<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001140361-24-037073.txt : 20240813
<SEC-HEADER>0001140361-24-037073.hdr.sgml : 20240813
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20240813161303
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001140361-24-037073
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		15
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20240813
ITEM INFORMATION:		Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement
ITEM INFORMATION:		Termination of a Material Definitive Agreement
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20240813
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20240813

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			PDS Biotechnology Corp
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001472091
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS [2834]
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	03 Life Sciences
		IRS NUMBER:				264231384
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-37568
		FILM NUMBER:		241201599

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		303A COLLEGE ROAD EAST
		CITY:			PRINCETON
		STATE:			NJ
		ZIP:			08540
		BUSINESS PHONE:		800-208-3343

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		303A COLLEGE ROAD EAST
		CITY:			PRINCETON
		STATE:			NJ
		ZIP:			08540

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	Edge Therapeutics, Inc.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20090911
</SEC-HEADER>
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<div>UNITED STATES</div>
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    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold;">SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</div>

    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">WASHINGTON, DC 20549</div>

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    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">CURRENT REPORT</div>

    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the</div>

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    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Charter)</div>

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    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">(Former Name or Former Address, if Changed Since Last Report)</div>

    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the
      following provisions (<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-style: italic;">see</span> General Instruction A.2. below):</div>

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    <td style="width: 91.35%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Pre-commencement communication pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))</div>
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    <td rowspan="1" style="width: 4.81%; vertical-align: middle;">&#160;</td>

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    <td rowspan="1" style="width: 91.35%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

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    <td style="width: 91.35%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Pre-commencement communication pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))</div>
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    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:</div>

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            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Title of each class</div>
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    <td style="width: 24.76%; vertical-align: top; border-left: #000000 2px solid; border-right: #000000 2px solid; border-top: #000000 2px solid; border-bottom: #000000 2px solid;">
            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Trading Symbol(s)</div>
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    <td style="width: 37.62%; vertical-align: top; border-left: #000000 2px solid; border-right: #000000 2px solid; border-bottom: #000000 2px solid;">
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            <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="-sec-ix-hidden:Fact_3ab9e4b1db464965b711dde6aef7c3c4">The Nasdaq Capital Market</span><br/>
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    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (17 CFR &#167;230.405 of this
      chapter) or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (17 CFR &#167;240.12b-2 of this chapter).</div>

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    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Emerging growth company <ix:nonNumeric name="dei:EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" id="Fact_0981e98e8b6d4333905e19ba99aedebe" contextRef="c20240813to20240813" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></div>

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    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">
<div>If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or
      revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. Yes &#9744; No <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Segoe UI Symbol', sans-serif;">&#9744;</span></div>

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              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Item 1.01</div>
            </td>

    <td style="width: 90%; vertical-align: top;">
              <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Entry Into a Material Definitive
                  Agreement.</span></div>
            </td>

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    </div>
<div>
    On August 13, 2024, PDS Biotechnology Corporation (the &#8220;Company&#8221;) entered into an Amended and Restated At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (the &#8220;Sales Agreement&#8221;) with B. Riley Securities, Inc. and H.C. Wainwright &amp; Co., LLC (each an &#8220;Agent&#8221; and
    collectively the &#8220;Agents&#8221;) with respect to an at-the-market offering program under which the Company may offer and sell, from time to time at its sole discretion, shares of its common stock, par value $0.00033 per share (the &#8220;Common Stock&#8221;), having an
    aggregate offering price of up to $50.0 million (the &#8220;Placement Shares&#8221;) through or to the Agents, as sales agents or principals. The issuance and sale, if any, of the Placement Shares by the Company under the Sales Agreement will be made pursuant to
    the Company&#8217;s registration statement on Form S-3, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 24, 2022 and declared effective on September 2, 2022. The Sales Agreement supersedes and replaces that certain At Market Issuance
    Sales Agreement, dated August 22, 2022, by and among the Company and B. Riley Securities, Inc. and BTIG, LLC.
    </div>
<div><br/>
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Upon delivery of a placement notice and subject to the terms and conditions of the Sales Agreement, the Agents may sell the Placement Shares by any method
      permitted by law deemed to be an &#8220;at the market&#8221; offering as defined in Rule 415 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, including, without limitation, sales made through The Nasdaq Capital Market or on any other existing trading market for the
      Common Stock. The Agents will use commercially reasonable efforts to sell the Placement Shares from time to time, based upon instructions from the Company (including any price, time or size limits or other customary parameters or conditions the
      Company may impose). The Company will pay the Agents a commission equal to three percent (3%) of the gross sales proceeds of any Placement Shares sold through the Agents under the Sales Agreement, and also has provided the Agents with customary
      indemnification and contribution rights.</div>

    <div><br/>
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">The Company is not obligated to make any sales of the Common Stock under the Sales Agreement. The offering of Placement Shares pursuant to the Sales Agreement
      will terminate upon the earlier of (i) the sale of all Placement Shares subject to the Sales Agreement or (ii) termination of the Sales Agreement in accordance with its terms.</div>

    <div><br/>
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    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">DLA Piper LLP (US), counsel to the Company, has issued a legal opinion relating to the Placement Shares. A copy of such legal opinion, including the consent
      included therein, is attached as Exhibit 5.1 hereto.</div>

    <div><br/>
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">The foregoing description of the Sales Agreement is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Sales Agreement, which is filed as Exhibit
      10.1 to this Current Report on Form 8-K and incorporated herein by reference.</div>

    <div><br/>
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    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">This Current Report on Form 8-K shall not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy the securities discussed herein, nor shall there
      be any offer, solicitation, or sale of the securities in any state in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to registration or qualification under the securities laws of any such state.</div>

    <div><br/>
    </div>

    <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: left; color: #000000;">


  <tr>

    <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Item 1.02</div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 90%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Termination of a Material Definitive Agreement.</div>
          </td>

  </tr>


</table>
    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <br/>
    </div>

    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">The information provided in Item 1.01 of this Current Report on Form 8-K is incorporated by reference into this Item 1.02.</div>

    <div><br/>
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    <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: left; color: #000000;">


  <tr>

    <td style="width: 10%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Item 9.01</div>
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    <td style="width: 90%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Financial Statements and Exhibits.</div>
          </td>

  </tr>


</table>
    <div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"> </span><br/>
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            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 10pt;">Exhibit No.</div>
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            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Description</div>
          </td>

  </tr>

  <tr>

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    <td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;">&#160;</td>

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    <td style="width: 9%; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="ny20034050x2_ex5-1.htm">5.1</a></div>
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    <td style="width: 89.96%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Opinion of DLA Piper LLP (US).</div>
          </td>

  </tr>

  <tr>

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    <td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;">&#160;</td>

  </tr>

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    <td style="width: 9%; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="ny20034050x2_ex10-1.htm">10.1</a></div>
          </td>

    <td style="width: 1%; vertical-align: bottom;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 89.96%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Amended and Restated At Market Issuance Sales Agreement dated August 13, 2024 by and between the Company, B. Riley Securities, Inc., and H.C.
              Wainwright &amp; Co., LLC.</div>
          </td>

  </tr>

  <tr>

    <td style="width: 9%; vertical-align: middle;">&#160;</td>

    <td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;">&#160;</td>

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    <td style="width: 89.96%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Consent of DLA Piper LLP (US) (contained in Exhibit 5.1 above).</div>
          </td>

  </tr>

  <tr>

    <td style="width: 9%; vertical-align: middle;">&#160;</td>

    <td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;">&#160;</td>

  </tr>

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    <td style="width: 9%; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">104</div>
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    <td style="width: 89.96%; vertical-align: top;">
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    <div><br/>
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    <div style="text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">SIGNATURES</div>

    <div><br/>
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    <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned
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    <div><br/>
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            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Date: August 13, 2024</div>
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    <td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">PDS BIOTECHNOLOGY CORPORATION</div>
          </td>

  </tr>

  <tr>

    <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 5%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

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            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">By:</div>
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    <td style="width: 45%; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">/s/ Frank Bedu-Addo, Ph.D.</div>
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  </tr>

  <tr>

    <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

    <td style="width: 5%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Name:</div>
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    <td style="width: 45%; vertical-align: top;">
            <div style="text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Frank Bedu-Addo, Ph.D.</div>
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  </tr>

  <tr>

    <td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top;">&#160;</td>

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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-5.1
<SEQUENCE>2
<FILENAME>ny20034050x2_ex5-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 5.1
<TEXT>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">August
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">PDS
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">25B
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">RE:
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Ladies
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We
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      per share, having an aggregate offering price of up to $50.0 million (the &#8220;<u>Placement Shares</u>&#8221;), pursuant to
      the Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#8220;<u>SEC</u>&#8221;) under
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        Statement</u>&#8221;), the related base prospectus (the &#8220;<u>Base Prospectus</u>&#8221;), and the accompanying prospectus
      supplement (the &#8220;<u>Prospectus Supplement</u>&#8221; and together with the Base Prospectus, the &#8220;<u>Prospectus</u>&#8221;),
      filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Act on August 13, 2024, and the At Market Issuance Sales Agreement dated
      August 13, 2024 by and among the Company and B. Riley Securities, Inc. and BTIG, LLC, as agents and principals (the &#8220;<u>Sales
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      or copies certified or otherwise identified to our satisfaction, of the Eight Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation,
      as amended and the Third Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company, and such other documents, records and other instruments as
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      have assumed the genuineness of all signatures, the legal capacity of all natural persons, the authenticity of the documents submitted
      to us as originals, the conformity with the originals of all documents submitted to us as certified, facsimile or photostatic
      copies and the authenticity of the originals of all documents submitted to us as copies.</font></p>
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      hereby consent to the use of this opinion as Exhibit 5.1 and to the reference to us under the caption &#8220;Legal Matters&#8221;
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      whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Act or the rules or regulations of the SEC thereunder.</font></p>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-10.1
<SEQUENCE>3
<FILENAME>ny20034050x2_ex10-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 10.1
<TEXT>
<html>
  <head>
    <title></title>
    <!-- Licensed to: Broadridge Financial Solutions, Inc.
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  <p style="margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b><i>Execution Version</i></b></font></p>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(par value $0.00033 per share)</font><font style="font-size: 10pt"><br>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Amended and Restated At Market Issuance Sales Agreement</b></font></p>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">August 13, 2024</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">B. Riley Securities, Inc.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">299 Park Avenue, 21<sup style="vertical-align: text-top; line-height: 1; font-size: smaller;">st</sup> Floor</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">New York, NY 10171</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">H.C. Wainwright &amp; Co., LLC</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">430 Park Avenue</font></p>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">New York, NY 10022</font></p>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Ladies and Gentlemen:</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">PDS Biotechnology Corporation, a Delaware corporation (the &#8220;<u>Company</u>&#8221;)
      and B. Riley Securities, Inc. (&#8220;<u>B. Riley Securities</u>&#8221;) are parties to that certain At Market Issuance Sales Agreement dated August 24, 2022 (the &#8220;<u>Original Agreement</u>&#8221;). Together with H.C. Wainwright &amp; Co., LLC (&#8220;<u>Wainwright</u>&#8221;;
      each of B. Riley Securities and Wainwright an &#8220;<u>Agent</u>&#8221; and together, the &#8220;<u>Agents</u>&#8221;), the Company and the Agents desire to amend and restate the Original Agreement as set forth in this agreement (this &#8220;<u>Agreement</u>&#8221;), and hereby agree
      as follows:</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Issuance and Sale of Shares</u>. The Company agrees
      that, from time to time during the term of this Agreement, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein, it may issue and sell through or to the Agents, as sales agents or principals, shares (the &#8220;<u>Placement Shares</u>&#8221;); of the
      Company&#8217;s common stock, par value $0.00033 per share (the &#8220;<u>Common Stock</u>&#8221;), having an aggregate offering price of $50,000,000; <i>provided however, </i>that in no event shall the Company issue or sell through the Agents such number of
      Placement Shares that (a) exceeds the number of shares or dollar amount of Common Stock registered on the effective Registration Statement (as defined below) pursuant to which the offering is being made or (b) exceeds the number of shares or dollar
      amount registered on the Prospectus Supplement (as defined below) (the lesser of (a) or (b) the &#8220;<u>Maximum Amount</u>&#8221;) and <i>provided further, however,</i> that in no event shall the aggregate number of Placement Shares sold pursuant to this
      Agreement exceed the number of authorized but unissued shares of Common Stock. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, the parties hereto agree that compliance with the limitations set forth in this <u>Section 1</u> on the number
      of Placement Shares issued and sold under this Agreement shall be the sole responsibility of the Company and that the Agents shall have no obligation in connection with such compliance. The issuance and sale of Placement Shares through the Agents
      will be effected pursuant to the Registration Statement (as defined below), although nothing in this Agreement shall be construed as requiring the Company to use the Registration Statement to issue any Placement Shares.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.05in 0pt 0.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.05in 0pt 0.9pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company has prepared and will file, in accordance with the
      provisions of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder (collectively, the &#8220;<u>Securities Act</u>&#8221;), with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#8220;Commission&#8221;) a registration statement on Form&#160;S-3,&#160;including
      (a)&#160;a base prospectus, relating to certain securities, including the Common Stock, to be issued from time to time by the Company, and which incorporates by reference documents that the Company has filed or will file in accordance with the provisions
      of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder (collectively, the &#8220;<u>Exchange Act</u>&#8221;), and (b)&#160;a prospectus supplement specifically relating to the Placement Shares to be issued from time to time
      pursuant to this Agreement (the &#8220;<u>Prospectus Supplement</u>&#8221;) to the base prospectus included as part of such registration statement. The Company will furnish to the Agents, for use by the Agents, copies of the base prospectus included as part of
      such registration statement at the time it becomes effective, as supplemented by the Prospectus Supplement. Except where the context otherwise requires, such registration statement, and any post-effective amendment thereto, including all documents
      filed as part thereof or incorporated by reference therein, and including any information contained in a Prospectus (as defined below) subsequently filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act or deemed to be a part of
      such registration statement pursuant to Rule 430B of the Securities Act or any subsequent registration statement on Form S-3 filed pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act by the Company to cover any Placement Shares, is herein called the &#8220;<u>Registration
        Statement</u>.&#8221; The base prospectus, including all documents incorporated or deemed incorporated therein by reference to the extent such information has not been superseded or modified in accordance with Rule 412 under the Securities Act (as
      qualified by Rule 430B(g) of the Securities Act), included in the Registration Statement, as it may be supplemented by the Prospectus Supplement, in the form in which such prospectus and/or Prospectus Supplement have most recently been filed by the
      Company with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act, together with any &#8220;issuer free writing prospectus&#8221; (as used herein, as defined in Rule 433 under the Securities Act (&#8220;<u>Rule 433</u>&#8221;)), relating to the Placement Shares
      that (i)&#160;is required to be filed with the Commission by the Company or (ii)&#160;is exempt from filing pursuant to Rule 433(d)(5)(i), in each case, in the form filed or required to be filed with the Commission or, if not required to be filed, in the form
      retained in the Company&#8217;s records pursuant to Rule 433(g), is herein called the &#8220;<u>Prospectus</u>.&#8221; Any reference herein to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus Supplement, the Prospectus or any issuer free writing prospectus shall be deemed
      to refer to and include the documents incorporated by reference therein, and any reference herein to the terms &#8220;amend,&#8221; &#8220;amendment&#8221; or &#8220;supplement&#8221; with respect to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus shall be deemed to refer to and include
      the filing after the execution hereof of any document with the Commission incorporated by reference therein (the &#8220;<u>Incorporated Documents</u>&#8221;), including, unless the context otherwise requires, the documents, if any, filed as exhibits to such
      Incorporated Documents.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">For purposes of this Agreement, all references to the Registration
      Statement, the Prospectus or to any amendment or supplement thereto shall be deemed to include the most recent copy filed with the Commission pursuant to its Electronic Data Gathering Analysis and Retrieval System, or if applicable, the Interactive
      Data Electronic Application system when used by the Commission (collectively, &#8220;<u>EDGAR</u>&#8221;).</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
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    <div class="BRPFPageNumberArea" style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: normal">2</font></div>
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  </div>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Placements</u>. Each time that the Company wishes to
      issue and sell Placement Shares hereunder (each, a &#8220;<u>Placement</u>&#8221;), it will notify an Agent (the &#8220;<u>Designated Agent</u>&#8221;) by electronic mail (or other method mutually agreed to in writing by the Company and the Designated Agent) of the number
      or dollar value of Placement Shares to be issued, the time period during which sales are requested to be made, any limitation on the number of Placement Shares that may be sold in any one Trading Day (as defined below) and any minimum price below
      which sales may not be made (a &#8220;<u>Placement Notice</u>&#8221;), the form of which is attached hereto as <u>Schedule 1</u>. The Placement Notice shall originate from any of the individuals from the Company set forth on <u>Schedule 3</u> (with a copy to
      each of the other individuals from the Company listed on such schedule), and shall be addressed to each of the individuals from the Designated Agent set forth on <u>Schedule 3,</u> as such <u>Schedule 3</u> may be amended from time to time. The
      Placement Notice shall be effective immediately upon receipt by the Designated Agent unless and until (i) in accordance with the notice requirements set forth in Section 14, the Designated Agent declines to accept the terms contained therein for any
      reason, in its sole discretion, (ii) the entire amount of the Placement Shares thereunder has been sold, (iii) in accordance with the notice requirements set forth in Section 14, the Company suspends or terminates the Placement Notice, which
      suspension and termination rights may be exercised by the Company in its sole discretion, (iv) the Company issues a subsequent Placement Notice with parameters superseding those on the earlier dated Placement Notice, or (v) this Agreement has been
      terminated under the provisions of <u>Section 13</u>. The amount of any discount, commission or other compensation to be paid by the Company to the Designated Agent in connection with the sale of the Placement Shares shall be calculated in
      accordance with the terms set forth in <u>Schedule 2</u>. It is expressly acknowledged and agreed that neither the Company nor the Designated Agent will have any obligation whatsoever with respect to a Placement or any Placement Shares unless and
      until the Company delivers a Placement Notice to the Designated Agent and the Designated Agent does not decline such Placement Notice pursuant to the terms set forth above, and then only upon the terms specified therein and herein. In the event of a
      conflict between the terms of <u>Sections 2</u> or <u>3</u> of this Agreement and the terms of a Placement Notice, the terms of the Placement Notice will control.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Sale of Placement Shares by the Agents</u>. Subject to
      the terms and conditions of this Agreement, for the period specified in a Placement Notice, the Designated Agent will use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable state and federal
      laws, rules and regulations and the rules of the Nasdaq Capital Market (the &#8220;<u>Exchange</u>&#8221;), to sell the Placement Shares up to the amount specified in, and otherwise in accordance with the terms of, such Placement Notice. The Designated Agent
      will provide written confirmation to the Company no later than the opening of the Trading Day (as defined below) immediately following the Trading Day on which it has made sales of Placement Shares hereunder setting forth the number of Placement
      Shares sold on such day, the volume weighted average trading price of the Placement Shares sold, the compensation payable by the Company to the Designated Agent pursuant to <u>Section 2</u> with respect to such sales, and the Net Proceeds (as
      defined below) payable to the Company, with an itemization of the deductions made by the Designated Agent (as set forth in <u>Section 5(b))</u> from the gross proceeds that it receives from such sales. Subject to the terms of a Placement Notice, the
      Designated Agent may sell Placement Shares by any method permitted by law deemed to be an &#8220;at the market offering&#8221; as defined in Rule 415 of the Securities Act. &#8220;<u>Trading Day</u>&#8221; means any day on which shares of Common Stock are purchased and sold
      on the Exchange.</font></p>
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  </div>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.9pt; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Suspension of Sales</u>. The Company or the Designated
      Agent may, upon notice to the other party in writing (including by email correspondence to each of the individuals of the other party set forth on <u>Schedule 3</u>, if receipt of such correspondence is actually acknowledged by any of the
      individuals to whom the notice is sent, other than via auto-reply) or by telephone (confirmed immediately by verifiable facsimile transmission or email correspondence to each of the individuals of the other party set forth on <u>Schedule </u>3),
      suspend any sale of Placement Shares (a &#8220;<u>Suspension</u>&#8221;); <i>provided, however</i>, that such suspension shall not affect or impair any party&#8217;s obligations with respect to any Placement Shares sold hereunder prior to the receipt of such notice.
      While a Suspension is in effect, any obligation under <u>Sections 7(l)</u>, <u>7(m)</u>, and <u>7(n)</u> with respect to the delivery of certificates, opinions, or comfort letters to the Agents, shall be waived. Each of the parties agrees that no
      such notice under this <u>Section 4</u> shall be effective against any other party unless it is made to one of the individuals named on <u>Schedule 3</u> hereto, as such Schedule may be amended from time to time.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.3pt"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Sale and Delivery to the Designated Agent; Settlement</u>.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.7pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 35.3pt"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Sale of Placement Shares</u>. On the basis of the
      representations and warranties herein contained and subject to the terms and conditions herein set forth, upon the Designated Agent&#8217;s acceptance of the terms of a Placement Notice, and unless the sale of the Placement Shares described therein has
      been declined, suspended, or otherwise terminated in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, the Designated Agent, for the period specified in the Placement Notice, will use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading
      and sales practices and applicable state and federal laws, rules and regulations and the rules of the Exchange to sell such Placement Shares up to the amount specified in, and otherwise in accordance with the terms of, such Placement Notice. The
      Company acknowledges and agrees that (i) there can be no assurance that the Designated Agent will be successful in selling Placement Shares, (ii) the Designated Agent will incur no liability or obligation to the Company or any other person or entity
      if it does not sell Placement Shares for any reason other than a failure by the Designated Agent to use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable state and federal laws, rules and
      regulations and the rules of the Exchange to sell such Placement Shares as required under this Agreement and (iii) the Designated Agent shall be under no obligation to purchase Placement Shares on a principal basis pursuant to this Agreement, except
      as otherwise agreed by the Designated Agent and the Company.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">b.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Settlement of Placement Shares</u>. Unless otherwise
      specified in the applicable Placement Notice, settlement for sales of Placement Shares will occur on the first&#160;(1<sup style="vertical-align: text-top; line-height: 1; font-size: smaller;">st</sup>) Trading Day (or such earlier day as is industry
      practice for regular-way trading) following the date on which such sales are made (each, a &#8220;<u>Settlement Date</u>&#8221;). The Designated Agent shall notify the Company of each sale of Placement Shares no later than the opening of the Trading Day
      immediately after the Trading Day that the Designated Agent sold Placement Shares. The amount of proceeds to be delivered to the Company on a Settlement Date against receipt of the Placement Shares sold (the &#8220;<u>Net Proceeds</u>&#8221;) will be equal to
      the aggregate sales price received by the Designated Agent for the Placement Shares sold, after deduction for (i) the Designated Agent&#8217;s commission, discount or other compensation for such sales payable by the Company pursuant to Section 2 hereof,
      and (ii) any transaction fees imposed by any governmental or self-regulatory organization in respect of such sales.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
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    <div class="BRPFPageNumberArea" style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: normal">4</font></div>
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  </div>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">c.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Delivery of Placement Shares</u>. On or before each
      Settlement Date, the Company will, or will cause its transfer agent to, electronically transfer the Placement Shares being sold by crediting the Designated Agent&#8217;s or its designee&#8217;s account (provided the Designated Agent shall have given the Company
      written notice of such designee and such designee&#8217;s account information at least one Trading Day prior to the Settlement Date) at The Depository Trust Company through its Deposit and Withdrawal at Custodian System or by such other means of delivery
      as may be mutually agreed upon by the parties hereto which in all cases shall be freely tradable, transferable, registered shares in good deliverable form. On each Settlement Date, the Designated Agent will deliver the related Net Proceeds in same
      day funds to an account designated by the Company on, or prior to, the Settlement Date. The Company agrees that if the Company, or its transfer agent (if applicable), defaults in its obligation to deliver Placement Shares on a Settlement Date through
      no fault of the Designated Agent, then in addition to and in no way limiting the rights and obligations set forth in <u>Section 11(a)</u> hereto, it will (i) hold the Designated Agent harmless against any loss, claim, damage, or reasonable,
      documented expense (including reasonable and documented legal fees and expenses), as incurred, arising out of or in connection with such default by the Company or its transfer agent (if applicable) and (ii)&#160;pay to the Designated Agent (without
      duplication) any commission, discount, or other compensation to which it would otherwise have been entitled absent such default.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">d.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Limitations on Offering Size</u>. Under no circumstances
      shall the Company cause or request the offer or sale of any Placement Shares if, after giving effect to the sale of such Placement Shares, the aggregate number of Placement Shares sold pursuant to this Agreement would exceed the lesser of (A)
      together with all sales of Placement Shares under this Agreement, the Maximum Amount, (B) the amount available for offer and sale under the currently effective Registration Statement and (C) the amount authorized from time to time to be issued and
      sold under this Agreement by the Company&#8217;s board of directors, a duly authorized committee thereof or a duly authorized executive committee, and notified to the Designated Agent in writing. Under no circumstances shall the Company cause or request
      the offer or sale of any Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement at a price lower than the minimum price authorized from time to time by the Company&#8217;s board of directors, a duly authorized committee thereof or a duly authorized executive
      committee, and notified to the Designated Agent in writing.</font></p>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">e.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Sales Through Agents</u>. The Company agrees that any
      offer to sell, any solicitation of an offer to buy, or any sales of Placement Shares or any other equity security of the Company shall only be effected by or through an Agent, and only a single Agent, on any single given date, and in no event shall
      the Company request that more than one Agent sell Placement Shares on the same day; provided however that (i) the foregoing limitation shall not apply to (A) exercise of any option, warrant, right or any conversion privilege set forth in the
      instruction governing such securities, or (B) sales solely to employees, directors or security holders of the Company or its subsidiaries, or to a trustee or other person acquiring such securities for the accounts of such person, and (ii) such
      limitation shall not apply (A) on any day during which no sales are made pursuant to this Agreement or (B) during a period in which the Company has notified the Agents that it will not sell Common Stock under this Agreement and (1) no Placement
      Notice is pending or (2) after a Placement Notice has been withdrawn.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10pt; CLEAR: both; MARGIN-TOP: 10pt">
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">6.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Representations and Warranties of the Company</u>.
      Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or Prospectus (including the Incorporated Documents), the Company represents and warrants to, and agrees with each of the Agents that as of the date of this Agreement and as of each Applicable Time
      (as defined below), unless such representation, warranty or agreement specifies a different date or time:</font></p>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Registration Statement and Prospectus</u>. The
      transactions contemplated by this Agreement meet the requirements for and comply with the conditions for the use of Form&#160;S-3 under the Securities Act. The Registration Statement will be filed with the Commission and will be declared effective by the
      Commission under the Securities Act prior to the issuance of any Placement Notices by the Company. The Prospectus Supplement will name B. Riley Securities and Wainwright as the agents in the section entitled &#8220;Plan of Distribution.&#8221; The Company has
      not received, and has no notice of, any order of the Commission preventing or suspending the use of the Registration Statement, or threatening or instituting proceedings for that purpose. The Registration Statement and the offer and sale of Placement
      Shares as contemplated hereby meet the requirements of Rule 415 under the Securities Act and comply in all material respects with said Rule. Any statutes, regulations, contracts or other documents that are required to be described in the Registration
      Statement or the Prospectus or to be filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement have been so described or filed, as applicable. Copies of the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, and any such amendments or supplements and all documents
      incorporated by reference therein that were filed with the Commission on or prior to the date of this Agreement have been delivered, or are available through EDGAR, to the Agents and their counsel. The Company has not distributed and, prior to the
      later to occur of each Settlement Date and completion of the distribution of the Placement Shares, will not distribute any offering material in connection with the offering or sale of the Placement Shares other than the Registration Statement and the
      Prospectus and any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus (as defined below) to which the Agents have consented, which consent will not be unreasonably withheld or delayed, or that is required by applicable law or the listing maintenance requirements of the
      Exchange. The Common Stock is currently quoted on the Exchange under the trading symbol &#8220;PDSB.&#8221; The Company has not, in the 12&#160;months preceding the date hereof, received notice from the Exchange to the effect that the Company is not in compliance
      with the listing or maintenance requirements of the Exchange. To the Company&#8217;s knowledge, it is in compliance with all such listing and maintenance requirements.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
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      the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, as of such date, will conform in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act. The Registration Statement, when it became or becomes effective, did not, and will not, contain an
      untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading. The Prospectus and any amendment and supplement thereto, on the date thereof and at each
      Applicable Time (defined below), did not or will not include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.
      The documents incorporated by reference in the Prospectus or any Prospectus Supplement did not, and any further documents filed and incorporated by reference therein will not, when filed with the Commission, contain an untrue statement of a material
      fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated in such document or necessary to make the statements in such document, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The foregoing shall not apply to statements
      in, or omissions from, any such document made in reliance upon, and in conformity with, information furnished to the Company by an Agent specifically for use in the preparation thereof.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"></p>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&#160;<font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">c.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Conformity with Securities Act and Exchange Act</u>. The
      Registration Statement, the Prospectus, any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto, and the Incorporated Documents, when such documents were or are filed with the Commission under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act
      or became or become effective under the Securities Act, as the case may be, conformed or will conform in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, as applicable.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">d.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Financial Information</u>. The consolidated financial
      statements of the Company included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, together with the related notes and schedules, present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the
      Company and the Subsidiaries (as defined below) as of the dates indicated and the consolidated results of operations, cash flows and changes in stockholders&#8217; equity of the Company and the Subsidiaries for the periods specified (subject, in the case
      of unaudited statements, to normal year-end audit adjustments which will not be material, either individually or in the aggregate) and have been prepared in compliance with the published requirements of the Securities Act and Exchange Act, as
      applicable, and in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (&#8220;<u>GAAP</u>&#8221;) applied on a consistent basis (except (i) for such adjustments to accounting standards and practices as are noted therein and (ii) in the
      case of unaudited interim statements, to the extent they may exclude footnotes or may be condensed or summary statements) during the periods involved; the other financial and statistical data with respect to the Company and the Subsidiaries contained
      or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, are accurately and fairly presented and prepared on a basis consistent with the financial statements and books and records of the Company; there are no financial
      statements (historical or pro forma) that are required to be included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, or the Prospectus that are not included or incorporated by reference as required; the Company and the Subsidiaries do
      not have any material liabilities or obligations, direct or contingent (including any off balance sheet obligations), not described in the Registration Statement, and the Prospectus which are required to be described in the Registration Statement or
      Prospectus; and all disclosures contained or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, if any, regarding &#8220;non-GAAP financial measures&#8221; (as such term is defined by the rules and regulations of the Commission) comply
      in all material respects with Regulation G of the Exchange Act and Item 10 of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act, to the extent applicable.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">e.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Conformity with EDGAR Filing</u>. The Prospectus
      delivered to the Agents for use in connection with the sale of the Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement will be identical to the versions of the Prospectus created to be transmitted to the Commission for filing via EDGAR, except to the extent
      permitted by Regulation S-T.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">f.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Organization</u>. The Company and any subsidiary that is
      a significant subsidiary (as such term is defined in Rule 1-02 of Regulation S-X promulgated by the Commission) (each, a &#8220;<u>Subsidiary</u>,&#8221; collectively, the &#8220;<u>Subsidiaries</u>&#8221;), are, and will be, duly organized, validly existing as a
      corporation and in good standing under the laws of their respective jurisdictions of organization. The Company and the Subsidiaries are duly licensed or qualified as a foreign corporation for transaction of business and in good standing under the
      laws of each other jurisdiction in which their respective ownership or lease of property or the conduct of their respective businesses requires such license or qualification, and have all corporate power and authority necessary to own or hold their
      respective properties and to conduct their respective businesses as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, except where the failure to be so qualified or in good standing or have such power or authority would not, individually or
      in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on the assets, business, operations, earnings, properties, condition (financial or otherwise), prospects, stockholders&#8217; equity or results of operations of the Company and the Subsidiaries taken as a
      whole, or prevent the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby (a &#8220;<u>Material Adverse Effect</u>&#8221;).</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"></p>
  <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10pt; CLEAR: both; MARGIN-TOP: 10pt">
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">g.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Subsidiaries</u>. The Company owns directly or
      indirectly, all of the equity interests of the Subsidiaries free and clear of any lien, charge, security interest, encumbrance, right of first refusal or other restriction, and all the equity interests of the Subsidiaries are validly issued and are
      fully paid, nonassessable and free of preemptive and similar rights. The Company does not own or control, directly or indirectly, any corporation, association or other entity other than the subsidiaries listed in Exhibit 21.1 to the Company&#8217;s Annual
      Report on Form 10-K for the most recently ended fiscal year and other than (i) those subsidiaries not required to be listed on Exhibit 21.1 by Item 601 of Regulation S-K under the Exchange Act and (ii) those subsidiaries formed since the last day of
      the most recently ended fiscal year.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">h.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>No Violation or Default</u>. Neither the Company nor any
      Subsidiary is (i)&#160;in violation of its charter or by-laws or similar organizational documents; (ii) in default, and no event has occurred that, with notice or lapse of time or both, would constitute such a default, in the due performance or observance
      of any term, covenant or condition contained in any indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan agreement or other similar agreement or instrument to which the Company or any Subsidiary is a party or by which the Company or any Subsidiary is bound or to
      which any of the property or assets of the Company or any Subsidiary is subject; or (iii) in violation of any law or statute or any judgment, order, rule or regulation of any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority, except, in the
      case of each of clauses (ii) and (iii) above, for any such violation or default that would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect. To the Company&#8217;s knowledge, no other party under any material contract or other
      agreement to which it or any Subsidiary is a party is in default in any respect thereunder where such default would have a Material Adverse Effect.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">i.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>No Material Adverse Effect</u>. Since the date of the
      most recent financial statements of the Company included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and Prospectus, there has not been (i) any Material Adverse Effect, or any development that would result in a Material Adverse Effect,
      (ii) any transaction which is material to the Company and the Subsidiaries taken as a whole, (iii) any obligation or liability, direct or contingent (including any off-balance sheet obligations), incurred by the Company or the Subsidiaries, which is
      material to the Company and the Subsidiaries taken as a whole, (iv) any material change in the capital stock (other than (A) the grant of additional options under the Company&#8217;s existing stock option plans, (B) changes in the number of outstanding
      Common Stock of the Company due to the issuance of shares upon the exercise or conversion of securities exercisable for, or convertible into, Common Stock outstanding on the date hereof, (C) as a result of the issuance of Placement Shares, (D) any
      repurchases of capital stock of the Company, (E) as described in a proxy statement filed on Schedule 14A or a Registration Statement on Form S-4, or (F)&#160;otherwise publicly announced) or outstanding long-term indebtedness of the Company or the
      Subsidiaries or (v) any dividend or distribution of any kind declared, paid or made on the capital stock of the Company or any Subsidiary, other than in each case above in the ordinary course of business or as otherwise disclosed in the Registration
      Statement or Prospectus (including any document incorporated by reference therein).</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10pt; CLEAR: both; MARGIN-TOP: 10pt">
    <div class="BRPFPageNumberArea" style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: normal">8</font></div>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">j.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Capitalization</u>. The issued and outstanding shares of
      capital stock of the Company have been validly issued, are fully paid and non-assessable and, other than as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, are not subject to any preemptive rights, rights of first refusal or similar
      rights. The Company has an authorized, issued and outstanding capitalization as set forth in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as of the dates referred to therein (other than (i) the grant of additional options under the Company&#8217;s
      existing stock option plans, (ii) changes in the number of outstanding Common Stock of the Company due to the issuance of shares upon the exercise or conversion of securities exercisable for, or convertible into, Common Stock outstanding on the date
      hereof, (iii) as a result of the issuance of Placement Shares, or (iv) any repurchases of capital stock of the Company) and such authorized capital stock conforms to the description thereof set forth in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus.
      The description of the Common Stock in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus is complete and accurate in all material respects. Except as disclosed in or contemplated by the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, the Company did not have
      outstanding any options to purchase, or any rights or warrants to subscribe for, or any securities or obligations convertible into, or exchangeable for, or any contracts or commitments to issue or sell, any shares of capital stock or other
      securities.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">k.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>S-3 Eligibility</u>. (i) At the time of filing the
      Registration Statement and (ii)&#160;at the time of the most recent amendment thereto for the purposes of complying with Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act (whether such amendment was by post-effective amendment, incorporated report filed pursuant to
      Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act or form of prospectus), the Company met the then applicable requirements for use of Form S-3 under the Securities Act, including compliance with General Instruction I.B.1 of Form S-3, as applicable. The Company
      is not a shell company (as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act) and has not been a shell company for at least 12 calendar months previously and if it has been a shell company at any time previously, has filed current Form 10 information (as
      defined in General Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3) with the Commission at least 12 calendar months previously reflecting its status as an entity that is not a shell company.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">l.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Authorization; Enforceability</u>. The Company has full
      legal right, power and authority to enter into this Agreement and perform the transactions contemplated hereby. This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company and is a legal, valid and binding agreement of the Company
      enforceable against the Company in accordance with its terms, except to the extent that (i) enforceability may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or similar laws affecting creditors&#8217; rights generally and by general
      equitable principles and (ii) the indemnification and contribution provisions of <u>Section 11</u> hereof may be limited by federal or state securities laws and public policy considerations in respect thereof.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10pt; CLEAR: both; MARGIN-TOP: 10pt">
    <div class="BRPFPageNumberArea" style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: normal">9</font></div>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">m.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Authorization of Placement Shares</u>. The Placement
      Shares, when issued and delivered pursuant to the terms approved by the board of directors of the Company or a duly authorized committee thereof, or a duly authorized executive committee, against payment therefor as provided herein, will be duly and
      validly authorized and issued and fully paid and nonassessable, free and clear of any pledge, lien, encumbrance, security interest or other claim (other than any pledge, lien, encumbrance, security interest or other claim arising from an act or
      omission of an Agent or a purchaser), including any statutory or contractual preemptive rights, resale rights, rights of first refusal or other similar rights, and will be registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act. The Placement Shares,
      when issued, will conform in all material respects to the description thereof set forth in or incorporated into the Prospectus.</font></p>
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      authorization, order, registration or qualification of or with any court or arbitrator or any governmental or regulatory authority is required for the execution, delivery and performance by the Company of this Agreement, and the issuance and sale by
      the Company of the Placement Shares as contemplated hereby, except for such consents, approvals, authorizations, orders and registrations or qualifications (i) as may be required under applicable state securities laws or by the by-laws and rules of
      the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (&#8220;<u>FINRA</u>&#8221;) or the Exchange, including any notices that may be required by the Exchange, in connection with the sale of the Placement Shares by the Agents, (ii) as may be required under the Securities
      Act and (iii) as have been previously obtained by the Company.</font></p>
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      is defined in Rule 1-02 of Regulation S-X promulgated under the Securities Act (each, a &#8220;<u>Person</u>&#8221;), has the right, contractual or otherwise, to cause the Company to issue or sell to such Person any Common Stock or shares of any other capital
      stock or other securities of the Company (other than upon the exercise of options or warrants to purchase Common Stock or upon the exercise of options that may be granted from time to time under the Company&#8217;s stock option plan), (ii) no Person has
      any preemptive rights, rights of first refusal, or any other rights (whether pursuant to a &#8220;poison pill&#8221; provision or otherwise) to purchase any Common Stock or shares of any other capital stock or other securities of the Company from the Company
      which have not been duly waived with respect to the offering contemplated hereby, (iii) no Person has the right to act as an underwriter or as a financial advisor to the Company in connection with the offer and sale of the Common Stock, and (iv) no
      Person has the right, contractual or otherwise, to require the Company to register under the Securities Act any Common Stock or shares of any other capital stock or other securities of the Company, or to include any such shares or other securities in
      the Registration Statement or the offering contemplated thereby, whether as a result of the filing or effectiveness of the Registration Statement or the sale of the Placement Shares as contemplated thereby or otherwise, except in each case for such
      rights as have been waived on or prior to the date hereof.</font></p>
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      whose report on the consolidated financial statements of the Company is filed with the Commission as part of the Company&#8217;s most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Commission and incorporated into the Registration Statement, are and,
      during the periods covered by their report, were independent public accountants within the meaning of the Securities Act and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). To the Company&#8217;s knowledge, the Accountant is not in violation
      of the auditor independence requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the &#8220;<u>Sarbanes-Oxley Act</u>&#8221;) with respect to the Company.</font></p>
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      the Company and third parties expressly referenced in the Prospectus, other than such agreements that have expired by their terms or whose termination is disclosed in documents filed by the Company on EDGAR, are legal, valid and binding obligations
      of the Company and, to the Company&#8217;s knowledge, enforceable in accordance with their respective terms, except to the extent that (i)&#160;enforceability may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or similar laws affecting
      creditors&#8217; rights generally and by general equitable principles and (ii) the indemnification provisions of certain agreements may be limited by federal or state securities laws or public policy considerations in respect thereof, and except for any
      unenforceability that, individually or in the aggregate, would not have a Material Adverse Effect.</font></p>
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      governmental or regulatory actions, suits or proceedings pending, nor, to the Company&#8217;s knowledge, any legal, governmental or regulatory investigations, including any proceeding before the United States Food and Drug Administration of the U.S.
      Department of Health and Human Services (the &#8220;<u>FDA</u>&#8221;) or comparable federal, state, local or foreign governmental authorities (it being understood that the interaction between the Company and the FDA and such comparable governmental authorities
      relating to the clinical development and product approval process shall not be deemed proceedings for purposes of this representation), to which the Company or a Subsidiary is a party or to which any property of the Company or any Subsidiary is the
      subject that, individually or in the aggregate, if determined adversely to the Company or any Subsidiary, would have a Material Adverse Effect or materially and adversely affect the ability of the Company to perform its obligations under this
      Agreement; to the Company&#8217;s knowledge, no such actions, suits or proceedings are threatened or contemplated in writing by any governmental or regulatory authority or threatened in writing by others that, individually or in the aggregate, if
      determined adversely to the Company or any Subsidiary, would have a Material Adverse Effect; and there are no current or pending legal, governmental or regulatory actions, suits, proceedings or, to the Company&#8217;s knowledge, investigations that are
      required under the Securities Act to be described in the Prospectus that are not described in the Prospectus (including any Incorporated Document). The Company is in compliance with all applicable federal, state, local and foreign laws, regulations,
      orders and decrees governing its business as enforced by the FDA, or any other federal, state or foreign agencies or bodies engaged in the regulation of medical devices, except where noncompliance would not, singularly or in the aggregate, reasonably
      be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. All preclinical and clinical studies conducted by or on behalf of the Company to support clearance for commercialization of the Company&#8217;s products have been conducted by the Company, or to the Company&#8217;s
      knowledge by third parties, in compliance with all applicable federal, state or foreign laws, rules, orders and regulations, except for such failure or failures to be in compliance as would not reasonably be expected to have, singularly or in the
      aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect.</font></p>
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      Subsidiaries possess or have obtained, all licenses, certificates, consents, orders, approvals, permits and other authorizations issued by, and have made all declarations and filings with, the appropriate federal, state, local or foreign governmental
      or regulatory authorities that are necessary for the ownership or lease of their respective properties or the conduct of their respective businesses as currently conducted, as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus (the &#8220;<u>Permits</u>&#8221;),
      except where the failure to possess, obtain or make the same would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has received written notice of any proceeding relating to revocation or
      modification of any such Permit or has any reason to believe that such Permit will not be renewed in the ordinary course, except where the failure to obtain any such renewal would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect.</font></p>
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      Subsidiary has defaulted on any installment on indebtedness for borrowed money or on any rental on one or more long-term leases, which defaults, individually or in the aggregate, would have a Material Adverse Effect. The Company has not filed a
      report pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act since the filing of its last Annual Report on Form 10-K, indicating that it (i) has failed to pay any dividend or sinking fund installment on preferred stock or (ii) has defaulted on any
      installment on indebtedness for borrowed money or on any rental on one or more long-term leases, which defaults, individually or in the aggregate, would have a Material Adverse Effect.</font></p>
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      any Subsidiary, nor, to the knowledge of the Company, any of their respective directors, officers or controlling persons has taken, directly or indirectly, any action designed, or that has constituted or would cause or result in, under the Exchange
      Act or otherwise, the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company to facilitate the sale or resale of the Placement Shares.</font></p>
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      any Subsidiary or any related entities (i) is required to register as a &#8220;broker&#8221; or &#8220;dealer&#8221; in accordance with the provisions of the Exchange Act or (ii) directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls or is a &#8220;person associated
      with a member&#8221; or &#8220;associated person of a member&#8221; (within the meaning set forth in the FINRA Manual).</font></p>
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      or legal counsel for the Agents for any legal, tax or accounting advice in connection with the offering and sale of the Placement Shares.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">x.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Taxes</u>. The Company and the Subsidiaries have filed
      all federal, state, local and foreign tax returns which have been required to be filed and paid all taxes shown thereon through the date hereof, to the extent that such taxes have become due and are not being contested in good faith, except where the
      failure to do so would not have a Material Adverse Effect. Except as otherwise disclosed in or contemplated by the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, no tax deficiency has been determined adversely to the Company or any Subsidiary which has
      had, or would have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect. The Company has no knowledge of any federal, state or other governmental tax deficiency, penalty or assessment which has been or might be asserted or threatened against
      it which would have a Material Adverse Effect.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.05in 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">y.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Title to Real and Personal Property.</u> The
      Company and the Subsidiaries have good and valid title in fee simple to all items of real property and good and valid title to all personal property described in the Registration Statement or Prospectus as being owned by them that are material to the
      businesses of the Company or such Subsidiary, in each case free and clear of all liens, encumbrances and claims, except those that (i) do not materially interfere with the use made and proposed to be made of such property by the Company and the
      Subsidiaries or (ii) would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect. Any real property described in the Registration Statement or Prospectus as being leased by the Company and the Subsidiaries is held by them under valid,
      existing and enforceable leases, except those that (A) do not materially interfere with the use made or proposed to be made of such property by the Company or the Subsidiaries or (B) would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material
      Adverse Effect.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.05in 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10pt; CLEAR: both; MARGIN-TOP: 10pt">
    <div class="BRPFPageNumberArea" style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: normal">12</font></div>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.05in 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.05in 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">z.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Intellectual Property.</u> The Company and the
      Subsidiary own or possess adequate enforceable rights to use all patents, patent applications, trademarks (both registered and unregistered), trade names, trademark registrations, service marks, service mark registrations, Internet domain name
      registrations, copyrights, copyright registrations, licenses and know-how (including trade secrets and other unpatented and/or unpatentable proprietary or confidential information, systems or procedures) (collectively, the &#8220;<u>Intellectual Property</u>&#8221;),
      necessary for the conduct of their respective businesses as conducted as of the date hereof, except to the extent that the failure to own or possess adequate rights to use such Intellectual Property would not, individually or in the aggregate,
      reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. In the last two (2) years, the Company and the Subsidiaries have not received any written notice of any claim of infringement or conflict which asserted Intellectual Property rights of others,
      which infringement or conflict, if the subject of an unfavorable decision, would result in a Material Adverse Effect. There are no pending, or to the Company&#8217;s knowledge, threatened judicial proceedings or interference proceedings challenging the
      Company&#8217;s or any Subsidiary&#8217;s rights in or to or the validity of the scope of any of the Company&#8217;s or its Subsidiaries&#8217; patents, patent applications or proprietary information. To the Company&#8217;s knowledge, no other entity or individual has any right
      or claim in any of the Company&#8217;s or any of its Subsidiary&#8217;s patents, patent applications or any patent to be issued therefrom by virtue of any contract, license or other agreement entered into between such entity or individual and the Company or any
      Subsidiary or by any non-contractual obligation, other than by written licenses granted by the Company or any Subsidiary. In the last two (2) years, the Company has not received any written notice of any claim challenging the rights of the Company or
      its Subsidiaries in or to any Intellectual Property owned, licensed or optioned by the Company or any Subsidiary which claim, if the subject of an unfavorable decision, would result in a Material Adverse Effect.</font></p>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">aa.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Compliance with Applicable Laws.</u> The Company and the
      Subsidiaries: (A) are and at all times have been in material compliance with all statutes, rules and regulations applicable to the ownership, testing, development, manufacture, packaging, processing, use, distribution, marketing, labeling, promotion,
      sale, offer for sale, storage, import, export or disposal of any product under development, manufactured or distributed by the Company or the Subsidiaries (&#8220;<u>Applicable Laws</u>&#8221;), (b) have not received any Form 483 from the FDA, notice of adverse
      finding, warning letter, or other written correspondence or notice from the FDA, the European Medicines Agency (the &#8220;<u>EMA</u>&#8221;), or any other federal, state, local or foreign governmental or regulatory authority alleging or asserting material
      noncompliance with any Applicable Laws or any licenses, certificates, approvals, clearances, authorizations, permits and supplements or amendments thereto required by any such Applicable Laws (&#8220;<u>Authorizations</u>&#8221;), which would, individually or in
      the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect; (C) possess all material Authorizations necessary for its operations as currently conducted and such Authorizations are valid and in full force and effect and neither the Company nor the
      Subsidiaries is in material violation of any term of any such Authorizations; (D) have not received written notice of any claim, action, suit, proceeding, hearing, enforcement, investigation, arbitration or other action from the FDA, the EMA, or any
      other federal, state, local or foreign governmental or regulatory authority or third party alleging that any Company product, operation or activity is in material violation of any Applicable Laws or Authorizations and has no knowledge that the FDA,
      the EMA, or any other federal, state, local or foreign governmental or regulatory authority or third party is considering any such claim, litigation, arbitration, action, suit, investigation or proceeding against the Company; (E) have not received
      written notice that the FDA, EMA, or any other federal, state, local or foreign governmental or regulatory authority has taken, is taking or intends to take action to limit, suspend, modify or revoke any material Authorizations and has no knowledge
      that the FDA, EMA, or any other federal, state, local or foreign governmental or regulatory authority is considering such action; and (F) have filed, obtained, maintained or submitted all reports, documents, forms, notices, applications, records,
      claims, submissions and supplements or amendments as required by any Applicable Laws or Authorizations except where the failure to file such reports, documents, forms, notices, applications, records, claims, submissions and supplements or amendments
      would not result in a Material Adverse Effect, and that all such reports, documents, forms, notices, applications, records, claims, submissions and supplements or amendments were materially complete and correct on the date filed (or were corrected or
      supplemented by a subsequent submission).</font></p>
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  <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10pt; CLEAR: both; MARGIN-TOP: 10pt">
    <div class="BRPFPageNumberArea" style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: normal">13</font></div>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.05in 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">bb.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Compliance Program.</u> The Company has
      established and administers a compliance program applicable to the Company, to assist the Company and the directors, officers and employees of the Company in complying with applicable regulatory guidelines (including, without limitation, those
      administered by the FDA, the EMA, and any other foreign, federal, state or local governmental or regulatory authority performing functions similar to those performed by the FDA or EMA); except where such noncompliance would not reasonably be expected
      to have a Material Adverse Effect.</font></p>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">cc.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Clinical Studies</u>. The preclinical studies and clinical
      trials conducted by the Company or on behalf of the Company were, and, if still pending are, to the Company&#8217;s knowledge, being conducted in all material respects in compliance with all Applicable Laws and in accordance with experimental protocols,
      procedures and controls generally used by qualified experts in the preclinical study and clinical trials of new drugs and biologics as applied to comparable products to those being developed by the Company; the descriptions of the results of such
      preclinical studies and clinical trials contained in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus are accurate and complete in all material respects; and the Company has not received any written notices or correspondence from the FDA, the EMA, or
      any other domestic or foreign governmental agency requiring the termination, suspension or modification of any preclinical studies or clinical trials conducted by or on behalf of the Company that are described in the Registration Statement and the
      Prospectus or the results of which are referred to in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus.</font></p>
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      (i) are in compliance with any and all applicable federal, state, local and foreign laws, rules, regulations, decisions and orders relating to the protection of human health and safety, the environment or hazardous or toxic substances or wastes,
      pollutants or contaminants (collectively, &#8220;<u>Environmental Laws</u>&#8221;); (ii)&#160;have received and are in compliance with all permits, licenses or other approvals required of them under applicable Environmental Laws to conduct their respective businesses
      as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus; and (iii) have not received notice of any actual or potential liability for the investigation or remediation of any disposal or release of hazardous or toxic substances or wastes,
      pollutants or contaminants, except, in the case of any of clauses (i), (ii) or (iii) above, for any such failure to comply or failure to receive required permits, licenses, other approvals or liability as would not, individually or in the aggregate,
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      internal accounting controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurance that (i) transactions are executed in accordance with management&#8217;s general or specific authorizations; (ii) transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of
      financial statements in conformity with GAAP and to maintain asset accountability; (iii) access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management&#8217;s general or specific authorization; and (iv) the recorded accountability for assets is compared
      with the existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences. The Company is not aware of any material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting (other than as set forth in the
      Registration Statement or the Prospectus). Since the date of the latest audited financial statements of the Company included in the Prospectus, there has been no change in the Company&#8217;s internal control over financial reporting that has materially
      affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company&#8217;s internal control over financial reporting (other than as set forth in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus). The Company has established disclosure controls and procedures
      (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15) that comply with the requirements of the Exchange Act. The Company&#8217;s certifying officers have evaluated the effectiveness of the Company&#8217;s controls and procedures as of a date within 90 days prior
      to the filing date of the Form 10-K for the fiscal year most recently ended (such date, the &#8220;<u>Evaluation Date</u>&#8221;). The Company presented in its Form&#160;10-K for the fiscal year most recently ended the conclusions of the certifying officers about the
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      on the part of the Company or, to the knowledge of the Company, any of the Company&#8217;s directors or officers, in their capacities as such, to comply in all material respects with any applicable provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the rules and
      regulations promulgated thereunder. Each of the principal executive officer and the principal financial officer of the Company (or each former principal executive officer of the Company and each former principal financial officer of the Company as
      applicable) has made all certifications required by Sections 302 and 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act with respect to all reports, schedules, forms, statements and other documents required to be filed by it or furnished by it to the Commission during
      the past 12 months. For purposes of the preceding sentence, &#8220;principal executive officer&#8221; and &#8220;principal financial officer&#8221; shall have the meanings given to such terms in the Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15.</font></p>
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      Subsidiaries are and have been conducted at all times in compliance with applicable financial record keeping and reporting requirements of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970, as amended, the money laundering statutes of all
      jurisdictions to which the Company or the Subsidiaries are subject, the rules and regulations thereunder and any related or similar rules, regulations or guidelines, issued, administered or enforced by any governmental agency having jurisdiction over
      the Company (collectively, the &#8220;<u>Money Laundering Laws</u>&#8221;), except where the failure to be in such compliance would not result in a Material Adverse Effect; and no action, suit or proceeding by or before any court or governmental agency,
      authority or body or any arbitrator involving the Company or any Subsidiary with respect to the Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened.</font></p>
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      transactions, arrangements and other relationships between and/or among the Company, and/or, to the knowledge of the Company, any of its affiliates and any unconsolidated entity, including, but not limited to, any structured finance, special purpose
      or limited purpose entity (each, an &#8220;<u>Off Balance Sheet Transaction</u>&#8221;) that would affect materially the Company&#8217;s liquidity or the availability of or requirements for its capital resources, including those Off Balance Sheet Transactions
      described in the Commission&#8217;s Statement about Management&#8217;s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations (Release Nos. 33-8056; 34-45321; FR-61), required to be described in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus
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      material employee benefit plan, within the meaning of Section 3(3) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (&#8220;<u>ERISA</u>&#8221;) that is maintained, administered or contributed to by the Company or any of its affiliates for
      employees or former employees of the Company and the Subsidiaries has been maintained in material compliance with its terms and the requirements of any applicable statutes, orders, rules and regulations, including but not limited to ERISA and the
      Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the &#8220;<u>Code</u>&#8221;); (ii) no prohibited transaction, within the meaning of Section 406 of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code, has occurred which would result in a material liability to the Company with respect
      to any such plan excluding transactions effected pursuant to a statutory or administrative exemption; and (iii) for each such plan that is subject to the funding rules of Section 412 of the Code or Section 302 of ERISA, no &#8220;accumulated funding
      deficiency&#8221; as defined in Section 412 of the Code has been incurred, whether or not waived, and the fair market value of the assets of each such plan (excluding for these purposes accrued but unpaid contributions) equals or exceeds the present value
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      any contribution in violation of law) or made any contribution or other payment to any official of, or candidate for, any federal, state, municipal, or foreign office or other person charged with similar public or quasi-public duty in violation of
      any law or of the character required to be disclosed in the Prospectus; (ii) no relationship, direct or indirect, exists between or among the Company or, to the Company&#8217;s knowledge, the Subsidiaries or any affiliate of any of them, on the one hand,
      and the directors, officers and stockholders of the Company or, to the Company&#8217;s knowledge, the Subsidiaries, on the other hand, that is required by the Securities Act to be described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus that is not so
      described; (iii) no relationship, direct or indirect, exists between or among the Company or the Subsidiaries or any affiliate of them, on the one hand, and the directors, officers, stockholders or directors of the Company or, to the Company&#8217;s
      knowledge, the Subsidiaries, on the other hand, that is required by the rules of FINRA to be described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus that is not so described; (iv) there are no material outstanding loans or advances or material
      guarantees of indebtedness by the Company or, to the Company&#8217;s knowledge, the Subsidiaries to or for the benefit of any of their respective officers or directors or any of the members of the families of any of them; and (v) the Company has not
      offered, or caused any placement agent to offer, Common Stock to any person with the intent to influence unlawfully (A) a customer or supplier of the Company or the Subsidiaries to alter the customer&#8217;s or supplier&#8217;s level or type of business with the
      Company or the Subsidiaries or (B) a trade journalist or publication to write or publish favorable information about the Company or the Subsidiaries or any of their respective products or services, and, (vi) neither the Company nor the Subsidiaries
      nor, to the Company&#8217;s knowledge, any employee or agent of the Company or the Subsidiaries has made any payment of funds of the Company or the Subsidiaries or received or retained any funds in violation of any law, rule or regulation (including,
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      Issuer Free Writing Prospectus is issued, include any information that conflicted, conflicts or will conflict with the information contained in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, including any incorporated document deemed to be a part
      thereof that has not been superseded or modified. The foregoing sentence does not apply to statements in or omissions from any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus based upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Company by the Agents
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      Agreement, nor the issuance, offering or sale of the Placement Shares, nor the consummation of any of the transactions contemplated herein, nor the compliance by the Company with the terms and provisions hereof will conflict with, or will result in a
      breach of, any of the terms and provisions of, or has constituted or will constitute a default under, or has resulted in or will result in the creation or imposition of any lien, charge or encumbrance upon any property or assets of the Company
      pursuant to the terms of any contract or other agreement to which the Company may be bound or to which any of the property or assets of the Company is subject, except (i)&#160;such conflicts, breaches or defaults as may have been waived and (ii) such
      conflicts, breaches and defaults that would not have a Material Adverse Effect; nor will such action result (x) in any violation of the provisions of the organizational or governing documents of the Company, or (y)&#160;in any material violation of the
      provisions of any statute or any order, rule or regulation applicable to the Company or of any court or of any federal, state or other regulatory authority or other government body having jurisdiction over the Company, except where such violation
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      detailed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, for the past 5 years, it has not knowingly engaged in and is not now knowingly engaged in any dealing or transactions with any Person, or in any country or territory, that at the time of the
      dealing or transaction is or was the subject of Sanctions.</font></p>
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      material stock transfer or other taxes (other than income taxes) which are required to be paid in connection with the sale and transfer of the Placement Shares to be sold hereunder will be, or will have been, fully paid or provided for by the Company
      and all laws imposing such taxes will be or will have been fully complied with by the Company in all material respects.</font></p>
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      has been no security breach or other compromise of any Company&#8217;s information technology and computer systems, networks, hardware, software, data (including the data of their respective customers, employees, suppliers, vendors and any third party data
      maintained by or on behalf of them), equipment or technology (collectively, &#8220;<u>IT Systems and Data</u>&#8221;) and (y) the Company has not been notified of, and have no knowledge of any event or condition that would reasonably be expected to result in,
      any security breach or other compromise to their IT Systems and Data; (ii) the Company is presently in material compliance with all applicable laws or statutes and all judgments, orders, rules and regulations of any court or arbitrator or
      governmental or regulatory authority, internal policies and contractual obligations relating to the privacy and security of IT Systems and Data and to the protection of such IT Systems and Data from unauthorized use, access, misappropriation or
      modification, except as would not, in the case of this clause (ii), individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect; and (iii) the Company has implemented backup and disaster recovery technology consistent with industry standards and
      practices.</font></p>
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      this Agreement and during any period in which the Prospectus relating to any Placement Shares is required to be delivered by the Agents under the Securities Act (including in circumstances where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule 172
      under the Securities Act) (the &#8220;<u>Prospectus Delivery Period</u>&#8221;) (i) the Company will notify the Agents promptly of the time when any subsequent amendment to the Registration Statement, other than Incorporated Documents, has been filed with the
      Commission and/or has become effective or any subsequent supplement to the Prospectus has been filed and of any request by the Commission for any amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement or Prospectus related to the Placement Shares or
      for additional information related to the transactions contemplated hereby, (ii) the Company will prepare and file with the Commission, promptly upon the Agents&#8217; reasonable request, any amendments or supplements to the Registration Statement or
      Prospectus that, upon the advice of the Company&#8217;s legal counsel, may be necessary or advisable in connection with the distribution of the Placement Shares by the Agents (<i>provided, however</i>, that the failure of the Agents to make such request
      shall not relieve the Company of any obligation or liability hereunder, or affect the Agents&#8217; right to rely on the representations and warranties made by the Company in this Agreement and provided, further, that the only remedy the Agents shall have
      with respect to the failure to make such filing shall be to cease making sales under this Agreement until such amendment or supplement is filed); (iii) the Company will not file any amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement or Prospectus
      relating to the Placement Shares or a security convertible into the Placement Shares (other than an Incorporated Document) unless a copy thereof has been submitted to the Agents within a reasonable period of time before the filing and the Agents have
      not reasonably objected in writing thereto within two (2) Business Days (<i>provided, however</i>, that (A) the failure of the Agents to make such objection shall not relieve the Company of any obligation or liability hereunder, or affect the Agents&#8217;
      right to rely on the representations and warranties made by the Company in this Agreement and (B) the Company has no obligation to provide the Agents any advance copy of such filing or to provide the Agents an opportunity to object to such filing if
      the filing does not name the Agents or does not relate to the transaction herein provided; and provided, further, that the only remedy the Agents shall have with respect to the failure by the Company to provide the Agents with such copy of such
      amendment or supplement prior to filing, or the filing thereof despite the Agents&#8217; objection shall be to cease making sales under this Agreement) and the Company will furnish to the Agents at the time of filing thereof a copy of any document that
      upon filing is deemed to be incorporated by reference into the Registration Statement or Prospectus, except for those documents available via EDGAR; and (iv) the Company will cause each amendment or supplement to the Prospectus, other than
      Incorporated Documents, to be filed with the Commission as required pursuant to the applicable paragraph of Rule 424(b) of the Securities Act or, in the case of any Incorporated Document, to be filed with the Commission as required pursuant to the
      Exchange Act, within the time period prescribed (the determination to file or not file any amendment or supplement with the Commission under this <u>Section 7(a)</u>, based on the Company&#8217;s reasonable opinion or reasonable objections, shall be made
      exclusively by the Company).</font></p>
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      advise the Agents, promptly after it receives notice or obtains knowledge thereof, of the issuance or threatened issuance by the Commission of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement, of the suspension of the
      qualification of the Placement Shares for offering or sale in any jurisdiction, or of the initiation or threatening of any proceeding for any such purpose; and it will use its commercially reasonable efforts to prevent the issuance of any stop order
      or to obtain its withdrawal if such a stop order should be issued. The Company will advise the Agents promptly after it receives any request by the Commission for any amendments to the Registration Statement or any amendment or supplements to the
      Prospectus or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or for additional information related to the offering of the Placement Shares or for additional information related to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus.</font></p>
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      Delivery Period, the Company will comply with all requirements imposed upon it by the Securities Act, as from time to time in force, and to file on or before their respective due dates (taking into account any extensions available under the Exchange
      Act) all reports and any definitive proxy or information statements required to be filed by the Company with the Commission pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14, 15(d) or any other provision of or under the Exchange Act. If during the Prospectus
      Delivery Period the Company has omitted any information from the Registration Statement pursuant to Rule 430A under the Securities Act, it will use its commercially reasonable efforts to comply with the provisions of and make all requisite filings
      with the Commission pursuant to said Rule 430A and to notify the Designated Agent promptly of all such filings. If during the Prospectus Delivery Period any event occurs as a result of which the Prospectus as then amended or supplemented would
      include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances then existing, not misleading, or if during such Prospectus Delivery Period it is necessary to
      amend or supplement the Registration Statement or Prospectus to comply with the Securities Act, the Company will promptly notify the Designated Agent to suspend the offering of Placement Shares during such period and the Company will promptly amend
      or supplement the Registration Statement or Prospectus (at the expense of the Company) so as to correct such statement or omission or effect such compliance; <i>provided, however</i>, that the Company may delay the filing of any amendment or
      supplement, if in the judgment of the Company, it is in the best interest of the Company.</font></p>
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      Delivery Period, the Company will use its commercially reasonable efforts to cause the Placement Shares to be listed on the Exchange and to qualify the Placement Shares for sale under the securities laws of such jurisdictions in the United States as
      the Agents reasonably designate and to continue such qualifications in effect so long as required for the distribution of the Placement Shares; <i>provided, however</i>, that the Company shall not be required in connection therewith to qualify as a
      foreign corporation or dealer in securities, file a general consent to service of process, or subject itself to taxation in any jurisdiction if it is not otherwise so subject.</font></p>
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      The Company will furnish to the Agents and their counsel (at the reasonable expense of the Company) copies of the Registration Statement, the Prospectus (including all documents incorporated by reference therein) and all amendments and supplements to
      the Registration Statement or Prospectus that are filed with the Commission during the Prospectus Delivery Period (including all documents filed with the Commission during such period that are deemed to be incorporated by reference therein), in each
      case as soon as reasonably practicable and in such quantities as the Agents may from time to time reasonably request and, at the Agents&#8217; request, will also furnish copies of the Prospectus to each exchange or market on which sales of the Placement
      Shares may be made; <i>provided, however</i>, that the Company shall not be required to furnish any document (other than the Prospectus) to the Agents to the extent such document is available on EDGAR.</font></p>
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      security holders as soon as practicable, but in any event not later than 15 months after the end of the Company&#8217;s current fiscal quarter, an earnings statement covering a 12-month period that satisfies the provisions of Section 11(a) and Rule 158 of
      the Securities Act, which requirement may be satisfied by publicly filing the required information on EDGAR.</font></p>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">g.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Use of Proceeds</u>. The Company will use the Net
      Proceeds as described in the Prospectus in the section entitled &#8220;Use of Proceeds.&#8221;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">h.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Notice of Other Sales</u>. Without the prior written
      consent of the Agents, the Company will not offer to sell, sell, contract to sell, grant any option to sell or otherwise dispose of any Common Stock (other than the Placement Shares offered pursuant to this Agreement) or securities convertible into
      or exchangeable for Common Stock, warrants or any rights to purchase or acquire, Common Stock during the period beginning on the date on which any Placement Notice is delivered to the Agents hereunder and ending on the third (3rd) Trading Day
      immediately after the final Settlement Date with respect to Placement Shares sold pursuant to such Placement Notice (or, if the Placement Notice has been terminated or suspended prior to the sale of all Placement Shares covered by a Placement Notice,
      the date of such suspension or termination); and will not directly or indirectly in any other &#8220;at the market&#8221; or continuous equity transaction offer to sell, sell, contract to sell, grant any option to sell or otherwise dispose of any Common Stock
      (other than the Placement Shares offered pursuant to this Agreement) or securities convertible into or exchangeable for Common Stock, warrants or any rights to purchase or acquire, Common Stock prior to the termination of this Agreement; <i>provided,
        however</i>, that such restrictions will not apply in connection with the Company&#8217;s issuance, grant or sale of (i) Common Stock, options to purchase Common Stock or Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of options or the exercise or vesting of
      other equity awards, pursuant to any stock option, other equity incentive plan, or benefits plan, stock ownership plan or dividend reinvestment plan (but not Common Stock subject to a waiver to exceed plan limits in its dividend reinvestment plan) of
      the Company whether now in effect or hereafter implemented; (ii) Common Stock issuable upon conversion of securities or the exercise of warrants, options or other rights in effect or outstanding, and disclosed in filings by the Company available on
      EDGAR or otherwise in writing to the Agents, (iii)&#160;Common Stock, or securities convertible into or exercisable for Common Stock, offered and sold in a privately negotiated transaction to vendors, customers, strategic partners or potential strategic
      partners or other investors conducted in a manner so as not to be integrated with the offering of Common Stock hereby and (iv) Common Stock in connection with any acquisition, strategic investment or other similar transaction (including any joint
      venture, strategic alliance or partnership). For avoidance of doubt, nothing herein shall be construed to restrict the Company&#8217;s ability, or require the Company to provide notice to the Agents, to file a registration statement with the Commission.</font></p>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">i.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Change of Circumstances</u>. The Company will, at any
      time during the pendency of a Placement Notice advise the Agents promptly after it shall have received notice or obtained knowledge thereof, of any information or fact that would alter or affect in any material respect any opinion, certificate,
      letter or other document required to be provided to the Agents pursuant to this Agreement.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">j.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Due Diligence Cooperation</u>. During the term of this
      Agreement, the Company will cooperate with any reasonable due diligence review conducted by the Agents or their representatives in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby, including, without limitation, providing information and making
      available documents and senior corporate officers, during regular business hours and at the Company&#8217;s principal offices, as the Agents may reasonably request.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
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        Shares</u>. The Company agrees that on such dates as the Securities Act shall require, the Company will (i) file a prospectus supplement with the Commission under the applicable paragraph of Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act (each and every date
      a filing under Rule 424(b) is made, a &#8220;<u>Filing Date</u>&#8221;), which prospectus supplement will set forth, within the relevant period, the amount of Placement Shares sold through the Agents, the Net Proceeds to the Company and the compensation payable
      by the Company to the Agents with respect to such Placement Shares, and (ii) deliver such number of copies of each such prospectus supplement to each exchange or market on which such sales were effected as may be required by the rules or regulations
      of such exchange or market; provided, that, the Company may satisfy its obligations under this <u>Section 7(k)</u> by effecting a filing in accordance with the Exchange Act with respect to such information.</font></p>
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      relating solely to an offering of securities other than the Placement Shares or a prospectus supplement filed in accordance with <u>Section 7(k)</u> of this Agreement) the Registration Statement or the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares by
      means of a post-effective amendment, sticker, or supplement but not by means of incorporation of documents by reference into the Registration Statement or the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares;</font></p>
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      Act (including any Form 10-K/A containing amended audited financial information or a material amendment to the previously filed Form 10-K);</font></p>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
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      financial information (other than information &#8220;furnished&#8221; pursuant to Items 2.02 or 7.01 of Form 8-K or to provide disclosure pursuant to Item 8.01 of Form 8-K relating to the reclassification of certain properties as discontinued operations in
      accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 144) under the Exchange Act;</font></p>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Each date of filing of one or more of the documents referred to in clauses (i) through (iv)
      shall be a &#8220;<u>Representation Date</u>.&#8221;)</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the Company shall furnish the Agents (but in the case of clause (iv) above only if any Agent
      reasonably determines that the information contained in such Form 8-K is material) with a certificate, in the form attached hereto as <u>Exhibit 7(1)</u> within five (5) Trading Days of any Representation Date. The requirement to provide a
      certificate under this <u>Section 7(1)</u> shall be automatically waived for any Representation Date occurring at a time at which no Placement Notice is pending, which waiver shall continue until the earlier to occur of the date the Company delivers
      a Placement Notice hereunder (which for such calendar quarter shall be considered a Representation Date) and the next occurring Representation Date on which the Company files its annual report on Form 10-K. Notwithstanding the foregoing, (i) upon the
      delivery of the first Placement Notice hereunder and (ii) if the Company subsequently decides to sell Placement Shares following a Representation Date when the Company relied on such waiver and did not provide the Agents with a certificate under this
      <u>Section 7(1)</u>, then before the Agents sell any Placement Shares, the Company shall provide the Agents with a certificate, in the form attached hereto as <u>Exhibit 7(1)</u>, dated the date of the Placement Notice.</font></p>
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  <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10pt; CLEAR: both; MARGIN-TOP: 10pt">
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&#160;</p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">m.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Legal Opinion</u>. On or prior to the date of the first
      Placement Notice given hereunder the Company shall cause to be furnished to the Agents a written opinion and a negative assurance letter of DLA Piper LLP (US) (&#8220;<u>Company Counsel</u>&#8221;), or other counsel reasonably satisfactory to the Agents, each in
      form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Agents. Thereafter, within five (5) Trading Days of each Representation Date with respect to which the Company is obligated to deliver a certificate in the form attached hereto as Exhibit 7(l) for
      which no waiver is applicable, the Company shall cause to be furnished to the Agents a&#160;negative assurance letter of Company Counsel in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Agents; provided that, in lieu of such negative assurance for
      subsequent periodic filings under the Exchange Act, counsel may furnish the Agents with a letter (a&#160;&#8220;<u>Reliance Letter</u>&#8221;) to the effect that the Agents may rely on the negative assurance letter previously delivered under this Section 7(m) to the
      same extent as if it were dated the date of such letter (except that statements in such prior letter shall be deemed to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as amended or supplemented as of the date of the Reliance Letter).</font></p>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">n.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Comfort Letter</u>. On or prior to the date of the first
      Placement Notice given hereunder and within five (5) Trading Days after each subsequent Representation Date with respect to which the Company is obligated to deliver a certificate in the form attached hereto as <u>Exhibit 7(l)</u> for which no
      waiver is applicable, other than pursuant to Section 7(l)(iii), the Company shall cause its independent accountants to furnish the Agents letters (the &#8220;<u>Comfort Letters</u>&#8221;), dated the date the Comfort Letter is delivered, which shall meet the
      requirements set forth in this <u>Section 7(n)</u>. The Comfort Letter from the Company&#8217;s independent accountants shall be in a form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Agents, (i) confirming that they are an independent public accounting
      firm within the meaning of the Securities Act and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the &#8220;PCAOB&#8221;), (ii) stating, as of such date, the conclusions and findings of such firm with respect to the financial information and other matters
      ordinarily covered by accountants&#8217; &#8220;comfort letters&#8221; to underwriters in connection with registered public offerings (the first such letter, the &#8220;<u>Initial Comfort Letter</u>&#8221;) and (iii)&#160;updating the Initial Comfort Letter with any information that
      would have been included in the Initial Comfort Letter had it been given on such date and modified as necessary to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, as amended and supplemented to the date of such letter.</font></p>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">o.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Market Activities</u>. The Company will not, directly or
      indirectly, (i) take any action designed to cause or result in, or that constitutes or would constitute, the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company to facilitate the sale or resale of the Placement Shares or (ii)
      sell, bid for, or purchase Common Stock to be issued and sold pursuant to this Agreement in violation of Regulation M, or pay anyone any compensation for soliciting purchases of the Placement Shares other than the Agents.</font></p>
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  <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10pt; CLEAR: both; MARGIN-TOP: 10pt">
    <div class="BRPFPageNumberArea" style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: normal">24</font></div>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">p.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Investment Company Act</u>. The Company will conduct its affairs in such a
      manner so as to reasonably ensure that neither it nor the Subsidiaries will be or become, at any time prior to the termination of this Agreement, an &#8220;investment company,&#8221; as such term is defined in the Investment Company Act.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">q.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>No Offer to Sell</u>. Other than an Issuer Free Writing
      Prospectus approved in advance by the Company and the Agents in their capacity as agents hereunder pursuant to <u>Section 23</u>, neither the Agents nor the Company (including its agents and representatives, other than the Agents in their capacity
      as such) will make, use, prepare, authorize, approve or refer to any written communication (as defined in Rule 405), required to be filed with the Commission, that constitutes an offer to sell or solicitation of an offer to buy Placement Shares
      hereunder.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">r.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Sarbanes-Oxley Act</u>. The Company will maintain and
      keep accurate books and records reflecting its assets and maintain internal accounting controls in a manner designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for
      external purposes in accordance with GAAP and including those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the
      Company, (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit the preparation of the Company&#8217;s consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP, (iii) that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being
      made only in accordance with management&#8217;s and the Company&#8217;s directors&#8217; authorization, and (iv) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company&#8217;s assets that could
      have a material effect on its financial statements. The Company will maintain disclosure controls and procedures that comply with the requirements of the Exchange Act.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Representations and Covenants of the Agents</u>. Each
      of the Agents represents and warrants that it is duly registered as a broker-dealer under FINRA, the Exchange Act and the applicable statutes and regulations of each state in which the Placement Shares will be offered and sold, except such states in
      which such Agent is exempt from registration or such registration is not otherwise required. Each of the Agents shall continue, for the term of this Agreement, to be duly registered as a broker-dealer under FINRA, the Exchange Act and the applicable
      statutes and regulations of each state in which the Placement Shares will be offered and sold, except such states in which it is exempt from registration or such registration is not otherwise required, during the term of this Agreement. Each of the
      Agents shall comply with all applicable law and regulations in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, including the issuance and sale through such Agent of the Placement Shares.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">9.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Payment of Expenses</u>. The Company will pay all
      expenses incident to the performance of its obligations under this Agreement, including (i) the preparation, filing, including any fees required by the Commission, and printing of the Registration Statement (including financial statements and
      exhibits) as originally filed and of each amendment and supplement thereto and each Free Writing Prospectus, in such number as the Agents shall deem reasonably necessary, (ii) the printing and delivery to the Agents of this Agreement and such other
      documents as may be required in connection with the offering, purchase, sale, issuance or delivery of the Placement Shares, (iii) the preparation, issuance and delivery of the certificates, if any, for the Placement Shares to the Agents, including
      any stock or other transfer taxes and any capital duties, stamp duties or other duties or taxes payable upon the sale, issuance or delivery of the Placement Shares to the Agents, (iv) the fees and disbursements of the counsel, accountants and other
      advisors to the Company, (v) the reasonable and documented out-of-pocket fees and disbursements of counsel to the Agents (x) not to exceed $75,000 in connection with the filing of this Agreement and (y) not to exceed $7,500 per calendar quarter
      thereafter in connection with each Representation Date on which the Company is required to provide a certificate under Section 7(l); (vi) the fees and expenses of the transfer agent and registrar for the Common Stock, (vii) the filing fees incident
      to any review by FINRA of the terms of the sale of the Placement Shares, and (viii) the fees and expenses incurred in connection with the listing of the Placement Shares on the Exchange.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10pt; CLEAR: both; MARGIN-TOP: 10pt">
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">10.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Conditions to the Agents&#8217; Obligations</u>. The obligations of the Agents
      hereunder with respect to a Placement will be subject to the continuing accuracy and completeness of the representations and warranties made by the Company herein (other than those representations and warranties made as of a specified date or time),
      to the due performance in all material respects by the Company of its obligations hereunder, to the completion by the Agents of a due diligence review satisfactory to it in its reasonable judgment, and to the continuing reasonable satisfaction (or
      waiver by the Agents in their sole discretion) of the following additional conditions:</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.1pt"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Registration Statement Effective</u>. The Registration
      Statement shall be effective and shall be available for the sale of all Placement Shares contemplated to be issued by any Placement Notice.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">b.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>No Material Notices</u>. None of the following events
      shall have occurred and be continuing: (i) receipt by the Company of any request for additional information from the Commission or any other federal or state governmental authority during the period of effectiveness of the Registration Statement, the
      response to which would require any post-effective amendments or supplements to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus; (ii)&#160;the issuance by the Commission or any other federal or state governmental authority of any stop order suspending the
      effectiveness of the Registration Statement or receipt by the Company of notification of the initiation of any proceedings for that purpose; (iii) receipt by the Company of any notification with respect to the suspension of the qualification or
      exemption from qualification of any of the Placement Shares for sale in any jurisdiction or receipt by the Company of notification of the initiation of, or a threat to initiate, any proceeding for such purpose; or (iv) the occurrence of any event
      that makes any material statement made in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or any material Incorporated Document untrue in any material respect or that requires the making of any changes in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or
      any material Incorporated Document so that, in the case of the Registration Statement, it will not contain any materially untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the
      statements therein not misleading and, that in the case of the Prospectus or any material Incorporated Document, it will not contain any materially untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein
      or necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">c.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>No Misstatement or Material Omission</u>. The Agents
      shall not have advised the Company that the Registration Statement or Prospectus, or any amendment or supplement thereto, contains an untrue statement of fact that in the Agents&#8217; reasonable opinion is material, or omits to state a fact that in the
      Agents&#8217; reasonable opinion is material and is required to be stated therein or is necessary to make the statements therein not misleading.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10pt; CLEAR: both; MARGIN-TOP: 10pt">
    <div class="BRPFPageNumberArea" style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: normal">26</font></div>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">d.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Material Changes</u>. Except as contemplated in the Prospectus, or disclosed
      in the Company&#8217;s reports filed with the Commission, there shall not have been any Material Adverse Effect, or any development that would cause a Material Adverse Effect, or a downgrading in or withdrawal of the rating assigned to any of the Company&#8217;s
      securities (other than asset backed securities) by any &#8220;nationally recognized statistical rating organization,&#8221; as such term is defined by the Commission for purposes of Rule 436(g)(2) under the Securities Act (a &#8220;<u>Rating Organization</u>&#8221;), or a
      public announcement by any Rating Organization that it has under surveillance or review its rating of any of the Company&#8217;s securities (other than asset backed securities), the effect of which, in the case of any such action by a Rating Organization
      described above, in the reasonable judgment of the Agents (without relieving the Company of any obligation or liability it may otherwise have), is so material as to make it impracticable or inadvisable to proceed with the offering of the Placement
      Shares on the terms and in the manner contemplated in the Prospectus.</font></p>
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      received the opinion and negative assurance letter of Company Counsel required to be delivered pursuant to <u>Section&#160;7(m)</u> on or before the date on which such delivery of such opinion and negative assurance letter are required pursuant to <u>Section
        7(m)</u>.</font></p>
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      received from Duane Morris LLP, counsel for the Agents, such opinion or opinions, on or before the date on which the delivery of the Company Counsel legal opinion is required pursuant to <u>Section 7(m)</u>, with respect to such matters as the
      Agents may reasonably require, and the Company shall have furnished to such counsel such documents as they request for enabling them to pass upon such matters.</font></p>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">i.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Secretary&#8217;s Certificate</u>. On or prior to the first
      Representation Date, the Agents shall have received a certificate, signed on behalf of the Company by its corporate Secretary, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Agents and their counsel.</font></p>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">k.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Other Materials</u>. On each date on which the Company is
      required to deliver a certificate pursuant to <u>Section 7(1)</u>, the Company shall have furnished to the Agents such appropriate further information, certificates and documents as the Agents may reasonably request and which are usually and
      customarily furnished by an issuer of securities in connection with a securities offering of the type contemplated hereby. All such opinions, certificates, letters and other documents will be in compliance with the provisions hereof.</font></p>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">l.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Securities Act Filings Made</u>. All filings with the
      Commission required by Rule 424 under the Securities Act to have been filed prior to the issuance of any Placement Notice hereunder shall have been made within the applicable time period prescribed for such filing by Rule 424.</font></p>
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      either have been approved for listing on the Exchange, subject only to notice of issuance, or the Company shall have filed an application for listing of the Placement Shares on the Exchange at, or prior to, the issuance of any Placement Notice.</font></p>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">n.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>No Termination Event</u>. There shall not have occurred
      any event that would permit the Agents to terminate this Agreement pursuant to <u>Section 13(a)</u>.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.1pt"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(a)&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<u>Company Indemnification</u>. The Company agrees to
      indemnify and hold harmless the Agents, their respective partners, members, directors, officers, employees and agents and each person, if any, who controls the Agents within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the
      Exchange Act as follows:</font></p>
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      expense, as incurred, joint or several, arising out of or based upon any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement (or any amendment thereto), or the omission or alleged omission therefrom
      of a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, or arising out of any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact included in any related Issuer Free Writing Prospectus
      or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto), or the omission or alleged omission therefrom of a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not
      misleading;</font></p>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(ii)&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; against any and all loss, liability, claim, damage and
      expense, as incurred, joint or several, to the extent of the aggregate amount paid in settlement of any litigation, or any investigation or proceeding by any governmental agency or body, commenced or threatened, or of any claim whatsoever based upon
      any such untrue statement or omission, or any such alleged untrue statement or omission; provided that (subject to <u>Section&#160;11(d)</u> below) any such settlement is effected with the written consent of the Company, which consent shall not
      unreasonably be delayed or withheld; and</font></p>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(iii)&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; against any and all expense, as incurred (including the
      reasonable and documented out-of-pocket fees and disbursements of counsel), reasonably incurred in investigating, preparing or defending against any litigation, or any investigation or proceeding by any governmental agency or body, commenced or
      threatened, or any claim based upon any such untrue statement or omission, or any such alleged untrue statement or omission, to the extent that any such expense is not paid under (i) or (ii) above,</font></p>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><i>provided, however</i>, that Sections 11(a)(i)-(iii) shall not apply to any loss, liability, claim, damage or
      expense to the extent arising out of any untrue statement or omission or alleged untrue statement or omission made solely in reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Company by any Agent expressly for use in the
      Registration Statement (or any amendment thereto), or in any related Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto).</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(b)&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<u>Indemnification by the Agents</u>. Each Agent agrees,
      severally and not jointly, to indemnify and hold harmless the Company and its directors and officers, and each person, if any, who (i) controls the Company within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act or
      (ii) is controlled by or is under common control with the Company against any and all loss, liability, claim, damage and expense described in the indemnity contained in <u>Section 11(a)</u>, as incurred, but only with respect to untrue statements or
      omissions, or alleged untrue statements or omissions, made in the Registration Statement (or any amendments thereto) or in any related Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto) in reliance upon and in
      conformity with information relating to such Agent and furnished to the Company in writing by such Agent expressly for use therein.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(c)&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<u>Procedure</u>. Any party that proposes to assert the right
      to be indemnified under this <u>Section 11</u> will, promptly after receipt of notice of commencement of any action against such party in respect of which a claim is to be made against an indemnifying party or parties under this <u>Section 11</u>,
      notify each such indemnifying party of the commencement of such action in writing, enclosing a copy of all papers served, but the omission so to notify such indemnifying party in writing will not relieve the indemnifying party from (i) any liability
      that it might have to any indemnified party otherwise than under this <u>Section 11</u> and (ii) any liability that it may have to any indemnified party under the foregoing provisions of this <u>Section 11</u> unless, and only to the extent that,
      such omission results in the forfeiture of substantive rights or defenses by the indemnifying party. If any such action is brought against any indemnified party and it notifies the indemnifying party of its commencement, the indemnifying party will
      be entitled to participate in and, to the extent that it elects by delivering written notice to the indemnified party promptly as they are incurred after receiving notice of the commencement of the action from the indemnified party, jointly with any
      other indemnifying party similarly notified, to assume the defense of the action, with counsel reasonably satisfactory to the indemnified party, and after notice from the indemnifying party to the indemnified party of its election to assume the
      defense, the indemnifying party will not be liable to the indemnified party for any legal or other expenses except as provided below and except for the reasonable costs of investigation subsequently incurred by the indemnified party in connection
      with the defense. The indemnified party will have the right to employ its own counsel in any such action, but the fees, expenses and other charges of such counsel will be at the expense of such indemnified party unless (1) the employment of counsel
      by the indemnified party has been authorized in writing by the indemnifying party, (2) the indemnified party has reasonably concluded (based on advice of counsel) that there may be legal defenses available to it or other indemnified parties that are
      different from or in addition to those available to the indemnifying party, (3) a conflict or potential conflict of interest exists (based on advice of counsel to the indemnified party) between the indemnified party and the indemnifying party (in
      which case the indemnifying party will not have the right to direct the defense of such action on behalf of the indemnified party) or (4) the indemnifying party has not in fact employed counsel to assume the defense of such action within a reasonable
      time after receiving notice of the commencement of the action, in each of which cases the reasonable and documented out-of-pocket fees, disbursements and other charges of counsel will be at the expense of the indemnifying party or parties. It is
      understood that the indemnifying party or parties shall not, in connection with any proceeding or related proceedings in the same jurisdiction, be liable for the reasonable and documented out-of-pocket fees, disbursements and other charges of more
      than one separate firm admitted to practice in such jurisdiction at any one time for all such indemnified party or parties. All such reasonable and documented out-of-pocket fees, disbursements and other charges will be reimbursed by the indemnifying
      party promptly after the indemnifying party receives a written invoice relating to fees, disbursements and other charges in reasonable detail. An indemnifying party will not, in any event, be liable for any settlement of any action or claim effected
      without its written consent. No indemnifying party shall, without the prior written consent of each indemnified party, settle or compromise or consent to the entry of any judgment in any pending or threatened claim, action or proceeding relating to
      the matters contemplated by this <u>Section 11</u> (whether or not any indemnified party is a party thereto), unless such settlement, compromise or consent (1) includes an unconditional release of each indemnified party from all liability arising
      out of such litigation, investigation, proceeding or claim and (2) does not include a statement as to or an admission of fault, culpability or a failure to act by or on behalf of any indemnified party.</font></p>
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  <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10pt; CLEAR: both; MARGIN-TOP: 10pt">
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(d)&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<u>Contribution</u>. In order to provide for just and
      equitable contribution in circumstances in which the indemnification provided for in the foregoing paragraphs of this <u>Section 11</u> is applicable in accordance with its terms but for any reason is held to be unavailable from the Company or an
      Agent, the Company and such Agent will contribute to the total losses, claims, liabilities, expenses and damages (including any investigative, legal and other expenses reasonably incurred in connection with, and any amount paid in settlement of, any
      action, suit or proceeding or any claim asserted, but after deducting any contribution received by the Company from persons other than the Agents, such as persons who control the Company within the meaning of the Securities Act or the Exchange Act,
      officers of the Company who signed the Registration Statement and directors of the Company, who also may be liable for contribution) to which the Company and the Agents may be subject in such proportion as shall be appropriate to reflect the relative
      benefits received by the Company on the one hand and the Agents on the other hand. The relative benefits received by the Company on the one hand and the Agents on the other hand shall be deemed to be in the same proportion as the total Net Proceeds
      from the sale of the Placement Shares (before deducting expenses) received by the Company bear to the total compensation received by the Agents (before deducting expenses) from the sale of Placement Shares on behalf of the Company. If, but only if,
      the allocation provided by the foregoing sentence is not permitted by applicable law, the allocation of contribution shall be made in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect not only the relative benefits referred to in the foregoing sentence
      but also the relative fault of the Company, on the one hand, and such Agent, on the other hand, with respect to the statements or omission that resulted in such loss, claim, liability, expense or damage, or action in respect thereof, as well as any
      other relevant equitable considerations with respect to such offering. Such relative fault shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether the untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or omission or alleged omission to
      state a material fact relates to information supplied by the Company or such Agent, the intent of the parties and their relative knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission. The Company and each
      Agent agree that it would not be just and equitable if contributions pursuant to this <u>Section 11(d)</u> were to be determined by pro rata allocation or by any other method of allocation that does not take into account the equitable considerations
      referred to herein. The amount paid or payable by an indemnified party as a result of the loss, claim, liability, expense, or damage, or action in respect thereof, referred to above in this <u>Section 11(d)</u> shall be deemed to include, for the
      purpose of this <u>Section 11(d)</u>, any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by such indemnified party in connection with investigating or defending any such action or claim to the extent consistent with <u>Section 11(c)</u> hereof.
      Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this <u>Section 11(d)</u>, an Agent shall not be required to contribute any amount in excess of the commissions received by it under this Agreement and no person found guilty of fraudulent
      misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section 11(f) of the Securities Act) will be entitled to contribution from any person who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation. For purposes of this <u>Section 11(d)</u>, any person who
      controls a party to this Agreement within the meaning of the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, and any officers, directors, partners, employees or agents of an Agent, will have the same rights to contribution as that party, and each officer who
      signed the Registration Statement and director of the Company will have the same rights to contribution as the Company, subject in each case to the provisions hereof. Any party entitled to contribution, promptly after receipt of written notice of
      commencement of any action against such party in respect of which a claim for contribution may be made under this <u>Section 11(d)</u>, will notify in writing any such party or parties from whom contribution may be sought, but the omission to so
      notify will not relieve that party or parties from whom contribution may be sought from any other obligation it or they may have under this <u>Section 11(d)</u> except to the extent that the failure to so notify such other party materially
      prejudiced the substantive rights or defenses of the party from whom contribution is sought. Except for a settlement entered into pursuant to the last sentence of <u>Section 11(c)</u> hereof, no party will be liable for contribution with respect to
      any action or claim settled without its written consent if such consent is required pursuant to <u>Section 11(c)</u> hereof. The Agents&#8217; respective obligations to contribute pursuant to this Section 11(d) are several in proportion to the respective
      number of Placement Shares they have sold hereunder, and not joint.</font></p>
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  <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10pt; CLEAR: both; MARGIN-TOP: 10pt">
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      The indemnity and contribution agreements contained in Section 11 of this Agreement and all representations and warranties of the Company herein or in certificates delivered pursuant hereto shall survive, as of their respective dates, regardless of
      (i) any investigation made by or on behalf of the Agents, any controlling persons, or the Company (or any of their respective officers, directors or controlling persons), (ii) delivery and acceptance of the Placement Shares and payment therefor or
      (iii) any termination of this Agreement.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.1pt"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">13.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Termination</u>.</font></p>
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      by written notice to the Company, as hereinafter specified at any time (1) if there has been, since the time of execution of this Agreement or since the date as of which information is given in the Prospectus, any Material Adverse Effect, or any
      development that would have a Material Adverse Effect that, in the reasonable judgment of such Agent, is material and adverse and makes it impractical or inadvisable to market the Placement Shares or to enforce contracts for the sale of the Placement
      Shares, (2) if there has occurred any material adverse change in the financial markets in the United States or the international financial markets, any outbreak of hostilities or escalation thereof or other calamity or crisis or any change or
      development involving a prospective change in national or international political, financial or economic conditions, in each case the effect of which is such as to make it, in the judgment of such Agent, impracticable or inadvisable to market the
      Placement Shares or to enforce contracts for the sale of the Placement Shares, (3) if trading in the Common Stock has been suspended or limited by the Commission or the Exchange, or if trading generally on the Exchange has been suspended or limited,
      or minimum prices for trading have been fixed on the Exchange, (4) if any suspension of trading of any securities of the Company on any exchange or in the over-the-counter market shall have occurred and be continuing, (5) if a major disruption of
      securities settlements or clearance services in the United States shall have occurred and be continuing, or (6)&#160;if a banking moratorium has been declared by either U.S. Federal or New York authorities. Any such termination shall be without liability
      of any party to any other party except that the provisions of <u>Section</u> 9 (Payment of Expenses), <u>Section 11</u> (Indemnification and Contribution), <u>Section 12</u> (Representations and Agreements to Survive Delivery), <u>Section 18</u>
      (Governing Law and Time; Waiver of Jury Trial) and <u>Section 19</u> (Consent to Jurisdiction) hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination. If an Agent elects to terminate this Agreement with respect to itself as
      provided in this Section 13(a), such Agent shall provide the required written notice as specified in Section 14 (Notices).</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10pt; CLEAR: both; MARGIN-TOP: 10pt">
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&#160;</p>
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      notice as hereinafter specified to terminate this Agreement with respect to any or all of the Agents in its sole discretion at any time after the date of this Agreement. Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party
      except that the provisions of <u>Section 9</u> (Payment of Expenses), <u>Section 11</u> (Indemnification and Contribution), <u>Section 12</u> (Representations and Agreements to Survive Delivery), <u>Section 18</u> (Governing Law and Time; Waiver
      of Jury Trial) and <u>Section 19</u> (Consent to Jurisdiction) hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">c.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Each Agent shall have the right, by giving five (5) days&#8217;
      notice as hereinafter specified to terminate this Agreement with respect to itself in its sole discretion at any time after the date of this Agreement. Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except that the
      provisions of <u>Section 9</u> (Payment of Expenses), <u>Section&#160;11</u> (Indemnification and Contribution), <u>Section 12</u> (Representations and Agreements to Survive Delivery), <u>Section 18</u> (Governing Law and Time; Waiver of Jury Trial)
      and <u>Section 19</u> (Consent to Jurisdiction) hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
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      this Agreement shall automatically terminate upon the issuance and sale of all of the Placement Shares through the Agents on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein except that the provisions of <u>Section 9</u> (Payment of
      Expenses), <u>Section 11</u> (Indemnification and Contribution), <u>Section 12</u> (Representations and Agreements to Survive Delivery), <u>Section 18</u> (Governing Law and Time; Waiver of Jury Trial) and <u>Section 19</u> (Consent to
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">e.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; This Agreement shall remain in full force and effect unless
      terminated pursuant to <u>Sections 13(a)</u>, <u>(b</u>), <u>(c</u>), or <u>(d)</u> above or otherwise by mutual agreement of the parties; <i>provided, however</i>, that any such termination by mutual agreement shall in all cases be deemed to
      provide that <u>Section 9</u> (Payment of Expenses), <u>Section 11</u> (Indemnification and Contribution), <u>Section 12</u> (Representations and Agreements to Survive Delivery), <u>Section 18</u> (Governing Law and Time; Waiver of Jury Trial)
      and <u>Section 19</u> (Consent to Jurisdiction) shall remain in full force and effect. Upon termination of this Agreement, the Company shall not have any liability to an Agent for any discount, commission or other compensation with respect to any
      Placement Shares not otherwise sold by an Agent under this Agreement. To the extent this Agreement is terminated by one Agent or by the Company with respect to one Agent pursuant to Sections 13(a) (b) or (c) above, this Agreement shall terminate only
      with respect to such Agent and shall remain in full force and effect with respect to the Company and the other Agents, unless and until terminated pursuant to Sections 13(a), (b), (c), or (d) above.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10pt; CLEAR: both; MARGIN-TOP: 10pt">
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&#160;</p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">f.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Any termination of this Agreement shall be effective on the
      date specified in such notice of termination; <i>provided, however</i>, that such termination shall not be effective until the close of business on the date of receipt of such notice by an Agent or the Company, as the case may be. If such
      termination shall occur prior to the Settlement Date for any sale of Placement Shares, such Placement Shares shall settle in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement.</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.1pt"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">14.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; <u>Notices</u>. All notices or other
      communications required or permitted to be given by any party to any other party pursuant to the terms of this Agreement shall be in writing, unless otherwise specified, and if sent to the Agents, shall be delivered to:</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.1pt"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">B. Riley Securities, Inc.</font>&#160;</p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">299 Park Avenue, 7<sup style="vertical-align: text-top; line-height: 1; font-size: smaller;">th</sup> Floor</font>&#160;</p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">New York, NY 10171</font></p>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Attention:&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;General Counsel</font><font style="font-size: 10pt"><br>
      <font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Telephone: &#160;(212) 457-9947</font></font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Email: &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;atmdesk@brileyfin.com</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">H.C. Wainwright &amp; Co., LLC</font></p>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">430 Park Avenue</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">New York, NY 10022</font></p>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Attention: Head of Investment Banking</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Email: notices@hcwco.com</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">with a copy to:</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left"></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Duane Morris LLP</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1540 Broadway</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">New York, NY 10036</font></p>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Attention:&#160;&#160;&#160;James T. Seery</font><br>
    <font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Telephone:&#160;(973) 424-2088</font><br>
    <font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Email:&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<u>jtseery@duanemorris.com</u></font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">and if to the Company, shall be delivered to:</font></p>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">PDS Biotechnology Corporation</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">303A College Road East</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Princeton, NJ 08540</font><font style="font-size: 10pt"><br>
      <font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Attention: &#160;&#160;&#160;Lars Boesgaard</font><br>
      <font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Telephone: &#160;(908) 616-1902</font></font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Email:&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<u>lboesgaard@pdsbiotech.com</u></font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <div class="BRPFPageBreakArea" style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 10pt; CLEAR: both; MARGIN-TOP: 10pt">
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">with a copy to:</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">DLA Piper LLP (US)</font></p>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1650 Market Street, Suite 5000</font></p>
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: left"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Philadelphia, PA 19103</font><font style="font-size: 10pt"><br>
      <font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Attention:&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Fahd Riaz, Esq.</font><br>
      <font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Telephone: &#160;(215) 656 3316</font></font></p>
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      parties to this Agreement written notice of a new address for such purpose. Each such notice or other communication shall be deemed given (i) when delivered personally, by email, or by verifiable facsimile transmission on or before 4:30 p.m., New
      York City time, on a Business Day or, if such day is not a Business Day, on the next succeeding Business Day, (ii) on the next Business Day after timely delivery to a nationally-recognized overnight courier and (iii) on the Business Day actually
      received if deposited in the U.S. mail (certified or registered mail, return receipt requested, postage prepaid). For purposes of this Agreement, &#8220;<u>Business Day</u>&#8221; shall mean any day on which the Exchange and commercial banks in the City of New
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      this Agreement shall be deemed to include the successors and permitted assigns of such party. Nothing in this Agreement, express or implied, is intended to confer upon any party other than the parties hereto or their respective successors and
      permitted assigns any rights, remedies, obligations or liabilities under or by reason of this Agreement, except as expressly provided in this Agreement. Neither the Company nor the Agents may assign its rights or obligations under this Agreement
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  <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</font></p>
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      Agreement (including all schedules and exhibits attached hereto and Placement Notices issued pursuant hereto) constitutes the entire agreement and supersedes all other prior and contemporaneous agreements and undertakings, both written and oral,
      among the parties hereto with regard to the subject matter hereof. Neither this Agreement nor any term hereof may be amended except pursuant to a written instrument executed by the Company and the Agents. In the event that any one or more of the
      provisions contained herein, or the application thereof in any circumstance, is held invalid, illegal or unenforceable as written by a court of competent jurisdiction, then such provision shall be given full force and effect to the fullest possible
      extent that it is valid, legal and enforceable, and the remainder of the terms and provisions herein shall be construed as if such invalid, illegal or unenforceable term or provision was not contained herein, but only to the extent that giving effect
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      THE VENUE OF SUCH SUIT, ACTION OR PROCEEDING IS IMPROPER. EACH PARTY HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES PERSONAL SERVICE OF PROCESS AND CONSENTS TO PROCESS BEING SERVED IN ANY SUCH SUIT, ACTION OR PROCEEDING BY MAILING A COPY THEREOF (CERTIFIED OR REGISTERED
      MAIL, RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED) TO SUCH PARTY AT THE ADDRESS IN EFFECT FOR NOTICES TO IT UNDER THIS AGREEMENT AND AGREES THAT SUCH SERVICE SHALL CONSTITUTE GOOD AND SUFFICIENT SERVICE OF PROCESS AND NOTICE THEREOF. NOTHING CONTAINED HEREIN SHALL BE
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      the Placement Shares that would constitute an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, or that would otherwise constitute a &#8220;free writing prospectus,&#8221; as defined in Rule 405, required to be filed with the Commission. Any such free writing prospectus consented
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      affiliates, stockholders (or other equity holders), creditors or employees or any other party, on the one hand, and the Agents, on the other hand, has been or will be created in respect of any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement,
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        <td colspan="3"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Very truly yours,</font></td>
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  <xs:import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2022-03-31" schemaLocation="https://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2022-03-31/types.xsd" />
</xs:schema>
</XBRL>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.LAB
<SEQUENCE>5
<FILENAME>pdsb-20240813_lab.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION LABEL LINKBASE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="us-ascii"?>
<!--Generated by Broadridge PROfile 24.6.2.5244 Broadridge-->
<link:linkbase xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd" xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xbrli="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance">
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  <link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedPeriodStartLabel" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedPeriodStartLabel" />
  <link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedLabel" />
  <link:labelLink xlink:type="extended" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/link">
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    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_CoverAbstract" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_CoverAbstract">Cover [Abstract]</link:label>
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    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentType" xlink:label="DocumentType" xlink:title="DocumentType" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_DocumentType" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_DocumentType">Document Type</link:label>
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    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:label="WrittenCommunications" xlink:title="WrittenCommunications" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_WrittenCommunications" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_WrittenCommunications">Written Communications</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="WrittenCommunications" xlink:to="dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:title="label: WrittenCommunications to dei_WrittenCommunications" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:label="SolicitingMaterial" xlink:title="SolicitingMaterial" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_SolicitingMaterial">Soliciting Material</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="SolicitingMaterial" xlink:to="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:title="label: SolicitingMaterial to dei_SolicitingMaterial" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:label="PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:title="PreCommencementTenderOffer" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:title="label: PreCommencementTenderOffer to dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:label="PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:title="PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:title="label: PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer to dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:label="AmendmentFlag" xlink:title="AmendmentFlag" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_AmendmentFlag" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_AmendmentFlag">Amendment Flag</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="AmendmentFlag" xlink:to="dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:title="label: AmendmentFlag to dei_AmendmentFlag" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:label="DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:title="DocumentFiscalYearFocus" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus">Document Fiscal Year Focus</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:to="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:title="label: DocumentFiscalYearFocus to dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xlink:label="DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xlink:title="DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus">Document Fiscal Period Focus</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xlink:to="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xlink:title="label: DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus to dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:label="DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:title="DocumentPeriodEndDate" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">Document Period End Date</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:to="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:title="label: DocumentPeriodEndDate to dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:label="EntityRegistrantName" xlink:title="EntityRegistrantName" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityRegistrantName">Entity Registrant Name</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityRegistrantName" xlink:to="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:title="label: EntityRegistrantName to dei_EntityRegistrantName" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:label="EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:title="EntityCentralIndexKey" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">Entity Central Index Key</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:to="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:title="label: EntityCentralIndexKey to dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:label="EntityFileNumber" xlink:title="EntityFileNumber" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityFileNumber" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityFileNumber">Entity File Number</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityFileNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:title="label: EntityFileNumber to dei_EntityFileNumber" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:label="EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:title="EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">Entity Tax Identification Number</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:title="label: EntityTaxIdentificationNumber to dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:label="EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:title="EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:title="label: EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode to dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:label="EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:title="EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">Entity Emerging Growth Company</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:to="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:title="label: EntityEmergingGrowthCompany to dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:label="EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:title="EntityAddressAddressLine1" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">Entity Address, Address Line One</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:title="label: EntityAddressAddressLine1 to dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:label="EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:title="EntityAddressAddressLine2" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2">Entity Address, Address Line Two</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:title="label: EntityAddressAddressLine2 to dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:label="EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:title="EntityAddressAddressLine3" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3">Entity Address, Address Line Three</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:title="label: EntityAddressAddressLine3 to dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:label="EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:title="EntityAddressCityOrTown" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">Entity Address, City or Town</link:label>
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    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:label="EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:title="EntityAddressStateOrProvince" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">Entity Address, State or Province</link:label>
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    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:label="EntityAddressCountry" xlink:title="EntityAddressCountry" />
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    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:label="EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:title="EntityAddressPostalZipCode" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</link:label>
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    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:label="CityAreaCode" xlink:title="CityAreaCode" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_CityAreaCode" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_CityAreaCode">City Area Code</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="CityAreaCode" xlink:to="dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:title="label: CityAreaCode to dei_CityAreaCode" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:label="LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:title="LocalPhoneNumber" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_LocalPhoneNumber">Local Phone Number</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:to="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:title="label: LocalPhoneNumber to dei_LocalPhoneNumber" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:label="Security12bTitle" xlink:title="Security12bTitle" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_Security12bTitle" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_Security12bTitle">Title of 12(b) Security</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="Security12bTitle" xlink:to="dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:title="label: Security12bTitle to dei_Security12bTitle" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag" xlink:label="NoTradingSymbolFlag" xlink:title="NoTradingSymbolFlag" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag">No Trading Symbol Flag</link:label>
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="NoTradingSymbolFlag" xlink:to="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag" xlink:title="label: NoTradingSymbolFlag to dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag" />
    <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:label="TradingSymbol" xlink:title="TradingSymbol" />
    <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:title="dei_TradingSymbol" xml:lang="en-US" id="dei_TradingSymbol">Trading Symbol</link:label>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.24.2.u1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140106932954528">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Document and Entity Information<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Aug. 13, 2024</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Cover [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Aug. 13,  2024<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">001-37568<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">PDS Biotechnology Corp<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0001472091<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">DE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">26-4231384<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">303A College Road East<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Princeton<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">NJ<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">08540<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">800<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">208-3343<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Common Stock, par value $0.00033 per share<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">PDSB<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NASDAQ<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period.  The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td>na</td>
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<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_Security12bTitle">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_Security12bTitle</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td>dei:securityTitleItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SecurityExchangeName</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Section 14a<br> -Number 240<br> -Subsection 12<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SolicitingMaterial</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_TradingSymbol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:tradingSymbolItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_WrittenCommunications">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 425<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_WrittenCommunications</td>
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