First Delivery Date and each time (i)&nbsp;the Company files
the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares or amends or supplements the Registration Statement or the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares (other than a prospectus supplement filed in accordance with
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(l)</U> of this Agreement or relating solely to an offering of securities other than the Placement Shares) by means of a post-effective amendment, sticker, or supplement but not by means of incorporation of document(s)
by reference to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares; (ii)&nbsp;the Company files an annual report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> under the Exchange Act; (iii)&nbsp;the Company files its
quarterly reports on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-Q</FONT> under the Exchange Act; or (iv)&nbsp;the Company files a current report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K</FONT> containing amended financial information (other than
an earnings release) under the Exchange Act (each date of filing of one or more of the documents referred to in clauses (i)&nbsp;through (iv) shall be a &#147;<B><U>Bring-Down Date</U></B>&#148;), the Company shall furnish TD Cowen with a
certificate, in the form attached hereto as <U>Exhibit 7(m)</U> within two (2)&nbsp;Trading Days of any Bring-Down Date if requested by TD Cowen (which such request, in the case of clause (iv)&nbsp;above, shall be made only if TD Cowen determines in
its sole discretion that the information contained in such current report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K</FONT> is material). The requirement to provide a certificate under this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(m)</U> shall be waived
for any Bring-Down Date occurring at a time at which no Placement Notice is pending, which waiver shall continue until the earlier to occur of the date the Company delivers a Placement Notice hereunder (which for such calendar quarter shall be
considered a Bring-Down Date) and the next occurring Bring-Down Date. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the Company subsequently decides to sell </P>
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Placement Shares following a Bring-Down Date when the Company relied on such waiver and did not provide TD Cowen with a certificate under this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(m)</U>, then before
the Company delivers the Placement Notice or TD Cowen sells any Placement Shares, the Company shall provide TD Cowen with a certificate, in the form attached hereto as <U>Exhibit 7(m)</U>, dated the date of the Placement Notice. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(n)&nbsp;<U>Legal Opinion</U>. On or prior to the First Delivery Date and within three (3)&nbsp;Trading Days of each Bring-Down
Date with respect to which the Company is obligated to deliver a certificate in the form attached hereto as <U>Exhibit 7(m)</U> for which no waiver is applicable, the Company shall cause to be furnished to TD Cowen (A)&nbsp;a written opinion and
negative assurance letter of Dechert LLP (&#147;<B><U>Company Counsel</U></B>&#148;), or other counsel satisfactory to TD Cowen and (B)&nbsp;a written opinion of Wilson Sonsini Goodrich&nbsp;&amp; Rosati, company intellectual property counsel
(&#147;<B><U>Company IP Counsel</U></B>&#148;), or other counsel satisfactory to the Cowen, in each case in form and substance satisfactory to TD Cowen and its counsel, dated the date that such opinion is required to be delivered, modified, as
necessary, to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as then amended or supplemented; <I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>, that (1)&nbsp;only a negative assurance letter of Company Counsel shall be required for subsequent Bring-Down
Dates in connection with the filing of a Quarterly Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-Q</FONT> and (2)&nbsp;in lieu of such opinion of Company IP Counsel for subsequent Bring-Down Dates, Company IP Counsel may furnish TD Cowen with a
letter (a &#147;<B><U>Reliance Letter</U></B>&#148;) to the effect that TD Cowen may rely on a prior opinion delivered under this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(n)</U> to the same extent as if it were dated the date of such letter (except that
statements in such prior opinion shall be deemed to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as amended or supplemented at such Bring-Down Date). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(o)&nbsp;<U>Comfort Letter</U>. On or prior to the First Delivery Date and within three (3)&nbsp;Trading Days of each
Bring-Down Date with respect to which the Company is obligated to deliver a certificate in the form attached hereto as <U>Exhibit 7(m)</U> for which no waiver is applicable, the Company shall cause its independent accountants to furnish TD Cowen
letters (the &#147;<B><U>Comfort Letters</U></B>&#148;), dated the date the Comfort Letter is delivered, in form and substance satisfactory to TD Cowen, (i)&nbsp;confirming that they are an independent registered public accounting firm within the
meaning of the Securities Act and the PCAOB, (ii)&nbsp;stating, as of such date, the conclusions and findings of such firm with respect to the financial information and other matters ordinarily covered by accountants&#146; &#147;comfort
letters&#148; to TD Cowen in connection with registered public offerings (the first such letter, the &#147;<B><U>Initial Comfort Letter</U></B>&#148;) and (iii)&nbsp;updating the Initial Comfort Letter with any information that would have been
included in the Initial Comfort Letter had it been given on such date and modified as necessary to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, as amended and supplemented to the date of such letter. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(p) <U>Chief Financial Officer&#146;s Certificate</U>. On or prior to the First Delivery Date and within three (3)&nbsp;Trading
Days of each Bring-Down Date with respect to which the Company is obligated to deliver a certificate in the form attached hereto as <U>Exhibit 7(m)</U> for which no waiver is applicable, if requested by TD Cowen the Company shall have delivered to
Cowen a certificate executed by the Chief Financial Officer of the Company (&#147;<B><U>CFO Certificate</U></B>&#148;), dated as of such date, in form and substance satisfactory to TD Cowen. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(q) <U>Market Activities</U>. The Company will not, directly or indirectly,
(i)&nbsp;take any action designed to cause or result in, or that constitutes or would reasonably be expected to constitute, the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company to facilitate the sale or resale of the
Placement Shares or (ii)&nbsp;sell, bid for, or purchase the Common Stock to be issued and sold pursuant to this Agreement, or pay anyone any compensation for soliciting purchases of the Placement Shares other than TD Cowen; provided, however, that
the Company may bid for and purchase shares of its common stock in accordance with Rule <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10b-18</FONT> under the Exchange Act. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(r) <U>Insurance</U>. The Company and its subsidiaries shall maintain, or cause to be maintained, insurance in such amounts and
covering such risks as is reasonable and customary for the business for which it is engaged. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(s) <U>Compliance with
Laws</U>. The Company and each of its subsidiaries shall use commercially reasonable efforts to maintain, or cause to be maintained, all material environmental permits, licenses and other authorizations required by federal, state and local law in
order to conduct their businesses as described in the Prospectus, and the Company and each of its subsidiaries shall conduct their businesses, or cause their businesses to be conducted, in substantial compliance with such permits, licenses and
authorizations and with applicable environmental laws, except where the failure to maintain or be in compliance with such permits, licenses and authorizations could not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(t) <U>Investment Company Act</U>. The Company will conduct its affairs in such a manner so as to reasonably ensure that
neither it nor its subsidiaries will be or become, at any time prior to the termination of this Agreement, an &#147;investment company,&#148; as such term is defined in the Investment Company Act, assuming no change in the Commission&#146;s current
interpretation as to entities that are not considered an investment company. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(u)&nbsp;<U>Securities Act and Exchange
Act</U>. The Company will use its commercially reasonable efforts to comply with all requirements imposed upon it by the Securities Act and the Exchange Act as from time to time in force, so far as necessary to permit the continuance of sales of, or
dealings in, the Placement Shares as contemplated by the provisions hereof and the Prospectus. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(v)&nbsp;<U>No Offer to
Sell</U>. Other than a Permitted Free Writing Prospectus, neither TD Cowen nor the Company (including its agents and representatives, other than TD Cowen in its capacity as such) will make, use, prepare, authorize, approve or refer to any written
communication (as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act), required to be filed with the Commission, that constitutes an offer to sell or solicitation of an offer to buy Placement Shares hereunder. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(w)&nbsp;<U>Sarbanes-Oxley Act</U>. The Company and its subsidiaries will
use their commercially reasonable efforts to comply with all effective applicable provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(x) <U>Affirmation</U>. Each Placement Notice delivered by the Company to TD Cowen shall be deemed to be (i)&nbsp;an
affirmation that the representations, warranties and agreements of the Company herein contained and contained in any certificate delivered to TD Cowen pursuant hereto are true and correct at the time of delivery of such Placement Notice, and
(ii)&nbsp;an undertaking that such representations, warranties and agreements will be true and correct on any applicable Time of Sale and Settlement Date, as though made at and as of each such time (it being understood that such representations,
warranties and agreements shall relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as amended and supplemented to the time of such Placement Notice acceptance). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(y) <U>Renewal</U>. If immediately prior to the third anniversary (the &#147;<B><U>Renewal Deadline</U></B>&#148;) of the
initial effective date of the Registration Statement, the aggregate gross sales price of Placement Shares sold by the Company is less than the Maximum Amount and this Agreement has not expired or been terminated, the Company will, prior to the
Renewal Deadline, file, if it has not already done so and is eligible to do so, a new shelf registration statement relating to the Placement Shares, in a form reasonably satisfactory to TD Cowen, and, if not automatically effective, will use its
commercially reasonable efforts to cause such registration statement to be declared effective within 60 days after the Renewal Deadline. The Company will take all other action necessary or appropriate to permit the issuance and sale of the Placement
Shares to continue as contemplated in the expired registration statement relating to the Placement Shares. References herein to the Registration Statement shall include such new shelf registration statement. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">8.&nbsp;<U>Conditions to TD Cowen&#146;s Obligations</U>. The obligations of TD Cowen hereunder with respect to a Placement Notice will be
subject to the continuing accuracy and completeness of the representations and warranties made by the Company herein, to the due performance by the Company of its obligations hereunder and thereunder, to the completion by TD Cowen of a due diligence
review satisfactory to TD Cowen in its reasonable judgment, and to the continuing satisfaction (or waiver by TD Cowen in its sole discretion) of the following additional conditions: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a)&nbsp;<U>Registration Statement Effective</U>. The Registration Statement shall be effective and shall be available for
(i)&nbsp;all sales of Placement Shares issued pursuant to all prior Placement Notices and (ii)&nbsp;the sale of all Placement Shares contemplated to be issued pursuant to any Placement Notice. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b)&nbsp;<U>No Material Notices</U>. None of the following events shall have occurred and be continuing: (i)&nbsp;receipt by
the Company or any of its subsidiaries of any request for additional information from the Commission or any other federal or state governmental authority during the period of effectiveness of the Registration Statement, the response to which would
require any post-effective amendments or supplements to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus; (ii)&nbsp;the issuance by the Commission or any other federal or state governmental authority of any stop order
</P>
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suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or the initiation of any proceedings for that purpose; (iii)&nbsp;receipt by the Company of any notification with respect to the
suspension of the qualification or exemption from qualification of any of the Placement Shares for sale in any jurisdiction or the initiation or threatening of any proceeding for such purpose; or (iv)&nbsp;the occurrence of any event that makes any
material statement made in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or any material document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated therein by reference untrue in any material respect or that requires the making of any changes in the
Registration Statement, related Prospectus or such documents so that, in the case of the Registration Statement, it will not contain any materially untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein
or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading and, that in the case of the Prospectus, it will not contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the
statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c)&nbsp;<U>No
Misstatement or Material Omission</U>. TD Cowen shall not have advised the Company that the Registration Statement or Prospectus, or any amendment or supplement thereto, contains an untrue statement of fact that in TD Cowen&#146;s reasonable opinion
is material, or omits to state a fact that in TD Cowen&#146;s opinion is material and is required to be stated therein or is necessary to make the statements therein not misleading. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d)&nbsp;<U>Material Changes</U>. Except as contemplated in the Prospectus, or disclosed in the Company&#146;s reports filed
with the Commission, there shall not have been any material adverse change, on a consolidated basis, in the authorized capital stock of the Company or any Material Adverse Change or any development that would reasonably be expected to result in a
Material Adverse Change, or any downgrading in or withdrawal of the rating assigned to any of the Company&#146;s securities (other than asset backed securities) by any rating organization or a public announcement by any rating organization that it
has under surveillance or review its rating of any of the Company&#146;s securities (other than asset backed securities), the effect of which, in the case of any such action by a rating organization described above, in the reasonable judgment of TD
Cowen (without relieving the Company of any obligation or liability it may otherwise have), is so material as to make it impracticable or inadvisable to proceed with the offering of the Placement Shares on the terms and in the manner contemplated in
the Prospectus. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(e)&nbsp;<U>Company Counsel Legal Opinions</U>. TD Cowen shall have received the opinions of Company
Counsel and Company IP Counsel required to be delivered pursuant to <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(n)</U> on or before the date on which such delivery of such opinions are required pursuant to <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(n)</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(f)&nbsp;<U>TD Cowen Counsel Legal Opinion</U>. TD Cowen shall have received from Paul Hastings LLP, counsel for TD Cowen, such
opinion or opinions, on or before the date on which the delivery of the Company Counsel legal opinion is required pursuant to <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(n)</U>, with respect to such matters as TD Cowen may reasonably require, and the Company
shall have furnished to such counsel such documents as they request for enabling them to pass upon such matters. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(g)&nbsp;<U>Comfort Letter</U>. TD Cowen shall have received the Comfort
Letter required to be delivered pursuant to <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(o)</U> on or before the date on which such delivery of such Comfort Letter is required pursuant to <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(o)</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(h)&nbsp;<U>Representation Certificate</U>. TD Cowen shall have received the certificate required to be delivered pursuant to
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(m)</U> on or before the date on which delivery of such certificate is required pursuant to <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(m)</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(i)&nbsp;<U>Secretary&#146;s Certificate</U>. On or prior to the First Delivery Date, TD Cowen shall have received a
certificate, signed on behalf of the Company by its corporate secretary, in form and substance satisfactory to TD Cowen and its counsel. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(j) <U>CFO Certificate</U>. TD Cowen shall have received the CFO Certificate required to be delivered pursuant to
Section&nbsp;7(p), if requested, on or before the date on which delivery of such certificate is required pursuant to Section&nbsp;7(p). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(k) <U>No Suspension</U>. Trading in the Common Stock shall not have been suspended on Nasdaq. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(l)&nbsp;<U>Other Materials</U>. On each date on which the Company is required to deliver a certificate pursuant to
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(m)</U>, the Company shall have furnished to TD Cowen such appropriate further information, certificates and documents as TD Cowen may have reasonably requested. All such opinions, certificates, letters and other
documents shall have been in compliance with the provisions hereof. The Company will furnish TD Cowen with such conformed copies of such opinions, certificates, letters and other documents as TD Cowen shall have reasonably requested. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(m)&nbsp;<U>Securities Act Filings Made</U>. All filings with the Commission with respect to the Placement Shares required by
Rule 424 under the Securities Act to have been filed prior to the issuance of any Placement Notice hereunder shall have been made within the applicable time period prescribed for such filing by Rule 424. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(n)&nbsp;<U>Approval for Listing</U>. The Placement Shares shall either have been (i)&nbsp;approved for listing on Nasdaq,
subject only to notice of issuance, or (ii)&nbsp;the Company shall have filed an application for listing of the Placement Shares on Nasdaq at, or prior to, the issuance of any Placement Notice. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(o)&nbsp;<U>No Termination Event</U>. There shall not have occurred any event that would permit TD Cowen to terminate this
Agreement pursuant to <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11(a)</U>. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">9.&nbsp;<U>Indemnification and Contribution</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a)&nbsp;<U>Company Indemnification</U>. The Company agrees to indemnify and hold harmless TD Cowen, the directors, officers,
partners, employees and agents of TD Cowen and each person, if any, who (i)&nbsp;controls TD Cowen within the meaning </P>
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of Section&nbsp;15 of the Securities Act or Section&nbsp;20 of the Exchange Act, or (ii)&nbsp;is controlled by or is under common control with TD Cowen from and against any and all losses,
claims, liabilities, expenses and damages (including, but not limited to, any and all reasonable investigative, legal and other expenses incurred in connection with, and any and all amounts paid in settlement (in accordance with
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;9(c)</U>) of, any action, suit or proceeding between any of the indemnified parties and any indemnifying parties or between any indemnified party and any third party, or otherwise, or any claim asserted), as and when
incurred, to which TD Cowen, or any such person, may become subject under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or other federal or state statutory law or regulation, at common law or otherwise, insofar as such losses, claims, liabilities, expenses
or damages arise out of or are based, directly or indirectly, on (x)&nbsp;any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement to the
Registration Statement or the Prospectus or in any free writing prospectus or in any application or other document executed by or on behalf of the Company or based on written information furnished by or on behalf of the Company filed in any
jurisdiction in order to qualify the Common Stock under the securities laws thereof or filed with the Commission, (y)&nbsp;the omission or alleged omission to state in any such document a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to
make the statements therein, solely with respect to the Prospectus, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading or (z)&nbsp;any breach by any of the indemnifying parties of any of their respective representations,
warranties and agreements contained in this Agreement; <I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>, that this indemnity agreement shall not apply to the extent that such loss, claim, liability, expense or damage arises from the sale of the Placement Shares
pursuant to this Agreement and is caused directly or indirectly by an untrue statement or omission, or alleged untrue statement or omission, made in reliance upon and in conformity with solely Agent&#146;s Information. &#147;<B><U>Agent&#146;s
Information</U></B>&#148; means, solely, the following information in the Prospectus: (x)&nbsp;the third sentence of the ninth paragraph and (y)&nbsp;the eleventh paragraph under the caption &#147;Plan of Distribution&#148; in the Prospectus. This
indemnity agreement will be in addition to any liability that the Company might otherwise have. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b)&nbsp;<U>TD Cowen
Indemnification</U>. TD Cowen agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Company and its directors and each officer of the Company that signed the Registration Statement, and each person, if any, who (i)&nbsp;controls the Company within the meaning
of Section&nbsp;15 of the Securities Act or Section&nbsp;20 of the Exchange Act or (ii)&nbsp;is controlled by or is under common control with the Company against any and all loss, liability, claim, damage and expense described in the indemnity
contained in <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;9(a)</U>, as incurred, but only with respect to untrue statements or omissions, or alleged untrue statements or omissions, made in the Registration Statement (or any amendments thereto) or the Prospectus
(or any amendment or supplement thereto) in reliance upon and in conformity with the Agent&#146;s Information. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c)&nbsp;<U>Procedure</U>. Any party that proposes to assert the right to be
indemnified under this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;9</U> will, promptly after receipt of notice of commencement of any action against such party in respect of which a claim is to be made against an indemnifying party or parties under this
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;9</U>, notify each such indemnifying party of the commencement of such action, enclosing a copy of all papers served, but the omission so to notify such indemnifying party will not relieve the indemnifying party from
(i)&nbsp;any liability that it might have to any indemnified party otherwise than under this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;9</U> and (ii)&nbsp;any liability that it may have to any indemnified party under the foregoing provision of this
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;9</U> unless, and only to the extent that, such omission results in the forfeiture of substantive rights or defenses by the indemnifying party. If any such action is brought against any indemnified party and it notifies
the indemnifying party of its commencement, the indemnifying party will be entitled to participate in and, to the extent that it elects by delivering written notice to the indemnified party promptly after receiving notice of the commencement of the
action from the indemnified party, jointly with any other indemnifying party similarly notified, to assume the defense of the action, with counsel reasonably satisfactory to the indemnified party, and after notice from the indemnifying party to the
indemnified party of its election to assume the defense, the indemnifying party will not be liable to the indemnified party for any legal or other expenses except as provided below and except for the reasonable costs of investigation subsequently
incurred by the indemnified party in connection with the defense. The indemnified party will have the right to employ its own counsel in any such action, but the fees, expenses and other charges of such counsel will be at the expense of such
indemnified party unless (1)&nbsp;the employment of counsel by the indemnified party has been authorized in writing by the indemnifying party, (2)&nbsp;the indemnified party has reasonably concluded (based on advice of counsel) that there may be
legal defenses available to it or other indemnified parties that are different from or in addition to those available to the indemnifying party, (3)&nbsp;a conflict or potential conflict exists (based on advice of counsel to the indemnified party)
between the indemnified party and the indemnifying party (in which case the indemnifying party will not have the right to direct the defense of such action on behalf of the indemnified party) or (4)&nbsp;the indemnifying party has not in fact
employed counsel to assume the defense of such action within a reasonable time after receiving notice of the commencement of the action, in each of which cases the reasonable fees, disbursements and other charges of counsel will be at the expense of
the indemnifying party or parties. It is understood that the indemnifying party or parties shall not, in connection with any proceeding or related proceedings in the same jurisdiction, be liable for the reasonable fees, disbursements and other
charges of more than one separate firm admitted to practice in such jurisdiction at any one time for all such indemnified party or parties. All such fees, disbursements and other charges will be reimbursed by the indemnifying party promptly as they
are incurred after the indemnifying party receives a written invoice relating to fees, disbursements and other changes in reasonable detail. An indemnifying party will not, in any event, be liable for any settlement of any action or claim effected
without its written consent. No indemnifying party shall, without the prior written consent of each indemnified party, settle or compromise or consent to the entry of any judgment in any pending or threatened claim, action or proceeding relating to
the matters contemplated by this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;9</U> (whether or not any indemnified party is a party thereto), unless such settlement, compromise or consent includes an unconditional release of each indemnified party from all
liability arising or that may arise out of such claim, action or proceeding. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d)&nbsp;<U>Contribution</U>. In order to provide for just and equitable
contribution in circumstances in which the indemnification provided for in the foregoing paragraphs of this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;9</U> is applicable in accordance with its terms but for any reason is held to be unavailable from the Company
or TD Cowen, the Company and TD Cowen will contribute to the total losses, claims, liabilities, expenses and damages (including any investigative, legal and other expenses reasonably incurred in connection with, and any amount paid in settlement of,
any action, suit or proceeding or any claim asserted, but after deducting any contribution received by the Company from persons other than TD Cowen, such as persons who control the Company within the meaning of the Securities Act, officers of the
Company who signed the Registration Statement and directors of the Company, who also may be liable for contribution) to which the Company and TD Cowen may be subject in such proportion as shall be appropriate to reflect the relative benefits
received by the Company on the one hand and TD Cowen on the other. The relative benefits received by the Company on the one hand and TD Cowen on the other hand shall be deemed to be in the same proportion as the total Net Proceeds from the sale of
the Placement Shares (before deducting expenses) received by the Company bear to the total compensation received by TD Cowen from the sale of Placement Shares on behalf of the Company. If, but only if, the allocation provided by the foregoing
sentence is not permitted by applicable law, the allocation of contribution shall be made in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect not only the relative benefits referred to in the foregoing sentence but also the relative fault of the
Company, on the one hand, and TD Cowen, on the other, with respect to the statements or omission that resulted in such loss, claim, liability, expense or damage, or action in respect thereof, as well as any other relevant equitable considerations
with respect to such offering. Such relative fault shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether the untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to
information supplied by the Company or TD Cowen, the intent of the parties and their relative knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission. The Company and TD Cowen agree that it would not be just
and equitable if contributions pursuant to this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;9(d)</U> were to be determined by pro rata allocation or by any other method of allocation that does not take into account the equitable considerations referred to herein.
The amount paid or payable by an indemnified party as a result of the loss, claim, liability, expense, or damage, or action in respect thereof, referred to above in this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;9(d)</U> shall be deemed to include, for the
purpose of this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;9(d)</U>, any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by such indemnified party in connection with investigating or defending any such action or claim to the extent consistent with
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;9(c)</U> hereof. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;9(d)</U>, TD Cowen shall not be required to contribute any amount in excess of the commissions received by it under this
Agreement and no person found guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section&nbsp;11(f) of the Securities Act) will be entitled to contribution from any person who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation. For
purposes of this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;9(d)</U>, any person who </P>
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controls a party to this Agreement within the meaning of the Securities Act, and any officers, directors, partners, employees or agents of TD Cowen, will have the same rights to contribution as
that party, and each director and officer of the Company who signed the Registration Statement will have the same rights to contribution as the Company, subject in each case to the provisions hereof. Any party entitled to contribution, promptly
after receipt of notice of commencement of any action against such party in respect of which a claim for contribution may be made under this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;9(d)</U>, will notify any such party or parties from whom contribution may be
sought, but the omission to so notify will not relieve that party or parties from whom contribution may be sought from any other obligation it or they may have under this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;9(d)</U> except to the extent that the failure
to so notify such other party materially prejudiced the substantive rights or defenses of the party from whom contribution is sought. Except for a settlement entered into pursuant to the last sentence of <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;9(c)</U>
hereof, no party will be liable for contribution with respect to any action or claim settled without its written consent if such consent is required pursuant to <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;9(c)</U> hereof. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">10.&nbsp;<U>Representations and Agreements to Survive Delivery</U>. The indemnity and contribution agreements contained in
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;9</U> of this Agreement and all representations and warranties of the Company herein or in certificates delivered pursuant hereto shall survive, as of their respective dates, regardless of (i)&nbsp;any investigation
made by or on behalf of TD Cowen, any controlling persons, or the Company (or any of their respective officers, directors, employees or controlling persons), (ii) delivery and acceptance of the Placement Shares and payment therefor or (iii)&nbsp;any
termination of this Agreement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">11. <U>Termination</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a)&nbsp;TD Cowen shall have the right by giving notice as hereinafter specified at any time to terminate this Agreement if
(i)&nbsp;any Material Adverse Change, or any development that could reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change has occurred that, in the reasonable judgment of TD Cowen, may materially impair the ability of TD Cowen to sell the
Placement Shares hereunder, (ii)&nbsp;the Company shall have failed, refused or been unable to perform any material agreement on its part to be performed hereunder, (iii)&nbsp;any other condition of TD Cowen&#146;s obligations hereunder is not
fulfilled, or (iv)&nbsp;any suspension or limitation of trading in the Placement Shares or in securities generally on Nasdaq shall have occurred. Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except that the
provisions of <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(g)</U> (Expenses), <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;9</U> (Indemnification and Contribution), <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;10</U> (Representations and Agreements to Survive Delivery),
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;16</U> (Applicable Law; Consent to Jurisdiction) and <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;17</U> (Waiver of Jury Trial) hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination. If TD Cowen elects to
terminate this Agreement as provided in this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11(a)</U>, TD Cowen shall provide the required notice as specified in <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;12</U> (Notices). </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">- 36 - </P>

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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b)&nbsp;The Company shall have the right, by giving ten
(10)&nbsp;days&#146; notice as hereinafter specified to terminate this Agreement in its sole discretion at any time after the date of this Agreement. Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except that the
provisions of <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(g)</U>, <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;9</U>, <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;10</U>, <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;16</U> and <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;17</U> hereof shall remain in full force and
effect notwithstanding such termination. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c)&nbsp;TD Cowen shall have the right, by giving ten (10)&nbsp;days&#146; notice
as hereinafter specified to terminate this Agreement in its sole discretion at any time after the date of this Agreement. Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except that the provisions of
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(g)</U>, <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;9</U>, <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;10</U>, <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;16</U> and <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;17</U> hereof shall remain in full force and effect
notwithstanding such termination. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d)&nbsp;Unless earlier terminated pursuant to this
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11</U>, this Agreement shall automatically terminate upon the issuance and sale of all of the Placement Shares through TD Cowen on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein; <I>provided</I> that the
provisions of <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(g)</U>, <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;9</U>, <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;10</U>, <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;16</U> and <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;17</U> hereof shall remain in full force and
effect notwithstanding such termination. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(e)&nbsp;This Agreement shall remain in full force and effect unless terminated
pursuant to <U>Sections 11(a)</U>, <U>(b)</U>, <U>(c), or (d)</U>&nbsp;above or otherwise by mutual agreement of the parties; <I>provided, however, </I>that any such termination by mutual agreement shall in all cases be deemed to provide that
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(g)</U>, <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;9</U>, <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;10</U>, <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;16</U> and <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;17</U> shall remain in full force and effect. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(f)&nbsp;Any termination of this Agreement shall be effective on the date specified in such notice of termination; <I>provided,
however,</I> that such termination shall not be effective until the close of business on the date of receipt of such notice by TD Cowen or the Company, as the case may be. If such termination shall occur prior to the Settlement Date for any sale of
Placement Shares, such Placement Shares shall settle in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">12.&nbsp;<U>Notices</U>. All
notices or other communications required or permitted to be given by any party to any other party pursuant to the terms of this Agreement shall be in writing, unless otherwise specified in this Agreement, and if sent to TD Cowen, shall be delivered
to TD Cowen at Cowen and Company, LLC, 599 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10022, fax no.&nbsp;[***], Attention: General Counsel, email: [***], with a copy to Paul Hastings LLP, MetLife Building, 200 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10166, Attention:
Siavosh Salimi and William Magioncalda; or if sent to the Company, shall be delivered to vTv Therapeutics Inc., 3980 Premier Drive, Suite 310, High Point, NC 27265, attention: Steven Tuch, email: [***], with a copy to Dechert LLP, attention: David
Rosenthal, email: [***]. Each party to this Agreement may change such address for notices by sending to the parties to this Agreement written notice of a new address for such purpose. Each such notice or other communication shall be deemed given
(i)&nbsp;when delivered personally or by verifiable facsimile transmission (with an original to follow) on or before 4:30 p.m., New York City time, on a Business Day (as defined below), or, if such day is not a Business Day on the next succeeding
Business Day, (ii)&nbsp;on the next Business Day after timely delivery to a nationally-recognized overnight courier and (iii)&nbsp;on the Business<B> </B>Day actually received if deposited in the U.S. mail (certified or registered mail, return
receipt requested, postage prepaid). For purposes of this Agreement, &#147;<B><U>Business Day</U></B>&#148; shall mean any day on which the Nasdaq and commercial banks in the City of New York are open for business. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">- 37 - </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">13.&nbsp;<U>Successors and Assigns</U>. This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of and be
binding upon the Company and TD Cowen and their respective successors and the affiliates, controlling persons, officers, employees and directors referred to in <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;9</U> hereof. References to any of the parties contained in
this Agreement shall be deemed to include the successors and permitted assigns of such party. Nothing in this Agreement, express or implied, is intended to confer upon any party other than the parties hereto or their respective successors and
permitted assigns any rights, remedies, obligations or liabilities under or by reason of this Agreement, except as expressly provided in this Agreement. Neither party may assign its rights or obligations under this Agreement without the prior
written consent of the other party; <I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>, that TD Cowen may assign its rights and obligations hereunder to an affiliate of TD Cowen without obtaining the Company&#146;s consent. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">14.&nbsp;<U>Adjustments for Share Splits</U>. The parties acknowledge and agree that all share-related numbers contained in this Agreement
shall be adjusted to take into account any share split, share dividend or similar event effected with respect to the Common Stock. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">15.&nbsp;<U>Entire Agreement; Amendment; Severability</U>. This Agreement (including all schedules and exhibits attached hereto and Placement
Notices issued pursuant hereto) constitutes the entire agreement and supersedes all other prior and contemporaneous agreements and undertakings, both written and oral, among the parties hereto with regard to the subject matter hereof. Neither this
Agreement nor any term hereof may be amended except pursuant to a written instrument executed by the Company and TD Cowen. In the event that any one or more of the provisions contained herein, or the application thereof in any circumstance, is held
invalid, illegal or unenforceable as written by a court of competent jurisdiction, then such provision shall be given full force and effect to the fullest possible extent that it is valid, legal and enforceable, and the remainder of the terms and
provisions herein shall be construed as if such invalid, illegal or unenforceable term or provision was not contained herein, but only to the extent that giving effect to such provision and the remainder of the terms and provisions hereof shall be
in accordance with the intent of the parties as reflected in this Agreement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">16.&nbsp;<U>Applicable Law; Consent to Jurisdiction</U>.
This Agreement shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the internal laws of the State of New York without regard to the principles of conflicts of laws. Each party hereby irrevocably submits to the
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-exclusive</FONT> jurisdiction of the state and federal courts sitting in the City of New York, borough of Manhattan, for the adjudication of any dispute hereunder or in connection with any transaction
contemplated hereby, and hereby irrevocably waives, and agrees not to assert in any suit, action or proceeding, any claim that it is not personally subject to the jurisdiction of any such court, that such suit, action or proceeding is brought in an
inconvenient forum or that the venue of such suit, action or proceeding is improper. Each party hereby irrevocably waives personal service of process and consents to process being served in any such suit, action or proceeding by mailing a copy
thereof (certified or registered mail, return receipt requested) to such party at the address in effect for notices to it under this Agreement and agrees that such service shall constitute good and sufficient service of process and notice thereof.
Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to limit in any way any right to serve process in any manner permitted by law. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">- 38 - </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">17.&nbsp;<U>Waiver of Jury Trial</U>. The Company and TD Cowen each hereby irrevocably
waives any right it may have to a trial by jury in respect of any claim based upon or arising out of this Agreement or any transaction contemplated hereby. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">18. <U>Absence of Fiduciary Relationship</U><I>. </I>The Company acknowledges and agrees that: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a)&nbsp;TD Cowen has been retained solely to act as an arm&#146;s length contractual counterparty to the Company in connection
with the sale of the Placement Shares contemplated hereby and that no fiduciary, advisory or agency relationship between the Company and TD Cowen has been created in respect of any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, irrespective of
whether TD Cowen has advised or is advising the Company on other matters; </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b)&nbsp;the Company is capable of evaluating
and understanding and understands and accepts the terms, risks and conditions of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement; </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c)&nbsp;the Company has been advised that TD Cowen and its affiliates are engaged in a broad range of transactions which may
involve interests that differ from those of the Company and that TD Cowen has no obligation to disclose such interests and transactions to the Company by virtue of any fiduciary, advisory or agency relationship; and </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d)&nbsp;the Company waives, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any claims it may have against TD Cowen, for breach of
fiduciary duty or alleged breach of fiduciary duty and agrees that TD Cowen shall have no liability (whether direct or indirect) to the Company in respect of such a fiduciary duty claim or to any person asserting a fiduciary duty claim on behalf of
or in right of the Company, including stockholders, partners, employees or creditors of the Company. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">19.&nbsp;<U>Counterparts</U>. This
Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument. Delivery of an executed Agreement by one party to the other may be made by
facsimile or other electronic transmission (including pdf or any electronic signature complying with the U.S. federal ESIGN Act of 2000, e.g., www.docusign.com or www.echosign.com) or other transmission method and any counterpart so delivered shall
be deemed to have been duly and validly delivered and be valid and effective for all purposes. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">20. <U>Recognition of the U.S. Special
Resolution Regimes</U>. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a)&nbsp;In the event that TD Cowen is a Covered Entity and becomes subject to a proceeding under
a U.S. Special Resolution Regime, the transfer from TD Cowen of this Agreement, and any interest and obligation in or under this Agreement, will be effective to the same extent as the transfer would be effective under the U.S. Special Resolution
Regime if this Agreement, and any such interest and obligation, were governed by the laws of the United States or a state of the United States. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">- 39 - </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b)&nbsp;In the event that TD Cowen is a Covered Entity and TD Cowen or a
BHC Act Affiliate of TD Cowen becomes subject to a proceeding under a U.S. Special Resolution Regime, Default Rights under this Agreement that may be exercised against TD Cowen are permitted to be exercised to no greater extent than such Default
Rights could be exercised under the U.S. Special Resolution Regime if this Agreement were governed by the laws of the United States or a state of the United States. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c)&nbsp;For purposes of this Section&nbsp;20; (a) &#147;<B><U>BHC Act Affiliate</U></B>&#148; has the meaning assigned to the
term &#147;affiliate&#148; in, and shall be interpreted in accordance with, 12 U.S.C. &#167; 1841(k), (b) &#147;<B><U>Covered Entity</U></B>&#148; means any of the following: (i)&nbsp;a &#147;covered entity&#148; as that term is defined in, and
interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. &#167;&nbsp;252.82(b); (ii) a &#147;covered bank&#148; as that term is defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. &#167;&nbsp;47.3(b); or (iii)&nbsp;a &#147;covered FSI&#148; as that term is
defined in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. &#167;&nbsp;382.2(b), (c) &#147;<B><U>Default Right</U></B>&#148; has the meaning assigned to that term in, and shall be interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. &#167;&#167; 252.81, 47.2 or
382.1, as applicable, and (d) &#147;<B><U>U.S. Special Resolution Regime</U></B>&#148; means each of (i)&nbsp;the Federal Deposit Insurance Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder and (ii)&nbsp;Title II of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform
and Consumer Protection Act and the regulations promulgated thereunder. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>[Remainder of Page Intentionally Blank] </B></P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">- 40 - </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">If the foregoing correctly sets forth the understanding between the Company and TD Cowen,
please so indicate in the space provided below for that purpose, whereupon this letter shall constitute a binding agreement between the Company and TD Cowen. </P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><DIV ALIGN="right">
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="40%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">


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<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1%"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="91%"></TD></TR>


<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" COLSPAN="3">Very truly yours,</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="3"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" COLSPAN="3"><B>COWEN AND COMPANY, LLC</B></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom">By:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" STYLE=" BORDER-BOTTOM:1px solid #000000">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom" STYLE="BORDER-BOTTOM:1px solid #000000">/s/ Michael Murphy</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">Name: Michael Murphy</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">Title:&#8194; Managing Director</TD></TR>
</TABLE></DIV> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt; margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><I>[Signature Page to the
Sales Agreement] </I></P>

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<TD WIDTH="87%"></TD></TR>


<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom" COLSPAN="3"><B>ACCEPTED as of the date</B></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom" COLSPAN="3"><B>first-above written:</B></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="3"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom" COLSPAN="3"><B>VTV THERAPEUTICS INC.</B></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom">By:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">/s/ Paul Sekhri</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Name:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Paul Sekhri</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Title:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">President and Chief Executive Officer</TD></TR>
</TABLE></DIV> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt; margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><I>[Signature Page to the
Sales Agreement] </I></P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><B><U>SCHEDULE 1 </U></B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><U>FORM OF PLACEMENT NOTICE </U></B></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" ALIGN="center">


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<TD WIDTH="9%"></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1%"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="14%"></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1%"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="75%"></TD></TR>


<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">From:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">[&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">Cc:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">[&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">To:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">[&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;]</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">Subject:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top" COLSPAN="3">TD Cowen At the Market Offering&#151;Placement Notice</TD></TR>
</TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Gentlemen: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Pursuant to the
terms and subject to the conditions contained in the Sales Agreement between vTv Therapeutics Inc. (the &#147;<U>Company</U>&#148;), and Cowen and Company, LLC (&#147;<U>TD Cowen</U>&#148;) dated February&nbsp;28, 2024 (the
&#147;<U>Agreement</U>&#148;), I hereby request on behalf of the Company that TD Cowen sell up to [&#8195; ] shares of the Company&#146;s Class&nbsp;A common stock, par value $0.01 per share, at a minimum market price of $[&#8195;&#8195;] per share.
Sales should begin on the date of this Notice and shall continue until [DATE] [all shares are sold]. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><B><U>SCHEDULE 2 </U></B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><U>Notice Parties </U></B></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TD WIDTH="82%"></TD></TR>


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<TD VALIGN="top"><B><U>Company</U></B></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">Steven Tuch</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">Chief Financial Officer</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"><B><U>TD Cowen</U></B></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">Michael J. Murphy</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">Managing Director</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="8"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="8" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">William Follis</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">Managing Director</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><B><U>SCHEDULE 3 </U></B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><U>Compensation </U></B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">TD Cowen shall be
paid compensation equal to 3.0% of the gross proceeds from the sales of Common Stock pursuant to the terms of this Agreement. </P>
</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always"> </p>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><B><U>Exhibit 7(m) </U></B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><U>OFFICER CERTIFICATE </U></B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The
undersigned, the duly qualified and elected _______________________, of <B>vTv Therapeutics Inc. </B>(&#147;<B><U>Company</U></B>&#148;), a Delaware corporation, does hereby certify in such capacity and on behalf of the Company, pursuant to
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(m)</U> of the Sales Agreement dated February&nbsp;28, 2024 (the &#147;<B><U>Sales Agreement</U></B>&#148;) between the Company and Cowen and Company, LLC, that to the best of the knowledge of the undersigned. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(i) The representations and warranties of the Company in <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;6</U> of the Sales Agreement (A)&nbsp;to the extent
such representations and warranties are subject to qualifications and exceptions contained therein relating to materiality or Material Adverse Change, are true and correct on and as of the date hereof with the same force and effect as if expressly
made on and as of the date hereof, except for those representations and warranties that speak solely as of a specific date and which were true and correct as of such date, and (B)&nbsp;to the extent such representations and warranties are not
subject to any qualifications or exceptions, are true and correct in all material respects as of the date hereof as if made on and as of the date hereof with the same force and effect as if expressly made on and as of the date hereof except for
those representations and warranties that speak solely as of a specific date and which were true and correct as of such date; and </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ii)
The Company has complied with all agreements and satisfied all conditions on its part to be performed or satisfied pursuant to the Sales Agreement at or prior to the date hereof. </P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><DIV ALIGN="right">
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<TD VALIGN="bottom">By:</TD>
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<TD VALIGN="bottom" STYLE="BORDER-BOTTOM:1px solid #000000">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
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<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Name:</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Title:</TD></TR>
</TABLE></DIV> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Date: <U>&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;&#8195;</U> </P>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-5.1
<SEQUENCE>3
<FILENAME>d766950dex51.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EX-5.1
<TEXT>
<HTML><HEAD>
<TITLE>EX-5.1</TITLE>
</HEAD>
 <BODY BGCOLOR="WHITE" STYLE="line-height:Normal">

<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><B>Exhibit 5.1 </B></P> <P STYLE="font-size:18pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" ALIGN="center">


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<TD WIDTH="17%"></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1%"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="40%"></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1%"></TD>
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<IMG SRC="g766950g0226091402204.jpg" ALT="LOGO">
</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">1095 Avenue of the Americas</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">New York, NY 10036-6797</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">+1 212 698 3500 Main</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">+1 212 698 3599 Fax</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">www.dechert.com</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:1pt;border-bottom:1px solid #000000">&nbsp;</P></TD></TR>
</TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">February&nbsp;28, 2024 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">vTv
Therapeutics Inc. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">3980 Premier Drive, Suite 310 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">High Point,
North Carolina 27265 </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">Re:</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left"><U>Prospectus Supplement to Registration Statement on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3</FONT></U>
</P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Ladies and Gentlemen: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We
have acted as special counsel to vTv Therapeutics Inc., a Delaware corporation (the &#147;<U>Company</U>&#148;), in connection with the sale from time to time of shares of the Company&#146;s Class&nbsp;A common stock, par value $0.01 per share,
having an aggregate offering price of up to $4,923,802 (the &#147;<U>Offered Shares</U>&#148;), pursuant to the Registration Statement on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3</FONT> (File No.&nbsp;333-256755) (together with the prospectus
included therein (the &#147;<U>Prospectus</U>&#148;) and the information deemed to be part thereof at the time of effectiveness, the &#147;<U>Registration Statement</U>&#148;) filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the
&#147;<U>Commission</U>&#148;) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &#147;<U>Act</U>&#148;), and declared effective by the Commission on April&nbsp;20, 2021, and the related prospectus supplement for the offering of the Offered Shares
(the &#147;<U>Prospectus Supplement</U>&#148;), filed today with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Offered Shares are to
be sold by the Company pursuant to the sales agreement, dated February&nbsp;28, 2024, by and between the Company and Cowen and Company, LLC (the &#147;<U>Sales Agreement</U>&#148;). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">This opinion letter is being furnished to the Company in accordance with the requirements of Item 601(b)(5) under Regulation <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-K</FONT> of the Securities Act, and no opinion is expressed herein as to any matter pertaining to the contents of the Registration Statement, other than as to the validity of the Offered Shares as set forth below. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">In rendering the opinion expressed below, we have examined and relied on originals or copies, certified or otherwise identified to our
satisfaction, of such documents, corporate records and other instruments and such agreements, certificates and receipts of public officials, certificates of officers or other representatives of the Company and others, and such other documents as we
have deemed necessary or appropriate as a basis for rendering the opinion set forth below, including the following documents: </P> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">(i)</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">the Registration Statement; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">(ii)</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">the Prospectus Supplement; </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">(iii)</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">the Company&#146;s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as filed with the Secretary of State of
the State of Delaware on July&nbsp;29, 2015, and subsequently amended on May&nbsp;4, 2021 and November&nbsp;20, 2023; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">(iv)</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">the Company&#146;s Second Amended and Restated Bylaws, effective as of March&nbsp;3, 2022;
</P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">(v)</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">a Certificate of Good Standing with respect to the Company issued by the Secretary of State of the State of
Delaware, as of a recent date; </P></TD></TR></TABLE> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">(vi)</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">the Sales Agreement; and </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%">
<TR style = "page-break-inside:avoid">
<TD WIDTH="4%" VALIGN="top" ALIGN="left">(vii)</TD>
<TD ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; " ALIGN="left">the resolutions of the board of directors of the Company, relating to, among other things, (a)&nbsp;the
authorization and approval of the preparation and filing of the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and the Prospectus Supplement and (b)&nbsp;the authorization to enter into and amend the Sales Agreement. </P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">As to the facts upon which this opinion is based, we have relied, to the extent we deem proper, upon certificates of public officials and
certificates and written statements of agents, officers, directors, employees and representatives of, and accountants for, the Company and we have assumed in this regard the truthfulness of such certifications and statements. We have not
independently established the facts so relied on. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right">vTv Therapeutics Inc. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right">February&nbsp;28, 2024 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right">Page 2 </P>
<p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">In our examination, we have assumed the genuineness of all signatures, the authenticity of
all documents submitted to us as original documents, the conformity to original documents of all documents submitted to us as copies, the legal capacity of natural persons who are signatories to the documents examined by us and the legal power and
authority of all persons signing on behalf of the parties to all documents (other than the Company). We have further assumed that there has been no oral modification of, or amendment or supplement (including any express or implied waiver, however
arising) to, any of the agreements, documents or instruments used by us to form the basis of the opinion expressed below. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">On the basis of
the foregoing and subject to the assumptions, qualifications and limitations set forth in this letter, we are of the opinion, as of the date hereof, that the Offered Shares have been duly authorized for issuance by the Company and, when the Offered
Shares have been (i)&nbsp;duly issued and sold in accordance with the Registration Statement and the Prospectus Supplement and (ii)&nbsp;delivered to the purchaser or purchasers thereof against receipt by the Company of such lawful consideration
therefor in accordance with the terms of the Sales Agreement and at a price per share not less than the per share par value of the Company&#146;s common stock, the Offered Shares will be validly issued, fully paid and
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-assessable.</FONT> </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The opinion expressed herein is limited to the General Corporation Law of the
State of Delaware. We are members of the bar of the State of New York. We express no opinion concerning the laws of any other jurisdiction, and we express no opinion concerning any state securities or &#147;blue sky&#148; laws, rules or regulations,
or any federal, state, local or foreign laws, rules or regulations relating to the offer and/or sale of the Offered Shares. The opinions expressed herein are based upon the law as in effect and the documentation and facts known to us on the date
hereof. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">This opinion letter has been prepared for your use solely in connection with the Prospectus Supplement relating to the offering
and sale of the Offered Shares. We assume no obligation to advise you of any changes in the foregoing after the date hereof. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We hereby
consent to the filing of this opinion as an exhibit to the Company&#146;s current report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K</FONT> and to the use of our name in the Prospectus Supplement under the caption &#147;Legal Matters.&#148; In
giving such consent, we do not thereby admit that we are in the category of persons whose consent is required under Section&nbsp;7 of the Act and the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder. </P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
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<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right">Very truly yours,</P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt; margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt" align="left">&nbsp;</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right">/s/ Dechert LLP</P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt; margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt" align="left">&nbsp;</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom" ALIGN="right"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right">DR/ts/aj</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right">SL</P></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.SCH
<SEQUENCE>4
<FILENAME>vtvt-20240228.xsd
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION SCHEMA
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  xmlns:xbrldt="http://xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt"
  attributeFormDefault="unqualified"
  elementFormDefault="qualified"
  targetNamespace="http://vtvtherapeutics.com/20240228"
  xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
    <xsd:import schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-instance-2003-12-31.xsd" namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" />
    <xsd:import schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd" namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" />
    <xsd:import schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd" namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023" />
    <xsd:import schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/numeric-2009-12-16.xsd" namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/numeric" />
    <xsd:import schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/nonNumeric-2009-12-16.xsd" namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/non-numeric" />
    <xsd:import schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/naics/2023/naics-2023.xsd" namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/naics/2023" />
    <xsd:import schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd" namespace="http://xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt" />
  <xsd:annotation>
    <xsd:appinfo>
      <link:linkbaseRef xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="vtvt-20240228_lab.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/labelLinkbaseRef" xlink:title="Label Links, all" xlink:type="simple" />
      <link:linkbaseRef xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="vtvt-20240228_pre.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationLinkbaseRef" xlink:title="Presentation Links, all" xlink:type="simple" />
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://vtvtherapeutics.com//20240228/taxonomy/role/DocumentDocumentAndEntityInformation" id="Role_DocumentDocumentAndEntityInformation">
        <link:definition>100000 - Document - Document and Entity Information</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
    </xsd:appinfo>
  </xsd:annotation>
</xsd:schema>
</XBRL>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.LAB
<SEQUENCE>5
<FILENAME>vtvt-20240228_lab.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION LABEL LINKBASE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="us-ascii" standalone="yes"?>
<!-- DFIN - https://www.dfinsolutions.com/ -->
<!-- CTU Version: Release master Build:20231012.2 -->
<!-- Creation date: 2/28/2024 6:33:29 PM Eastern Time -->
<!-- Copyright (c) 2024 Donnelley Financial Solutions, Inc. All Rights Reserved. -->
<link:linkbase
  xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase"
  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd">
  <link:labelLink xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/link" xlink:type="extended">
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_CoverAbstract" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:to="dei_CoverAbstract_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_CoverAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Cover [Abstract]</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_CoverAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Cover [Abstract]</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:to="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Security Exchange Name</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Security Exchange Name</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:to="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Amendment Flag</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Amendment Flag</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:to="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Central Index Key</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Central Index Key</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentType" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentType" xlink:to="dei_DocumentType_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Document Type</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Document Type</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:to="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Document Period End Date</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Document Period End Date</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:to="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Registrant Name</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Registrant Name</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Incorporation State Country Code</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Incorporation State Country Code</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity File Number</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity File Number</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Tax Identification Number</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Tax Identification Number</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, Address Line One</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Address, Address Line One</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, Address Line Two</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Address, Address Line Two</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, City or Town</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Address, City or Town</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, State or Province</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Address, State or Province</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:to="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">City Area Code</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">City Area Code</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:to="dei_LocalPhoneNumber_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Local Phone Number</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Local Phone Number</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:to="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Written Communications</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Written Communications</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:to="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Soliciting Material</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Soliciting Material</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Pre Commencement Tender Offer</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Pre Commencement Tender Offer</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Pre Commencement Issuer Tender Offer</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Pre Commencement Issuer Tender Offer</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:to="dei_Security12bTitle_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Security 12b Title</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Security 12b Title</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:to="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Trading Symbol</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Trading Symbol</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:to="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Emerging Growth Company</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Emerging Growth Company</link:label>
  </link:labelLink>
</link:linkbase>
</XBRL>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>6
<FILENAME>vtvt-20240228_pre.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION PRESENTATION LINKBASE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="us-ascii" standalone="yes"?>
<!-- DFIN - https://www.dfinsolutions.com/ -->
<!-- CTU Version: Release master Build:20231012.2 -->
<!-- Creation date: 2/28/2024 6:33:29 PM Eastern Time -->
<!-- Copyright (c) 2024 Donnelley Financial Solutions, Inc. All Rights Reserved. -->
<link:linkbase
    xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase"
    xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
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    xmlns:xbrldt="http://xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt"
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<span style="display: none;">v3.24.0.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140687204199184">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Document and Entity Information<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Feb. 28, 2024</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Cover [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NASDAQ<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0001641489<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Feb. 28,  2024<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">vTv Therapeutics Inc.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation State Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">DE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">001-37524<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">47-3916571<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">3980 Premier Drive<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2', window );">Entity Address, Address Line Two</a></td>
<td class="text">Suite 310<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">High Point<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">NC<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">27265<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">(336)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">641-0300<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre Commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre Commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Security 12b Title</a></td>
<td class="text">Class&#160;A common stock, par value $0.01 per share<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">VTVT<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period.  The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 2 such as Street or Suite number</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_Security12bTitle">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_Security12bTitle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:securityTitleItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SecurityExchangeName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarExchangeCodeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Section 14a<br> -Number 240<br> -Subsection 12<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SolicitingMaterial</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_TradingSymbol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:tradingSymbolItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_WrittenCommunications">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 425<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_WrittenCommunications</td>
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<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
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<td>na</td>
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