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Stock incentive plans | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Stock incentive plans [Abstract] |
Stock incentive plans | 9. Stock incentive plans Stock incentive plans. We currently have two stock incentive plans: the 2005 Equity Incentive Plan and the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan, which provide for awards to executives, key employees, directors and consultants. The plans generally provide for awards in the form of: (i) incentive stock options, (ii) non-qualified stock options, (iii) restricted stock, (iv) restricted stock units (which may include performance-based vesting), (v) stock appreciation rights or (vi) limited stock appreciation rights. Awards granted under these plans have exercise prices equal to 100% of the fair market value of the common stock at the date of grant. Awards granted have a ten-year term and generally vest over a two-year to four-year period, unless automatically accelerated for certain defined events. As of May 2014, no new awards may be made under the 2005 Equity Incentive Plan. Under our 2014 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended in May 2020, we are authorized to grant awards of up to 2,200,000 shares of TransAct common stock. At December 31, 2022, 347,652 shares of common stock remained available for issuance under the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan. Under the assumptions indicated below, the weighted-average per share fair value of stock option grants for 2022 and 2021 was $4.39 and $5.41, respectively. We also issued restricted stock units for certain executives and directors that vest over a specified period of time, and in some instances require achieving certain performance metrics. The weighted-average per share fair value of these restricted stock units was $8.43 and $10.27 in 2022 and 2021, respectively. The table below indicates the key assumptions (on a weighted-average basis) used in the option valuation calculations for options granted in 2022 and 2021 and a discussion of our methodology for developing each of the assumptions used in the valuation model:
|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Expected option term (in years) |  |  | 7.1 |  |  |  | 6.9 |
Expected volatility |  |  | 51.3 | % |  |  | 50.5 | %
Risk-free interest rate |  |  | 2.2 | % |  |  | 1.2 | %
Dividend yield |  |  | 0.0 | % |  |  | 0.0 | %
Expected Option Term - This is the weighted average period of time over which the options granted are expected to remain outstanding giving consideration to our historical exercise patterns. Options granted have a maximum term of ten years and an increase in the expected term will increase compensation expense. Expected Volatility – The stock volatility for each grant is measured using the weighted average of historical daily price changes of our common stock over the most recent period approximately equal to the expected option term of the grant. An increase in the expected volatility factor will increase compensation expense. Risk-Free Interest Rate - This is the U.S. Treasury rate in effect at the time of grant having a term approximately equal to the expected term of the option. An increase in the risk-free interest rate will increase compensation expense. Dividend Yield –The dividend yield is calculated by dividing the annual dividend declared per common share by the weighted average market value of our common stock on the date of grant. An increase in the dividend yield will decrease compensation expense. For both 2022 and 2021, we recorded $1.2 million of share-based compensation expense included primarily in general and administrative expense in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. We also recorded income tax benefits of $0.3 million in both 2022 and 2021, related to such share-based compensation. At December 31, 2022, these benefits are recorded as a deferred tax asset in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Equity award activity in the 2005 Equity Incentive Plan and the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan is summarized below:
|  | Stock Options |  |  | Restricted Stock Units |
|  | Number of Shares |  |  | Average Price* |  |  | Number of Units |  |  | Average Price** |
Outstanding at December 31, 2021 |  |  | 1,269,355 |  |  | $ | 9.18 |  |  |  | 155,225 |  |  | $ | 10.28 |
Granted |  |  | 181,100 |  |  |  | 8.16 |  |  |  | 129,700 |  |  |  | 8.78 |
Exercised |  |  | (17,500 | ) |  |  | 6.70 |  |  |  | (47,931 | ) |  |  | 10.22 |
Forfeited |  |  | (49,250 | ) |  |  | 9.38 |  |  |  | (22,708 | ) |  |  | 10.27 |
Expired |  |  | (27,750 | ) |  |  | 8.51 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 |  |  | 1,355,955 |  |  | $ | 9.08 |  |  |  | 214,286 |  |  | $ | 9.28 |
* | weighted average exercise price per share
** | weighted average grant stock price per share
The following summarizes information about equity awards outstanding that are vested and expect to vest and equity awards that are exercisable at December 31, 2022:
|  | Equity Awards Vested and Expected to Vest |  |  | Equity Awards That Are Exercisable |
|  | Awards |  |  | Average Price* |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |  |  | Remaining Term** |  |  | Awards |  |  | Average Price* |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |  |  | Remaining Term** |
Stock Options |  |  | 1,355,955 |  |  | $ | 9.08 |  |  | $ | 224 |  |  |  | 5.0 |  |  |  | 971,865 |  |  | $ | 9.23 |  |  | $ | 93 |  |  |  | 3.7 |
Restricted stock units |  |  | 145,687 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | 921 |  |  |  | 2.1 |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |  |  |  | – |
* | weighted average exercise price per share
** | weighted-average contractual remaining term in years
Shares that are issued upon exercise of employee stock awards are newly issued shares and not issued from treasury stock. As of December 31, 2022, unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested equity awards granted under our stock incentive plans is approximately $2.1 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.6 years. The total fair value of awards vested was $1.6 million and $1.7 million during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The total intrinsic value (which is the amount by which the stock price exceeded the exercise price on the date of exercise) of stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $40 thousand and $268 thousand, respectively, and cash received from option exercises was zero and $436 thousand in 2022 and 2021, respectively. 17,500 and 97,000 stock options were exercised during the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We recorded a realized tax provision in 2022 and 2021 from equity-based awards of $13 thousand and $35 thousand, respectively, related to options exercised.

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