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Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2015
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Significant Accounting Policies | Significant Accounting Policies Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements of the Company are stated in U.S. dollars and are prepared using U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. These financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly and majority-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated in consolidation. Use of Estimates The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management of the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. Actual results could differ from those estimates under different assumptions and conditions. The Company's most significant estimates include: (1) its allowances for chargebacks and accruals for rebates and product returns and (2) the allowances for obsolescent or unmarketable inventory. Segment Reporting The Company has one operating segment which is specialty pharmaceutical products. Management has chosen to organize the Company based on the type of products sold. Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is evaluated by the chief operating decision maker, or decision-making group, in making decisions regarding resource allocation and assessing performance. The Company, which uses consolidated financial information in determining how to allocate resources and assess performance, evaluated that our specialty pharmaceutical products compete in similar economic markets and similar circumstances. Substantially all of the Company’s assets are located in the United States. Total revenues are primarily attributable to U.S. customers. Net revenues from customers outside the United States were approximately $0.9 million, $0.6 million and $0.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Fair Value of Financial Instruments Fair value of financial assets and liabilities is the price the Company would receive to sell an asset or pay to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction with a market participant at the measurement date. The Company's fair value measurements follow the appropriate rules as well as the fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the information used to develop the measurements. It applies whenever other guidance requires (or permits) assets or liabilities to be measured at fair value and gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). A summary of the fair value hierarchy that prioritizes observable and unobservable inputs used to measure fair value into three broad levels is described below:
Level 1 - | Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.
Level 2 - | Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations whose inputs are observable or whose significant value drivers are observable.
Level 3 - | Significant inputs to the valuation model are unobservable.
We maintain policies and procedures to value instruments using the best and most relevant data available. The following section describes the valuation methodologies we use to measure different financial instruments at fair value on a recurring basis. The Company’s financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and a revolving line of credit. The carrying values for cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate their fair values due to their short-term nature. The revolving line of credit has a variable interest rate, which approximates the current market rate. The Company's fair values of marketable securities are determined based on valuations provided by a third-party pricing service, as derived from such services' pricing models, and are considered either Level 1 or Level 2 measurements, depending on the nature of the investment. The Company has no marketable securities in which the fair value is determined based on Level 3. The level of management judgment required in evaluating fair value for Level 1 investments is minimal. Similarly, there is little subjectivity or judgment required for Level 2 investments valued using valuation models that are standard across the industry and whose parameter inputs are quoted in active markets. Inputs to the models may include, but are not limited to, reported trades, executable bid and ask prices, broker/dealer quotations, prices or yields of securities with similar characteristics, benchmark curves or information pertaining to the issuer, as well as industry and economic events. Based on the information available, the Company believes that the valuations provided by the third-party pricing service, as derived from such services' pricing models, are representative of prices that would be received to sell the assets at the measurement date (exit prices). Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents include highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, cash equivalents consist primarily of money market funds. Marketable Securities The Company invests in marketable debt securities in order to maximize its return on cash. Marketable securities consist of U.S. Treasury notes and bonds, U.S. Government Agency notes and bonds and bank-guaranteed, variable rate demand notes (VRDN). At the time of purchase, the Company classifies marketable securities as either trading securities or available-for-sale securities, depending on the intent at that time. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, marketable securities were comprised solely of trading securities. Trading securities are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses recognized as a component of interest income in the consolidated statements of operations. Accounts Receivable Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount. The Company records allowances for amounts that could become uncollectible in the future based on historical experience, including amounts related to chargebacks, cash discounts and credits for damaged product. The Company reviews each customer balance to assess collectibility. The majority of the Company’s products are distributed through independent pharmaceutical wholesalers. Net product revenues and accounts receivable take into account the sale of the product at the wholesale acquisition cost, and an accrual is recorded to reflect the difference between the wholesale acquisition cost and the estimated average end-user contract price. This accrual is calculated on a product-specific basis and is based on the estimated number of outstanding units sold to wholesalers that will ultimately be sold in end-user contracts. When the wholesaler sells the product to the end-user at the agreed upon end-user contract price, the wholesaler charges the Company for the difference between the wholesale acquisition price and the end-user contract price and this chargeback is offset against the initial accrual balance. Cash discounts are reductions to invoiced amounts offered to customers for payment within a specified period of time from the date of the invoice. At the time a transaction is recognized as a sale, the Company records a reduction in revenues for an estimate of damaged product in the shipment. The Company’s estimate of the allowance for damaged product is based upon historical experience of claims made for damaged product. Inventories The Company works closely with third parties to manufacture and package finished goods for sale. Based on the customer relationship with the manufacturer or packager, the Company will either take title to finished goods at the time of shipment or at the time of arrival from the manufacturer. The Company then warehouses such goods until distribution and sale. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market with cost determined using the first-in, first-out method. The Company continually evaluates inventories for potential losses due to excess, obsolete or slow-moving inventory by comparing sales history and sales projections to the inventory on hand. When evidence indicates the carrying value of a product may not be recoverable, a charge is recorded to reduce the inventory to its current net realizable value. Prepaid and Other Current Assets Prepaid and other current assets consist of the current portion of unamortized deferred financing costs, prepaid insurance premiums, prepaid consulting services and annual fees paid to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA"). The Company expenses all prepaid amounts as used or over the period of benefit primarily on a straight-line basis, as applicable. Property and Equipment Property and equipment, including leasehold improvements, are stated at cost. Depreciation is recognized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the initial lease term plus renewal options, if reasonably assured, or the remaining useful life of the asset. Upon retirement or disposal of assets, any gain or loss is reflected as a component of operating income in the consolidated statement of operations. Improvements that extend an asset’s useful life are capitalized. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Intangible Assets The Company’s intangible assets consist of capitalized costs related to product and license rights, patents and trademarks. The cost of acquiring product and license rights are capitalized at fair value at the date of acquisition for products that are approved by the FDA for commercial use. These costs are amortized ratably over the estimated economic life of the product. The economic life is estimated based upon the term of the license agreement, patent life or market exclusivity of the product and based on management's assessment of future sales and profitability of the product. This estimate is evaluated on a regular basis during the amortization period and adjusted if appropriate. If there are any changes made to the useful life of the product and license rights, the costs associated with such a change, if any, will be capitalized and amortized over the revised useful life. Capitalized patent costs consist of outside legal costs associated with obtaining and protecting patents on products that have been approved for marketing by the FDA. If it becomes probable that a patent will not be issued or a patent has been declared invalid, related costs associated with the patent application are expensed at the time such determination is made. All costs associated with obtaining patents for products that have not been approved for marketing by the FDA are expensed as incurred. Amortization expense is recognized ratably over the following periods:
Product rights |  | Estimated economic life
License rights |  | Term of license agreement
Patents |  | Life of patent
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Long-lived assets, such as property and equipment and intangible assets subject to amortization, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If events or circumstances arise that require a long-lived asset to be tested for potential impairment, the Company first compares undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset to its carrying value. If the carrying amount of the long-lived asset is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment charge is recognized to the extent that the carrying value exceeds the fair value. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques including quoted market prices, third-party independent appraisals and discounted cash flow models. The Company recorded no impairment charges during 2015, 2014 and 2013. Revenue Recognition Revenue is realizable and earned when all of the following criteria are met: persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; delivery has occurred or services have been rendered; the seller’s price to the buyer is fixed and determinable; and collectibility of the related receivable is reasonably assured. Delivery is considered to have occurred upon either shipment of the product or arrival at its destination, depending upon the shipping terms of the transaction. Product Revenues The Company’s net product revenue reflects the reduction from gross product revenue for estimated allowances for chargebacks, discounts and damaged goods, and reflects sales related accruals for rebates, product returns, and certain administrative and service fees. As discussed above, the allowances against accounts receivable for chargebacks, discounts and damaged goods are determined on a product-by-product basis, and established by management as the Company’s best estimate at the time of sale based on each product’s historical experience adjusted to reflect known changes in the factors that impact such allowances. These allowances are established based on the contractual terms with direct and indirect customers and analyses of historical levels of chargebacks, discounts and credits claimed for damaged product. Other organizations, such as managed care providers, pharmacy benefit management companies and government agencies, may receive rebates from the Company based on either negotiated contracts to carry the Company’s products or reimbursements for filled prescriptions. These entities are considered indirect customers of the Company. In addition, the Company may provide rebates to end-user customers. In conjunction with recognizing a sale to a wholesaler, sales revenues are reduced and accrued liabilities are increased by the Company’s estimate of the rebate that may be claimed. Consistent with industry practice, the Company maintains a return policy that allows customers to return product within a specified period prior to and subsequent to the expiration date. The Company’s estimate of the provision for returns is based upon historical experience. Any changes in the assumptions used to estimate the provision for returns are recognized in the period those assumptions changed. The Company has agreements with certain key wholesalers that include a fee for service costs. These costs are netted against product revenues. Other Revenues Other revenues primarily consist of income from grant funding programs, licensing agreements, leases and contract services. Revenue related to grants is recognized when all conditions related to such grants have been met. All other revenue is recognized when earned. The Company is a party to several licensing arrangements with customers that purchase product from the Company. Under these licensing arrangements, the third-party licensee may have access to the Company's FDA registration file. Licensing arrangements typically include an up-front payment for gaining access to the FDA registration file, royalties and milestone payments upon the achievement of specific sales levels. The amounts received for access to the FDA registration file are evaluated and based on the evaluation, the resulting revenue is either recognized upfront or recognized over the term of the arrangement. Royalties and milestones are recognized as revenue when earned. For substantive milestones, the Company uses the milestone method of recognizing revenue if it is commensurate with either the performance to achieve the milestone or the enhancement of the value of the delivered item, it relates solely to past performance and it is reasonable relative to other milestones. Cost of Products Sold Cost of products sold consists principally of the cost to acquire each unit of product sold, including in-bound freight expense. Cost of products sold also includes expenses associated with the write-down of slow-moving or expired product. Selling and Marketing Expense Selling and marketing expense consists primarily of expenses relating to the advertising, promotion, distribution and sale of products, including royalty expense, salaries and related costs. Distribution Costs Distribution costs are expensed as incurred and totaled $0.8 million in 2015, $1.0 million in 2014 and $0.9 million in 2013. They are included as a component of selling and marketing expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Advertising Costs Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. These costs were $2.6 million, $2.5 million and $2.1 million in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, and are included as a component of selling and marketing expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Research and Development Research and development costs are expensed in the period incurred. Research and development costs are comprised mainly of clinical trial expenses, salaries, wages and other related costs such as materials and supplies. Development expense includes activities performed by third-party providers participating in the Company’s clinical studies. The Company accounts for these costs based on estimates of work performed, patients enrolled or fixed fees for services. Income Taxes The Company provides for deferred taxes using the asset and liability approach. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for future tax consequences attributable to operating loss and tax credit carryforwards, as well as differences between the carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. The Company’s principal differences are related to the timing of deductibility of certain items, such as inventory, depreciation, amortization and expense for nonqualified stock options. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted statutory tax rates that are expected to apply to taxable income in the years such temporary differences are anticipated to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period of enactment. The Company only recognizes income tax benefits associated with an income tax position in which it is “more likely than not” that the position would be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. The tax benefit associated with the exercise of nonqualified stock options is recognized when the benefit is used to offset income taxes payable. The Company’s accounting policy with respect to interest and penalties arising from income tax settlements is to recognize them as part of the provision for income taxes. Comprehensive Income (Loss) Total comprehensive income (loss) was comprised solely of net income (loss) for all periods presented. Earnings (Loss) per Share Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income attributable to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of shares outstanding. Except where the result would be antidilutive to income from continuing operations, diluted earnings per share is calculated by assuming the vesting of unvested restricted stock and the exercise of stock options and warrants, unrecognized compensation costs, as well as the related income tax benefits. Share-Based Payments The Company recognizes compensation cost for all share-based payments issued, modified, repurchased or canceled. Depending on the nature of the vesting provisions, restricted stock awards are measured using either the fair value on the grant date or the fair value of common stock on the date the vesting provisions lapse. Prior to the lapse for those equity grants not valued on the grant date, the fair value is measured on the last day of the reporting period. Collaborative Agreements The Company is a party to several collaborative arrangements with certain research institutions to identify and pursue promising pre-clinical pharmaceutical product candidates. The Company has determined these collaborative agreements do not meet the criteria for accounting under Accounting Standards Codification 808, Collaborative Agreements. The agreements do not specifically designate each party's rights and obligations to each other under the collaborative arrangements. Except for patent defense costs, expenses incurred by one party are not required to be reimbursed by the other party. The funding for these programs is generally provided through private sector investments or federal Small Business Administration ("SBIR/STTR") grant programs. Expenses incurred under these collaborative agreements are included in research and development expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Funding received from private sector investments and grants are recorded as net revenues in the consolidated statements of operations. Recent Accounting Guidance In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued amended guidance in the form of a FASB Accounting Standards Update ("ASU"), "Revenue from Contracts with Customers". The core principle of the new guidance is to recognize revenues when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled for those goods or services. The new guidance defines a five step process to achieve this core principle and, in doing so, additional judgments and estimates may be required within the revenue recognition process. The new standard will replace most of the existing revenue recognition standards in U.S. GAAP when it becomes effective. In July 2015, the FASB issued a one year deferral of the adoption date, which extended the effective date for the Company to January 1, 2018. Adoption prior to January 1, 2017, the original effective date, is not permitted. The new standard can be applied retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented or retrospectively with the cumulative effect of the change recognized at the date of the initial application. The Company is assessing the potential impact of the new standard on financial reporting and has not yet selected a transition method by which it will adopt the standard. In April 2015, the FASB issued amended guidance in a FASB ASU, "Interest-Imputation of Interest", which simplifies the balance sheet presentation of debt issuance costs. Under the new guidance, debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability will be presented on the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the liability. This treatment is consistent with the presentation of debt discounts. The new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, and the new guidance should be applied retrospectively. In August 2015, The FASB issued additional related guidance in the form of another ASU "Interest-Imputation of Interest" that specifically addressed "Line -of-Credit Arrangements". The new guidance allows the presentation of deferred debt issuance costs as an asset and subsequently amortizing these costs over the term of the line-of-credit arrangement. This guidance applies whether or not there are any borrowings on the line-of-credit. The Company does not anticipate adoption of either ASU to have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures. In July 2015, the FASB issued amended guidance in the form of a FASB ASU on, “Inventory: Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory.” The amended guidance requires entities to measure inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation. The requirement would replace the current lower of cost or market evaluation. Accounting guidance is unchanged for inventory measured using last-in, first-out (“LIFO”) or the retail method. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016. The accounting guidance should be applied prospectively and early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the potential impact of this adoption on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures. In November 2015, the FASB amended guidance in the form of a FASB ASU on, "Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes", which requires that all deferred tax assets and liabilities be classified as noncurrent on the balance sheet instead of separating deferred taxes into current and noncurrent amounts. The FASB determined that this simplification could reduce cost and complexity without decreasing the usefulness of information provided to financial statement users. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016. The accounting guidance may be applied prospectively or retrospectively and early adoption is permitted. The Company does not anticipate adoption of this balance sheet classification ASU to have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures. In February 2016, the FASB issued guidance in the form of a FASB ASU, "Leases". The new standard establishes a right-of-use (ROU) model that requires a lessee to record an ROU asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. Leases will be classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement. A modified retrospective transition approach is required for lessees for capital and operating leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements, with certain optional practical expedients available. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is evaluating the impact of its pending adoption of the new standard on Cumberland’s consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

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