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Accounting Policies, by Policy (Policies)
 12 Months Ended
Jul. 31, 2025
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The Company’s fiscal year ends on July 31 of each calendar year. Each reference below to a fiscal year refers to the fiscal year ending in the calendar year indicated (e.g., fiscal year 2025 refers to the fiscal year ended July 31, 2025).

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).
Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated balance sheet and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.
Out of Period Correction

Out of Period Correction

The Company identified prior period errors related to the balance of accrued expenses on Cyclo's opening balance sheet and the consolidated balance of consolidated accrued expenses as of April 30, 2025, as reported in the Company's unaudited consolidated financial statements as of and for the three and nine months ended April 30, 2025. The Company corrected the errors in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2025 consolidated financial statements through an out of period adjustment.

The Company assessed the materiality of these errors on prior period and the fourth quarter of fiscal 2025 consolidated financial statements in accordance with SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 99, “Materiality,” (ASC Topic 250, Accounting for Changes and Error Corrections). Based on this assessment, the Company concluded that these errors and the corrections of these errors in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2025 are not material to any previously presented consolidated financial statements and to the fourth quarter of fiscal 2025 consolidated financial statements. Accordingly, the Company corrected these immaterial errors in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2025 consolidated financial statements which are included in the consolidated financial statements for the year ended July 31, 2025 included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The corrections of the errors in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2025 resulted in a net decrease of General and administrative expense of $58 thousand, a net decrease of Research and development expenses of $232 thousand, and a total net decrease to Loss before income taxes and Net loss attributable to Rafael Holdings, Inc. of $290 thousand. The corrections also resulted in an increase to Goodwill and Accrued expenses on the Cyclo opening balance sheet of $1.293 million.
Liquidity

Liquidity

As of July 31, 2025, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $52.8 million. The Company expects the balance of cash and cash equivalents to be sufficient to meet its obligations for at least the next 12 months from the issuance of these consolidated financial statements.
Concentration of Credit Risk and Significant Customers

Concentration of Credit Risk and Significant Customers

The Company routinely assesses the financial strength of its customers. As a result, the Company believes that its accounts receivable credit risk exposure is limited. As of July 31, 2025, two third-party customers and one related-party tenant represented 26%, 11%, and 11% of the Company’s accounts receivable balance, respectively. As of July 31, 2024, there was one related-party tenant which represented 50% of the Company’s accounts receivable balance.

For the year ended July 31, 2025, one third-party customer, one third-party tenant, and one related-party tenant represented 25%, 21%, and 12% of the Company’s total revenue, respectively.

For the year ended July 31, 2024, one third-party customer, one third-party tenant and one related-party tenant represented 51%, 27% and 17% of the Company’s total revenue, respectively.
Major vendors

Major Vendors

Following the Cyclo Merger, one major vendor made up 38% of research and development expenses for the year ended July 31, 2025.
Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents 

The Company considers all liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.
Reserve for Receivables

Reserve for Receivables

The allowance for credit losses reflects the Company’s best estimate of lifetime credit losses inherent in the accounts receivable balance. The allowance is determined based on known troubled accounts, historical experience and other currently available evidence. Doubtful accounts are written off upon final determination that the trade accounts will not be collected. The computation of this allowance is based on the tenants’ or customers’ payment histories, as well as certain industry or geographic specific credit considerations. If the Company’s estimates of collectability differ from the cash received, then the timing and amount of the Company’s reported revenue could be impacted. The Company did not recognize any credit loss expense during the year ended July 31, 2025 and recognized $20 thousand of credit loss expense during the year ended July 31, 2024.
Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold

Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold

Inventory consists of cyclodextrin products and chemical complexes purchased for resale recorded at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out) or net realizable value. Included in inventory is inventory acquired in the Cyclo Merger that was recognized at its fair value of $270 thousand on the date of the Merger. Cost of products sold includes the acquisition cost of the products sold. The Company records a specific reserve for inventory items that are determined to be obsolete. The Company determined no reserve for obsolete inventory was necessary as of July 31, 2025. The Company did not have any inventory as of July 31, 2024.
Prepaid Clinical Expenses

Prepaid Clinical Expenses

Prepaid clinical expenses consist of the Company’s active pharmaceutical ingredients and other raw materials for Trappsol® Cyclo™, that is expected to be used in its clinical trial program, recorded at cost. In addition, advance payments for goods or services for future research and development activities are included as prepaid clinical expenses. Prepaid clinical expenses are expensed as research and development costs as the goods are delivered or the related services are performed. Prepaid clinical expenses expected to be utilized beyond one year from the balance sheet date are classified as non-current assets.
Convertible Notes Receivable

Convertible Notes Receivable

The Company holds convertible notes receivable that are classified as available-for-sale as defined under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 320, Investments - Debt and Equity Securities (“ASC 320”), and are recorded at fair value. Subsequent changes in fair value are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income.

The fair value of these convertible notes receivable are estimated using a scenario-based analysis based on the probability-weighted present value of future investment returns, considering each of the possible outcomes available to the Company, including cash repayment, equity conversion, and collateral transfer scenarios. Estimating the fair value of the convertible note requires the development of significant and subjective estimates that may, and are likely to, change over the duration of the instrument with related changes in internal and external market factors.
Variable Interest Entities

Variable Interest Entities

In accordance with ASC 810, Consolidation (“ASC 810”), the Company assesses whether it has a variable interest in legal entities in which it has a financial relationship and, if so, whether or not those entities are variable interest entities (“VIEs”). For those entities that qualify as VIEs, ASC 810 requires the Company to determine if the Company is the primary beneficiary of the VIE, and if so, to consolidate the VIE.

If an entity is determined to be a VIE, the Company evaluates whether the Company is the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary analysis is a qualitative analysis based on power and economics. The Company consolidates a VIE if both power and benefits belong to the Company – that is, the Company (i) has the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly influence the VIE’s economic performance (power), and (ii) has the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE (benefits). The Company consolidates VIEs whenever it is determined that the Company is the primary beneficiary.
Investments

Investments

The method of accounting applied to long-term investments in equity securities involves an evaluation of the significant terms of each investment that explicitly grant or suggest evidence of control or influence over the operations of the investee and also include the identification of any variable interests in which the Company is the primary beneficiary. The consolidated financial statements include the Company’s controlled affiliates. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions between the consolidated affiliates are eliminated.

Investments in equity securities may be accounted for using (i) the fair value option, if elected, (ii) fair value through earnings if fair value is readily determinable, or (iii) for equity investments without readily determinable fair values, the measurement alternative to measure at cost adjusted for any impairment and observable price changes, as applicable. The election to use the measurement alternative is made for each eligible investment.

Prior to the Merger, as defined in Note 3, the Company elected the fair value option to account for its investment in Cyclo, as the Company had significant influence over Cyclo’s management. The fair value option is irrevocable once elected. The Company measured its initial investment in Cyclo at fair value and recorded all subsequent changes in fair value in earnings in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company believed the fair value option best reflected the underlying economics of the investment. Prior to the Merger, the Company had determined that Cyclo was a VIE, however, the Company had determined that it was not the primary beneficiary as the Company did not have the power to direct the activities of Cyclo that most significantly impact Cyclo’s economic performance. See Note 4, “Investment in Cyclo Therapeutics, LLC”.

Investments in which the Company does not have the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial matters are accounted for in accordance with ASC 321, Investments – Equity Securities. Investments without readily determinable fair values are accounted for using the measurement alternative which is at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. The Company periodically evaluates its investments for impairment due to declines considered to be other than temporary. If the Company determines that a decline in fair value is other than temporary, then a charge to earnings is recorded in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, and a new basis in the investment is established.
Equity Method Investments

Equity Method Investments

Investments accounted for under the equity method consist of investments in companies in which the Company is able to exercise significant influence but not control. Under the equity method of accounting, the investment is initially recorded at cost, then the Company’s proportional share of investee’s underlying net income or loss is recorded as a component of income from operations, with a corresponding increase or decrease to the carrying value of the investment. These investments are evaluated for impairment if events or circumstances arise that indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable.

The Company has determined that RP Finance and Day Three are VIEs. Prior to the RP Finance Consolidation, which occurred as a result of the Cornerstone Acquisition, and the Day Three Acquisition, the Company accounted for RP Finance and Day Three under the equity method of accounting. Since January 2, 2024, Day Three has been consolidated as a majority-owned subsidiary. In conjunction with the Cornerstone Acquisition on March 13, 2024, the Company reassessed its relationship with RP Finance and, as a result, the Company has consolidated RP Finance.
Cost Method Investment

Cost Method Investment

Prior to the Cornerstone Acquisition, the Company had determined that Cornerstone was a VIE; however, the Company determined that it was not the primary beneficiary as the Company did not have the power to direct the activities of Cornerstone that most significantly impact Cornerstone’s economic performance. See Note 6 for additional information.
Investments - Hedge Funds

Investments - Hedge Funds

The Company accounted for its previously held investments in hedge funds in accordance with ASC 321, Investments – Equity Securities. Unrealized gains and losses resulting from the change in fair value of these securities are included in unrealized loss on investments - Hedge Funds in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. During the year ended July 31, 2025, the Company withdrew its remaining balance in Hedge Fund Investments.
Corporate Bonds and US Treasury Bills

Corporate Bonds and US Treasury Bills

The Company’s marketable securities are considered to be available-for-sale as defined under ASC 320, Investments - Debt and Equity Securities, and are recorded at fair value. Unrealized gains or losses are included in accumulated other comprehensive loss. Realized gains or losses are determined using the specific identification method and are released from accumulated other comprehensive loss and into earnings on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

The Company uses a current expected credit losses (“CECL”) model to estimate the allowance for credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities. For available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position, management first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For available-for-sale debt securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors.

If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any decline in fair value that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income. No allowance for credit losses on available-for-sale securities was recognized by the Company at July 31, 2025 nor July 31, 2024.
Long-Lived Assets

Long-Lived Assets 

Equipment, buildings, leasehold improvements, and furniture and fixtures are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. The related depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives, which range as follows: 

Classification

   Years
Building and improvements   40
Tenant improvements   7-15
Machinery and equipment   3-5
Other (primarily office equipment, furniture and fixtures)   5
Properties

Properties

The Company owns a portion of the 6th floor of a building located at 5 Shlomo Halevi Street, in Jerusalem, Israel.
Business Combinations

Business Combinations

The purchase price for acquisitions are allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. The fair value of identifiable intangible assets is based on detailed valuations that use information and assumptions provided by management, including expected future cash flows. The Company allocates any excess purchase price over the fair value of the identifiable net assets and liabilities acquired to goodwill. Identifiable intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their useful lives. Acquisition-related costs, including advisory, legal, accounting, valuation, and other costs, are expensed in the periods in which the costs are incurred. The results of operations of acquired businesses are included in the consolidated financial statements from the acquisition date.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

In accordance with ASC 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment, the Company assesses the recoverability of long-lived assets, which include property and equipment and finite-lived intangible assets, whenever significant events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. If indicators of impairment exist, projected future undiscounted cash flows associated with the asset group are compared to its carrying amount to determine whether the asset group’s carrying value is recoverable. Any resulting impairment is recorded as a reduction in the carrying value of the related asset in excess of fair value and a charge to operating results.

Due to reductions in certain operations including a layoff within the Company’s Infusion Technology segment, the Company concluded that a triggering event occurred during November 2024 under ASC 360 that required the Company to evaluate long-lived assets within the Infusion Technology segment for potential impairment. Accordingly, the Company completed an analysis pursuant to ASC 360 and determined that the expected undiscounted cash flows of the asset group exceeded its carrying amount, indicating that the long-lived assets were not impaired.

For the years ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company determined there was no impairment of its long-lived assets.
Goodwill

Goodwill

The Company assesses goodwill for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently when events and circumstances occur indicating that the recorded goodwill may be impaired. The Company regularly monitors current business conditions and other factors including, but not limited to, adverse industry or economic trends and lower projections of profitability that may impact future operating results. The process of evaluating the potential impairment of goodwill requires significant judgment. In performing the Company’s annual goodwill impairment test, the Company is permitted to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of any of the Company’s reporting units is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. In performing the qualitative assessment, the Company considers certain events and circumstances specific to the reporting unit and the entity as a whole, such as macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, overall financial performance and cost factors when evaluating whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of any of the reporting units is less than its carrying amount. The Company is also permitted to bypass the qualitative assessment and proceed directly to the quantitative test. If the Company chooses to undertake the qualitative assessment and concludes that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the Company would then proceed to the quantitative impairment test. In the quantitative assessment, the Company compares the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying amount, which includes goodwill. If the fair value exceeds the carrying value, no impairment loss exists. If the fair value is less than the carrying amount, a goodwill impairment loss is measured and recorded.

The Company assesses goodwill for impairment on an annual basis as of May 31, or more frequently when events and circumstances occur indicating that recorded goodwill may be impaired.

Due to reductions in certain operations including a layoff within the Company’s Infusion Technology segment, the Company concluded that a triggering event occurred during November 2024 under ASC 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (“ASC 350”), that required the Company to assess if there was an impairment. In accordance with ASC 350, the Company performed a quantitative goodwill impairment test, which indicated that the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeded the estimated fair value of the reporting unit, indicating that the goodwill of the reporting unit was impaired. The Company recorded an impairment charge of $3.1 million related to the Infusion Technology segment’s goodwill during the year ended July 31, 2025. See Note 18 for further information.
In-Process Research and Development

In-Process Research and Development

The Company has acquired in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) intangible assets pursuant to a business combination. These IPR&D assets are considered indefinite-lived intangible assets until completion or abandonment of the associated research and development efforts. These IPR&D assets are not amortized but reviewed for impairment analysis on an annual basis on May 31, or when events or changes in the business environment indicate the carrying value may be impaired. The process of evaluating the potential impairment of IPR&D requires significant judgment. In performing the Company’s annual IPR&D impairment test, the Company is permitted to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of any of the Company’s reporting units is less than its carrying amount, including IPR&D. In performing the qualitative assessment, the Company considers the results of clinical trials, among other factors, when evaluating whether the IPR&D is impaired. For the years ended July 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company determined there was no impairment of its long-lived IPR&D assets.

Acquired IPR&D pursuant to an asset acquisition that has no alternative future use is expensed immediately as a component of in-process research and development expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
Clinical Trial Accruals

Clinical Trial Accruals

The Company estimates the clinical trial accrual related to its obligations for services performed on their behalf by third-party vendors. The amount recorded for the clinical trial accrual represents the Company’s evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks and the facts and circumstances known at the time of the estimate as it relates to clinical trial activities.
Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition

The Company applies the five-step approach as described in ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which consists of the following: (i) identifying the contract with a customer, (ii) identifying the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determining the transaction price, (iv) allocating the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognizing revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. The Company disaggregates its revenue by source within its consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Infusion Technology Revenue:

The Company’s Infusion Technology revenue is derived from Day Three’s Unlokt technology which is recognized in accordance with ASC 606. Day Three provides manufacturing services where they use proprietary technology, equipment, and processes to manufacture water-soluble product for their customers at their customer facilities. Day Three is acting as a principal in the transaction, as it is primarily responsible for fulfillment and acceptability of the services. Infusion Technology revenue is recognized over time as the Company’s performance obligation is satisfied, which is generally within a 30-day period. The criterion in ASC 606-10-25-27, that the entity’s performance creates or enhances an asset that the customer controls as the asset is created or enhanced, is met given that the customer is controlling the product as Day Three is performing the service on the customer’s premises. Revenue is recognized over the period of performance using an output method where the number of grams produced is the output, as such method best depicts the Company’s efforts to satisfy the performance obligation. Customer billings in advance of revenue recognition result in contract liabilities. As of July 31, 2025, there were no contract liabilities recognized on the consolidated balance sheets related to Infusion Technology revenue.

The cost of Infusion Technology revenue includes costs related to supplies, materials, production labor, and travel costs.

Rental Revenue:

As an owner and operator of real estate, the Company derives rental revenue from leasing office and parking space to tenants at its property. In addition, the Company earns revenue from recoveries from tenants, consisting of amounts due from tenants for common area maintenance, real estate taxes and other recoverable costs. Revenue from recoveries from tenants is recorded together with rental income on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss which is also consistent with the guidance under ASC 842, Leases.

Contractual rental revenue is reported on a straight-line basis over the terms of the respective leases. Accrued rental income, included within other assets on the consolidated balance sheets, represents cumulative rental income earned in excess of rent payments received pursuant to the terms of the individual lease agreements.

Product Revenue:

The majority of the Company’s product revenue is garnered in North America from companies in the pharmaceutical industry that are manufacturing or conducting research. In other countries, the Company sells products primarily to wholesale distributors and other third-party distribution partners.

Revenues from product sales are recognized when the customer obtains control of the product, which occurs at a point in time, typically upon delivery to the customer. The Company expenses incremental costs of obtaining a contract as and when incurred if the expected amortization period of the asset that the Company would have recognized is one year or less or the amount is immaterial. Shipping and handling costs performed after a customer obtains control of the product are treated as a fulfillment cost. The Company has identified one performance obligation in its contracts with customers which is the delivery of product. The transaction price is recognized in full when the product is delivered to the customer, which is the point at which the Company has satisfied its performance obligation.
Research and Development Costs

Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs and expenses incurred by consolidated entities consist primarily of salaries and related personnel expenses, stock-based compensation, fees paid to external service providers, laboratory supplies, costs for facilities and equipment, license costs, and other costs for research and development activities. Research and development expenses are recorded in operating expenses in the period in which they are incurred. Estimates have been used in determining the liability for certain costs where services have been performed but not yet invoiced. The Company monitors levels of performance under each significant contract for external service providers, including the extent of patient enrollment and other activities through communications with the service providers to reflect the actual amount expended.

Contingent milestone payments associated with acquiring rights to intellectual property are recognized when probable and estimable. These amounts are recorded as research and development expense when there is no alternative future use associated with the intellectual property. There were no such payment expenses during the years ended July 31, 2025 and 2024.
Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation using the provisions of ASC 718, Stock-Based Compensation, which requires the recognition of the fair value of stock-based compensation. Stock-based compensation is estimated at the grant date based on the fair value of the awards. The Company accounts for forfeitures of grants as they occur. Compensation cost for awards is recognized using the straight-line method over the vesting period. Stock-based compensation is included in general and administrative expense and research and development expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
Income Taxes

Income Taxes

The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the consolidated financial statements carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets depends on the generation of future taxable income during the period in which related temporary differences become deductible. The Company considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in its assessment of a valuation allowance. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date of such change.

The Company uses a two-step approach for recognizing and measuring tax benefits taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The Company determines whether it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. In evaluating whether a tax position has met the more likely than not recognition threshold, the Company presumes that the position will be examined by the appropriate taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. Tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold are measured to determine the amount of tax benefit to recognize in the consolidated financial statements. The tax position is measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Differences between tax positions taken in a tax return and amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements will generally result in one or more of the following: an increase in a liability for income taxes payable, a reduction of an income tax refund receivable, a reduction in a deferred tax asset, or an increase in a deferred tax liability.

The Company classifies interest and penalties on income taxes as a component of income tax expense, if any.
Contingencies

Contingencies

The Company accrues for loss contingencies when both (a) information available prior to issuance of the consolidated financial statements indicates that it is probable that a liability had been incurred at the date of the consolidated financial statements and (b) the amount of loss can reasonably be estimated. When the Company accrues for loss contingencies and the reasonable estimate of the loss is within a range, the Company records its best estimate within the range. When no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, the Company accrues the minimum amount in the range. The Company discloses an estimated possible loss or a range of loss when it is at least reasonably possible that a loss may have been incurred.
Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value of financial and non-financial assets and liabilities is defined as an exit price, which is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The three-tier hierarchy for inputs used to measure fair value, which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value, is as follows:

●Level 1 - quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
●Level 2 - quoted prices in active markets for similar assets and liabilities and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability; or
●Level 3 - unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, such as discounted cash flow models or valuations.

A financial asset’s or liability’s classification within the hierarchy is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement requires judgment and may affect the valuation of the assets and liabilities being measured and their placement within the fair value hierarchy.
Functional Currency

Functional Currency

The U.S. Dollar is the functional currency of our entities operating in the United States. The functional currency for our subsidiaries operating outside of the United States is the New Israeli Shekel, or NIS, the currency of the primary economic environment in which such subsidiaries primarily expend cash. The Company translates those subsidiaries’ financial statements into U.S. Dollars. The Company translates assets and liabilities at the exchange rate in effect as of the consolidated financial statement date, and translates accounts from the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss using the weighted average exchange rate for the period. The Company reports gains and losses from currency exchange rate changes related to intercompany receivables and payables, which are not of a long-term investment nature, as part of other comprehensive loss.
Warrants

Warrants

The Company accounts for warrants to purchase Class B common stock as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the specific terms of the warrants considering the authoritative guidance in ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480”) and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”). The assessment considers whether the warrants meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480 and meet all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the warrants are indexed to the Company’s own common stock and satisfy additional conditions for equity classification. Equity classified warrants are measured at fair value at their issuance date in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement. Warrants that are liability-classified are measured at fair value at each reporting date in accordance with the guidance in ASC 820, with any subsequent changes in fair value recognized in the statement of operations in the period of change.
Loss Per Share

Loss Per Share

Basic loss per share is computed by dividing net loss attributable to all classes of common stockholders of the Company by the weighted average number of shares of all classes of common stock outstanding during the applicable period. Diluted loss per share is determined in the same manner as basic loss per share, except that the number of shares is increased to include restricted stock still subject to risk of forfeiture and to assume exercise of potentially dilutive stock options using the treasury stock method, unless the effect of such increase would be anti-dilutive.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2020, the FASB issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) No. 2020-06, Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity (“ASU 2020-06”), which simplifies an issuer’s accounting for convertible instruments by reducing the number of accounting models that require separate accounting for embedded conversion features. ASU 2020-06 also simplifies the settlement assessment that entities are required to perform to determine whether a contract qualifies for equity classification and makes targeted improvements to the disclosures for convertible instruments and earnings-per-share (“EPS”) guidance. This update is effective for the Company’s fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company adopted the standard effective August 1, 2024. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2023-07, with the goal of enhancing segment disclosures under Topic 280, Segment Reporting, which requires public entities to disclose significant segment expenses regularly provided to the chief operating decision-maker. Public entities with a single reporting segment have to provide all disclosures required by ASC 280, including the significant segment expense disclosures. This update is applicable for all public entities. The amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted the provisions of ASU 2023-07 as of July 31, 2025 on a retrospective basis. The adoption did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements, refer to Note 22, Business Segment Information.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. The guidance is effective for the Company’s fiscal year ending July 31, 2026, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact that this standard may have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

On November 4, 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (“DISE”), which requires disaggregated disclosure of income statement expenses for public business entities. The ASU does not change the expense captions an entity presents on the face of the income statement; rather, it requires disaggregation of certain expense captions into specified categories in disclosures within the footnotes to the consolidated financial statements. ASU 2024-03 is effective for all public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact that this standard may have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies and are adopted by the Company as of the specified effective date. The Company believes that the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on its financial position or results of operations upon adoption.