<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001104659-25-068740.txt : 20250717
<SEC-HEADER>0001104659-25-068740.hdr.sgml : 20250717
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20250717173435
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001104659-25-068740
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	S-3
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		9
FILED AS OF DATE:		20250717
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20250717

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			ClearSign Technologies Corp
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001434524
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASUREMENT, DISPLAY, AND CONTROL [3823]
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	08 Industrial Applications and Services
		EIN:				000000000
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		S-3
		SEC ACT:		1933 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	333-288736
		FILM NUMBER:		251131870

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		8023 E. 63RD PLACE, SUITE 101
		CITY:			TULSA
		STATE:			OK
		ZIP:			74133
		BUSINESS PHONE:		(918) 236-6461

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		8023 E. 63RD PLACE, SUITE 101
		CITY:			TULSA
		STATE:			OK
		ZIP:			74133

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	CLEARSIGN COMBUSTION CORP
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20080507
</SEC-HEADER>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>S-3
<SEQUENCE>1
<FILENAME>tm2520917d1_s3.htm
<DESCRIPTION>FORM S-3
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
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<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission
on July&nbsp;17, 2025</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Registration&nbsp;No.&nbsp;333-_____</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Rule-Page --><DIV STYLE="margin-top: 3pt; margin-bottom: 3pt; width: 100%"><DIV STYLE="font-size: 1pt; border-top: Black 2pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</DIV></DIV><!-- Field: /Rule-Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 8pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 14pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; background-color: white"><B>UNITED STATES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 14pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; background-color: white"><B>SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE
COMMISSION</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; background-color: white"><B>Washington, D.C. 20549</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 8pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 14pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; background-color: white"><B>FORM S-3</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 8pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 14pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; background-color: white"><B>REGISTRATION STATEMENT</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; background-color: white"><B><I>UNDER</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; background-color: white"><B><I>THE SECURITIES ACT
OF 1933</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 8pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 14pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>CLEARSIGN TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 8pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; width: 33%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Delaware</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; width: 34%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>3823</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; width: 33%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>26-2056298</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(State or other jurisdiction of</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Primary Standard Industrial</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(I.R.S. Employer</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">incorporation or organization)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Classification Code Number)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Identification No.)</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 8pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>8023 East 63<SUP>rd</SUP> Place, Suite&nbsp;101</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Tulsa, Oklahoma 74133</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>(206) 673-4848</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">(Address, including zip code, and telephone number,
including area code, of registrant&rsquo;s principal executive offices)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 8pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Colin James Deller</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Chief Executive Officer</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>ClearSign Technologies Corporation</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>8023 East 63<SUP>rd</SUP> Place, Suite&nbsp;101</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Tulsa, Oklahoma 74133</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>(206) 673-4848</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone
number, including area code, of agent for service)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 8pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>With Copies to:</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 8pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Blake Baron,&nbsp;Esq.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Gabriel Miranda,&nbsp;Esq.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Mitchell Silberberg&nbsp;&amp; Knupp LLP</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>437 Madison Avenue, 25th Floor</B>&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>New York, New York 10022</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Telephone: (212) 509-3900</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 8pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public:
</B>From time to time after this registration statement becomes effective.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 8pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">If the only securities being registered on this Form&nbsp;are being
offered pursuant to dividend or interest reinvestment plans, please check the following box. <FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 8pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">If any of the securities being registered on this Form&nbsp;are to
be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule&nbsp;415 under the Securities Act of 1933, other than securities offered
only in connection with dividend or interest reinvestment plans, check the following box. <FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#120;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 8pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">If this Form&nbsp;is filed to register additional securities for an
offering pursuant to Rule&nbsp;462(b)&nbsp;under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration
statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. <FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 8pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">If this Form&nbsp;is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to
Rule&nbsp;462(c)&nbsp;under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of
the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. <FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 8pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">If this Form&nbsp;is a registration statement pursuant to General
Instruction I.D. or a post-effective amendment thereto that shall become effective upon filing with the Commission pursuant to Rule&nbsp;462(e)&nbsp;under
the Securities Act, check the following box. <FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 8pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">If this Form&nbsp;is a post-effective amendment to a registration
statement filed pursuant to General Instruction I.D. filed to register additional securities or additional classes of securities pursuant
to Rule&nbsp;413(b)&nbsp;under the Securities Act, check the following box. <FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 8pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated
filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions
of &ldquo;large accelerated filer,&rdquo; &ldquo;accelerated filer,&rdquo; &ldquo;smaller reporting company&rdquo; and &quot;emerging
growth company&quot; in Rule&nbsp;12b-2 of the Exchange Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 8pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Large accelerated filer <FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Accelerated filer <FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Non-accelerated filer <FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#120;</FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Smaller reporting company <FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#120;</FONT></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Emerging growth company <FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</FONT></P></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 8pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>The registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such
date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment that specifically states
that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section&nbsp;8(a)&nbsp;of the Securities Act or
until this Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to said Section&nbsp;8(a), may
determine.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 8pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; background-color: white"><B>EXPLANATORY NOTE</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">This registration statement contains two prospectuses:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 5%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 92%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a base prospectus which covers the offering, issuance and sale by us of up to $50,000,000 of our debt securities, common stock, preferred stock, warrants to purchase our common stock, subscription rights to purchase our common stock and/or units consisting of some or all of these securities; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 5%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 92%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a sales agreement prospectus covering the offering, issuance and sale by us of up to $10,390,000 of our common stock that may be issued and sold under a sales agreement with H.C. Wainwright&nbsp;&amp; Co., LLC.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">The base prospectus immediately follows this
explanatory note. The specific terms of any securities to be offered pursuant to the base prospectus, other than the shares offered pursuant
to the sales agreement, will be specified in a prospectus supplement to the base prospectus. The specific terms of the securities to be
offered pursuant to the sales agreement are specified in the sales agreement prospectus that immediately follows the base prospectus.
The common stock that may be offered, issued and sold by us under the sales agreement prospectus is included in the $50,000,000 of securities
that may be offered, issued and sold by us under the base prospectus. In the event of the termination of the offering of common stock
under the sales agreement prospectus, any portion of the $10,390,000 aggregate offering price for the common stock covered by the sales
agreement prospectus that is not sold pursuant to the sales agreement prospectus will be available for sale in other offerings pursuant
to the base prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; color: red"><B>The information in this prospectus is not complete and
may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the Securities and Exchange Commission declares our registration statement effective.
This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state where
the offer or sale is not permitted.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; color: red"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>Subject
to completion, dated July&nbsp;17, 2025</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>PROSPECTUS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><IMG SRC="tm2520917d1_s3img01.jpg" ALT="" STYLE="height: 56px; width: 242px"></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>$50,000,000</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Debt Securities</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Common Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Preferred Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Warrants</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Subscription Rights</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Units</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We may from time to time offer and sell, in one
or more offerings, up to $50,000,000 in any combination of debt securities, common stock, preferred stock, warrants, subscription rights
and units. The units may consist of any combination of the securities listed above. We will provide you with more specific terms of the
securities offered by us in one or more supplements to this prospectus. You should read this prospectus and the applicable prospectus
supplement carefully before you invest.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We may offer these securities from time to time
in amounts, at prices and on other terms to be determined at the time of offering. We may offer and sell these securities to or through
underwriters, dealers or agents, or directly to investors, on a continuous or delayed basis. The supplements to this prospectus will provide
the specific terms of the plan of distribution. The price to the public of the securities we offer and the net proceeds we expect to receive
from such sale will also be set forth in a prospectus supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital
Market (&ldquo;Nasdaq&rdquo;) under the symbol &ldquo;CLIR&rdquo;. On July&nbsp;16, 2025, the closing price of our common stock as reported
by Nasdaq was $0.50 per share.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">As of the date hereof,
the aggregate market value of our outstanding common stock held by&nbsp;non-affiliates&nbsp;was approximately $31,490,256, which we calculated
based on 52,426,282 shares of outstanding common stock as of July&nbsp;17, 2025, of which 43,137,337 shares were held by&nbsp;non-affiliates,&nbsp;and
a price per share of $0.73 which was the closing price of our common stock on May&nbsp;19, 2025. &nbsp;We have not offered or sold any
securities pursuant to General Instruction I.B.6 of Form&nbsp;S-3 during the prior 12-calendar-month period that ends on and includes
the date of this prospectus. Pursuant to General Instruction I.B.6 of Form&nbsp;S-3,&nbsp;in no event will we sell, pursuant to the registration
statement of which this prospectus forms a part, securities with a value exceeding&nbsp;one-third&nbsp;of the aggregate market value of
our outstanding common stock held by&nbsp;non-affiliates&nbsp;in any&nbsp;12-month&nbsp;period, so long as the aggregate market value
of our outstanding common stock held by&nbsp;non-affiliates&nbsp;remains below $75.0&nbsp;million.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>An investment in our securities may be considered
speculative and involves a high degree of risk, including the risk of a substantial loss of your investment. See &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo;
on page&nbsp;6 for more information on the risks you should consider before buying our securities. An investment in our securities
is not suitable for all investors.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission
nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities, or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus.
Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>The date of this prospectus is _____, 2025</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>TABLE OF CONTENTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="width: 94%; text-indent: 0.45in">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 6%; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Page</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_014"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_014"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_015"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">MARKET,&nbsp;INDUSTRY AND OTHER DATA</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_015"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_016"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">DISCLOSURE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_016"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_017"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">OUR BUSINESS</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_017"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_018"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">RISK FACTORS</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_018">6</A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_019"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">USE OF PROCEEDS</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_019"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">6</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_020"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">DILUTION</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_020"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">6</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_021"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES THAT MAY&nbsp;BE OFFERED</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_021">7</A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.1in"><A HREF="#a_022"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Description of Debt Securities</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_022">7</A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.1in"><A HREF="#a_023"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Description of Common Stock</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_023"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">14</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.1in"><A HREF="#a_024"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Description of Preferred Stock</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_024"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">16</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.1in"><A HREF="#a_025"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Description of Warrants</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_025"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">18</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.1in"><A HREF="#a_026"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Description of Subscription Rights</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_026"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">19</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.1in"><A HREF="#a_027"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Description of Units</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_027">20</A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_028"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_028"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">20</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_029"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">LEGAL MATTERS</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_029"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">23</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_030"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">EXPERTS</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_030"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">23</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_031"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_031"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">23</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_032"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">INFORMATION INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_032"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">25</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_014"></A>ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">This prospectus is part of a registration statement
filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &ldquo;SEC&rdquo;) using a &ldquo;shelf&rdquo; registration process. Under this
shelf process, we may sell the securities described in this prospectus in one or more offerings. This prospectus provides you with a general
description of the securities that may be offered. Each time we offer securities for sale, we will provide a prospectus supplement that
contains specific information about the terms of that offering. Any prospectus supplement may also add or update information contained
in this prospectus. You should read both this prospectus and any prospectus supplement together with additional information described
below under &ldquo;Where You Can Find More Information&rdquo; and &ldquo;Information Incorporated by Reference.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The registration statement that contains this prospectus
(including the exhibits thereto) contains additional important information about us and the securities we may offer under this prospectus.
Specifically, we have filed certain legal documents that establish the terms of the securities offered by this prospectus as exhibits
to the registration statement. We will file certain other legal documents that establish the terms of the securities offered by this prospectus
as exhibits to reports we file with the SEC. You may obtain copies of the registration statement and the other reports and documents referenced
herein as described below under the heading &ldquo;Where You Can Find More Information.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">You should rely only on the information contained
or incorporated by reference in this prospectus and in any prospectus supplement. We have not authorized any other person to provide you
with different information. If anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. We are not making
offers to sell or solicitations to buy the securities in any jurisdiction in which an offer or solicitation is not authorized or in which
the person making that offer or solicitation is not qualified to do so or to anyone to whom it is unlawful to make an offer or solicitation.
You should not assume that the information in this prospectus or any prospectus supplement, as well as the information we file or previously
filed with the SEC that we incorporate by reference in this prospectus or any prospectus supplement, is accurate as of any date other
than the date of such document. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since those dates.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">In this prospectus, unless the context otherwise
requires, references to &ldquo;ClearSign,&rdquo; &ldquo;we,&rdquo; &ldquo;us,&rdquo; &ldquo;our&rdquo; or the &ldquo;Company&rdquo; refer
to ClearSign Technologies Corporation and its subsidiary, ClearSign Asia Limited.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_015"></A><B>MARKET,&nbsp;INDUSTRY AND OTHER DATA</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">This prospectus, including the information incorporated
by reference, contains estimates, projections and other information concerning our industry, our business, and the markets for certain
products and services, including data regarding the estimated size of those markets and their projected growth rates. Information that
is based on estimates, forecasts, projections or similar methodologies is based on a number of assumptions and is inherently subject to
uncertainties, including those described in &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo; and elsewhere in this prospectus and documents incorporated by
reference in this prospectus, and actual events or circumstances may differ materially from events and circumstances reflected in this
information. You are cautioned not to give undue weight to such estimates, projections and other information.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_016"></A><B>DISCLOSURE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="background-color: white">This prospectus
and any accompanying prospectus supplement, including the information incorporated by reference in this prospectus, may contain certain
 &ldquo;forward-looking statements&rdquo; within the meaning of Section&nbsp;27A of the Securities Act of 1933 (the &ldquo;Securities Act&rdquo;),
and Section&nbsp;21E of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the &ldquo;Exchange Act&rdquo;), that involve substantial
risks and uncertainties. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus,
including statements regarding our strategy, future operations, future financial position, future revenue, projected costs, prospects,
plans and objectives of management and expected market growth are forward-looking statements. The words &ldquo;anticipate,&rdquo; &ldquo;believe,&rdquo;
 &ldquo;continue,&rdquo; &ldquo;could,&rdquo; &ldquo;estimate,&rdquo; &ldquo;expect,&rdquo; &ldquo;intend,&rdquo; &ldquo;may,&rdquo; &ldquo;plan,&rdquo;
 &ldquo;potential,&rdquo; &ldquo;predict,&rdquo; &ldquo;project,&rdquo; &ldquo;should,&rdquo; &ldquo;target,&rdquo; &ldquo;would&rdquo;
and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these
identifying words.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in; background-color: white">We may not actually achieve
the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking
statements. Actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in the forward-looking
statements we make. We have included important factors in the cautionary statements in this prospectus, particularly in the &ldquo;Risk
Factors&rdquo; section, that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from the forward-looking statements that we make.
Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, collaborations,
joint ventures or investments that we may make or enter into.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in; background-color: white">You should read this
prospectus and the documents that we reference herein and have filed or incorporated by reference hereto completely and with the understanding
that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. The forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus
and incorporated by reference herein are made as of the date hereof, and we do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking
statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_017"></A><B>OUR BUSINESS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 2pt; text-indent: 0.5in"><I>This is only a summary and may not contain all
the information that is important to you. You should carefully read both this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement and
any other offering materials, together with the additional information described under the heading &ldquo;Where You Can Find More Information.&rdquo;</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 2pt"><B>About ClearSign Technologies Corporation</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 2pt; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">We design and develop
technologies for the purpose of decarbonization and improving key performance characteristics of industrial and commercial combustion
systems, including emission and operational performance, energy efficiency, and overall cost-effectiveness. We believe that our patented
ClearSign Core&trade; technology can enhance the performance of combustion systems in a broad range of markets, including the energy (upstream
oil production, midstream gas processing and transportation, and down-stream refining), institutional, commercial and industrial boiler,
chemical, and petrochemical industries. Our ClearSign Core<SUP>TM</SUP>&nbsp;technology, which is our primary technology, uses either
a porous ceramic structure or metal flame holder device held at a distance from the injection planes of a burner to significantly reduce
flame length and achieve low emissions without the need for external flue gas recirculation, selective catalytic reduction, or high excess
air systems. To date, our operations have been funded primarily through sales of our equity securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 2pt; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">Our combustion technology
has been successfully deployed in commercial projects such as down-stream refining and upstream oil production. These applications include
our process burner, flaring and boiler burner technologies. Both our process burner and boiler burner technology can operate in high-intensity
industrial burner applications at sites that are required to meet low air pollutant emissions.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 2pt; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">We believe that combustion
equipment utilizing ClearSign Core<SUP>TM</SUP> technology is more effective and cost-efficient than current industry-standard air pollution
control technologies and can reduce nitrogen oxide (&ldquo;NOx&rdquo;) emissions down to the levels required by new stringent emission
regulations. NOx is a regulated greenhouse gas pollutant comprised of nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide. These current industry-standard
air pollution control technologies include selective catalytic reduction devices (&ldquo;SCRs&rdquo;), low- and ultra-low NOx burners,
external flue gas recirculation systems and other similar technologies. Such air pollution control systems are widely used in places within
our current target markets such as petroleum refining and petrochemical process heaters, large-scale once through steam generators (&ldquo;OTSGs&rdquo;),
enclosed flares, institutional commercial and industrial boilers and other similar equipment. We believe that our ClearSign Core<SUP>TM</SUP>&nbsp;technology
can provide value to our customers not only by helping them meet current and possible future legislative mandates to reduce pollutant
emissions, but also by improving operating efficiency and increasing overall return on investment.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 2pt; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">Based on the operating
data we have obtained from our installed products, burners utilizing ClearSign Core<SUP>TM</SUP> technology can provide increased heat
transfer efficiency as compared to other emission reducing technologies. This is consistent with the physics of heat transfer and the
mechanisms by which the technology functions. The reported increased heat transfer efficiency may potentially result in cost savings in
the low to mid-single digit percentage range for burners employing our technology. We believe that these potential costs savings could
produce a significantly attractive pay-back period for an investment in ClearSign Core<SUP>TM</SUP>&nbsp;technology-based burners. In
addition, because the flame volumes in heaters utilizing ClearSign Core<SUP>TM</SUP>&nbsp;technology are typically small, heaters using
our technology are expected to operate at a lower cost, have increased productivity, and require less maintenance and downtime compared
to heaters that operate with enlarged flames produced by traditional low NOx burners. The flames in a ClearSign Core<SUP>TM</SUP> system
are established from a predominantly premixed stream of fuel, combustion air and flue gasses stabilized on a downstream structure that
promotes turbulence and ignition with minimal &ldquo;bulking up.&rdquo; In comparison, flames resulting from the traditional legacy process
of slow mixing of the fuel and air, and dilutive inert flue gasses have a much larger size. With a lower volume flame in a ClearSign Core<SUP>TM</SUP>
system, surfaces in the heater or boiler experience less touching by the flame and it is anticipated that our systems can virtually eliminate
flame impingement. Our technology also enables burners to function better in tightly spaced heaters compared to the flames of traditional
low NOx burners. Most importantly, using our technology has the potential to decrease process downtime required during installation compared
to retrofits utilizing the legacy technology of SCRs or flue gas recirculation systems.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

</DIV>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 2pt; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">We are also designing
and commercializing a range of sensing products called the ClearSign Eye for two potential markets. The primary addressable market is
similar to that of our ClearSign Core<SUP>TM</SUP> technology, although not limited to regions requiring emissions reduction. The flame
sensing products are applicable to all installed burners that use a pilot for ignition, including in markets and regions beyond those
where reducing emissions is a high priority. Like our burner technology, our burner sensing technology is being developed to provide convenient
replacement and retrofit solutions for existing equipment as well as for inclusion in newly built equipment.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 2pt; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">The secondary potential
market for our sensing technology is outside of the typical combustion industry and includes transportation industries. We are collaborating
with Narion Corporation to further develop our technology for this industry, which allows us to incur minimal costs while pursuing this
market opportunity. While use of this fundamental technology in applications intended for transportation markets is proven, the development
and refinement of specific products, obtaining the certifications required for commercial deployment and establishing an efficient manufacturing
source and channels to market will take some time, and we cannot assure that these goals will be achieved. We believe that the opportunities
for application of our sensing technology in the transportation market are global and of great value, but it will also take longer to
commercialize products targeted for this market for the reasons stated above.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 2pt; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">Overall, our sensing technologies
could provide future diversification as well as the opportunity for continued business expansion and growth beyond the maturation of our
combustion-related businesses.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 2pt"><B>Our Industry</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 2pt; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">The combustion and emissions
control systems markets are significant, both with respect to the wide array of industries in which the systems are used and the amount
of capital spent installing and upgrading the systems. Combustion systems are used to provide heat for many different industrial and commercial
processes, including boilers, petrochemical process heaters, and waste disposal systems. In order to maximize energy efficiency while
keeping pace with regulatory guidelines for air pollution emissions, operators of combustion systems are continually installing, maintaining,
and upgrading a variety of costly process control, air pollution control and monitoring systems. Although we believe that there are many
potential markets for our ClearSign Core&trade; technology, to date we have limited the introduction of this technology to petroleum refining
process heaters, energy infrastructure process heaters, boilers for steam and hot water generation, boilers for building heating systems,
and enclosed flares. We have initially targeted these markets for various reasons, such as, but not limited to: (i)&nbsp;environmental
regulations imposed on these markets, (ii)&nbsp;total available market size, (iii)&nbsp;this technology being the most readily adapted
to the needs of these industries and (iv)&nbsp;management experience and expertise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 2pt; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">Our initial target markets
center on the energy sector, including downstream oil refineries through the use of process heaters and boilers as well as upstream crude
oil production through the use of OTSGs and wellhead enclosed flares. We believe operators in our domestic target markets are under pressure
to meet current and proposed federal, state and local pollution emissions standards. The standards applicable to our target markets have
been developed over the past 50 years with broad political input. Due to the localized effects of poor air quality, we expect these standards
to continue to become more stringent regardless of political leadership. As an illustration, air pollution emission standards are most
stringent in the states of California and Texas, which historically have had leadership from different political parties. We believe this
to be the case in the U.S. and worldwide in most major developed and developing countries. As a result, these standards are a significant
driver for our development and sales efforts. We believe that our ClearSign Core<SUP>TM</SUP>&nbsp;technology can provide a unique, cost-effective
pollution control solution for operators in comparison to known competing products.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 2pt"><B>Additional Information</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 2pt; text-indent: 0.5in">For a description of our business, financial condition,
results of operations and other important information regarding us, we refer you to our filings with the SEC incorporated by reference
in this prospectus. For instructions on how to find copies of these documents, see &ldquo;Where You Can Find More Information.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

</DIV>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 2pt"><B>Corporate Information</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 2pt; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">We were incorporated in
the State of Washington on January&nbsp;23, 2008. Effective June&nbsp;14, 2023, we changed our domicile from the State of Washington to
the State of Delaware by means of a plan of conversion. The address of our corporate headquarters is 8023 East 63rd Place, Suite&nbsp;101,
Tulsa, Oklahoma 74133 and our telephone number is (918) 236-6461. Our website can be accessed at www.clearsign.com. We currently operate
in the United States.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Information contained in,
or accessible through, our website does not constitute part of this prospectus or registration statement and inclusions of our website
address in this prospectus or registration statement are inactive textual references only. You should not rely on any such information
in making your decision whether to purchase our securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

</DIV>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_018"></A>RISK FACTORS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in; background-color: white">Investing in our securities
involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described in this prospectus and any accompanying
prospectus supplement, including the risk factors set forth in our most recent Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K,&nbsp;our most recent Quarterly
Report on Form&nbsp;10-Q&nbsp;and other filings we make with the SEC from time to time, which are incorporated by reference herein, before
making an investment decision pursuant to this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement relating to a specific offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in; background-color: white">Our business, financial
condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected by any or all of these risks or by additional risks and
uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial that may adversely affect us in the future.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_019"></A><B>USE OF PROCEEDS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Unless we state otherwise in an accompanying prospectus
supplement, we intend to use the net proceeds from the sale of the securities offered by us under this prospectus and any related prospectus
supplement for general corporate purposes. These purposes may include capital expenditures, acquisitions and additions to working capital.
When a particular offering of securities is made, the prospectus supplement relating to that offering will set forth our intended use
of the net proceeds we receive from the sale of the securities. Pending the application of the net proceeds, we may invest the proceeds
in short-term, interest-bearing instruments or other investment-grade securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_020"></A><B>DILUTION</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">With the exception of debt securities we may sell
with no equity conversion feature and, therefore, no effect on dilution, we will set forth in a prospectus supplement the following information
regarding any material dilution of the equity interests of investors purchasing securities sold by us in an offering under this prospectus:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">the net tangible book value per share of our equity securities before and
after the offering;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">the amount of the increase in such net tangible book value per share attributable
to the cash payments made by purchases in the offering; and</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">the amount of the immediate dilution from the public offering price which
will be absorbed by such purchasers.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_021"></A><B>DESCRIPTION OF THE SECURITIES THAT MAY&nbsp;BE
OFFERED</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We may offer and sell, at any time and from time
to time:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 50px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 26px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">debt securities;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">shares of our common stock, par value $0.0001 per share;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">shares of our preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">warrants to purchase any of the other securities that may be sold under this prospectus;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">subscription rights to purchase one or more of the other securities described in this prospectus; </FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">units comprised of one or more of the other securities described in this prospectus; or</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 48px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">any combination of these securities.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">The terms of any securities
we offer will be determined at the time of sale. When particular securities are offered, a supplement to this prospectus will be filed
with the SEC, which will describe the terms of the offering and sale of the offered securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><A NAME="a_022"></A><B>Description of Debt Securities</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We may issue debt securities from time to time,
in one or more series, as either senior or subordinated debt or as senior or subordinated convertible debt. While the terms we have summarized
below will apply generally to any debt securities that we may offer under this prospectus, we will describe the particular terms of any
debt securities that we may offer in more detail in the applicable prospectus supplement. The terms of any debt securities offered under
a prospectus supplement may differ from the terms described below. Unless the context requires otherwise, whenever we refer to the indenture,
we also are referring to any supplemental indentures that specify the terms of a particular series of debt securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We will issue the debt securities under an indenture
that we will enter into with the trustee named in such indenture. Such indenture will be qualified under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939,
as amended, or the Trust Indenture Act. We have filed the form of indenture as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this
prospectus is a part, and supplemental indentures and forms of debt securities containing the terms of the debt securities being offered
will be filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part or will be incorporated by reference from reports
that we file with the SEC.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The following summary of material provisions of
the debt securities and the indenture is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by reference to, all of the provisions of the indenture
applicable to a particular series of debt securities. We urge you to read the applicable prospectus supplements and any related free writing
prospectuses related to the debt securities that we may offer under this prospectus, as well as the complete indenture that contains the
terms of the debt securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>General</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The indenture will not limit the amount of debt
securities that we may issue. It provides that we may issue debt securities up to the principal amount that we may authorize and may be
in any currency or currency unit that we may designate. Except for the provisions contained in the indenture that require the assumption
of debt securities by successors in connection with any consolidation, merger and sale of all or substantially all of our assets, the
terms of the indenture do not contain any covenants or other provisions designed to give holders of any debt securities protection against
changes in our operations, financial condition or transactions involving us.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We may, without the consent of the holders of the
debt securities of any series, issue additional debt securities ranking equally with, and otherwise similar in all respects to, the debt
securities of the series (except for any differences in the issue price and, if applicable, the initial interest accrual date and interest
payment date) so that those additional debt securities will be consolidated and form a single series with the debt securities of the series
previously offered and sold; provided that if the additional debt securities are not fungible with the debt securities of the series previously
offered or sold for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the additional debt securities will have a separate CUSIP or other identifying number.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We may issue the debt securities issued under the
indenture as &ldquo;discount securities,&rdquo; which means they may be sold at a discount below their stated principal amount. These
debt securities, as well as other debt securities that are not issued at a discount, may be issued with &ldquo;original issue discount,&rdquo;
or OID, for U.S. federal income tax purposes because of interest payment and other characteristics or terms of the debt securities. Material
U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to debt securities issued with OID will be described in more detail in any applicable
prospectus supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We will describe in the applicable prospectus supplement
the terms of the series of debt securities being offered, including:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the title of the series of debt securities;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">any limit upon the aggregate principal amount that may be issued;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the maturity date or dates;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the form of the debt securities of the series;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the applicability of any guarantees;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">whether or not the debt securities will be secured or unsecured, and the terms of any secured debt;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">whether the debt securities rank as senior debt, senior subordinated debt, subordinated debt or any combination thereof, and the terms of any subordination;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">if the price (expressed as a percentage of the aggregate principal amount thereof) at which such debt securities will be issued is a price other than the principal amount thereof, the portion of the principal amount thereof payable upon declaration of acceleration of the maturity thereof, or if applicable, the portion of the principal amount of such debt securities that is convertible into another security or the method by which any such portion shall be determined;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the interest rate or rates, which may be fixed or variable, or the method for determining the rate and the date interest will begin to accrue, the dates interest will be payable and the regular record dates for interest payment dates or the method for determining such dates;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our right, if any, to defer payment of interest and the maximum length of any such deferral period;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">if applicable, the date or dates after which, or the period or periods during which, and the price or prices at which, we may, at our option, redeem the series of debt securities pursuant to any optional or provisional redemption provisions and the terms of those redemption provisions;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the date or dates, if any, on which, and the price or prices at which we are obligated, pursuant to any mandatory sinking fund or analogous fund provisions or otherwise, to redeem, or at the holder&rsquo;s option to purchase, the series of debt securities and the currency or currency unit in which the debt securities are payable;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; color: #0563c1"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; color: #0563c1">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the denominations in which we will issue the series of debt securities, if other than denominations of $2,000 and any integral multiple of $1,000 in excess thereof;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">any and all terms, if applicable, relating to any auction or remarketing of the debt securities of that series and any security for our obligations with respect to such debt securities and any other terms which may be advisable in connection with the marketing of debt securities of that series;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">whether the debt securities of the series shall be issued in whole or in part in the form of a global security or securities;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the terms and conditions, if any, upon which such global security or securities may be exchanged in whole or in part for other individual securities; and the depositary for such global security or securities;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">if applicable, the provisions relating to conversion or exchange of any debt securities of the series and the terms and conditions upon which such debt securities will be so convertible or exchangeable, including the conversion or exchange price, as applicable, or how it will be calculated and may be adjusted, any mandatory or optional (at our option or the holders&rsquo; option) conversion or exchange features, the applicable conversion or exchange period and the manner of settlement for any conversion or exchange;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">if other than the full principal amount thereof, the portion of the principal amount of debt securities of the series which shall be payable upon declaration of acceleration of the maturity thereof;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">additions to or changes in the covenants applicable to the particular debt securities being issued, including, among others, the consolidation, merger or sale covenant;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">additions to or changes in the events of default with respect to the securities and any change in the right of the trustee or the holders to declare the principal, premium, if any, and interest, if any, with respect to such securities to be due and payable;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">additions to or changes in or deletions of the provisions relating to covenant defeasance and legal defeasance;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">additions to or changes in the provisions relating to satisfaction and discharge of the indenture;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">additions to or changes in the provisions relating to the modification of the indenture both with and without the consent of holders of debt securities issued under the indenture;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the currency of payment of debt securities if other than U.S. dollars and the manner of determining the equivalent amount in U.S. dollars;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">whether interest will be payable in cash or additional debt securities at our or the holders&rsquo; option and the terms and conditions upon which the election may be made;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the terms and conditions, if any, upon which we will pay amounts in addition to the stated interest, premium, if any and principal amounts of the debt securities of the series to any holder that is not a &ldquo;United States person&rdquo; for federal tax purposes;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">any restrictions on transfer, sale or assignment of the debt securities of the series; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">any other specific terms, preferences, rights or limitations of, or restrictions on, the debt securities, including any additional events of default or covenants provided with respect to the debt securities, and any terms that may be required by us or advisable under applicable laws or regulations or advisable in connection with the marketing of the debt securities.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Conversion or Exchange Rights</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We will set forth in the applicable prospectus
supplement the terms on which a series of debt securities may be convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock or our other securities.
We will include provisions as to settlement upon conversion or exchange and whether conversion or exchange is mandatory, at the option
of the holder or at our option. We may include provisions pursuant to which the number of shares of our common stock or our other securities
that the holders of the series of debt securities receive would be subject to adjustment.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Consolidation, Merger or Sale</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Unless we provide otherwise in the prospectus supplement
applicable to a particular series of debt securities, the indenture will not contain any covenant that restricts our ability to merge
or consolidate, or sell, convey, transfer or otherwise dispose of our assets as an entirety or substantially as an entirety. However,
any successor to or acquirer of such assets (other than a subsidiary of ours) must assume all of our obligations under the indenture or
the debt securities, as appropriate.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">If the debt securities are convertible for our
other securities, the person with whom we consolidate or merge or to whom we sell all of our property would have to make provisions for
the conversion of the debt securities into securities that the holders of the debt securities would have received if they had converted
the debt securities before the consolidation, merger or sale.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Events of Default under the Indenture</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Unless we provide otherwise in the prospectus supplement applicable
to a particular series of debt securities, the following are events of default under the indenture with respect to any series of debt
securities that we may issue:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">if we fail to pay any installment of interest on any series of debt securities, as and when the same shall become due and payable, and such default continues for a period of 30 days; provided, however, that a valid extension of an interest payment period by us in accordance with the terms of any indenture supplemental thereto shall not constitute a default in the payment of interest for this purpose;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">if we fail to pay the principal of, or premium, if any, on any series of debt securities as and when the same shall become due and payable whether at maturity, upon redemption, by declaration or otherwise, or in any payment required by any sinking or analogous fund established with respect to such series; provided, however, that a valid extension of the maturity of such debt securities in accordance with the terms of any indenture supplemental thereto shall not constitute a default in the payment of principal or premium, if any;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">if we fail to observe or perform any other covenant or agreement contained in the debt securities or the indenture, other than a covenant specifically relating to another series of debt securities, and our failure continues for 60 days after we receive written notice of such failure, requiring the same to be remedied and stating that such is a notice of default thereunder, from the trustee or holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of the applicable series; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">if specified events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization occur.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">If an event of default with respect to debt securities
of any series occurs and is continuing, other than an event of default specified in the last bullet point above, the trustee or the holders
of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series, by notice to us in writing, and to the
trustee if notice is given by such holders, may declare the unpaid principal of, premium, if any, and accrued interest, if any, due and
payable immediately. If an event of default specified in the last bullet point above occurs with respect to us, the principal amount of
and accrued interest, if any, of each issue of debt securities then outstanding shall be due and payable without any notice or other action
on the part of the trustee or any holder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The holders of a majority in principal amount of
the outstanding debt securities of an affected series may waive any default or event of default with respect to the series and its consequences,
except defaults or events of default regarding payment of principal, premium, if any, or interest, unless we have cured the default or
event of default in accordance with the indenture. Any waiver shall cure the default or event of default.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Subject to the terms of the indenture, if an event
of default under an indenture shall occur and be continuing, the trustee will be under no obligation to exercise any of its rights or
powers under such indenture at the request or direction of any of the holders of the applicable series of debt securities, unless such
holders have offered the trustee reasonable indemnity. The holders of a majority in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities
of any series will have the right to direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the trustee,
or exercising any trust or power conferred on the trustee, with respect to the debt securities of that series, provided that:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the direction so given by the holder is not in conflict with any law or the applicable indenture; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">subject to its duties under the Trust Indenture Act, the trustee need not take any action that might involve it in personal liability or might be unduly prejudicial to the holders not involved in the proceeding.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">A holder of the debt securities of any series will have the right to
institute a proceeding under the indenture or to appoint a receiver or trustee, or to seek other remedies only if:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the holder has given written notice to the trustee of a continuing event of default with respect to that series;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series have made written request;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">such holders have offered to the trustee indemnity satisfactory to it against the costs, expenses and liabilities to be incurred by the trustee in compliance with the request; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the trustee does not institute the proceeding, and does not receive from the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series other conflicting directions within 90 days after the notice, request and offer.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">These limitations do not apply to a suit instituted
by a holder of debt securities if we default in the payment of the principal, premium, if any, or interest on, the debt securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We will periodically file statements with the trustee
regarding our compliance with specified covenants in the indenture.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Modification of Indenture; Waiver</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We and the trustee may change an indenture without
the consent of any holders with respect to specific matters:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">to cure any ambiguity, defect or inconsistency in the indenture or in the debt securities of any series;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">to comply with the provisions described above under &ldquo;<I>Description of Debt Securities-Consolidation, Merger or Sale</I>&rdquo;;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">to provide for uncertificated debt securities in addition to or in place of certificated debt securities;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">to add to our covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions such new covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions for the benefit of the holders of all or any series of debt securities, to make the occurrence, or the occurrence and the continuance, of a default in any such additional covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions an event of default or to surrender any right or power conferred upon us in the indenture;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">to add to, delete from or revise the conditions, limitations, and restrictions on the authorized amount, terms, or purposes of issue, authentication and delivery of debt securities, as set forth in the indenture;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">to make any change that does not adversely affect the interests of any holder of debt securities of any series in any material respect;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">to provide for the issuance of and establish the form and terms and conditions of the debt securities of any series as provided above under &ldquo;<I>Description of Debt Securities-General</I>&rdquo; to establish the form of any certifications required to be furnished pursuant to the terms of the indenture or any series of debt securities, or to add to the rights of the holders of any series of debt securities;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">to evidence and provide for the acceptance of appointment under any indenture by a successor trustee; or</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">to comply with any requirements of the SEC in connection with the qualification of any indenture under the Trust Indenture Act.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">In addition, under the indenture, the rights of
holders of a series of debt securities may be changed by us and the trustee with the written consent of the holders of at least a majority
in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of each series that is affected. However, unless we provide otherwise
in the prospectus supplement applicable to a particular series of debt securities, we and the trustee may make the following changes only
with the consent of each holder of any outstanding debt securities affected:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">extending the fixed maturity of any debt securities of any series;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; width: 96%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">reducing the principal amount, reducing the rate of or extending the time of payment of interest, or reducing any premium payable upon the redemption of any series of any debt securities; or</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">reducing the percentage of debt securities, the holders of which are required to consent to any amendment, supplement, modification or waiver.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Discharge</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Each indenture provides that we can elect to be
discharged from our obligations with respect to one or more series of debt securities, except for specified obligations, including obligations
to:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">provide for payment;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">register the transfer or exchange of debt securities of the series;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">replace stolen, lost or mutilated debt securities of the series;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">pay principal of and premium and interest on any debt securities of the series;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">maintain paying agencies;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">hold monies for payment in trust;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">recover excess money held by the trustee;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">compensate and indemnify the trustee; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">appoint any successor trustee.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">In order to exercise our rights to be discharged,
we must deposit with the trustee money or government obligations sufficient to pay all the principal of, any premium, if any, and interest
on, the debt securities of the series on the dates payments are due.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Form, Exchange and Transfer</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We will issue the debt securities of each series
only in fully registered form without coupons and, unless we provide otherwise in the applicable prospectus supplement, in denominations
of $2,000 and any integral multiple of $1,000 in excess thereof. The indenture provides that we may issue debt securities of a series
in temporary or permanent global form and as book-entry securities that will be deposited with, or on behalf of, The Depository Trust
Company, or DTC, or another depositary named by us and identified in the applicable prospectus supplement with respect to that series.
To the extent the debt securities of a series are issued in global form and as book-entry, a description of terms relating to any book-entry
securities will be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">At the option of the holder, subject to the terms
of the indenture and the limitations applicable to global securities described in the applicable prospectus supplement, the holder of
the debt securities of any series can exchange the debt securities for other debt securities of the same series, in any authorized denomination
and of like tenor and aggregate principal amount.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Subject to the terms of the indenture and the limitations
applicable to global securities set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement, holders of the debt securities may present the debt
securities for exchange or for registration of transfer, duly endorsed or with the form of transfer endorsed thereon duly executed if
so required by us or the security registrar, at the office of the security registrar or at the office of any transfer agent designated
by us for this purpose. Unless otherwise provided in the debt securities that the holder presents for transfer or exchange, we will impose
no service charge for any registration of transfer or exchange, but we may require payment of any taxes or other governmental charges.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We will name in the applicable prospectus supplement
the security registrar, and any transfer agent in addition to the security registrar, that we initially designate for any debt securities.
We may at any time designate additional transfer agents or rescind the designation of any transfer agent or approve a change in the office
through which any transfer agent acts, except that we will be required to maintain a transfer agent in each place of payment for the debt
securities of each series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">If we elect to redeem the debt securities of any
series, we will not be required to:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">issue, register the transfer of, or exchange any debt securities of that series during a period beginning at the opening of business 15 days before the day of mailing of a notice of redemption of any debt securities that may be selected for redemption and ending at the close of business on the day of the mailing; or</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">register the transfer of or exchange any debt securities so selected for redemption, in whole or in part, except the unredeemed portion of any debt securities we are redeeming in part.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Information Concerning the Trustee</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The trustee, other than during the occurrence and
continuance of an event of default under an indenture, undertakes to perform only those duties as are specifically set forth in the applicable
indenture. Upon an event of default under an indenture, the trustee must use the same degree of care as a prudent person would exercise
or use in the conduct of his or her own affairs. Subject to this provision, the trustee is under no obligation to exercise any of the
powers given it by the indenture at the request of any holder of debt securities unless it is offered reasonable security and indemnity
against the costs, expenses and liabilities that it might incur.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Payment and Paying Agents</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Unless we otherwise indicate in the applicable
prospectus supplement, we will make payment of the interest on any debt securities on any interest payment date to the person in whose
name the debt securities, or one or more predecessor securities, are registered at the close of business on the regular record date for
the interest.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We will pay principal of and any premium and interest
on the debt securities of a particular series at the office of the paying agents designated by us, except that unless we otherwise indicate
in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will make interest payments by check that we will mail to the holder or by wire transfer to
certain holders. Unless we otherwise indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will designate the corporate trust office of
the trustee as our sole paying agent for payments with respect to debt securities of each series. We will name in the applicable prospectus
supplement any other paying agents that we initially designate for the debt securities of a particular series. We will maintain a paying
agent in each place of payment for the debt securities of a particular series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">All money we pay to a paying agent or the trustee
for the payment of the principal of or any premium or interest on any debt securities that remains unclaimed at the end of two years after
such principal, premium or interest has become due and payable will be repaid to us, and the holder of the debt security thereafter may
look only to us for payment thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Governing Law</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The indenture and the debt securities will be governed
by and construed in accordance with the internal laws of the State of New York, except to the extent that the Trust Indenture Act is applicable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><A NAME="a_023"></A><B>Description of Common Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: left; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The following summary of the rights of our common
stock is not complete and is subject to and qualified in its entirety by reference to our certificate of incorporation (as amended from
time to time, the &ldquo;certificate of incorporation&rdquo;) and bylaws, copies of which are included as exhibits to our registration
statement on Form&nbsp;S-3, of which this prospectus forms a part. See &ldquo;Where You Can Find More Information.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We have 89,500,000 shares of capital stock authorized
under our certificate of incorporation, consisting of 87,500,000 shares of common stock and 2,000,000 shares of preferred stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">As of July&nbsp;17, 2025,
there were 52,426,282 shares of common stock outstanding and 0 shares of preferred stock outstanding. In addition, there were outstanding:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 97%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Approximately 1,255,000&nbsp;shares of common stock issuable upon the vesting of outstanding restricted stock units;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 97%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Approximately 2,397,000 shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options with a weighted-average exercise price of $2.03 per share;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 97%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Approximately 491,000 shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options granted outside of our Equity Incentive Plans (as defined below) at a weighted average exercise price of $1.53 per share;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 97%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Approximately 1,514,000 shares reserved for future issuances under the ClearSign Technologies Corporation 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the &ldquo;2021 Plan&rdquo;);</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 97%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Approximately 278,000 shares reserved for future issuances under the ClearSign Technologies Corporation 2013 Consultant Stock Plan (the &ldquo;Consultant Plan,&rdquo; together with the ClearSign Technologies Corporation 2011 Equity Incentive Plan and the 2021 Plan, the &ldquo;Equity Incentive Plans&rdquo;);</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; font-size: 10pt; width: 97%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5,267,222 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants issued in connection with an underwritten public offering at an exercise price of $1.05 per share;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 97%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">425,109 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of underwriter warrants issued to Public Ventures, LLC (&ldquo;Public Ventures&rdquo;)&nbsp;&nbsp;in connection with an underwritten public offering at an exercise price of $1.1375 per share;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">15,147,606 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of certain redeemable warrants outstanding at an exercise of $1.05 per share;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; background-color: white">2,795,395&nbsp;</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of certain pre-funded warrants outstanding at an exercise of $0.0001 per share; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">432,432 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of placement agent warrants issued to Public Ventures as placement agent at an exercise of $1.1375 per share.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Dividend Rights</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The DGCL permits a corporation to declare and pay
dividends out of &ldquo;surplus&rdquo; or, if there is no &ldquo;surplus,&rdquo; out of its net profits for the fiscal year in which the
dividend is declared and/or the preceding fiscal year. &ldquo;Surplus&rdquo; is defined as the excess of the net assets of the corporation
over the amount determined to be the capital of the corporation by the board of directors. The capital of the corporation is typically
calculated to be (and cannot be less than) the aggregate par value of all issued shares of capital stock. Net assets equals the fair value
of the total assets minus total liabilities. The DGCL also provides that dividends may not be paid out of net profits if, after the payment
of the dividend, capital is less than the capital represented by the outstanding stock of all classes having a preference upon the distribution
of assets. Delaware common law also imposes a solvency requirement in connection with the payment of dividends.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Subject to applicable law and the rights and preferences
of any holders of any outstanding series of preferred stock, the holders of common stock will be entitled to the payment of dividends
on the common stock when, as and if declared by our board of directors in accordance with applicable law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Voting Rights</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Holders of common stock will be entitled to one
vote for each share held as of the record date for determining stockholders entitled to vote on such matters, except as otherwise required
by law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Right to Receive Liquidation Distributions</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Subject to the rights and preferences of any holders
of any shares of any outstanding series of preferred stock, in the event of any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company,
the funds and assets of the Company that may be legally distributed to the stockholders will be distributed among the holders of the then
outstanding common stock pro rata in accordance with the number of shares of common stock held by each such holder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Other Matters</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">All outstanding shares of the common stock will
be fully paid and nonassessable. The common stock will not be entitled to preemptive rights and will not be subject to redemption or sinking
fund provisions.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Transfer Agent and Registrar</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">The transfer agent and registrar for our common
stock is VStock Transfer, LLC.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Trading Symbols and Market</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">Our common stock is listed on Nasdaq under the
symbol &ldquo;CLIR.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><A NAME="a_024"></A><B>Description of Preferred Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Our certificate of incorporation permit us to issue
up to 2,000,000 shares of preferred stock in one or more series and with rights and preferences that may be fixed or designated by our
board of directors without any further action by our stockholders. We currently have no shares of preferred stock outstanding.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Subject to the limitations prescribed in our certificate
of incorporation and under Delaware law, our certificate of incorporation authorize the board of directors, from time to time by resolution
and without further stockholder action, to provide for the issuance of shares of preferred stock, in one or more series, and to fix the
designation, limitations, voting powers, preferences and relative rights of the shares, including the right to convert the shares into
shares of our common stock, and to fix the qualifications, limitations and restrictions thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Anti-Takeover Provisions</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">Certain provisions of Delaware law, the certificate
of incorporation, and the bylaws, which are summarized below, may have the effect of delaying, deferring, or discouraging another person
from acquiring control of the Company. They are also designed, in part, to encourage persons seeking to acquire control of the Company
to negotiate first with the board of directors.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Removal of Directors</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">Subject to the special rights of the holders of
one or more outstanding series of preferred stock to elect directors, the certificate of incorporation provides that directors may be
removed from office at any time, with or without cause, only by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority of the voting
power of all of the then outstanding shares of voting stock of the Company entitled to vote at an election of directors.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Board of Directors Vacancies</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">Subject to the special rights of the holders of
one or more outstanding series of preferred stock to elect directors, and except as otherwise provided by law, our certificate of incorporation
authorizes only a majority of the remaining members of the board of directors (other than any directors elected by the separate vote of
one or more outstanding series of preferred stock), even though less than a quorum, to fill vacant directorships, including newly created
seats. In addition, the number of directors constituting the board of directors will be permitted to be set only by a resolution of the
board of directors. These provisions would prevent a stockholder from increasing the size of the board of directors and then gaining control
of the board of directors by filling the resulting vacancies with its own nominees. This will make it more difficult to change the composition
of the board of directors and will promote continuity of management.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Stockholder Action; Special Meeting of Stockholders</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">Our bylaws provide that the our stockholders may
take any action required or permitted to be taken at an annual or special meeting of stockholders by written consent in lieu of a meeting.
The certificate of incorporation and bylaws further provide that special meetings of the Company&rsquo;s stockholders may be called only
by the chairman of the board of directors, the Chief Executive Officer of the Company or the board of directors pursuant to a resolution
adopted by a majority of board of directors, and may not be called by any other person, including the Company&rsquo;s stockholders.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Section&nbsp;203 of the DGCL</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We have opted out of Section&nbsp;203 of the DGCL
under our certificate of incorporation. As a result, pursuant to our certificate of incorporation, we are prohibited from engaging in
any business combination with any stockholder for a period of three years following the time that such stockholder (the &ldquo;interested
stockholder&rdquo;) came to own at least 15% of our outstanding voting stock (the &ldquo;acquisition&rdquo;), except if:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: top; width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 95%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the board of directors approved the acquisition prior to its consummation;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: top; width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 95%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the outstanding voting stock upon consummation of the acquisition; or</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: top; width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 95%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the acquisition is approved by our board of directors, and by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds vote of the non-interested stockholders in a meeting.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The restrictions described above will apply subject
to certain exceptions, including if a stockholder becomes an interested stockholder inadvertently and, as soon as practicable, divests
itself of ownership of such shares so that the stockholder ceases to be an interest stockholder, and, within the three (3)&nbsp;year period,
that stockholder has not become an interested stockholder but for such inadvertent acquisition of ownership. Generally, a &ldquo;business
combination&rdquo; or &ldquo;acquisition&rdquo; includes any merger, consolidation, asset or stock sale or certain other transactions
resulting in a financial benefit to the interested stockholder. Subject to certain exceptions, an &ldquo;interested stockholder&rdquo;
is a person who, together with that person&rsquo;s affiliates and associates, owns, or within the previous three years owned, 15% or more
of our outstanding voting stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Our certificate of incorporation provisions that
elect to opt out of Section&nbsp;203 of the DGCL may make it more difficult for a person who would be an &ldquo;interested stockholder&rdquo;
to effect various business combinations with us for a three-year period. This may encourage companies interested in acquiring us to negotiate
in advance with our board of directors because the stockholder approval requirement would be avoided if our board of directors approves
the acquisition which results in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder. This may also have the effect of preventing changes
in our board of directors and may make it more difficult to accomplish transactions which stockholders may otherwise deem to be in their
best interests.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Advance Notice Requirements for Stockholder Proposals and Director
Nominations</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">The bylaws provide that the Company&rsquo;s stockholders
seeking to bring business before the Company&rsquo;s annual meeting of stockholders, or to nominate candidates for election as directors
at the Company&rsquo;s annual or a special meeting of stockholders must provide timely notice of their intent in writing. To be timely,
a stockholder&rsquo;s notice must be received by the Secretary at the Company&rsquo;s principal executive offices (i)&nbsp;in the case
of an annual meeting, not later than the close of business on the 90<SUP>th</SUP>&nbsp;day nor earlier than the close of business on the
120<SUP>th</SUP>&nbsp;day before the anniversary date of the immediately preceding annual meeting of stockholders (subject to certain
exceptions), and (ii)&nbsp;in the case of a special meeting of stockholders called for the purpose of electing directors, not later than
the close of business on the 10<SUP>th</SUP>&nbsp;day following the&nbsp;day on which public announcement of the date of the special meeting
is first made by the Company. The bylaws also specify certain requirements as to the form and content of a stockholders&rsquo; meeting.
These provisions may preclude the Company stockholders from bringing matters before an annual meeting of stockholders or from making nominations
for directors at an annual meeting of stockholders.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>No Cumulative Voting</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">The DGCL provides that stockholders are not entitled
to cumulate votes in the election of directors unless a corporation&rsquo;s certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Our certificate
of incorporation does not provide for cumulative voting.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation Provisions</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">Amendments to the provisions of the certificate
of incorporation related to restrictions on any business combination with any interested stockholder and indemnification of directors
and officers of the Company require the affirmative vote of the holders of at least sixty six and two-thirds percent (66 and 2/3%) of
the total voting power of all the then outstanding shares of stock of the Company entitled to vote thereon, voting together as a single
class.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Authorized but Unissued Capital Stock</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">Our authorized but unissued common stock and preferred
stock are available for future issuances without stockholder approval and could be utilized for a variety of corporate purposes, including
future offerings to raise additional capital, acquisitions and employee benefit plans. The existence of authorized but unissued and unreserved
common stock and preferred stock could render more difficult or discourage an attempt to obtain control of the Company by means of a proxy
contest, tender offer, merger or otherwise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Exclusive Forum</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">The certificate of incorporation provides that,
unless the Company consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if
the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware or other state courts of the
State of Delaware) and any appellate court thereof shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for:
(i)&nbsp;any derivative action, suit or proceeding (&ldquo;Proceeding&rdquo;) brought on behalf of the Company; (ii)&nbsp;any Proceeding
asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of the Company&rsquo;s directors, officers, or stockholders to the Company
or its stockholders; (iii)&nbsp;any Proceeding arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL, certificate of incorporation or the bylaws,
as amended; (iv)&nbsp;any Proceeding as to which the DGCL confers jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware; or (v)&nbsp;any
Proceeding asserting a claim against the Company or any current or former director, officer or stockholder governed by the internal affairs
doctrine. This provision would not apply to suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by apply to suits brought to enforce
any liability or duty created by the Securities Act, the Exchange&nbsp;Act or any other claim for which the federal courts of the United&nbsp;States
have exclusive jurisdiction. The certificate of incorporation further provides that, unless the Company consents in writing to the selection
of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United&nbsp;States shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any
complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. These provisions may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits
against the Company or its directors and officers.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><A NAME="a_025"></A><B>Description of Warrants</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We may issue warrants for the purchase of any of
our securities, including the securities we are registering. As explained below, each warrant will entitle its holder to purchase the
securities subject to the warrant at an exercise price set forth in, or to be determined as set forth in, the related prospectus supplement.
Warrants may be issued separately or together with securities. The warrants will be issued pursuant to warrant agreements.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The particular terms of each issue of warrants
and the warrant agreement relating to the warrants will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement, including, as applicable:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">the title of the warrants;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">the initial offering price;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">the aggregate number of warrants and the aggregate number of securities purchasable
upon exercise of the warrants;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">if applicable, the designation and terms of the securities with which the
warrants are issued, and the number of warrants issued with each security;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">the date on which the right to exercise the warrants will commence and the
date on which the right will expire;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">if applicable, the minimum or maximum number of the warrants that may be
exercised at any one time;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">anti-dilution provisions of the warrants, if any;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">redemption or call provisions, if any, applicable to the warrants;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">any additional terms of the warrants, including terms, procedures and limitations
relating to the exchange and exercise of the warrants; and</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">the exercise price.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">Holders of warrants will not
be entitled, solely by virtue of being holders, to vote, to consent, to receive dividends, to receive notice as stockholders with respect
to any meeting of stockholders for the election of directors or any other matter, or to exercise any rights whatsoever as a holder of
the securities purchasable upon exercise of the warrants.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: left; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">In the case of debt warrants, the prospectus supplement
will contain, where appropriate, the following additional information:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">the designation, aggregate principal amount, currency and terms of the debt
securities that may be purchased upon exercise of the debt warrants; and</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">the designation, terms and amount of debt securities, if any, to be issued
together with each of the debt warrants and the date, if any, after which the debt warrants and debt securities will be separately transferable.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><A NAME="a_026"></A><B>Description of Subscription Rights</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We may issue subscription rights to purchase common
stock, preferred stock, debt securities or other securities. These subscription rights may be issued independently or together with any
other security offered hereby and may or may not be transferable by the stockholder receiving the subscription rights in such offering.
In connection with any offering of subscription rights, we may enter into a standby arrangement with one or more underwriters or other
purchasers pursuant to which the underwriters or other purchasers may be required to purchase any securities remaining unsubscribed for
after such offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The applicable prospectus supplement will describe
the specific terms of any offering of subscription rights for which this prospectus is being delivered, including the following:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">the price, if any, for the subscription rights;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">the exercise price payable for each security upon the exercise of the subscription
rights;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">the number of subscription rights issued to each stockholder;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">the number and terms of the securities which may be purchased for each subscription
right;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">the extent to which the subscription rights are transferable;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">any other terms of the subscription rights, including the terms, procedures
and limitations relating to the exchange and exercise of the subscription rights;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">the date on which the right to exercise the subscription rights shall commence,
and the date on which the subscription rights shall expire;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">the extent to which the subscription rights may include an over-subscription
privilege with respect to unsubscribed securities; and</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">if applicable, the material terms of any standby underwriting or purchase
arrangement entered into by us in connection with the offering of subscription rights.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The description in the applicable prospectus supplement
of any subscription rights we offer will not necessarily be complete and will be qualified in its entirety by reference to the applicable
subscription rights certificate, which will be filed with the SEC if we offer subscription rights.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><A NAME="a_027"></A><B>Description of Units</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We may, from time to time, issue units comprised
of one or more of the other securities described in this prospectus in any combination. A prospectus supplement will describe the specific
terms of the units offered under that prospectus supplement, and any special considerations applicable to investing in those units. You
must read the applicable prospectus supplement and any applicable unit agreement for a full understanding of the specific terms of any
units. We will incorporate by reference into the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part the form of unit agreement,
including a form of unit certificate, if any, that describes the terms of the series of units we are offering before the issuance of the
related series of units. While the terms we have summarized below will generally apply to any future units that we may offer under this
prospectus, we will describe the particular terms of any series of units that we may offer in more detail in the applicable prospectus
supplement and incorporated documents. The terms of any units offered under a prospectus supplement may differ from the terms described
below.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We may issue units consisting of common stock,
preferred stock, warrants, subscription rights, debt securities or any combination thereof. Each unit will be issued so that the holder
of the unit is also the holder of each security included in the unit. Thus, the holder of a unit will have the rights and obligations
of a holder of each included security. The unit agreement under which a unit is issued may provide that the securities included in the
unit may not be held or transferred separately, at any time, or at any time before a specified date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We will describe in the applicable prospectus supplement
and any incorporated documents the terms of the series of units, including the following:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">the designation and terms of the units and of the securities comprising the
units, including whether and under what circumstances those securities may be held or transferred separately;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">any unit agreement under which the units will be issued; and</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">any provisions for the issuance, payment, settlement, transfer, or exchange
of the units or of the securities comprising the units.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The provisions described in this section, as well
as those described under &ldquo;Description of Debt Securities,&rdquo; &ldquo;Description of Common Stock,&rdquo; &ldquo;Description of
Preferred Stock,&rdquo; &ldquo;Description of Warrants&rdquo; and &ldquo;Description of Subscription Rights&rdquo; will apply to each
unit and, as applicable, to each security included in each unit.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We may issue units in such amounts and in such
numerous distinct series as we determine.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Each unit agent will act solely as our agent under
the applicable unit agreement and will not assume any obligation or relationship of agency or trust with any holder of any unit. A unit
agent may act as our agent for more than one series of units. A unit agent will have no duty or responsibility in case of any default
by us under the applicable unit agreement or unit, including any duty or responsibility to initiate any proceedings at law or otherwise,
or to make any demand upon us. Any holder of a unit, without the consent of the related unit agent or the holder of any other unit, may
enforce by appropriate legal action its rights as holder under any security included in the unit.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We, the unit agent, and any of their agents may
treat the registered holder of any unit certificate as an absolute owner of the units evidenced by that certificate for any purposes and
as the person entitled to exercise the rights attaching to the units so requested.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_028"></A><B>PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We may offer and sell the securities in any one
or more of the following ways:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">to or through underwriters, brokers or dealers;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">directly to one or more other purchasers;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">through a block trade in which the broker or dealer engaged to handle the
block trade will attempt to sell the securities as agent, but may position and resell a portion of the block as principal to facilitate
the transaction;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">through agents on a best-efforts basis;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">in &ldquo;at the market&rdquo; offerings, as defined in Rule&nbsp;415 under
the Securities Act, at negotiated prices, at prices prevailing at the time of sale or at prices related to such prevailing market prices,
including sales made directly on Nasdaq or sales made through a market maker other than on an exchange or other similar offerings through
sales agents; or</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">otherwise through any other method permitted by applicable law or a combination
of any of the above methods of sale.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">In addition, we may enter into option, share lending
or other types of transactions that require us to deliver securities to an underwriter, broker or dealer, who will then resell or transfer
the securities under this prospectus. We may also enter into hedging transactions with respect to our securities. For example, we may:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">enter into transactions involving short sales of our securities by underwriters,
brokers or dealers;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">sell securities short and deliver the securities to close out short positions;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">enter into option or other types of transactions that require the delivery
of securities to an underwriter, broker or dealer, who will then resell or transfer the securities under this prospectus; or</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">loan or pledge the securities to an underwriter, broker or dealer, who may
sell the loaned securities or, in the event of default, sell the pledged securities.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We may enter into derivative transactions with
third parties, or sell securities not covered by this prospectus to third parties in privately negotiated transactions. If the applicable
prospectus supplement indicates, in connection with those derivatives, the third parties may sell securities covered by this prospectus
and the applicable prospectus supplement, including in short sale transactions. If so, the third party may use securities pledged by or
borrowed from us or others to settle those sales or to close out any related open borrowings of securities, and may use securities received
from us in settlement of those derivatives to close out any related open borrowings of securities. The third party in such sale transactions
will be an underwriter and, if not identified in this prospectus, will be identified in the applicable prospectus supplement (or a post-effective
amendment). In addition, we may otherwise loan or pledge securities to a financial institution or other third party that in turn may sell
the securities short using this prospectus. Such financial institution or other third party may transfer its economic short position to
investors in our securities or in connection with a concurrent offering of other securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Each time we sell securities, we will provide a
prospectus supplement that will name any underwriter, dealer or agent involved in the offer and sale of the securities. Any prospectus
supplement will also set forth the terms of the offering, including:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">the purchase price of the securities and the proceeds we will receive from
the sale of the securities;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">any underwriting discounts and other items constituting underwriters&rsquo;
compensation;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">any public offering or purchase price and any discounts or commissions allowed
or re-allowed or paid to dealers;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">any commissions allowed or paid to agents;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">any other offering expenses;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">any securities exchanges on which the securities may be listed;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">the method of distribution of the securities;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">the terms of any agreement, arrangement or understanding entered into with
the underwriters, brokers or dealers; and</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">any other information we think is important.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">If underwriters or dealers are used in the sale,
the securities will be acquired by the underwriters or dealers for their own account. We may sell the securities from time to time in
one or more transactions:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">at a fixed price or prices, which may be changed;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">at market prices prevailing at the time of sale;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">at prices related to such prevailing market prices;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">at varying prices determined at the time of sale; or</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">at negotiated prices.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Such sales may be effected:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">in transactions on any national securities exchange or quotation service
on which the securities may be listed or quoted at the time of sale;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">in transactions in the over-the-counter market;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">in block transactions in which the broker or dealer so engaged will attempt
to sell the securities as agent but may position and resell a portion of the block as principal to facilitate the transaction, or in crosses,
in which the same broker acts as an agent on both sides of the trade;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">through the writing of options; or</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 18pt"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 15pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">through other types of transactions.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Any securities covered by this prospectus that
qualify for sale pursuant to Rule&nbsp;144 under the Securities Act may be sold under Rule&nbsp;144 rather than pursuant to this prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The securities may be offered to the public either
through underwriting syndicates represented by one or more managing underwriters or directly by one or more of such firms. Unless otherwise
set forth in the prospectus supplement, the obligations of underwriters or dealers to purchase the securities offered will be subject
to certain conditions precedent and the underwriters or dealers will be obligated to purchase all the offered securities if any are purchased.
Any public offering price and any discount or concession allowed or re-allowed or paid by underwriters or dealers to other dealers may
be changed from time to time.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The securities may be sold directly by us or through
agents as designated from time to time. Any agent involved in the offer or sale of the securities in respect of which this prospectus
is delivered will be named, and any commissions payable to such agent will be set forth in, the prospectus supplement. Unless otherwise
indicated in the prospectus supplement, any such agent will be acting on a best efforts basis for the period of its appointment.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Offers to purchase the securities offered by this
prospectus may be solicited, and sales of the securities may be made by us directly to institutional investors or others, who may be deemed
to be underwriters within the meaning of the Securities Act with respect to any resale of the securities. The terms of any offer made
in this manner will be included in the prospectus supplement relating to the offer.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Some of the underwriters, dealers or agents used
by us in any offering of securities under this prospectus may be customers of, engage in transactions with, and perform services for us
or affiliates of ours in the ordinary course of business. Underwriters, dealers, agents and other persons may be entitled to indemnification
against and contribution toward certain civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, and to be reimbursed for certain
expenses.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Subject to any restrictions relating to debt securities
in bearer form, any securities initially sold outside the United States may be resold in the United States through underwriters, dealers
or otherwise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Any underwriters to which offered securities are
sold by us for public offering and sale may make a market in such securities, but those underwriters will not be obligated to do so and
may discontinue any market making at any time.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The anticipated date of delivery of the securities
offered by this prospectus will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement relating to the offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Any broker-dealer participating in the distribution
of the securities may be deemed to be an &ldquo;underwriter&rdquo; within the meaning of the Securities Act with respect to any securities
such entity sells pursuant to this prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">To comply with the securities laws of some states,
if applicable, the securities may be sold in these jurisdictions only through registered or licensed brokers or dealers. In addition,
in some states the securities may not be sold unless they have been registered or qualified for sale or an exemption from registration
or qualification requirements is available and is complied with.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">There can be no assurance that we will sell all
or any of the securities offered by this prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_029"></A><B>LEGAL MATTERS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Mitchell Silberberg&nbsp;&amp; Knupp LLP, New York,
New York, will pass upon the validity of the securities offered in this prospectus. Any underwriters will also be advised about the validity
of the securities and other legal matters by their own counsel, which will be named in the prospectus supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_030"></A><B>EXPERTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The consolidated financial statements for ClearSign
Technologies Corporation as of December&nbsp;31, 2024 and 2023, and for each of the two years in the period ended December&nbsp;31, 2024,
incorporated in this prospectus by reference to the&nbsp;Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K for the year ended December&nbsp;31, 2024 have
been so incorporated in reliance on the report of BPM CPA LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, given on the authority
of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_031"></A><B>WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We have filed with the SEC a registration statement
on Form&nbsp;S-3 under the Securities Act with respect to the securities covered by this prospectus. This prospectus, which is a part
of the registration statement, does not contain all of the information set forth in the registration statement or the exhibits and schedules
filed therewith. For further information with respect to us and the securities covered by this prospectus, please see the registration
statement and the exhibits filed with the registration statement. The SEC maintains an internet website that contains reports, proxy and
information statements and other information regarding registrants that file electronically with the SEC. The address of the website is
www.sec.gov.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We are subject to the information and periodic
reporting requirements of the Exchange Act and, in accordance therewith, we file periodic reports, proxy statements and other information
with the SEC. Such periodic reports, proxy statements and other information are available for inspection and copying at the website of
the SEC referred to above. We maintain a website at www.clearsign.com. You may access our Annual Reports on Form&nbsp;10-K, Quarterly
Reports on Form&nbsp;10-Q, Current Reports on Form&nbsp;8-K and amendments to those reports filed pursuant to Sections 13(a)&nbsp;or 15(d)&nbsp;of
the Exchange Act with the SEC free of charge at our website as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed
with, or furnished to, the SEC. Our website and the information contained on that site, or connected to that site, are not incorporated
into and are not a part of this prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_032"></A><B>INFORMATION INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The SEC allows us to &ldquo;incorporate by reference&rdquo;
the information we file with them, which means that we can disclose important information by referring you to those documents. The information
incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this prospectus, and information that we file later with the SEC will automatically
update and supersede the information that is either incorporated by reference, or contained in, this prospectus and will be considered
a part of this prospectus from the date those documents are filed. We incorporate by reference the documents listed below:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 5%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our Annual Report on&nbsp;Form&nbsp;10-K&nbsp;for the fiscal year ended December&nbsp;31, 2024, filed with the SEC on <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1434524/000155837025004155/clir-20241231x10k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">March&nbsp;31, 2025</A>, as amended by our Annual Report on&nbsp;Form&nbsp;10-K/A&nbsp;for the fiscal year ended December&nbsp;31, 2024, filed with the SEC on <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1434524/000110465925053646/tm2516383d1_10ka.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">May&nbsp;28, 2025</A>;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our Quarterly Report on Form&nbsp;10-Q&nbsp;for the fiscal quarter ended March&nbsp;31, 2025, filed with the SEC on&nbsp;<A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1434524/000155837025007875/clir-20250331x10q.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">May&nbsp;15, 2025</A>;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 5%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our Current Reports on
    Form&nbsp;8-K&nbsp;filed with the SEC on&nbsp;<A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1434524/000110465925031996/tm2511519d1_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">April&nbsp;4,
    2025</A>, <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1434524/000110465925052251/tm2516021d1_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">May&nbsp;23,
    2025</A>, <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1434524/000110465925052998/tm2516138d1_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">May&nbsp;27,
    2025</A> and <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1434524/000110465925067452/tm2520697d1_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">July&nbsp;11,
    2025</A>; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 5%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the description of our common stock contained in Exhibit&nbsp;4.1 to our Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K for the fiscal year ended December&nbsp;31, 2024, <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1434524/000155837025004155/clir-20241231xex4d1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">filed with the SEC on March&nbsp;31, 2025</A>, and any amendment or report filed for the purpose of updating such description.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">In addition, all documents filed by us with the
SEC pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d)&nbsp;of the&nbsp;Exchange Act&nbsp;subsequent to the date of filing the registration
statement that includes this prospectus and prior to the filing of a post-effective amendment to the registration statement containing
this prospectus, which indicates that all securities offered have been sold or which deregisters all of such securities then remaining
unsold, shall be deemed to be incorporated by reference in this prospectus and to be a part hereof from the respective dates of filing
of such documents. However, we are not incorporating by reference, in each case, any information or documents that are deemed to be furnished
and not filed in accordance with SEC rules, including any information furnished pursuant to Items 2.02 or 7.01 of Form&nbsp;8-K or related
exhibits furnished pursuant to Item 9.01 of Form&nbsp;8-K.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Upon written or oral request, we will provide to
each person, including any beneficial owner, to whom a prospectus is delivered, without charge, a copy of any or all of the documents
incorporated by reference, other than exhibits to those documents unless the exhibits are specifically incorporated by reference in the
documents. Please send requests to:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">ClearSign Technologies Corporation</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">8023 E. 63<SUP>rd</SUP> Place, Suite&nbsp;101</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Tulsa, OK 74133<BR>
<FONT STYLE="background-color: white">(918) 236-6461</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Attention: Chief Financial Officer</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><IMG SRC="tm2520917d1_s3img01.jpg" ALT="">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>$50,000,000</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Debt Securities</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Common Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Preferred Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Warrants</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Units</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Subscription Rights</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>PROSPECTUS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white; color: #ff4338"><B>The information in this
prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the&nbsp;registration statement filed with the Securities
and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an&nbsp;offer to&nbsp;sell these securities, and we are not soliciting an
offer to buy these securities, in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center; background-color: white; color: #ff4338"><B>SUBJECT
TO COMPLETION, DATED JULY 17, 2025</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>PROSPECTUS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 18pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Up to $10,390,000</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 18pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Common Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><IMG SRC="tm2520917d1_s3img01.jpg" ALT=""><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We have entered into an At The Market Sales Agreement
(the &ldquo;sales agreement&rdquo;) with H.C. Wainwright&nbsp;&amp; Co., LLC (the &ldquo;Sales Agent&rdquo; or &ldquo;Wainwright&rdquo;),
relating to the sale of our common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, offered by this prospectus. In accordance with the terms of the
sales agreement, we may offer and sell shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $10,390,000 from time to
time through Wainwright acting as our sales agent or principal. <FONT STYLE="background-color: white">In no event will the actual number
of shares of common stock offered and sold pursuant to the sales agreement exceed the number of shares that we have available and authorized
for issuance under our certificate of incorporation, as amended from time to time (the &ldquo;certificate of incorporation&rdquo;).</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Sales of common stock, if any, under this prospectus
may be made in transactions that are deemed to be &ldquo;at-the-market&rdquo; offerings as defined in Rule&nbsp;415 under the Securities
Act of 1933, as amended (the &ldquo;Securities Act&rdquo;), including sales made directly on or through the Nasdaq Capital Market (&ldquo;Nasdaq&rdquo;),
the existing trading market for our common stock, or any other existing trading market in the United States for our common stock, sales
made to or through a market maker other than on an exchange or otherwise, directly to the Sales Agent as principal, in negotiated transactions
at market prices prevailing at the time of sale or at prices related to such prevailing market prices, and/or in any other method permitted
by law. Wainwright is not required to sell any specific number or dollar amount of shares, but will act as sales agent on a commercially
reasonable efforts basis consistent with its normal trading and sales practices. There is no arrangement for funds to be received in any
escrow, trust or similar arrangement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We will pay Wainwright a commission of up to 3.0%
of the gross sales price per share of common stock issued by us and sold through it as our sales agent under the sales agreement. In connection
with the sale of common stock on our behalf, Wainwright will be deemed to be an &ldquo;underwriter&rdquo; within the meaning of the Securities
Act and the compensation of Wainwright will be deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts. We provide more information about our
arrangements with the Sales Agent in the section entitled &ldquo;Plan of Distribution.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We are a &ldquo;smaller reporting company&rdquo;
as defined under U.S. federal securities laws and are subject to reduced public company reporting requirements.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Our common stock is traded on Nasdaq under the
symbol &ldquo;CLIR.&rdquo; On July&nbsp;16, 2025, the last reported sale price of our common stock was $0.50 per share.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">As of the date hereof,
the aggregate market value of our outstanding common stock held by&nbsp;non-affiliates&nbsp;was approximately $31,490,256, which we calculated
based on 52,426,282 shares of outstanding common stock as of July&nbsp;17, 2025, of which 43,137,337 shares were held by&nbsp;non-affiliates,&nbsp;and
a price per share of $0.73 which was the closing price of our common stock on May&nbsp;19, 2025. &nbsp;We have not offered or sold any
securities pursuant to General Instruction I.B.6 of Form&nbsp;S-3 during the prior 12-calendar-month period that ends on and includes
the date of this prospectus. Pursuant to General Instruction I.B.6 of Form&nbsp;S-3,&nbsp;in no event will we sell securities in a public
primary offering with a value exceeding&nbsp;one-third&nbsp;of the aggregate market value of our outstanding common stock held by&nbsp;non-affiliates&nbsp;in
any&nbsp;12-month&nbsp;period, so long as the aggregate market value of our outstanding common stock held by&nbsp;non-affiliates&nbsp;remains
below $75.0&nbsp;million.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Investing in our securities involves a high
degree of risk. See &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo; beginning on page&nbsp;S-9 of this prospectus and the risk factors incorporated by reference
into this prospectus, as they may be amended, updated or modified periodically in our reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission
nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus.
Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 24pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>H.C. Wainwright&nbsp;&amp; Co.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>The date of this prospectus is &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;,
2025</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>TABLE OF CONTENTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 90%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 10%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Page</B>&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_001"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">About This Prospectus</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><A HREF="#a_001"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_002"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">SPECIAL Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><A HREF="#a_002"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-2</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_003"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">Prospectus  Summary</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><A HREF="#a_003"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-4</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_004"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">The Offering</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><A HREF="#a_004"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-7</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_005"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">Risk Factors</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><A HREF="#a_005"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-9</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_006"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">Use Of Proceeds</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><A HREF="#a_006"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-11</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_007"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">Dividend Policy</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><A HREF="#a_007"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-11</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_008"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">Dilution</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><A HREF="#a_008"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-11</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_009"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">Plan Of Distribution</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><A HREF="#a_009"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-13</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_010"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">Legal Matters</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><A HREF="#a_010"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-14</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_011"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">Experts</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><A HREF="#a_011"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-14</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_012"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">Incorporation By Reference</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><A HREF="#a_012"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-14</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_013"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">Where You Can Find MORE Information</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><A HREF="#a_013"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-15</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B><A NAME="a_001"></A>About
This Prospectus</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">This prospectus is part
of a registration statement that we filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &ldquo;SEC&rdquo;) utilizing a &ldquo;shelf&rdquo;
registration process. Under this shelf registration process, we may from time to time sell shares of our common stock having an aggregate
offering price of up to $50,000,000. Under this prospectus, we may from time to time sell shares of our common stock having an aggregate
offering price of up to $10,390,000, at prices and on terms to be determined by market conditions at the time of the offering in accordance
with the sales agreement. The $10,390,000 of shares of our common stock that may be sold under this prospectus are included in the $50,000,000
of securities that may be sold under the registration statement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><FONT STYLE="background-color: white">We provide information to you
about this offering of shares of our common stock in two separate documents: (i)&nbsp;this prospectus, which describes the specific details
regarding this offering; and (ii)&nbsp;the base prospectus referred to on the cover page of this prospectus, which provides general information,
some of which may not apply to this offering. Generally, when we refer to the &ldquo;prospectus,&rdquo; we are referring to both documents
combined. You should read both this prospectus and the base prospectus as well as the information contained in the documents incorporated
by reference herein and the additional information described in this prospectus under the headings &ldquo;Where You Can Find More Information&rdquo;
and &ldquo;Incorporation by Reference&rdquo; before investing in our common stock. </FONT>These documents contain important information
that you should consider when making your investment decision. <FONT STYLE="background-color: white">This prospectus describes the terms
of this offering of common stock and also adds to and updates information contained in the documents incorporated by reference into this
prospectus. </FONT>To the extent there is a conflict between the information contained in this prospectus or any document incorporated
by reference herein filed prior to the date of this prospectus, you should rely on the information in this prospectus; provided that if
any statement in one of these documents is inconsistent with a statement in another document having a later date &ndash; for example,
a document incorporated by reference in this prospectus &ndash; the statement in the document having the later date modifies or supersedes
the earlier statement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">We further note that the
representations, warranties and covenants made by us in any agreement that is filed as an exhibit to any document that is incorporated
by reference herein were made solely for the benefit of the parties to such agreement, including, in some cases, for the purpose of allocating
risk among the parties to such agreement, and should not be deemed to be a representation, warranty or covenant to you. Moreover, such
representations, warranties or covenants were accurate only as of the date when made. Accordingly, such representations, warranties and
covenants should not be relied on as accurately representing the current state of our affairs.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">We have not, and the Sales
Agent has not, authorized anyone to provide you with any information other than that contained in or incorporated by reference in this
prospectus or in any related free writing prospectus filed by us with the SEC. We have not, and the Sales Agent has not, authorized anyone
to provide you with different information.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">We are offering to sell,
and seeking offers to buy, securities only in jurisdictions where offers and sales are permitted. This prospectus does not constitute
an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any securities other than the securities described in this prospectus or an offer
to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy such securities in any circumstances in which such offer or solicitation is unlawful. You
should assume that the information appearing in this prospectus, the documents incorporated by reference and any related free writing
prospectus that we have authorized for use in connection with this offering is accurate only as of their respective dates. Our business,
financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed materially since those dates.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">Unless otherwise stated
or the context otherwise requires, the terms &ldquo;ClearSign,&rdquo; &ldquo;we,&rdquo; &ldquo;us,&rdquo; &ldquo;our&rdquo; and the &ldquo;Company&rdquo;
refer to ClearSign Technologies Corporation and its subsidiary, ClearSign Asia Limited.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><A NAME="a_002"></A><B>Special
Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">This prospectus  and the documents we
have filed with the SEC that are incorporated by reference contain &ldquo;forward-looking statements&rdquo; within the meaning of Section&nbsp;27A
of the Securities Act and Section&nbsp;21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the &ldquo;Exchange Act&rdquo;). These
statements relate to future events or to our future operating or financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties
and other factors which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results,
performances or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements may include, but are not
limited to, statements relating to:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">&#9679;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;our
limited cash, history of losses, and our expectation that we will continue to experience operating losses and negative cash flows in the
near future;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#9679;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;our
ability to successfully develop and implement our technologies and achieve profitability;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#9679;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;our
limited operating history;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#9679;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;our
ability to maintain the listing of our common stock on Nasdaq;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#9679;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;changes
in government regulations that could substantially reduce, or even eliminate, the need for our technology;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: left; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">&#9679;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;emerging
competition and rapidly advancing technology in our industry that may outpace our technology;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#9679;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;customer
demand for the products and services we develop;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">&#9679;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;the
impact of competitive or alternative products, technologies, and pricing;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#9679;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;our
ability to manufacture any products we design;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">&#9679;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;general
economic conditions and events and the impact they may have on us and our potential customers;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">&#9679;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;the
impact of global supply-chain constraints and the threat of, or implementation of, tariffs on imported or exported goods and materials
may adversely affect our commercialization efforts and business operations;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">&#9679;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;our
revenue has been highly concentrated among a small number or customers, and our results of operations could be harmed if we lose a key
revenue source and fail to replace it;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#9679;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;the
impact of a cybersecurity incident or other technology disruption;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#9679;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;our
ability to protect our intellectual property;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#9679;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
our ability to obtain adequate financing in the future;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#9679;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;our
ability to retain and hire personnel with the experience and talent to develop our products and business;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#9679;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;our
success at managing the risks involved in the foregoing items; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#9679;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;the
use of proceeds from this offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">In some cases, you can identify forward-looking
statements by terms such as &ldquo;anticipates,&rdquo; &ldquo;believes,&rdquo; &ldquo;could,&rdquo; &ldquo;estimates,&rdquo; &ldquo;intends,&rdquo;
 &ldquo;may,&rdquo; &ldquo;plans,&rdquo; &ldquo;potential,&rdquo; &ldquo;will,&rdquo; &ldquo;would,&rdquo; or the negative of these terms
or other similar expressions. These statements reflect our current views with respect to future events and are based on assumptions and
are subject to risks and uncertainties. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.
We discuss in greater detail many of these risks in the section titled &ldquo;Risk Factors,&rdquo; in any prospectus supplement and free
writing prospectuses we may authorize for use in connection with this offering, in our most recent Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K and
in our subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form&nbsp;10-Q, as updated by our subsequent filings under the Exchange Act, which are incorporated
by reference into this prospectus in their entirety, as may be updated or superseded by the risks and uncertainties described under similar
headings in other documents that are filed after the date hereof and incorporated by reference into this prospectus. Also, these forward-looking
statements represent our estimates and assumptions only as of the date of the document containing the applicable statement. Unless required
by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect new information or future events or developments.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">In addition, statements that &ldquo;we believe&rdquo;
and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available
to us as of the date of this prospectus, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information
may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or
review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and investors are cautioned not to
unduly rely upon these statements.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">You should read this prospectus, together with
the documents we have filed with the SEC that are incorporated by reference and any free writing prospectus that we may authorize for
use in connection with this offering completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different
from what we expect. We qualify all of the forward-looking statements in the foregoing documents by these cautionary statements.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><A NAME="a_003"></A><B>Prospectus
Summary</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 2pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in"><I>This summary highlights
information contained elsewhere in this prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference herein and therein. This summary does not
contain all of the information that you should consider before deciding to invest in our securities. You should read this entire prospectus
carefully, including the section entitled &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo; beginning on page&nbsp;S-9 and our consolidated financial statements
and the related notes and the other information incorporated by reference into this prospectus, before making an investment decision.</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 2pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><B>Overview</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 2pt; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">We design and develop
technologies for the purpose of decarbonization and improving key performance characteristics of industrial and commercial combustion
systems, including emission and operational performance, energy efficiency, and overall cost-effectiveness. We believe that our patented
ClearSign Core&trade; technology can enhance the performance of combustion systems in a broad range of markets, including the energy (upstream
oil production, midstream gas processing and transportation, and down-stream refining), institutional, commercial and industrial boiler,
chemical, and petrochemical industries. Our ClearSign Core<SUP>TM</SUP>&nbsp;technology, which is our primary technology, uses either
a porous ceramic structure or metal flame holder device held at a distance from the injection planes of a burner to significantly reduce
flame length and achieve low emissions without the need for external flue gas recirculation, selective catalytic reduction, or high excess
air systems. To date, our operations have been funded primarily through sales of our equity securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 2pt; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">Our combustion technology
has been successfully deployed in commercial projects such as down-stream refining and upstream oil production. These applications include
our process burner, flaring and boiler burner technologies. Both our process burner and boiler burner technology can operate in high-intensity
industrial burner applications at sites that are required to meet low air pollutant emissions.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 2pt; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">We believe that combustion
equipment utilizing ClearSign Core<SUP>TM</SUP> technology is more effective and cost-efficient than current industry-standard air pollution
control technologies and can reduce nitrogen oxide (&ldquo;NOx&rdquo;) emissions down to the levels required by new stringent emission
regulations. NOx is a regulated greenhouse gas pollutant comprised of nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide. These current industry-standard
air pollution control technologies include selective catalytic reduction devices (&ldquo;SCRs&rdquo;), low- and ultra-low NOx burners,
external flue gas recirculation systems and other similar technologies. Such air pollution control systems are widely used in places within
our current target markets such as petroleum refining and petrochemical process heaters, large-scale once through steam generators (&ldquo;OTSGs&rdquo;),
enclosed flares, institutional commercial and industrial boilers and other similar equipment. We believe that our ClearSign Core<SUP>TM</SUP>&nbsp;technology
can provide value to our customers not only by helping them meet current and possible future legislative mandates to reduce pollutant
emissions, but also by improving operating efficiency and increasing overall return on investment.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 2pt; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">Based on the operating
data we have obtained from our installed products, burners utilizing ClearSign Core<SUP>TM</SUP> technology can provide increased heat
transfer efficiency as compared to other emission reducing technologies. This is consistent with the physics of heat transfer and the
mechanisms by which the technology functions. The reported increased heat transfer efficiency may potentially result in cost savings in
the low to mid-single digit percentage range for burners employing our technology. We believe that these potential costs savings could
produce a significantly attractive pay-back period for an investment in ClearSign Core<SUP>TM</SUP>&nbsp;technology-based burners. In
addition, because the flame volumes in heaters utilizing ClearSign Core<SUP>TM</SUP>&nbsp;technology are typically small, heaters using
our technology are expected to operate at a lower cost, have increased productivity, and require less maintenance and downtime compared
to heaters that operate with enlarged flames produced by traditional low NOx burners. The flames in a ClearSign Core<SUP>TM</SUP> system
are established from a predominantly premixed stream of fuel, combustion air and flue gasses stabilized on a downstream structure that
promotes turbulence and ignition with minimal &ldquo;bulking up.&rdquo; In comparison, flames resulting from the traditional legacy process
of slow mixing of the fuel and air, and dilutive inert flue gasses have a much larger size. With a lower volume flame in a ClearSign Core<SUP>TM</SUP>
system, surfaces in the heater or boiler experience less touching by the flame and it is anticipated that our systems can virtually eliminate
flame impingement. Our technology also enables burners to function better in tightly spaced heaters compared to the flames of traditional
low NOx burners. Most importantly, using our technology has the potential to decrease process downtime required during installation compared
to retrofits utilizing the legacy technology of SCRs or flue gas recirculation systems.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

</DIV>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 2pt; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">We are also designing
and commercializing a range of sensing products called the ClearSign Eye for two potential markets. The primary addressable market is
similar to that of our ClearSign Core<SUP>TM</SUP> technology, although not limited to regions requiring emissions reduction. The flame
sensing products are applicable to all installed burners that use a pilot for ignition, including in markets and regions beyond those
where reducing emissions is a high priority. Like our burner technology, our burner sensing technology is being developed to provide convenient
replacement and retrofit solutions for existing equipment as well as for inclusion in newly built equipment.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 2pt; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">The secondary potential
market for our sensing technology is outside of the typical combustion industry and includes transportation industries. We are collaborating
with Narion Corporation to further develop our technology for this industry, which allows us to incur minimal costs while pursuing this
market opportunity. While use of this fundamental technology in applications intended for transportation markets is proven, the development
and refinement of specific products, obtaining the certifications required for commercial deployment and establishing an efficient manufacturing
source and channels to market will take some time, and we cannot assure that these goals will be achieved. We believe that the opportunities
for application of our sensing technology in the transportation market are global and of great value, but it will also take longer to
commercialize products targeted for this market for the reasons stated above.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 2pt; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">Overall, our sensing technologies
could provide future diversification as well as the opportunity for continued business expansion and growth beyond the maturation of our
combustion-related businesses.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 2pt"><B>Our Industry</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 2pt; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">The combustion and emissions
control systems markets are significant, both with respect to the wide array of industries in which the systems are used and the amount
of capital spent installing and upgrading the systems. Combustion systems are used to provide heat for many different industrial and commercial
processes, including boilers, petrochemical process heaters, and waste disposal systems. In order to maximize energy efficiency while
keeping pace with regulatory guidelines for air pollution emissions, operators of combustion systems are continually installing, maintaining,
and upgrading a variety of costly process control, air pollution control and monitoring systems. Although we believe that there are many
potential markets for our ClearSign Core&trade; technology, to date we have limited the introduction of this technology to petroleum refining
process heaters, energy infrastructure process heaters, boilers for steam and hot water generation, boilers for building heating systems,
and enclosed flares. We have initially targeted these markets for various reasons, such as, but not limited to: (i)&nbsp;environmental
regulations imposed on these markets, (ii)&nbsp;total available market size, (iii)&nbsp;this technology being the most readily adapted
to the needs of these industries and (iv)&nbsp;management experience and expertise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 2pt; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">Our initial target markets
center on the energy sector, including downstream oil refineries through the use of process heaters and boilers as well as upstream crude
oil production through the use of OTSGs and wellhead enclosed flares. We believe operators in our domestic target markets are under pressure
to meet current and proposed federal, state and local pollution emissions standards. The standards applicable to our target markets have
been developed over the past 50 years with broad political input. Due to the localized effects of poor air quality, we expect these standards
to continue to become more stringent regardless of political leadership. As an illustration, air pollution emission standards are most
stringent in the states of California and Texas, which historically have had leadership from different political parties. We believe this
to be the case in the U.S. and worldwide in most major developed and developing countries. As a result, these standards are a significant
driver for our development and sales efforts. We believe that our ClearSign Core<SUP>TM</SUP>&nbsp;technology can provide a unique, cost-effective
pollution control solution for operators in comparison to known competing products.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 2pt"><B>Recent Developments</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 2pt; background-color: white"><B><I>Notice of Delisting or Failure to Satisfy
a Continued Listing Rule&nbsp;or Standard</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 2pt; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">On April&nbsp;1, 2025,
we received a letter (the &ldquo;Notice&rdquo;) from Nasdaq&rsquo;s Listing Qualifications Staff (the &ldquo;Staff&rdquo;) indicating
that, based upon the closing bid price of our common stock for the 30 consecutive business days beginning on February&nbsp;18, 2025, and
ending on March&nbsp;31, 2025, we no longer meet the requirement to maintain a minimum bid price of $1 per share, as set forth in Nasdaq
Listing Rule&nbsp;5550(a)(2).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

</DIV>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 2pt; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">In accordance with Nasdaq
Listing Rule&nbsp;5810(c)(3)(A), we have been provided a period of 180 calendar days, or until September&nbsp;29, 2025, in which to regain
compliance. In order to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement, the closing bid price of our common stock must be at
least $1 per share for a minimum of ten consecutive business days during this 180 day period. In the event that we do not regain compliance
within this 180 day period, we may be eligible to seek an additional compliance period of 180 calendar days if it meets the continued
listing requirement for market value of publicly held shares and all other initial listing standards for Nasdaq, with the exception of
the bid price requirement, and provides written notice to Nasdaq of its intent to cure the deficiency during this second compliance period,
by effecting a reverse stock split, if necessary. However, if it appears to the Staff that we will not be able to cure the deficiency,
or if we are not otherwise eligible, Nasdaq will provide notice to us that our common stock will be subject to delisting.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 2pt; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">The Notice does not result
in the immediate delisting of our common stock from Nasdaq. We intend to monitor the closing bid price of our common stock and consider
its available options in the event that the closing bid price of our common stock remains below $1 per share.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 2pt; background-color: white"><B><I>ATM Program Termination</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><FONT STYLE="background-color: white">Effective
as of July&nbsp;12, 2025, we terminated our At-the-Market Sales Agreement, dated as of December&nbsp;23, 2020 (the &ldquo;Virtu Sales
Agreement&rdquo;), with Virtu Americas LLC. At the time of termination, we had sold 1,594,285 shares of our common stock under the Virtu
Sales Agreement for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $6,122,650.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 2pt"><B>Corporate Information</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 2pt; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">We were incorporated in
the State of Washington on January&nbsp;23, 2008. Effective June&nbsp;14, 2023, we changed our domicile from the State of Washington to
the State of Delaware by means of a plan of conversion. The address of our corporate headquarters is 8023 East 63rd Place, Suite&nbsp;101,
Tulsa, Oklahoma 74133 and our telephone number is (918) 236-6461. Our website can be accessed at www.clearsign.com. We currently operate
in the United States.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 2pt; text-indent: 0.5in">Information contained in,
or accessible through, our website does not constitute part of this prospectus or registration statement and inclusions of our website
address in this prospectus or registration statement are inactive textual references only. You should not rely on any such information
in making your decision whether to purchase our securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 2pt; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">We
are a &ldquo;smaller reporting company&rdquo; as defined under U.S. federal securities laws and are subject to reduced public company
reporting requirements.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

</DIV>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B><A NAME="a_004"></A>The
Offering</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" ALIGN="CENTER" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 98%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 20%; padding-left: 9pt; text-indent: -9pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Common Stock Offered </B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; width: 77%; text-align: left"><Font>Shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up
to $10,390,000 pursuant to the sales agreement and this prospectus. In no event will the actual number of shares of common stock offered
and sold pursuant to the sales agreement exceed the number of shares that we have available and authorized for issuance under our certificate
of incorporation.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-left: 9pt; text-indent: -9pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-left: 9pt; text-indent: -9pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Manner of Offering</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&ldquo;At the market offering,&rdquo; as such term is defined in Rule&nbsp;415 under the Securities Act, and in accordance with the terms of the sales agreement. See &ldquo;Plan of Distribution.&rdquo;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-left: 9pt; text-indent: -9pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-left: 9pt; text-indent: -9pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Common Stock to be Outstanding Immediately Following this Offering</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: left"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Up to 72,216,758 of our common stock, assuming sales of 19,790,476
shares of common stock at a price of $0.525 per share, which was the closing price of our common stock on Nasdaq on July&nbsp;15, 2025.
The actual number of shares issued will vary depending on the price at which shares may be sold from time to time under this offering.</P></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-left: 9pt; text-indent: -9pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-left: 9pt; text-indent: -9pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Use of Proceeds</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering for working capital, research and development, marketing and sales, and general corporate purposes. See &ldquo;Use of Proceeds&rdquo; on page&nbsp;S-11 of this prospectus for a more complete description of the intended use of proceeds from this offering.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-left: 9pt; text-indent: -9pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-left: 9pt; text-indent: -9pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Risk Factors</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. See &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo; beginning on page&nbsp;S-9 of this prospectus and the risk factors incorporated by reference into this prospectus.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-left: 9pt; text-indent: -9pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 9pt; text-indent: -9pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Nasdaq Capital Market Symbol</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&ldquo;CLIR&rdquo;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 1pt 0pt 2pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">The number of shares of common
stock to be outstanding after this offering is based on 52,426,282 shares outstanding as of July&nbsp;17, 2025, and excludes:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" ALIGN="CENTER" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 98%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; width: 97%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Approximately 1,255,000&nbsp;shares of common stock issuable upon the vesting of outstanding restricted stock units;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" ALIGN="CENTER" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 98%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 97%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Approximately 2,397,000 shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options with a weighted-average exercise price of $2.03 per share;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" ALIGN="CENTER" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 98%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; width: 97%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Approximately 491,000 shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options granted outside of our Equity Incentive Plans (as defined below) at a weighted average exercise price of $1.53 per share;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" ALIGN="CENTER" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 98%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; width: 97%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Approximately 1,514,000 shares reserved for future issuances under the ClearSign Technologies Corporation 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the &ldquo;2021 Plan&rdquo;);</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" ALIGN="CENTER" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 98%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; width: 97%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Approximately 278,000 shares reserved for future issuances under the ClearSign Technologies Corporation 2013 Consultant Stock Plan (the &ldquo;Consultant Plan,&rdquo; together with the ClearSign Technologies Corporation 2011 Equity Incentive Plan and the 2021 Plan, the &ldquo;Equity Incentive Plans&rdquo;);</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5,267,222 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants issued, or reserved for future issuance, in connection with an underwritten public offering at an exercise price of $1.05 per share;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" ALIGN="CENTER" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 98%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 97%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">425,109 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of underwriter warrants issued to Public Ventures, LLC (&ldquo;Public Ventures&rdquo;)&nbsp;&nbsp;in connection with an underwritten public offering at an exercise price of $1.1375 per share;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">15,147,606 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of certain redeemable warrants outstanding at an exercise of $1.05 per share;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; background-color: white">2,795,395&nbsp;</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of certain pre-funded warrants outstanding at an exercise of $0.0001 per share; and</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

</DIV>

</DIV>

<P STYLE="margin: 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" ALIGN="CENTER" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 98%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; width: 97%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">432,432 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of placement agent warrants issued to Public Ventures as placement agent at an exercise of $1.1375 per share.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Except as otherwise indicated,
the information in this prospectus assumes no exercise of any outstanding warrants or options described above.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

</DIV>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_005"></A><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>RISK
FACTORS</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in"><I>Investing in our securities involves a high
degree of risk. Prior to making a decision about investing in our securities, you should carefully consider the specific risk factors
described below and discussed in our Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K for the year ended December&nbsp;31, 2024, under the heading </I>&ldquo;<I>Item
1A. Risk Factors,</I>&rdquo; <I>and as described or may be described in any subsequent quarterly reports on Form&nbsp;10-Q under the heading
</I>&ldquo;<I>Item 1A. Risk Factors,</I>&rdquo; <I>as well as in all applicable prospectus supplements and in our filings with the SEC
that are incorporated by reference in this prospectus, together with all of the other information contained in this prospectus, or any
applicable prospectus supplement. For a description of these reports and documents, and information about where you can find them, see
 &ldquo;Where You Can Find More Information&rdquo; and &ldquo;Incorporation by Reference.&rdquo; If any of these risks or uncertainties
actually occur, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. In that case,
the trading price of our securities could decline, and you might lose all or part of the value of your investment.</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Risks Related to this Offering</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Depending on the offering price of the shares of common stock
sold pursuant to the sales agreement, we may not have sufficient authorized shares to sell all of the shares of common stock under the
sales agreement.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">Our ability to raise capital through equity financings
may also be limited by the number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance under our certificate of incorporation, which is currently
87,500,000 shares. Of the currently authorized shares of common stock, only approximately 5.0 million are unreserved and available for
issuance pursuant to this offering. Depending on the offering price of the shares of common stock sold pursuant to the sales agreement,
we may not have sufficient authorized shares to sell all of the shares of common stock under the sales agreement. For example, based on
an assumed offering price of $0.525 per share, the last reported sale price of our common stock on Nasdaq on July&nbsp;15, 2025, we would
need to seek stockholder approval to amend our certificate of incorporation to increase the number of shares of common stock authorized
for issuance to sell all of the shares pursuant to the sales agreement. Any such amendment would require the approval of the holders of
a majority of the shares of common stock entitled to vote. If we seek such stockholder approval, there will be no guarantee that our stockholders
will approve an increase in the number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance under our certificate of incorporation or the
timing of any such increase.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Our ability to utilize our common stock
to finance future capital needs, or for other purposes, is limited by the number of authorized shares of common stock currently available
for issuance.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">As of the date of this prospectus,
we had authority to issue a total of 87,500,000 shares of common stock, of which 52,426,282 shares of common stock have been issued and
approximately 30,000,000 shares of common stock are reserved for issuance in connection with certain securities issued under our Equity
Incentive Plans and other outstanding securities, including stock options and warrants.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">We have historically financed our operations primarily through issuances
of equity securities. With the limited shares of common stock presently available for issuance, our ability to secure additional financing
through the sale of common stock, to the extent needed, is limited. Absent an increase in the shares of common stock authorized to be
issued under our certificate of incorporation, we will be limited to other financing structures in the event additional financing is required.
Such alternative structures may be less favorable or unavailable in which case we may be forced to forego opportunities or required to
downsize operations due to lack of funding.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white"><B><I>The actual number of shares of common
stock we will issue under the sales agreement and the gross proceeds resulting from those sales, at any one time or in total, is uncertain.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">Subject to certain limitations
in the sales agreement and compliance with applicable law, we have the discretion to request the Sales Agent to sell on our behalf shares
of common stock at any time throughout the term of the sales agreement, and the Sales Agent will use commercially reasonable efforts consistent
with its normal trading and sales practices to sell the shares. The number of shares that are sold by the Sales Agent after we request
that sales be made will fluctuate based on the market price of our common stock during the sales period and limits we set with the Sales
Agent. Because the price per share of our common stock sold will fluctuate based on the market price of our common stock during the sales
period, it is not possible to predict the number of shares of common stock that will ultimately be issued by us under the sales agreement
or the amount of gross proceeds to be raised in connection with those sales. In addition, investors may experience a decline in the value
of the shares they purchase in this offering as a result of sales made at prices lower than the prices they paid.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Our management will have broad discretion over the use of the
net proceeds from this offering, you may not agree with how we use the proceeds, and the proceeds may not be invested successfully.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Our management will have broad discretion in the
application of the net proceeds from this offering, and our stockholders will not have the opportunity as part of their investment decision
to assess whether the net proceeds are being used appropriately. Because of the number and variability of factors that will determine
our use of the net proceeds from this offering, their ultimate use may vary substantially from their currently intended use. The failure
by our management to apply these funds effectively could harm our business. See &ldquo;Use of Proceeds&rdquo; on page&nbsp;S-11 of
this prospectus for a description of our proposed use of proceeds from this offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>You will experience immediate and substantial dilution in the
book value per share of the common stock you purchase in the offering.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The shares sold in this offering, if any, will be sold from time to
time at various prices. The offering price per share in this offering may exceed the net tangible book value per share of our common stock
outstanding prior to this offering. For illustrative purposes, assuming that an aggregate of 19,790,476 shares of our common stock are
sold at a price of $0.525 per share, the last reported sale price of our common stock on Nasdaq on July&nbsp;15, 2025, for aggregate gross
proceeds of approximately $10,390,000, and after deducting commissions and estimated aggregate offering expenses payable by us, you will
experience immediate dilution of approximately $0.233 per share, representing the difference between our net tangible book value per share
as of March&nbsp;31, 2025, and our pro forma net tangible book value per share after giving effect to this offering at the assumed offering
price. The future exercise of warrants for shares of our common stock following the date of this prospectus may result in further dilution
of your investment. See the section entitled &ldquo;Dilution&rdquo; below for a more detailed illustration of the dilution you would incur
if you participate in this offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>The common stock offered hereby will be sold in &ldquo;at the
market offerings,&rdquo; and investors who buy shares at different times will likely pay different prices.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Investors who purchase shares in this offering
at different times will likely pay different prices, and so may experience different outcomes in their investment results. We will have
discretion, subject to market demand, to vary the timing, prices, and numbers of shares sold in this offering and there is no maximum
sales price per share. Investors may experience a decline in the value of their shares as a result of share sales made at prices lower
than the prices they paid.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Sales of a significant number of shares of our common stock in
the public markets or significant short sales of our common stock, or the perception that such sales could occur, could depress the market
price of our common stock and impair our ability to raise capital.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Sales of a substantial number of shares of our
common stock or other equity-related securities in the public markets, could depress the market price of our common stock. This offering
may contribute to a depressed market price of our common stock. If there are significant short sales of our common stock, the price decline
that could result from this activity may cause the share price to decline more so, which, in turn, may cause long holders of the common
stock to sell their shares, thereby contributing to sales of common stock in the market. Such sales also may impair our ability to raise
capital through the sale of additional equity securities in the future at a time and price that our management deems acceptable, if at
all.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>You may experience future dilution as a result of future equity
offerings.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">In order to raise additional capital, we may in
the future offer additional shares of our common stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock at prices
that may not be the same as the price per share paid by any investor in this offering. We may sell shares or other securities in any other
offering at a price per share that is less than the price per share paid by any investor in this offering, and investors purchasing shares
or other securities in the future could have rights superior to you. The price per share at which we sell additional shares of our common
stock, or securities convertible or exchangeable into common stock, in future transactions may be higher or lower than the price per share
paid by any investor in this offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white"><B><I>We do not anticipate paying any cash
dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future. Accordingly, stockholders must rely on capital appreciation, if any, for any
return on their investment.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">We have never declared
or paid cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance the growth and
development of our business. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable
future.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_006"></A><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>Use
of Proceeds</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">We may offer and sell shares of our common stock
having aggregate sales proceeds of up to $10,390,000 from time to time, before deducting sales agent commissions and expenses. The amount
of proceeds from this offering will depend upon the number of shares of our common stock sold and the market price at which they are sold.
There can be no assurance that we will be able to sell any shares or fully utilize the sales agreement with Wainwright as a source of
financing. Because there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition of this offering, the net proceeds to us, if any, are not
determinable at this time.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">The amounts and timing of our actual expenditures
will depend on numerous factors, including the factors described under &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo; in this prospectus and in the documents
incorporated by reference herein, as well as the amount of cash used in our operations. We may find it necessary or advisable to use the
net proceeds for other purposes, and our management will have significant flexibility in applying the net proceeds of this offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">Pending their use, we intend to invest the net
proceeds of this offering in direct and guaranteed obligations of the United States, interest-bearing, investment-grade instruments or
certificates of deposit.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_007"></A><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>Dividend
Policy</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">We have never declared or paid any cash dividends
on our shares of common stock and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our shares of common stock in the foreseeable future.
Payment of cash dividends, if any, in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on applicable law
and then-existing conditions, including our financial condition, operating results, contractual restrictions, capital requirements, business
prospects and other factors our board of directors may deem relevant.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_008"></A><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>Dilution</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">If you invest in our securities in this offering,
your ownership interest will be diluted to the extent of the difference between the offering price per share paid by the purchaser in
this offering and our pro forma net tangible book value per share immediately after this offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">Our historical net tangible
book value as of March&nbsp;31, 2025 was approximately $11.2 million, or $0.214 per share of common stock. We calculate net tangible
book value per share by dividing our total tangible assets, less total liabilities, by the number of shares of our common stock
outstanding as of March&nbsp;31, 2025.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">After giving effect to the offering of approximately $10,390,000 of
our common stock at an assumed offering price of $0.525 per share, the last reported sale price of our common stock on Nasdaq on July&nbsp;15,
2025, and after deducting commissions and estimated aggregate offering expenses payable by us, our pro forma net tangible book value as
of March&nbsp;31, 2025 is approximately $21.1 million. This represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value of $0.078 per
share of common stock to existing stockholders and an immediate dilution in net tangible book value of $0.233 per share of common stock
to purchasers of common stock in this offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The following table illustrates
this per share dilution:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <TD STYLE="width: 74%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Assumed offering price per share</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 10%; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 10%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">0.525</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Net tangible book value per share as of March&nbsp;31, 2025</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">0.214</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.125in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Increase in net tangible book value per share attributable to this offering</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">0.078</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.125in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Pro forma net tangible book value per share as of March&nbsp;31, 2025, after giving effect to this offering</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">0.292</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Dilution per share to new investors purchasing shares in this offering</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">0.233</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">The foregoing discussion and table illustrates the dilution in net
tangible book value per share to new investors as of March&nbsp;31, 2025, and assumes for illustrative purposes that an aggregate of 19,790,476
shares of our common stock are offered during the term of the sales agreement at a price of $0.525 per share, the last reported sale price
of our common stock on Nasdaq on July&nbsp;15, 2025, for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $10,390,000. The foregoing table illustrates
this calculation on a per share basis. The dilution information discussed above is illustrative only and will adjust based on the actual
price to the public, the actual number of shares sold and other terms of the offering determined at the time shares of our common stock
are sold pursuant to this prospectus. The shares sold in this offering, if any, will be sold from time to time at various prices. An increase
of $0.25 per share in the price at which the shares are sold from the assumed offering price of $0.525 per share shown in the table above,
assuming all of our common stock in the aggregate amount of approximately $10,390,000 is sold at that price, would result in a pro forma
net tangible book value per share after the offering of $0.321 per share and would increase the dilution in net tangible book value per
share to new investors in this offering by $0.454 per share, after deducting commissions and estimated aggregate offering expenses payable
by us. A decrease of $0.25 per share in the price at which the shares are sold from the assumed offering price of $0.525 per share shown
in the table above, assuming all of our common stock in the aggregate amount of approximately $10,390,000 is sold at that price, would
result in a pro forma net tangible book value per share after the offering of $0.234 per share and would decrease the dilution in net
tangible book value per share to new investors in this offering by $0.041 per share, after deducting commissions and estimated aggregate
offering expenses payable by us. This information is supplied for illustrative purposes only. We will not offer and sell shares in excess
of any amount that would cause the number of our outstanding shares to exceed the number of shares then authorized to be issued under
our certificate of incorporation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">The above discussion and table are based on 52,422,532
shares of our common stock issued and outstanding as of March&nbsp;31, 2025, except as described, and excludes, as of such date:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 98%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Approximately 987,000&nbsp;shares of common stock issuable upon the vesting of outstanding restricted stock units;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 98%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Approximately 2,397,000 shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options with a weighted-average exercise price of $2.03 per share;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 98%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Approximately 491,000 shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options granted outside of our Equity Incentive Plans at a weighted average exercise price of $1.53 per share;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 98%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Approximately 1,782,000 shares reserved for future issuances under the 2021 Plan;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 98%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Approximately 281,000 shares reserved for future issuances under the Consultant Plan;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5,267,222 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants issued, or reserved for future issuance, in connection with an underwritten public offering at an exercise price of $1.05 per share;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 98%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">425,109 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of underwriter warrants issued to Public Ventures&nbsp;&nbsp;in connection with an underwritten public offering at an exercise price of $1.1375 per share;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">15,147,606 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of certain redeemable warrants outstanding at an exercise of $1.05 per share;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; background-color: white">2,795,395&nbsp;</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of certain pre-funded warrants outstanding at an exercise of $0.0001 per share; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">432,432 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of placement agent warrants issued to Public Ventures as placement agent at an exercise of $1.1375 per share.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">The discussion and table above assume no exercise
of outstanding warrants. To the extent that warrants are exercised, you may experience further dilution. In addition, we may choose to
raise additional capital due to market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current
or future operating plans. To the extent that additional capital is raised through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities,
the issuance of these securities could result in further dilution to our stockholders.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_009"></A><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>Plan
of Distribution</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We have entered into the sales agreement, dated
as of July&nbsp;17, 2025, with Wainwright as sales agent, under which we may issue and sell shares of our common stock having an aggregate
offering price of up to $10,390,000 from time to time through Wainwright acting as our sales agent. <FONT STYLE="background-color: white">In
no event will the actual number of shares of common stock offered and sold <FONT STYLE="background-color: white">by us </FONT>pursuant to the sales agreement exceed the number of shares
that we have available and authorized for issuance under our certificate of incorporation.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">The sales agreement provides that sales of our
common stock, if any, under this prospectus may be made in sales deemed to be &ldquo;at-the-market&rdquo; equity offerings as defined
in Rule&nbsp;415(a)(4)&nbsp;promulgated under the Securities Act including sales made directly on or through Nasdaq, the existing trading
market for our common stock, or any other existing trading market in the Unites States for our common stock, sales made to or through
a market maker other than on an exchange or otherwise, directly to the Sales Agent as principal, in negotiated transactions at market
prices prevailing at the time of sale or at prices related to such prevailing market prices, and/or in any other method permitted by law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Wainwright will offer shares of our common stock
at prevailing market prices subject to the terms and conditions of the sales agreement as agreed upon by us and Wainwright. We will designate
the number of shares which we desire to sell, the time period during which sales are requested to be made, any limitation on the number
of shares that may be sold in one day and any minimum price below which sales may not be made. Subject to the terms and conditions of
the sales agreement, Wainwright will use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and
applicable laws and regulations to sell on our behalf all of the shares requested to be sold by us. We or Wainwright may suspend the offering
of the shares of common stock being made through Wainwright under the sales agreement at any time upon proper notice to the other party.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Settlement for sales of common stock will occur
on the first trading day, or such other settlement cycle as may be in effect under Exchange Act Rule&nbsp;15c6-1 from time to time, following
the date on which any sales are made, in return for payment of the net proceeds to us. Sales of shares of our common stock as contemplated
in this prospectus will be settled through the facilities of The Depository Trust Company or by such other means as we and Wainwright
may agree upon. There is no arrangement for funds to be received in an escrow, trust or similar arrangement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We will pay Wainwright a cash commission of up to 3.0% of the gross
sales price of the shares of our common stock that Wainwright sells pursuant to the sales agreement. Because there is no minimum offering
amount required as a condition to this offering, the actual total offering amount, commissions and proceeds to us, if any, are not determinable
at this time. Pursuant to the terms of the sales agreement, we agreed to reimburse Wainwright for reasonable fees and expenses of Wainwright&rsquo;s
counsel in an amount up to $50,000. In addition, we have agreed to reimburse Wainwright for fees and disbursements related to its legal
counsel in an amount of up to a maximum of $3,500 per due diligence update session conducted in connection with each Representation Date
(as defined in the sales agreement). We will report at least quarterly the number of shares of our common stock sold through Wainwright
under the sales agreement, the net proceeds to us and the compensation paid by us to Wainwright in connection with the sales of shares
of our common stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">In connection with the sales of shares of our common
stock on our behalf, Wainwright will be deemed to be an &ldquo;underwriter&rdquo; within the meaning of the Securities Act, and the compensation
paid to Wainwright will be deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts. We have agreed in the sales agreement to provide indemnification
and contribution to Wainwright against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The offering of shares of our common stock pursuant
to this prospectus will terminate upon the earlier of the sale of all of the shares of our common stock provided for in this prospectus
or termination of the sales agreement as permitted therein.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">To the extent required by Regulation M, Wainwright
will not engage in any market making activities involving our common stock while the offering is ongoing under this prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">Wainwright and certain of its affiliates may in
the future engage in investment banking and other commercial dealings in the ordinary course of business with us or our affiliates. Wainwright
and such affiliates may in the future receive customary fees and expenses for these transactions. Wainwright or its affiliates may also
make investment recommendations and/or publish or express independent research views in respect of such securities or financial instruments
and may hold, or recommend to clients that they acquire, long and/or short positions in such securities and instruments.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">This prospectus may be made available in electronic
format on a website maintained by Wainwright, and Wainwright may distribute this prospectus electronically.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The foregoing does not purport to be a complete
statement of the terms and conditions of the sales agreement. A copy of the sales agreement is included as an exhibit to the registration
statement of which this prospectus forms a part.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The transfer agent and registrar for our common
stock is VStock Transfer, LLC, and its address is 18 Lafayette Place, Woodmere, NY 11598.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Our common stock is listed on Nasdaq under the
symbol &ldquo;CLIR.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_010"></A><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>Legal
Matters</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">The validity of the common stock offered hereby
will be passed upon for us by Mitchell Silberberg&nbsp;&amp; Knupp LLP, New York, New York. Ellenoff Grossman&nbsp;&amp; Schole LLP, New
York, New York, is counsel for the Sales Agent in connection with this offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_011"></A><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>Experts</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">The consolidated financial statements for ClearSign
Technologies Corporation as of December&nbsp;31, 2024 and 2023, and for each of the two years in the period ended December&nbsp;31, 2024,
incorporated in this prospectus by reference to the Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K for the year ended December&nbsp;31, 2024 have been
so incorporated in reliance on the report of BPM CPA LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, given on the authority of
said firm as experts in auditing and accounting.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_012"></A><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>Incorporation
by Reference</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">The SEC allows us to &ldquo;incorporate by reference&rdquo;
the information we file with them, which means that we can disclose important information by referring you to those documents. The information
incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this prospectus, and information that we file later with the SEC will automatically
update and supersede the information that is either incorporated by reference, or contained in, this prospectus and will be considered
a part of this prospectus from the date those documents are filed. We incorporate by reference the documents listed below:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 5%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our Annual Report
    on&nbsp;Form&nbsp;10-K&nbsp;for the fiscal year ended December&nbsp;31, 2024, filed with the SEC on <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1434524/000155837025004155/clir-20241231x10k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">March&nbsp;31, 2025</A>, as amended
    by our Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K/A&nbsp;for the fiscal year ended December&nbsp;31, 2024, filed with the SEC on <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1434524/000110465925053646/tm2516383d1_10ka.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">May&nbsp;28, 2025</A>;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our Quarterly Report on Form&nbsp;10-Q&nbsp;for the fiscal quarter ended March&nbsp;31, 2025, filed with the SEC on&nbsp;<A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1434524/000155837025007875/clir-20250331x10q.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">May&nbsp;15, 2025</A>;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 5%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our Current Reports on
    Form&nbsp;8-K&nbsp;filed with the SEC on <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1434524/000110465925031996/tm2511519d1_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">April&nbsp;4, 2025</A>, <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1434524/000110465925052251/tm2516021d1_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">May&nbsp;23, 2025</A>, <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1434524/000110465925052998/tm2516138d1_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">May&nbsp;27, 2025</A> and <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1434524/000110465925067452/tm2520697d1_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">July&nbsp;11, 2025</A>; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 5%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the description of our common stock contained in Exhibit&nbsp;4.1 to our Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K for the fiscal year ended December&nbsp;31, 2024, <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1434524/000155837025004155/clir-20241231xex4d1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">filed with the SEC on March&nbsp;31, 2025</A>, and any amendment or report filed for the purpose of updating such description.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">In addition, all documents filed by us with the
SEC pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d)&nbsp;of the&nbsp;Exchange Act&nbsp;subsequent to the date of filing the registration
statement that includes this prospectus and prior to the filing of a post-effective amendment to the registration statement containing
this prospectus, which indicates that all securities offered have been sold or which deregisters all of such securities then remaining
unsold, shall be deemed to be incorporated by reference in this prospectus and to be a part hereof from the respective dates of filing
of such documents. However, we are not incorporating by reference, in each case, any information or documents that are deemed to be furnished
and not filed in accordance with SEC rules, including any information furnished pursuant to Items 2.02 or 7.01 of Form&nbsp;8-K or related
exhibits furnished pursuant to Item 9.01 of Form&nbsp;8-K.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">Upon written or oral request, we will provide to
each person, including any beneficial owner, to whom a prospectus is delivered, without charge, a copy of any or all of the documents
incorporated by reference, other than exhibits to those documents unless the exhibits are specifically incorporated by reference in the
documents. Please send requests to:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">ClearSign Technologies Corporation</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">8023 E. 63<SUP>rd</SUP> Place, Suite&nbsp;101</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Tulsa, OK 74133<BR>
<FONT STYLE="background-color: white">(918) 236-6461</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Attention: Chief Financial Officer</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_013"></A><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>Where
You Can Find MORE Information</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">We file annual, quarterly
and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. The SEC maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains periodic
and current reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding registrants that are filed electronically with
the SEC. These documents are also available, free of charge, through our website, www.clearsign.com. Information contained on our website
is not incorporated by reference into this prospectus, and you should not consider information on our website to be part of this prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">This prospectus is part
of a registration statement that we filed with the SEC with respect to the common stock offered under this prospectus. This prospectus,
filed as part of the registration statement, does not contain all the information set forth in the registration statement and its exhibits
and schedules, portions of which have been omitted as permitted by the rules&nbsp;and regulations of the SEC. For further information
about us and the securities we are offering, we refer you to the registration statement and to its exhibits and schedules. Statements
in this prospectus concerning any document we filed as an exhibit to the registration statement or that we otherwise filed with the SEC
are not intended to be comprehensive and are qualified by reference to these filings and the exhibits attached thereto. You should review
the complete documents, as applicable, to evaluate these statements. You can obtain a copy of the registration statement from the SEC&rsquo;s
website or our website.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">We also maintain a website
at www.clearsign.com through which you can access our SEC filings free of charge. The information set forth on our website is not part
of this prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;<FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><IMG SRC="tm2520917d1_s3img01.jpg" ALT=""></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Up to $10,390,000</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Common Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; background-color: white"><B>PROSPECTUS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 14pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; background-color: white"><B>H.C. Wainwright&nbsp;&amp;
Co.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; background-color: white"><B>&emsp;&emsp;&emsp;&emsp;,
2025</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>PART&nbsp;II</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Item 14. Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">Set forth below are estimates
(except in the case of the SEC registration fee and FINRA filing fee) of the amount of fees and expenses to be incurred in connection
with the issuance and distribution of the offered securities, other than underwriting discounts and commissions.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" ALIGN="CENTER" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 70%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <TD STYLE="width: 89%; padding-left: 0.1in; text-indent: -0.1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">SEC registration fee</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 7%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">7,655</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.1in; text-indent: -0.1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">FINRA filing fee</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.1in; text-indent: -0.1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Transfer agent&rsquo;s fees and expenses</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(1)</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.1in; text-indent: -0.1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Legal fees and expenses</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(1)</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.1in; text-indent: -0.1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Miscellaneous fees and expenses</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(1)</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.1in; text-indent: -0.1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Total</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(1)</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>





































































































<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<!-- Field: Rule-Page --><DIV STYLE="margin-top: 3pt; margin-bottom: 3pt; width: 25%"><DIV STYLE="font-size: 1pt; border-top: Black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</DIV></DIV><!-- Field: /Rule-Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">(1)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">These fees will be dependent on the type of securities offered
and the number of offerings, and, therefore, cannot be estimated at this time. In accordance with Rule&nbsp;430B, additional information
regarding estimated fees and expenses will be provided at the time information as to an offering is included in a prospectus supplement.</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Item 15. Indemnification of Officers and Directors.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">The following summary
is qualified in its entirety by reference to the complete Delaware General Corporation Law (&ldquo;DGCL&rdquo;), our certificate of incorporation,
as amended (the &ldquo;certificate of incorporation&rdquo;), and our bylaws.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">As permitted by Section&nbsp;102
of the DGCL, the our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that limit or eliminate the personal liability of our
officers and directors for a breach of their fiduciary duty as a director and/or officer, as applicable. For example, the fiduciary duty
of care generally requires that, when acting on behalf of the corporation, directors exercise an informed business judgment based on all
material information reasonably available to them. Consequently, a director will not be personally liable to us or our stockholders for
monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director, except to the extent such exemption from liability or limitation thereof
is not permitted under the DGCL.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">These limitations of liability
do not affect the availability of equitable remedies such as injunctive relief or rescission. The certificate of incorporation will also
authorize us to indemnify our officers, directors and other agents to the fullest extent permitted under Delaware law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">As permitted by Section&nbsp;145
of the DGCL, the bylaws will provide that:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 98%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">we may indemnify our directors, officers and employees to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL, subject to limited exceptions; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 98%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the rights provided in the bylaws are not exclusive.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">The certificate of incorporation
and bylaws provide for the indemnification provisions described above. We have entered into, and we intend to continue to enter into,
separate indemnification agreements with our directors and officers that may be broader than the specific indemnification provisions contained
in the DGCL. These indemnification agreements generally requires us, among other things, to indemnify our officers and directors against
certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers, other than liabilities arising from
willful misconduct. These indemnification agreements also generally requires us to advance any expenses incurred by our directors or officers
as a result of any proceeding against them as to which they could be indemnified. These indemnification provisions and the indemnification
agreements may be sufficiently broad to permit indemnification of our officers and directors for liabilities, including reimbursement
of expenses incurred, arising under the Securities Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">We have purchased and currently
maintain insurance on behalf of each and every person who is or was a director or officer against any loss arising from any claim asserted
against him or her and incurred by him or her in any such capacity, subject to certain exclusions.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Item 16. Exhibits.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; width: 8%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Exhibit<BR>
No.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; width: 92%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Description&nbsp;of&nbsp;Document</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.1**</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form&nbsp;of Underwriting Agreement.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="tm2520917d1_ex1-2.htm">1.2*</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD><P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="tm2520917d1_ex1-2.htm">At the Market Offering Agreement, dated July&nbsp;17, 2025, by and between the Registrant and H.C. Wainwright&nbsp;&amp; Co., LLC.</A></P></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001434524/000110465923071426/tm2318661d1_ex3-3.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.1</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001434524/000110465923071426/tm2318661d1_ex3-3.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: #0d6efd">Certificate of Incorporation of ClearSign Technologies Corporation, a Delaware corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.3 to the Company&rsquo;s Form&nbsp;8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June&nbsp;15, 2023).</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001434524/000110465924075194/tm2418248d1_ex3-1.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.2</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001434524/000110465924075194/tm2418248d1_ex3-1.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: #0d6efd; background-color: white">Certificate of Amendment, as filed with the Secretary of the State of Delaware on June&nbsp;26, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Company&rsquo;s Form&nbsp;8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June&nbsp;26, 2024).</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001434524/000110465923071426/tm2318661d1_ex3-4.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.3</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001434524/000110465923071426/tm2318661d1_ex3-4.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: #0d6efd">Bylaws of ClearSign Technologies Corporation, a Delaware corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.4 to the Company&rsquo;s Form&nbsp;8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June&nbsp;15, 2023).</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001434524/000110465923071426/tm2318661d1_ex3-4.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.4</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001434524/000110465923071426/tm2318661d1_ex3-4.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: #0d6efd">Certificate of Conversion, as filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on June&nbsp;14, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 to the Company&rsquo;s Form&nbsp;8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June&nbsp;15, 2023).</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1434524/000110465923071426/tm2318661d1_ex3-2.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.5</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1434524/000110465923071426/tm2318661d1_ex3-2.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: #0d6efd">Articles of Conversion, as filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Washington on June&nbsp;14, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.2 to the Company&rsquo;s Form&nbsp;8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June&nbsp;15, 2023).</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><A HREF="tm2520917d1_ex4-1.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.1*</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD><A HREF="tm2520917d1_ex4-1.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form&nbsp;of Indenture for Debt Securities.</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.2**</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form&nbsp;of Debt Securities.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.3**</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form&nbsp;of Warrant. </FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.4**</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form&nbsp;of Unit Agreement.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.5**</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form&nbsp;of Subscription Rights Agreement.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.6**</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form&nbsp;of Preferred Stock Certificate.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><A HREF="tm2520917d1_ex5-1.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.1*</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD><A HREF="tm2520917d1_ex5-1.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Opinion of Mitchell Silberberg&nbsp;&amp; Knupp LLP.</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><A HREF="tm2520917d1_ex23-1.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">23.1*</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD><A HREF="tm2520917d1_ex23-1.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Consent of BPM CPA LLP,&nbsp;Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><A HREF="tm2520917d1_ex5-1.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">23.2*</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD><A HREF="tm2520917d1_ex5-1.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Consent of Mitchell Silberberg&nbsp;&amp; Knupp LLP (included in Exhibit&nbsp;5.1 to the Registration Statement)<FONT STYLE="color: #0563c1"><U>.</U></FONT></FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_033"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">24.1*</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD><A HREF="#a_033"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Power of Attorney (included in signature page&nbsp;to the Registration Statement)</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">25.1***</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form&nbsp;T-1 Statement of Eligibility and Qualification under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 of Trustee for Form&nbsp;of Indenture</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><A HREF="tm2520917d1_ex-filingfees.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">107*</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD><A HREF="tm2520917d1_ex-filingfees.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Filing Fee Table</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>





<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"> * Filed herewith.</P>



<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; background-color: white">**&nbsp;&nbsp;<FONT STYLE="background-color: white">To
be filed by amendment or by a Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in; background-color: white">***&nbsp;To
be filed in accordance with the requirements of Section&nbsp;305(b)(2)&nbsp;of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Item 17. Undertakings.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in; background-color: white">The undersigned Registrant
hereby undertakes:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">(a)(1)&emsp;To file, during any period in
which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">(i)&#8239;&emsp;to include any prospectus required
by Section&nbsp;10(a)(3)&nbsp;of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">(ii)&emsp;to reflect in the prospectus any
facts or events arising after the effective date of this registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof)
which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in this registration statement. Notwithstanding
the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed
that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the
form of prospectus filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424(b)&nbsp;if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent
no more than a 20&nbsp;percent change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the &ldquo;Calculation of Registration Fee&rdquo;
table in the effective registration statement; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: left; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">(iii)&emsp;to include any material information
with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in this registration statement or any material change to such information
in this registration statement;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: left; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white"><I>provided, however</I>, that paragraphs
(a)(1)(i), (a)(1)(ii)&nbsp;and (a)(1)(iii)&nbsp;do not apply if the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment
by those paragraphs is contained in reports filed with or furnished to the Commission by a Registrant pursuant to Section&nbsp;13 or Section&nbsp;15(d)&nbsp;of
the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, that are incorporated by reference in this registration statement,
or is contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424(b)&nbsp;that is part of this registration statement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: left; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">(2)&emsp;That, for the purpose of determining
any liability under the Securities Act, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating
to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at the time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering
thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">(3)&emsp;To remove from registration by means
of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">(4)&emsp;That, for the purpose of determining
liability under the Securities Act to any purchaser:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">(i)&emsp;each prospectus filed by a Registrant
pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424(b)(3)&nbsp;shall be deemed to be part of the registration statement as of the date the filed prospectus was
deemed part of and included in the registration statement; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">(ii)&emsp;each prospectus required to be filed
pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424(b)(2), (b)(5), or (b)(7)&nbsp;as part of a registration statement in reliance on Rule&nbsp;430B relating to
an offering made pursuant to Rule&nbsp;415(a)(1)(i), (vii)&nbsp;or (x)&nbsp;for the purpose of providing the information required by Section&nbsp;10(a)&nbsp;of
the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the earlier of the date such form of
prospectus is first used after effectiveness or the date of the first contract of sale of securities in the offering described in the
prospectus. As provided in Rule&nbsp;430B, for liability purposes of the issuer and any person that is at that date an underwriter, such
date shall be deemed to be a new effective date of the registration statement relating to the securities in the registration statement
to which that prospectus relates, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering
thereof; provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement
or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the
registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such effective date, supersede or modify any statement
that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately
prior to such effective date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">(5)&emsp;That, for the purpose of determining
liability of a Registrant under the Securities Act to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities, the undersigned Registrant
undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of such undersigned Registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless
of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means
of any of the following communications, such undersigned Registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer
or sell such securities to such purchaser:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">(i)&emsp;any preliminary prospectus or prospectus
of such undersigned Registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">(ii)&emsp;any free writing prospectus relating
to the offering prepared by or on behalf of such undersigned Registrant or used or referred to by such undersigned Registrant;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">(iii)&emsp;the portion of any other free writing
prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about such undersigned Registrant or its securities provided by or
on behalf of such undersigned Registrant; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">(iv)&emsp;any other communication that is
an offer in the offering made by such undersigned Registrant to the purchaser.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">(6)&emsp;That, for purposes of determining
any liability under the Securities Act:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">(i)&emsp;the information omitted from the
form of prospectus filed as part of the registration statement in reliance upon Rule&nbsp;430A and contained in the form of prospectus
filed by the Registrant pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424(b)(1)&nbsp;or (4)&nbsp;or 497(h)&nbsp;under the Securities Act shall be deemed to be
part of the registration statement as of the time it was declared effective; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">(ii)&emsp;each post-effective amendment that
contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering
of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">(b)&emsp;The undersigned Registrant hereby
undertakes that, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each filing of the Registrant&rsquo;s annual report
pursuant to Section&nbsp;13(a)&nbsp;or 15(d)&nbsp;of the Exchange Act (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan&rsquo;s
annual report pursuant to Section&nbsp;15(d)&nbsp;of the Exchange Act) that is incorporated by reference in this registration statement
shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at
that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">(c)&emsp;The undersigned Registrant hereby
undertakes to file an application for the purpose of determining the eligibility of the trustee to act under subsection (a)&nbsp;of Section&nbsp;310
of the Trust Indenture Act in accordance with the rules&nbsp;and regulations prescribed by the Commission under Section&nbsp;305(b)(2)&nbsp;of
the Trust Indenture Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">(d)&emsp;Insofar as indemnification for liabilities
arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of any Registrant pursuant to the indemnification
provisions described herein, or otherwise, each Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Commission such indemnification
is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification
against such liabilities (other than the payment by a Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person
of such Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person
in connection with the securities being registered, such Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled
by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public
policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_033"></A><B>SIGNATURES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">In accordance with the requirements
of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements
for filing on Form&nbsp;S-3 and has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly
authorized, in the City of Tulsa, State of Oklahoma, on July&nbsp;17, 2025.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>CLEARSIGN TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 47%; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Colin James Deller</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Colin James Deller, Chief Executive Officer</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>POWER OF ATTORNEY</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE
PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints Colin James Deller and Brent Hinds as the undersigned&rsquo;s
true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for the undersigned and in the undersigned&rsquo;s
name, place and stead in any and all capacities, in connection with this registration statement, including to sign in the name and on
behalf of the undersigned, this registration statement and any and all amendments thereto, including post-effective amendments and registrations
filed pursuant to Rule&nbsp;462 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other
documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto such attorney-in-fact and agent full power
and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to
all intents and purposes as the undersigned might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorney-in-fact
and agents, or his substitute, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">In accordance with the requirements of the Securities
Act of 1933, as amended, this registration statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Dated: July&nbsp;17, 2025</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Colin James Deller</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Colin James Deller</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Chief Executive Officer</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Principal Executive Officer)</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Dated: July&nbsp;17, 2025</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Brent Hinds</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Brent Hinds</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Chief Financial Officer</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Dated: July&nbsp;17, 2025</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Louis J. Basenese</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Louis J. Basenese, Director</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Dated: July&nbsp;17, 2025</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Anthony DiGiandomenico</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Anthony DiGiandomenico, Director</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Dated: July&nbsp;17, 2025</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Catharine M. de Lacy</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Catharine M. de Lacy, Director</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Dated: July&nbsp;17, 2025</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ David M. Maley</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">David M. Maley, Director </FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Dated: July&nbsp;17, 2025</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Judith S. Schrecker</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Judith S. Schrecker, Director </FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Dated: July&nbsp;17, 2025</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ G. Todd Silva</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">G. Todd Silva, Director </FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<TYPE>EX-1.2
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<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 1.2
<TEXT>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Exhibit 1.2</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>AT THE MARKET OFFERING AGREEMENT</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 2in; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: right">July&#8239;17, 2025</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">H.C. Wainwright&#8239;&amp; Co., LLC</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">430 Park Avenue</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">New York, New York 10022</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in">Ladies and Gentlemen:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">ClearSign Technologies Corporation,
a corporation organized under the laws of Delaware (the &ldquo;<U>Company</U>&rdquo;), confirms its agreement (this &ldquo;<U>Agreement</U>&rdquo;)
with H.C. Wainwright&#8239;&amp; Co., LLC (the &ldquo;<U>Manager</U>&rdquo;) as follows:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">1.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Definitions</U>.
The terms that follow, when used in this Agreement and any Terms Agreement, shall have the meanings indicated.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Accountants</U>&rdquo;&#8239;shall
have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&#8239;4(m).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Act</U>&rdquo;
shall mean the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules&#8239;and regulations of the Commission promulgated thereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Action</U>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&#8239;3(p).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Affiliate</U>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&#8239;3(o).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Applicable
Time</U>&rdquo; shall mean, with respect to any Shares, the time of sale of such Shares pursuant to this Agreement or any relevant Terms
Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Base Prospectus</U>&rdquo;
shall mean the base prospectus contained in the Registration Statement at the Effective Time.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Board</U>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&#8239;2(b)(iii).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Broker
Fee</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&#8239;2(b)(v).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Business
Day</U>&rdquo; shall mean any day other than Saturday, Sunday or other day on which commercial banks in The City of New York are authorized
or required by law to remain closed; <U>provided</U>, <U>however</U>, that, for purposes of clarity, commercial banks shall not be deemed
to be authorized or required by law to remain closed due to &ldquo;stay at home&rdquo;, &ldquo;shelter-in-place&rdquo;, &ldquo;non-essential
employee&rdquo;&#8239; or any other similar orders or restrictions or the closure of any physical branch locations at the direction of
any governmental authority so long as the electronic funds transfer systems (including for wire transfers) of commercial banks in The
City of New York generally are open for use by customers on such day.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Commission</U>&rdquo;
shall mean the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Common
Stock</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&#8239;2.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Common
Stock Equivalents</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&#8239;3(g).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Company
Counsel</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&#8239;4(l).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>DTC</U>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&#8239;2(b)(vii).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Effective
Date</U>&rdquo; shall mean each date and time that the Registration Statement and any post-effective amendment or amendments thereto became
or becomes effective.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Effective
Time</U>&rdquo; shall mean the first date and time that the Registration Statement becomes effective.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Exchange
Act</U>&rdquo; shall mean the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules&#8239;and regulations of the Commission promulgated
thereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Execution
Time</U>&rdquo; shall mean the date and time that this Agreement is executed and delivered by the parties hereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Free Writing
Prospectus</U>&rdquo; shall mean a free writing prospectus, as defined in Rule&#8239;405.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>GAAP</U>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&#8239;3(m).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&ldquo;<U>Incorporated
Documents</U>&rdquo; shall mean the documents or portions thereof filed with the Commission on or prior to the Effective Date that are
incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus and any documents or portions thereof filed with the Commission
after the Effective Date that are deemed to be incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus</FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&ldquo;<U>Intellectual
Property Rights</U>&rdquo; </FONT>shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&#8239;3(v).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Issuer
Free Writing Prospectus</U>&rdquo; shall mean an issuer free writing prospectus, as defined in Rule&#8239;433.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Losses</U>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&#8239;7(d).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Material
Adverse Effect</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&#8239;3(b).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Material
Permits</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&#8239;3(t).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Net Proceeds</U>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&#8239;2(b)(v).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Permitted
Free Writing Prospectus</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&#8239;4(g).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Placement</U>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&#8239;2(c).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Proceeding</U>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&#8239;3(b).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Prospectus</U>&rdquo;
shall mean the Base Prospectus, as supplemented by the Sales Agreement Prospectus in the Registration Statement at the Effective Time
and any subsequently filed Prospectus Supplement (if any).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Prospectus
Supplement</U>&rdquo; shall mean the Sales Agreement Prospectus and each prospectus supplement relating to the Shares prepared and filed
pursuant to Rule&#8239;424(b)&#8239;from time to time.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Registration
Statement</U>&rdquo; shall mean the shelf registration statement on Form&#8239;S-3 registering $50,000,000 of securities of the Company
to be filed following the Execution Time, including exhibits and financial statements filed with or incorporated by reference into such
registration statement and any prospectus supplement relating to the Shares that is filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule&#8239;424(b)&#8239;and
deemed part of such registration statement pursuant to Rule&#8239;430B, as amended on each Effective Date and, in the event any post-effective
amendment thereto becomes effective, shall also mean such registration statement as so amended.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Representation
Date</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&#8239;4(k).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Required
Approvals</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&#8239;3(e).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Rule&#8239;158</U>&rdquo;,
 &ldquo;<U>Rule&#8239;164</U>&rdquo;, &ldquo;<U>Rule&#8239;172</U>&rdquo;, &ldquo;<U>Rule&#8239;173</U>&rdquo;, &ldquo;<U>Rule&#8239;405</U>&rdquo;,
 &ldquo;<U>Rule&#8239;415</U>&rdquo;, &ldquo;<U>Rule&#8239;424</U>&rdquo;, &ldquo;<U>Rule&#8239;430B</U>&rdquo; and &ldquo;<U>Rule&#8239;433</U>&rdquo;
refer to such rules&#8239;under the Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Sales
Agreement Prospectus</U>&rdquo; shall mean the prospectus relating to the Shares contained in the Registration Statement at the Effective
Time.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Sales
Notice</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&#8239;2(b)(i).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>SEC Reports</U>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&#8239;3(m).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Settlement
Date</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&#8239;2(b)(vii).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Subsidiary</U>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&#8239;3(a).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Terms
Agreement</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&#8239;2(a).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Time of
Delivery</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&#8239;2(c).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Trading
Day</U>&rdquo; means a day on which the Trading Market is open for trading.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Trading
Market</U>&rdquo; means the Nasdaq Capital Market (or any successor thereto).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">2.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Sale
and Delivery of Shares</U>. The Company proposes to issue and sell through or to the Manager, as sales agent and/or principal, from time
to time during the term of this Agreement and on the terms set forth herein, up to the lesser of such number of shares (the &ldquo;<U>Shares</U>&rdquo;)
of the Company&rsquo;s common stock, $0.0001&#8239;par value per share (&ldquo;<U>Common Stock</U>&rdquo;), that does not exceed (a)&#8239;the
number or dollar amount of shares of Common Stock registered on the Registration Statement and as reflected on the Sales Agreement Prospectus
or any Prospectus Supplement, pursuant to which the offering is being made, (b)&#8239;the number of authorized but unissued shares of Common
Stock (less the number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise, conversion or exchange of any outstanding securities of the Company
or otherwise reserved from the Company&rsquo;s authorized capital stock), or (c)&#8239;the number or dollar amount of shares of Common
Stock that would cause the Company or the offering of the Shares to not satisfy the eligibility and transaction requirements for use of
Form&#8239;S-3, including, if applicable, General Instruction I.B.6 of Registration Statement on Form&#8239;S-3 (the lesser of (a), (b)&#8239;and
(c), the &ldquo;<U>Maximum Amount</U>&rdquo;). Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, the parties hereto agree that
compliance with the limitations set forth in this Section&#8239;2 on the number and aggregate sales price of Shares issued and sold under
this Agreement shall be the sole responsibility of the Company and that the Manager shall have no obligation in connection with such compliance.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(a)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Appointment
of Manager as Selling Agent; Terms Agreement</U>. For purposes of selling the Shares through the Manager, the Company hereby appoints
the Manager as exclusive agent of the Company for the purpose of selling the Shares of the Company pursuant to this Agreement and the
Manager agrees to use its commercially reasonable best efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices to sell the Shares
on the terms and subject to the conditions stated herein. The Company agrees that, whenever it determines to sell the Shares directly
to the Manager as principal, it will enter into a separate agreement (each, a &ldquo;<U>Terms Agreement</U>&rdquo;) in substantially the
form of <U>Annex I</U> hereto, relating to such sale in accordance with Section&#8239;2 of this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(b)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Agent
Sales</U>. Subject to the terms and conditions and in reliance upon the representations and warranties herein set forth, following the
effectiveness of the Registration Statement, the Company will issue and agrees to sell Shares from time to time through the Manager, acting
as sales agent, and the Manager agrees to use its commercially reasonable efforts to sell, as sales agent for the Company, on the following
terms:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(i)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>The
Shares are to be sold on a daily basis or otherwise as shall be agreed to by the Company and the Manager on any day that (A)&#8239;is a
Trading Day, (B)&#8239;the Company has instructed the Manager by telephone (confirmed promptly by electronic mail) to make such sales (&ldquo;<U>Sales
Notice</U>&rdquo;) and (C)&#8239;the Company has satisfied its obligations under Section&#8239;6 of this Agreement. The Company will designate
the maximum amount of the Shares to be sold by the Manager daily (subject to the limitations set forth in Section&#8239;2(d)) and the minimum
price per Share at which such Shares may be sold. Subject to the terms and conditions hereof, the Manager shall use its commercially reasonable
efforts to sell on a particular day all of the Shares designated for the sale by the Company on such day. The gross sales price of the
Shares sold under this Section&#8239;2(b)&#8239;shall be the market price for the shares of Common Stock sold by the Manager under this
Section&#8239;2(b)&#8239;on the Trading Market at the time of sale of such Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(ii)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>The
Company acknowledges and agrees that (A)&#8239;there can be no assurance that the Manager will be successful in selling the Shares, (B)&#8239;the
Manager will incur no liability or obligation to the Company or any other Person (as defined below) if it does not sell the Shares for
any reason other than a failure by the Manager to use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales
practices and applicable law and regulations to sell such Shares as required under this Agreement, and (C)&#8239;the Manager shall be under
no obligation to purchase Shares on a principal basis pursuant to this Agreement, except as otherwise specifically agreed by the Manager
and the Company pursuant to a Terms Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(iii)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>The
Company shall not authorize the issuance and sale of, and the Manager shall not be obligated to use its commercially reasonable efforts
to sell, any Share at a price that is lower than the minimum price therefor designated from time to time by the Company&rsquo;s Board
of Directors (the &ldquo;<U>Board</U>&rdquo;), or a duly authorized committee thereof, or such duly authorized officers of the Company,
and notified to the Manager in writing. The Company or the Manager may, upon notice to the other party hereto by telephone (confirmed
promptly by electronic mail), suspend the offering of the Shares for any reason and at any time; <U>provided</U>, <U>however</U>, that
such suspension or termination shall not affect or impair the parties&rsquo; respective obligations with respect to the Shares sold hereunder
prior to the giving of such notice.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(iv)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>The
Manager may sell Shares by any method permitted by law deemed to be an &ldquo;at the market offering&rdquo; as defined in Rule&#8239;415
under the Act, including without limitation sales made directly on the Trading Market, on any other existing trading market for the Common
Stock or to or through a market maker. The Manager may also sell Shares in privately negotiated transactions, provided that the Manager
receives the Company&rsquo;s prior written approval for any sales in privately negotiated transactions and if so provided in the &ldquo;Plan
of Distribution&rdquo; section of the Sales Agreement Prospectus or a supplement to the Sales Agreement Prospectus or a new Prospectus
Supplement disclosing the terms of such privately negotiated transaction.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(v)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>The
compensation to the Manager for sales of the Shares under this Section&#8239;2(b)&#8239;shall be a placement fee of up to 3.0% of the gross
sales price of the Shares sold pursuant to this Section&#8239;2(b)&#8239;(&ldquo;<U>Broker Fee</U>&rdquo;). The foregoing rate of compensation
shall not apply when the Manager acts as principal, in which case the Company may sell Shares to the Manager as principal at a price agreed
upon at the relevant Applicable Time pursuant to a Terms Agreement. The remaining proceeds, after deduction of the Broker Fee and deduction
of any transaction fees imposed by any clearing firm, execution broker, or governmental or self-regulatory organization in respect of
such sales, shall constitute the net proceeds to the Company for such Shares (the &ldquo;<U>Net Proceeds</U>&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(vi)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>The
Manager shall provide written confirmation (which may be by electronic mail) to the Company following the close of trading on the Trading
Market each day in which the Shares are sold under this Section&#8239;2(b)&#8239;setting forth the number of the Shares sold on such day,
the aggregate gross sales proceeds and the Net Proceeds to the Company, and the compensation payable by the Company to the Manager with
respect to such sales.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(vii)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>Unless
otherwise agreed between the Company and the Manager, settlement for sales of the Shares will occur at 2:00 p.m.&#8239;(New York City time)
on the first (1st) Trading Day (or any other settlement cycle as may be in effect pursuant to Rule&#8239;15c6-1 under the Exchange Act
from time to time) following the date on which such sales are made (each, a &ldquo;<U>Settlement Date</U>&rdquo;). On or before each Settlement
Date, the Company will, or will cause its transfer agent to, electronically transfer the Shares being sold by crediting the Manager&rsquo;s
or its designee&rsquo;s account (provided that the Manager shall have given the Company written notice of such designee at least one Trading
Day prior to the Settlement Date) at The Depository Trust Company (&ldquo;<U>DTC</U>&rdquo;) through its Deposit and Withdrawal at Custodian
System or by such other means of delivery as may be mutually agreed upon by the parties hereto which Shares in all cases shall be freely
tradable, transferable, registered shares in good deliverable form. On each Settlement Date, the Manager will deliver the related Net
Proceeds in same day funds to an account designated by the Company. The Company agrees that, if the Company, or its transfer agent (if
applicable), defaults in its obligation to deliver duly authorized Shares on a Settlement Date, in addition to and in no way limiting
the rights and obligations set forth in Section&#8239;7 hereto, the Company will (i)&#8239;hold the Manager harmless against any loss, claim,
damage, or reasonable, documented expense (including reasonable and documented legal fees and expenses), as incurred, arising out of or
in connection with such default by the Company, and (ii)&#8239;pay to the Manager any commission, discount or other compensation to which
the Manager would otherwise have been entitled absent such default.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(viii)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>At
each Applicable Time, Settlement Date, and Representation Date, the Company shall be deemed to have affirmed each representation and
warranty contained in this Agreement as if such representation and warranty were made as of such date (except to the extent that any
such representation or warranty is made as of a specified date, in which case such representation or warranty shall have been true and
correct as of such date), modified as necessary to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as amended as of such date.
Any obligation of the Manager to use its commercially reasonable efforts to sell the Shares on behalf of the Company shall be subject
to the continuing accuracy of the representations and warranties of the Company herein, to the performance by the Company of its obligations
hereunder and to the continuing satisfaction of the additional conditions specified in Section&#8239;6 of this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(ix)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>If
the Company shall declare or make any dividend or other distribution of its assets (or rights to acquire its assets) to holders of shares
of Common Stock, by way of return of capital or otherwise (including, without limitation, any distribution of cash, stock or other securities,
property or options by way of a dividend, spin off, reclassification, corporate rearrangement, scheme of arrangement or other similar
transaction) (a &ldquo;<U>Distribution</U>&rdquo; and the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to receive the Distribution,
the &ldquo;<U>Record Date</U>&rdquo;), the Company hereby covenants that, in connection with any sales of Shares pursuant to a Sales
Notice on the Record Date, the Company shall issue and deliver such Shares to the Manager on the Record Date and the Record Date shall
be the Settlement Date and the Company shall cover any additional costs of the Manager in connection with the delivery of Shares on the
Record Date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(c)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Term
Sales</U>. If the Company wishes to sell the Shares pursuant to this Agreement in a manner other than as set forth in Section&#8239;2(b)&#8239;of
this Agreement (each, a &ldquo;<U>Placement</U>&rdquo;), the Company will notify the Manager of the proposed terms of such Placement.
If the Manager, acting as principal, wishes to accept such proposed terms (which it may decline to do for any reason in its sole discretion)
or, following discussions with the Company wishes to accept amended terms, the Manager and the Company will enter into a Terms Agreement
setting forth the terms of such Placement. The terms set forth in a Terms Agreement will not be binding on the Company or the Manager
unless and until the Company and the Manager have each executed such Terms Agreement accepting all of the terms of such Terms Agreement.
In the event of a conflict between the terms of this Agreement and the terms of a Terms Agreement, the terms of such Terms Agreement will
control. A Terms Agreement may also specify certain provisions relating to the reoffering of such Shares by the Manager. The commitment
of the Manager to purchase the Shares pursuant to any Terms Agreement shall be deemed to have been made on the basis of the representations
and warranties of the Company herein contained and shall be subject to the terms and conditions herein set forth, as such may be modified
pursuant to a Terms Agreement. Each Terms Agreement shall specify the number of the Shares to be purchased by the Manager pursuant thereto,
the price to be paid to the Company for such Shares, any provisions relating to rights of, and default by, underwriters acting together
with the Manager in the reoffering of the Shares, and the time and date (each such time and date being referred to herein as a &ldquo;<U>Time
of Delivery</U>&rdquo;) and place of delivery of and payment for such Shares. Such Terms Agreement shall also specify any requirements
for opinions of counsel, accountants&rsquo; letters and officers&rsquo; certificates pursuant to Section&#8239;6 of this Agreement and
any other information or documents reasonably required by the Manager.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(d)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Maximum
Number of Shares</U>. Under no circumstances shall the Company cause or request the offer or sale of any Shares if, after giving effect
to the sale of such Shares, the aggregate amount of Shares sold pursuant to this Agreement would exceed the lesser of (A)&#8239;together
with all sales of Shares under this Agreement, the Maximum Amount, (B)&#8239;the amount available for offer and sale under the currently
effective Registration Statement and (C)&#8239;the amount authorized from time to time to be issued and sold under this Agreement by
the Board, a duly authorized committee thereof or a duly authorized executive committee, and notified to the Manager in writing (which
may be in the form of electronic mail). Under no circumstances shall the Company cause or request the offer or sale of any Shares pursuant
to this Agreement at a price lower than the minimum price authorized from time to time by the Board, a duly authorized committee thereof
or a duly authorized executive officer, and notified to the Manager in writing (which may be in the form of electronic mail). Further,
under no circumstances shall the Company cause or permit the aggregate offering amount of Shares sold pursuant to this Agreement to exceed
the Maximum Amount.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(e)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Regulation
M Notice</U>. Unless the exceptive provisions set forth in Rule&#8239;101(c)(1)&#8239;of Regulation&#8239;M under the Exchange Act are satisfied
with respect to the Shares, the Company shall give the Manager at least one (1)&#8239;Business Day&rsquo;s prior notice of its intent to
sell any Shares in order to allow the Manager time to comply with Regulation M.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">3.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Representations
and Warranties</U>. The Company represents and warrants to, and agrees with, the Manager at the Execution Time and Effective Time and
on each such time that the following representations and warranties are repeated or deemed to be made pursuant to this Agreement, as set
forth below, except as set forth in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or the Incorporated Documents.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(a)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Subsidiaries</U>.
All of the direct and indirect subsidiaries (individually, a &ldquo;<U>Subsidiary</U>&rdquo;) of the Company are set forth in the SEC
Reports. The Company owns, directly or indirectly, all of the capital stock or other equity interests of each Subsidiary free and clear
of any &ldquo;<U>Liens</U>&rdquo; (which for purposes of this Agreement shall mean a lien, charge, security interest, encumbrance, right
of first refusal, preemptive right or other restriction), and all of the issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of each Subsidiary
are validly issued and are fully paid, non-assessable and free of preemptive and similar rights to subscribe for or purchase securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(b)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Organization
and Qualification</U>. The Company and each of the Subsidiaries is an entity duly incorporated or otherwise organized, validly existing
and in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation or organization, with the requisite power and authority to
own and use its properties and assets and to carry on its business as currently conducted. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary is in
violation nor in default of any of the provisions of its respective certificate or articles of incorporation, bylaws or other organizational
or charter documents. Each of the Company and the Subsidiaries is duly qualified to conduct business and is in good standing as a foreign
corporation or other entity in each jurisdiction in which the nature of the business conducted or property owned by it makes such qualification
necessary, except where the failure to be so qualified or in good standing, as the case may be, could not have or reasonably be expected
to result in: (i)&#8239;a material adverse effect on the legality, validity or enforceability of this Agreement, (ii)&#8239;a material adverse
effect on the results of operations, assets, business, prospects or condition (financial or otherwise) of the Company and the Subsidiaries,
taken as a whole, from that set forth in the Registration Statement, the Base Prospectus, any Prospectus Supplement, the Prospectus or
the Incorporated Documents, or (iii)&#8239;a material adverse effect on the Company&rsquo;s ability to perform in any material respect
on a timely basis its obligations under this Agreement (any of (i), (ii)&#8239;or (iii), a &ldquo;<U>Material Adverse Effect</U>&rdquo;),
provided that changes in the trading price of the Common Stock, shall not, in itself, constitute a Material Adverse Effect, and no &ldquo;<U>Proceeding</U>&rdquo;
(which for purposes of this Agreement shall mean any action, claim, suit, investigation or proceeding (including, without limitation,
a partial proceeding, such as a deposition), whether commenced or threatened) has been instituted in any such jurisdiction revoking, limiting
or curtailing or seeking to revoke, limit or curtail such power and authority or qualification.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(c)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Authorization
and Enforcement</U>. The Company has the requisite corporate power and authority to enter into and to consummate the transactions contemplated
by this Agreement and otherwise to carry out its obligations hereunder. The execution and delivery of this Agreement by the Company and
the consummation by it of the transactions contemplated hereby have been duly authorized by all necessary action on the part of the Company
and no further action is required by the Company, the Board or the Company&rsquo;s stockholders in connection herewith other than in connection
with the Required Approvals. This Agreement has been duly executed and delivered by the Company and, when delivered in accordance with
the terms hereof, will constitute the valid and binding obligation of the Company enforceable against the Company in accordance with its
terms, except (i)&#8239;as limited by general equitable principles and applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium and
other laws of general application affecting enforcement of creditors&rsquo; rights generally, (ii)&#8239;as limited by laws relating to
the availability of specific performance, injunctive relief or other equitable remedies and (iii)&#8239;insofar as indemnification and
contribution provisions may be limited by applicable law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(d)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>No
Conflicts</U>. The execution, delivery and performance by the Company of this Agreement, the issuance and sale of the Shares and the consummation
by it of the transactions contemplated hereby do not and will not (i)&#8239;conflict with or violate any provision of the Company&rsquo;s
or any Subsidiary&rsquo;s certificate or articles of incorporation, bylaws or other organizational or charter documents, or (ii)&#8239;conflict
with, or constitute a default (or an event that with notice or lapse of time or both would become a default) under, result in the creation
of any Lien upon any of the properties or assets of the Company or any Subsidiary, or give to others any rights of termination, amendment,
anti-dilution or similar adjustments, acceleration or cancellation (with or without notice, lapse of time or both) of, any agreement,
credit facility, debt or other instrument (evidencing a Company or Subsidiary debt or otherwise) or other understanding to which the Company
or any Subsidiary is a party or by which any property or asset of the Company or any Subsidiary is bound or affected, or (iii)&#8239;subject
to the Required Approvals, conflict with or result in a violation of any law, rule, regulation, order, judgment, injunction, decree or
other restriction of any court or governmental authority to which the Company or a Subsidiary is subject (including federal and state
securities laws and regulations), or by which any property or asset of the Company or a Subsidiary is bound or affected; except in the
case of each of clauses (ii)&#8239;and (iii), such as could not, individually or in the aggregate, have or reasonably be expected to result
in a Material Adverse Effect.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(e)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Filings,
Consents and Approvals.</U> The Company is not required to obtain any consent, waiver, authorization or order of, give any notice to,
or make any filing or registration with, any court or other federal, state, local or other governmental authority or other &ldquo;Person&rdquo;
(defined as an individual or corporation, partnership, trust, incorporated or unincorporated association, joint venture, limited liability
company, joint stock company, government (or an agency or subdivision thereof) or other entity of any kind, including the Trading Market)
in connection with the execution, delivery and performance by the Company of this Agreement, other than (i)&#8239;the filings required
by this Agreement, (ii)&#8239;the filing with the Commission of the Registration Statement and the Sales Agreement Prospectus and any related
Current Report on Form&#8239;8-K, (iii)&#8239;the submissions of a Listing of Additional Shares notification with the Trading Market in
the time and manner required thereby, and (iv)&#8239;such filings as are required to be made under applicable state securities laws and
the rules&#8239;and regulations of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority,&#8239;Inc. (&ldquo;<U>FINRA</U>&rdquo;) (collectively, the
 &ldquo;<U>Required Approvals</U>&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(f)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Issuance
of Shares</U>. The Shares are duly authorized and, when issued and paid for in accordance with this Agreement, will be duly and validly
issued, fully paid and nonassessable, free and clear of all Liens imposed by the Company. The Company has reserved from its duly authorized
capital stock a sufficient number of shares of Common Stock issuable pursuant to this Agreement. On and after the Effective Time, the
issuance by the Company of the Shares will be registered under the Act and all of the Shares are freely transferable and tradable by the
purchasers thereof without restriction (other than any restrictions arising solely from an act or omission of such a purchaser). On and
after the Effective Time, the Shares are being issued pursuant to the Registration Statement. The &ldquo;<U>Plan of Distribution</U>&rdquo;
section within the Registration Statement permits the issuance and sale of the Shares as contemplated by this Agreement. Upon receipt
of the Shares, the purchasers of such Shares will have good and marketable title to such Shares and the Shares will be freely tradable
on the Trading Market.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(g)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Capitalization</U>.
The capitalization of the Company is as set forth in the SEC Reports. Except pursuant to this Agreement and as set forth in the SEC Reports,
the Company has not issued any capital stock since its most recently filed periodic report under the Exchange Act, other than pursuant
to the exercise of directors, employee and/or consultant stock options under the Company&rsquo;s stock option plans, the issuance of shares
of Common Stock to directors, employees and/or consultants pursuant to the Company&rsquo;s equity incentive plans and pursuant to the
conversion and/or exercise of securities exercisable, exchangeable or convertible into Common Stock (&ldquo;<U>Common Stock Equivalents</U>&rdquo;)
outstanding as of the date of the most recently filed periodic report under the Exchange Act. No Person has any right of first refusal,
preemptive right, right of participation, or any similar right to participate in the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. Except
as set forth in the SEC Reports, there are no outstanding options, warrants, scrip rights to subscribe to, calls or commitments of any
character whatsoever relating to, or securities, rights or obligations convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for, or giving
any Person any right to subscribe for or acquire, any shares of Common Stock or the capital stock of any Subsidiary, or contracts, commitments,
understandings or arrangements by which the Company or any Subsidiary is or may become bound to issue additional shares of Common Stock
or Common Stock Equivalents or capital stock of any Subsidiary. The issuance and sale of the Shares will not obligate the Company or any
Subsidiary to issue shares of Common Stock or other securities to any Person. Except as set forth in the SEC Reports, there are no outstanding
securities or instruments of the Company or any Subsidiary with any provision that adjusts the exercise, conversion, exchange or reset
price of such security or instrument upon an issuance of securities by the Company or any Subsidiary. There are no outstanding securities
or instruments of the Company or any Subsidiary that contain any redemption or similar provisions, and there are no contracts, commitments,
understandings or arrangements by which the Company or any Subsidiary is or may become bound to redeem a security of the Company or such
Subsidiary. The Company does not have any stock appreciation rights or &ldquo;phantom stock&rdquo; plans or agreements or any similar
plan or agreement. All of the outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company are duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable,
have been issued in compliance with all federal and state securities laws, and none of such outstanding shares was issued in violation
of any preemptive rights or similar rights to subscribe for or purchase securities. No further approval or authorization of any stockholder,
the Board or others is required for the issuance and sale of the Shares. Except as set forth in the SEC Reports, there are no stockholders
agreements, voting agreements or other similar agreements with respect to the Company&rsquo;s capital stock to which the Company is a
party or, to the knowledge of the Company, between or among any of the Company&rsquo;s stockholders.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(h)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Registration
Statement</U>. The Company meets the requirements for use of Form&#8239;S-3 under the Act and has prepared and will have filed with the
Commission, prior to the delivery of the first Sales Notice, the Registration Statement, including a related Base Prospectus, for registration
under the Act of the offering and sale of the Shares. On and after the Effective Time, the Registration Statement will be effective and
available for the offer and sale of the Shares. When filed, the Base Prospectus will contain all information required by the Act and
the rules&#8239;thereunder, and, except to the extent the Manager shall agree in writing to a modification, shall be in all substantive
respects in the form furnished to the Manager prior to the Execution Time or prior to any such time this representation is repeated or
deemed to be made. The Registration Statement, at the Execution Time, each such time this representation is repeated or deemed to be
made, and at all times during which a prospectus is required by the Act to be delivered (whether physically or through compliance with
Rule&#8239;172, 173 or any similar rule) in connection with any offer or sale of the Shares, meets the requirements set forth in Rule&#8239;415(a)(1)(x).
The Company meets the transaction requirements as set forth in General Instruction I.B.1 of Form&#8239;S-3 or, if applicable, as set
forth in General Instruction I.B.6 of Form&#8239;S-3 with respect to the aggregate market value of securities being sold pursuant to
this offering and during the twelve (12) calendar months prior to this offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(i)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Accuracy
of Incorporated Documents</U>. The Incorporated Documents, when they were filed with the Commission, conformed in all material respects
to the requirements of the Exchange Act and the rules&#8239;thereunder, and none of the Incorporated Documents, when they were filed with
the Commission, contained any untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material fact necessary to make the statements
therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made not misleading; and any further documents so filed and incorporated
by reference in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Prospectus Supplement, when such documents are filed with the Commission,
will conform in all material respects to the requirements of the Exchange Act and the rules&#8239;thereunder, as applicable, and will not
contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in light of
the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(j)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Ineligible
Issuer</U>. (i)&#8239;At the earliest time after the filing of the Registration Statement that the Company or another offering participant
made a bona fide offer (within the meaning of Rule&#8239;164(h)(2)) of the Shares and (ii)&#8239;as of the Execution Time and on each such
time that this representation is repeated or deemed to be made (with such date being used as the determination date for purposes of this
clause&#8239;(ii)), the Company was not and is not an Ineligible Issuer (as defined in Rule&#8239;405), without taking account of any determination
by the Commission pursuant to Rule&#8239;405 that it is not necessary that the Company be considered an Ineligible Issuer.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(k)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Free
Writing Prospectus</U>. The Company is eligible to use Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses. Any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus used in connection
with the issuance and sale of Shares under this Agreement does not include any information the substance of which conflicts with the
information contained in the Registration Statement, including any Incorporated Documents and any prospectus supplement deemed to be
a part thereof that has not been superseded or modified; and each such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus used in connection with the issuance
and sale of Shares under this Agreement does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact necessary
in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The foregoing
sentence does not apply to statements in or omissions from any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus based upon and in conformity with written
information furnished to the Company by the Manager specifically for use therein. Any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus that the Company
is required to file pursuant to Rule&#8239;433(d)&#8239;in connection with the issuance and sale of Shares under this Agreement has been,
or will be, filed with the Commission in accordance with the requirements of the Act and the rules&#8239;thereunder. Each Issuer Free
Writing Prospectus that the Company has filed, or is required to file, pursuant to Rule&#8239;433(d)&#8239;in connection with the issuance
and sale of Shares under this Agreement or that was prepared by or behalf of or used by the Company complies or will comply in all material
respects with the requirements of the Act and the rules&#8239;thereunder. The Company will not, without the prior consent of the Manager,
prepare, use or refer to, any Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses in connection with the issuance and sale of Shares under this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(l)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Proceedings
Related to Registration Statement</U>. The Registration Statement is not the subject of a pending proceeding or examination under Section&#8239;8(d)&#8239;or
8(e)&#8239;of the Act, and the Company is not the subject of a pending proceeding under Section&#8239;8A of the Act in connection with the
offering of the Shares. The Company has not received any notice that the Commission has issued or intends to issue a stop-order with respect
to the Registration Statement or that the Commission otherwise has suspended or withdrawn the effectiveness of the Registration Statement,
either temporarily or permanently, or intends or has threatened in writing to do so.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(m)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>SEC
Reports</U>. The Company has filed all reports, schedules, forms, statements and other documents required to be filed by the Company under
the Act and the Exchange Act, including pursuant to Section&#8239;13(a)&#8239;or 15(d)&#8239;thereof, for the two years preceding the date
hereof (or such shorter period as the Company was required by law or regulation to file such material) (the foregoing materials, including
the exhibits thereto and documents incorporated by reference therein, together with the Prospectus and the Prospectus Supplement, being
collectively referred to herein as the &ldquo;<U>SEC Reports</U>&rdquo;) on a timely basis or has received a valid extension of such time
of filing and has filed any such SEC Reports prior to the expiration of any such extension. As of their respective dates, the SEC Reports
complied in all material respects with the requirements of the Act and the Exchange Act, as applicable, and none of the SEC Reports, when
filed, contained any untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary
in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The financial statements
of the Company included in the SEC Reports comply in all material respects with applicable accounting requirements and the rules&#8239;and
regulations of the Commission with respect thereto as in effect at the time of filing. Such financial statements have been prepared in
accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles applied on a consistent basis during the periods involved (&ldquo;<U>GAAP</U>&rdquo;),
except as may be otherwise specified in such financial statements or the notes thereto and except that unaudited financial statements
may not contain all footnotes required by GAAP, and fairly present in all material respects the financial position of the Company and
its consolidated Subsidiaries as of and for the dates thereof and the results of operations and cash flows for the periods then ended,
subject, in the case of unaudited statements, to normal, immaterial, year-end audit adjustments.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(n)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>[RESERVED]</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(o)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Material
Changes; Undisclosed Events, Liabilities or Developments</U>. Since the date of the most recent financial statements included within the
SEC Reports, except as specifically disclosed in a subsequent SEC Report filed prior to the date on which this representation is being
made, (i)&#8239;there has been no event, occurrence or development that has had or that could reasonably be expected to result in a Material
Adverse Effect, (ii)&#8239;the Company has not incurred any liabilities (contingent or otherwise) other than (A)&#8239;trade payables and
accrued expenses incurred in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice and (B)&#8239;liabilities not required to be
reflected in the Company&rsquo;s financial statements pursuant to GAAP or disclosed in filings made with the Commission, (iii)&#8239;the
Company has not altered its method of accounting, (iv)&#8239;the Company has not declared or made any dividend or distribution of cash
or other property to its stockholders or purchased, redeemed or made any agreements to purchase or redeem any shares of its capital stock,
(v)&#8239;the Company has not issued any equity securities to any officer, director or &ldquo;<U>Affiliate</U>&rdquo; (defined as any Person
that, directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls or is controlled by or is under common control with a Person,
as such terms are used in and construed under Rule&#8239;144 under the Act), except pursuant to existing Company equity incentive plans
or as an inducement award pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule&#8239;5635(c)(4), and (vi)&#8239;no executive officer of the Company or member
of the Board has resigned from any position with the Company. The Company does not have pending before the Commission any request for
confidential treatment of information. Except for the issuance of the Shares contemplated by this Agreement, no material event, liability,
fact, circumstance, occurrence or development has occurred or exists or is reasonably expected to occur or exist with respect to the Company
or its Subsidiaries or their respective businesses, prospects, properties, operations, assets or financial condition that would be required
to be disclosed by the Company under applicable securities laws at the time this representation is made or deemed made that has not been
publicly disclosed at least one (1)&#8239;Trading Day prior to the date that this representation is made.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(p)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Litigation</U>.
Except as set forth in the SEC Reports, there is no action, suit, inquiry, notice of violation, proceeding or investigation pending or,
to the knowledge of the Company, threatened against or affecting the Company, any Subsidiary or any of their respective properties before
or by any court, arbitrator, governmental or administrative agency or regulatory authority (federal, state, county, local or foreign)
(collectively, an &ldquo;<U>Action</U>&rdquo;). None of the Actions set forth in the SEC Reports, (i)&#8239;adversely affects or challenges
the legality, validity or enforceability of this Agreement or the issuance of the Shares or (ii)&#8239;could, if there were an unfavorable
decision, have or reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary, nor any director
or officer thereof, is or has been the subject of any Action involving a claim of violation of or liability under federal or state securities
laws or a claim of breach of fiduciary duty. There has not been, and to the knowledge of the Company, there is not pending or contemplated,
any investigation by the Commission involving the Company or any current or former director or officer of the Company (in his or her
capacity as such). The Commission has not issued any stop order or other order suspending the effectiveness of any registration statement
filed by the Company or any Subsidiary under the Exchange Act or the Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(q)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Labor
Relations</U>. No labor dispute exists or, to the knowledge of the Company, is imminent with respect to any of the employees of the Company,
which could reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. None of the Company&rsquo;s or its Subsidiaries&rsquo; employees
is a member of a union that relates to such employee&rsquo;s relationship with the Company or such Subsidiary, and neither the Company
nor any of its Subsidiaries is a party to a collective bargaining agreement, and the Company and its Subsidiaries believe that their relationships
with their employees are good. To the knowledge of the Company, no executive officer of the Company or any Subsidiary, is, or is now expected
to be, in violation of any material term of any employment contract, confidentiality, disclosure or proprietary information agreement
or non-competition agreement, or any other contract or agreement or any restrictive covenant in favor of any third party, and the continued
employment of each such executive officer does not subject the Company or any of its Subsidiaries to any liability with respect to any
of the foregoing matters. The Company and its Subsidiaries are in compliance with all applicable U.S. federal, state, local and foreign
laws and regulations relating to employment and employment practices, terms and conditions of employment and wages and hours, except where
the failure to be in compliance could not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(r)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Compliance</U>.
Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary: (i)&#8239;is in default under or in violation of (and no event has occurred that has not been waived
that, with notice or lapse of time or both, would result in a default by the Company or any Subsidiary under), nor has the Company or
any Subsidiary received written notice of a claim that it is in default under or that it is in violation of, any indenture, loan or credit
agreement or any other agreement or instrument to which it is a party or by which it or any of its properties is bound (whether or not
such default or violation has been waived), (ii)&#8239;is in violation of any judgment, decree or order of any court, arbitrator or other
governmental authority or (iii)&#8239;is or has been in violation of any statute, rule, ordinance or regulation of any governmental authority,
including without limitation all foreign, federal, state and local laws relating to taxes, environmental protection, occupational health
and safety, product quality and safety and employment and labor matters, except in each case as could not have or reasonably be expected
to result in a Material Adverse Effect.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(s)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Environmental
Laws</U>.<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&#8239;</FONT>The Company and its Subsidiaries (i)&#8239;are in compliance
with all federal, state, local and foreign laws relating to pollution or protection of human health or the environment (including ambient
air, surface water, groundwater, land surface or subsurface strata), including laws relating to emissions, discharges, releases or threatened
releases of chemicals, pollutants, contaminants, or toxic or hazardous substances or wastes (collectively, &ldquo;<U>Hazardous Materials</U>&rdquo;)
into the environment, or otherwise relating to the manufacture, processing, distribution, use, treatment, storage, disposal, transport
or handling of Hazardous Materials, as well as all authorizations, codes, decrees, demands, or demand letters, injunctions, judgments,
licenses, notices or notice letters, orders, permits, plans or regulations, issued, entered, promulgated or approved thereunder (&ldquo;<U>Environmental
Laws</U>&rdquo;); (ii)&#8239;have received all permits licenses or other approvals required of them under applicable Environmental Laws
to conduct their respective businesses; and (iii)&#8239;are in compliance with all terms and conditions of any such permit, license or
approval where in each clause (i), (ii)&#8239;and (iii), the failure to so comply could be reasonably expected to have, individually or
in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(t)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Regulatory
Permits</U>. The Company and the Subsidiaries possess all certificates, authorizations and permits issued by the appropriate federal,
state, local or foreign regulatory authorities necessary to conduct their respective businesses as described in the SEC Reports, except
where the failure to possess such permits could not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect (&ldquo;<U>Material
Permits</U>&rdquo;), and neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has received any notice of proceedings relating to the revocation or modification
of any Material Permit.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(u)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Title
to Assets</U>. The Company and the Subsidiaries have good and marketable title in fee simple to all real property owned by them and good
and marketable title in all personal property owned by them that is material to the business of the Company and the Subsidiaries, in each
case free and clear of all Liens, except for (i)&#8239;Liens as do not materially affect the value of such property and do not materially
interfere with the use made and proposed to be made of such property by the Company and the Subsidiaries and (ii)&#8239;Liens for the payment
of federal, state or other taxes, for which appropriate reserves have been made therefor in accordance with GAAP and, the payment of which
is neither delinquent nor subject to penalties. Any real property and facilities held under lease by the Company and the Subsidiaries
are held by them under valid, subsisting and enforceable leases with which the Company and the Subsidiaries are in compliance in all material
respects.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(v)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Intellectual
Property</U>. The Company and the Subsidiaries have, or have rights to use, all patents, patent applications, trademarks, trademark applications,
service marks, trade names, trade secrets, inventions, copyrights, licenses and other intellectual property rights and similar rights
necessary or required for use in connection with their respective businesses as described in the SEC Reports and which the failure to
so have could have a Material Adverse Effect (collectively, the &ldquo;<U>Intellectual Property Rights</U>&rdquo;). None of, and neither
the Company nor any Subsidiary has received a written notice that any of, the Intellectual Property Rights has expired, terminated or
been abandoned, or is expected to expire or terminate or be abandoned, within two (2)&#8239;years from the date of this Agreement, except
for Intellectual Property Rights that are within two (2)&#8239;years of the end of their term or the abandonment of which would not have
a&#8239;Material Adverse Effect. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has received, since the date of the most recent financial statements
included within the SEC Reports, a written notice of a claim or otherwise has any knowledge that the Intellectual Property Rights violate
or infringe upon the rights of any Person, except as could not have or reasonably be expected to not have a Material Adverse Effect.
All such Intellectual Property Rights are enforceable (other than parent and trademark applications) and there is no existing infringement
by another Person of any of the Intellectual Property Rights, except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonable be expected
to have a Material Adverse Effect. The Company and its Subsidiaries have taken reasonable security measures designed to protect the secrecy,
confidentiality and value of all of their intellectual properties, except where failure to do so could not, individually or in the aggregate,
reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(w)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Insurance</U>.
The Company and the Subsidiaries are insured by insurers of recognized financial responsibility against such losses and risks and in such
amounts as are reasonable, prudent and customary for companies of similar size as the Company in the businesses in which the Company and
the Subsidiaries are engaged, including, but not limited to, directors and officers insurance coverage. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary
has any reason to believe that it will not be able to renew its existing insurance coverage as and when such coverage expires or to obtain
similar coverage from similar insurers as may be necessary to continue its business without a significant increase in cost.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(x)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Affiliate
Transactions</U>. Except as set forth in the SEC Reports, none of the officers or directors of the Company or any Subsidiary and, to the
knowledge of the Company, none of the employees of the Company or any Subsidiary is presently a party to any transaction with the Company
or any Subsidiary (other than for services as employees, officers and directors), including any contract, agreement or other arrangement
providing for the furnishing of services to or by, providing for rental of real or personal property to or from, providing for the borrowing
of money from or lending of money to or otherwise requiring payments to or from any officer, director or such employee or, to the knowledge
of the Company, any entity in which any officer, director, or any such employee has a substantial interest or is an officer, director,
trustee, stockholder, member or partner, in each case in excess of $120,000 other than for (i)&#8239;payment of salary or consulting fees
for services rendered, (ii)&#8239;reimbursement for expenses incurred on behalf of the Company and (iii)&#8239;other employee benefits,
including equity award agreements under any equity incentive plan of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(y)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Sarbanes
Oxley Compliance</U>. The Company and the Subsidiaries are in material compliance with any and all applicable requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley
Act of 2002, as amended, that are effective as of the date hereof, and any and all applicable rules&#8239;and regulations promulgated by
the Commission thereunder that are effective as of the date hereof. The Company and the Subsidiaries maintain a system of internal accounting
controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurance that: (i)&#8239;transactions are executed in accordance with management&rsquo;s general
or specific authorizations, (ii)&#8239;transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity
with GAAP and to maintain asset accountability, (iii)&#8239;access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management&rsquo;s general
or specific authorization, and (iv)&#8239;the recorded accountability for assets is compared with the existing assets at reasonable intervals
and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences. The Company and the Subsidiaries have established disclosure controls
and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules&#8239;13a-15(e)&#8239;and 15d-15(e)) for the Company and the Subsidiaries and designed
such disclosure controls and procedures to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or
submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Commission&rsquo;s
rules&#8239;and forms. The Company&rsquo;s certifying officers have evaluated the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures
of the Company and the Subsidiaries as of the end of the period covered by the most recently filed periodic report under the Exchange
Act (such date, the &ldquo;<U>Evaluation Date</U>&rdquo;). The Company presented in its most recently filed periodic report under the
Exchange Act the conclusions of the certifying officers about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures based on their
evaluations as of the Evaluation Date. Since the Evaluation Date, there have been no changes in the internal control over financial reporting
(as such term is defined in the Exchange Act) of the Company and its Subsidiaries that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely
to materially affect, the internal control over financial reporting of the Company and its Subsidiaries.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(z)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Certain
Fees</U>. Other than payments to be made to the Manager, no brokerage or finder&rsquo;s fees or commissions are or will be payable by
the Company or any Subsidiary to any broker, financial advisor or consultant, finder, placement agent, investment banker, bank or other
Person with respect to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. The Manager shall have no obligation with respect to any fees
or with respect to any claims made by or on behalf of other Persons for fees of a type contemplated in this Section&#8239;that may be due
in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(aa)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>No
Other Sales Agency Agreement</U>. The Company has not entered into any other sales agency agreements or other similar arrangements with
any agent or any other representative in respect of at the market offerings of the Shares that is effective as of the date hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(bb)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Investment
Company</U>.&#8239; The Company is not, and is not an Affiliate of, and immediately after receipt of payment for the Shares from the
Manager pursuant to this Agreement, will not be or be an Affiliate of, an &ldquo;investment company&rdquo; within the meaning of the
Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. The Company shall conduct its business in a manner so that it will not become an &ldquo;investment
company&rdquo; subject to registration under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. The Company shall conduct its business in
a manner so as to reasonably ensure that it or its Subsidiaries will not become an &ldquo;investment company&rdquo; subject to registration
under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(cc)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Listing
and Maintenance Requirements</U>. The Common Stock is listed on the Trading Market and the issuance of the Shares as contemplated by this
Agreement does not contravene the rules&#8239;and regulations of the Trading Market. The Common Stock is registered pursuant to Section&#8239;12(b)&#8239;or
12(g)&#8239;of the Exchange Act, and the Company has taken no action designed to, or which to its knowledge is likely to have the effect
of, terminating the registration of the Common Stock under the Exchange Act nor has the Company received any written notification that
the Commission is contemplating terminating such registration. Except as set forth in the SEC Reports, the Company has not, in the 12
months preceding the date hereof, received written notice from any Trading Market on which the Common Stock is or has been listed or quoted
to the effect that the Company is not in compliance with the listing or maintenance requirements of such Trading Market. The Common Stock
is currently eligible for electronic transfer through the Depository Trust Company or another established clearing corporation and the
Company is current in payment of the fees to the Depository Trust Company (or such other established clearing corporation) in connection
with such electronic transfer.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(dd)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Application
of Takeover Protections</U>. The Company and the Board have taken all necessary action, if any, in order to render inapplicable any control
share acquisition, business combination, poison pill (including any distribution under a rights agreement) or other similar anti-takeover
provision under the Company&rsquo;s certificate of incorporation (or similar charter documents) or the laws of its state of incorporation
that is or could become applicable to the Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(ee)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Solvency</U>.
Based on the consolidated financial condition of the Company as of the date hereof, (i)&#8239;the fair saleable value of the Company&rsquo;s
assets exceeds the amount that will be required to be paid on or in respect of the Company&rsquo;s existing debts and other liabilities
(including known contingent liabilities) as they mature, (ii)&#8239;the Company&rsquo;s assets do not constitute unreasonably small capital
to carry on its business as now conducted and as proposed to be conducted including its capital needs taking into account the particular
capital requirements of the business conducted by the Company, consolidated and projected capital requirements and capital availability
thereof, and (iii)&#8239;the current cash flow of the Company, together with the proceeds the Company would receive, were it to liquidate
all of its assets, after taking into account all anticipated uses of the cash, would be sufficient to pay all amounts on or in respect
of its liabilities when such amounts are required to be paid. The Company does not intend to incur debts beyond its ability to pay such
debts as they mature (taking into account the timing and amounts of cash to be payable on or in respect of its debt) within one year from
the date hereof. The Company has no knowledge of any facts or circumstances which lead it to believe that it will file for reorganization
or liquidation under the bankruptcy or reorganization laws of any jurisdiction within one year from the date hereof. The SEC Reports set
forth as of the date hereof all outstanding secured and unsecured Indebtedness of the Company or any Subsidiary, or for which the Company
or any Subsidiary has commitments. For the purposes of this Agreement, &ldquo;<U>Indebtedness</U>&rdquo; means (x)&#8239;any liabilities
for borrowed money or amounts owed in excess of $50,000 (other than trade accounts payable incurred in the ordinary course of business),
(y)&#8239;all guaranties, endorsements and other contingent obligations in respect of indebtedness of others, whether or not the same are
or should be reflected in the Company&rsquo;s consolidated balance sheet (or the notes thereto), except guaranties by endorsement of negotiable
instruments for deposit or collection or similar transactions in the ordinary course of business; and (z)&#8239;the present value of any
lease payments in excess of $50,000 due under leases required to be capitalized in accordance with GAAP. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary
is in default with respect to any Indebtedness.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(ff)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Tax
Status</U>. Except for matters that would not, individually or in the aggregate, have or reasonably be expected to result in a Material
Adverse Effect, the Company and its Subsidiaries each (i)&#8239;has made or filed all United States federal, state and local income and
all foreign income and franchise tax returns, reports and declarations required by any jurisdiction to which it is subject, (ii)&#8239;has
paid all taxes and other governmental assessments and charges that are material in amount, shown or determined to be due on such returns,
reports and declarations, except for such taxes, if any, that are being contested in good faith and as to which adequate reserves have
been established by the Company, and (iii)&#8239;has set aside on its books provision reasonably adequate for the payment of all material
taxes for periods subsequent to the periods to which such returns, reports or declarations apply. There are no unpaid taxes in any material
amount claimed to be due by the taxing authority of any jurisdiction, and the officers of the Company or of any Subsidiary know of no
basis for any such claim.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(gg)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Foreign
Corrupt Practices</U>. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary, nor to the knowledge of the Company or any Subsidiary, any agent or other
person acting on behalf of the Company or any Subsidiary, has (i)&#8239;directly or indirectly, used any funds for unlawful contributions,
gifts, entertainment or other unlawful expenses related to foreign or domestic political activity, (ii)&#8239;made any unlawful payment
to foreign or domestic government officials or employees or to any foreign or domestic political parties or campaigns from corporate funds,
(iii)&#8239;failed to disclose fully any contribution made by the Company or any Subsidiary (or made by any person acting on its behalf
of which the Company is aware) which is in violation of law, or (iv)&#8239;violated in any material respect any provision of the Foreign
Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(hh)
 &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Accountants</U>. The Company&rsquo;s accounting firm is set forth in the SEC Reports.
To the knowledge and belief of the Company, such accounting firm (i)&#8239;is a registered public accounting firm as required by the
Exchange Act and (ii)&#8239;shall express its opinion with respect to the financial statements to be included in the Company&rsquo;s
Annual Report on Form&#8239;10-K for the fiscal year ending December&#8239;31, 2025.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(ii)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Regulation
M Compliance</U>.&#8239; The Company has not, and to its knowledge no one acting on its behalf has, (i)&#8239;taken, directly or indirectly,
any action designed to cause or to result in the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company to facilitate
the sale or resale of any of the Shares, (ii)&#8239;sold, bid for, purchased, or, paid any compensation for soliciting purchases of, any
of the Shares, or (iii)&#8239;paid or agreed to pay to any Person any compensation for soliciting another to purchase any other securities
of the Company, other than, in the case of clauses (ii)&#8239;and (iii), compensation paid to the Manager in connection with the Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(jj)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>[RESERVED]</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(kk)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Equity
Incentive Plans</U>. Each equity award granted by the Company under the Company&rsquo;s equity incentive plans was granted (i)&#8239;in
accordance with the terms of the Company&rsquo;s equity incentive plan and (ii)&#8239;with respect to stock options, with an exercise price
at least equal to the fair market value of the Common Stock on the date such stock option would be considered granted under GAAP and applicable
law. No stock option granted under the Company&rsquo;s equity incentive plans has been backdated. The Company has not knowingly granted,
and there is no and has been no Company policy or practice to knowingly grant, stock options prior to, or otherwise knowingly coordinate
the grant of stock options with, the release or other public announcement of material information regarding the Company or its Subsidiaries
or their financial results or prospects.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(ll)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Cybersecurity</U>.&#8239;
(i)(x)&#8239;There has been no material security breach or other material compromise of or relating to any of the Company&rsquo;s or
any Subsidiary&rsquo;s information technology and computer systems, networks, hardware, software, material confidential data (including
the data of its respective customers, employees, suppliers, vendors and any third party data maintained by or on behalf of it), equipment
or technology (collectively, &ldquo;<U>IT Systems and Data</U>&rdquo;) and (y)&#8239;the Company and the Subsidiaries have not been notified
of, and has no knowledge of any event or condition that would reasonably be expected to result in, any material security breach or other
material compromise to its IT Systems and Data; (ii)&#8239;the Company and the Subsidiaries are presently in compliance with all applicable
laws or statutes and all judgments, orders, rules&#8239;and regulations of any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority,
internal policies and contractual obligations relating to the privacy and security of IT Systems and Data and to the protection of such
IT Systems and Data from unauthorized use, access, misappropriation or modification, except as would not, individually or in the aggregate,
have a Material Adverse Effect; (iii)&#8239;the Company and the Subsidiaries have implemented and maintained commercially reasonable
safeguards to maintain and protect its material confidential information and the integrity, continuous operation, redundancy and security
of all IT Systems and Data; and (iv)&#8239;the Company and the Subsidiaries have implemented backup and disaster recovery technology
consistent with industry standards and practices for similarly situated companies.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(mm)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Compliance
with Data Privacy Laws</U>. (i)&#8239;The Company and the Subsidiaries are, and at all times during the past three (3)&#8239;years were,
in material compliance with all applicable data privacy and security laws and regulations, including, as applicable, the European Union
General Data Protection Regulation (&ldquo;<U>GDPR</U>&rdquo;) (EU 2016/679) (collectively, &ldquo;<U>Privacy Laws</U>&rdquo;); (ii)&#8239;the
Company and the Subsidiaries have in place, comply with in all material respects, and take appropriate steps reasonably designed to ensure
material compliance with their policies and procedures relating to data privacy and security and the collection, storage, use, disclosure,
handling and analysis of Personal Data (as defined below) (the &ldquo;<U>Policies</U>&rdquo;); (iii)&#8239;the Company provides notice
of its applicable Policies to its customers, employees, third party vendors and representatives as and to the extent required by applicable
Privacy Laws, except as would not have a Material Adverse Effect; and (iv)&#8239;applicable Policies provide accurate and sufficient notice
of the Company&rsquo;s then-current privacy practices relating to its subject matter, and do not contain any material omissions of the
Company&rsquo;s then-current privacy practices, as and to the extent required by Privacy Laws.&#8239;&ldquo;<U>Personal Data</U>&rdquo;
means (i)&#8239;a natural person&rsquo;s name, street address, telephone number, email address, photograph, social security number, bank
information, or customer or account number; (ii)&#8239;any information which would qualify as &ldquo;personally identifying information&rdquo;
under the Federal Trade Commission Act, as amended; (iii)&#8239;&ldquo;personal data&rdquo; as defined by GDPR; and (iv)&#8239;any other
piece of information that allows the identification of such natural person, or his or her family, or permits the collection or analysis
of any identifiable data related to an identified person&rsquo;s health or sexual orientation. (i)&#8239;None of such disclosures made
or contained in any of the Policies have been inaccurate, misleading, or deceptive in violation of any Privacy Laws and (ii)&#8239;the
execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement will not result in a material breach of any applicable Privacy Laws or Policies.&#8239;
Neither the Company nor the Subsidiaries, (i)&#8239;has, to the knowledge of the Company, received written notice of any actual or potential
liability of the Company or the Subsidiaries under, or actual or potential violation by the Company or the Subsidiaries of, any applicable
Privacy Laws; (ii)&#8239;is currently conducting or paying for, in whole or in part, any investigation, remediation or other corrective
action pursuant to any regulatory request or demand pursuant to any applicable Privacy Law; or (iii)&#8239;is a party to any order, decree,
or agreement by or with any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority that imposed any obligation or liability on the
Company or its Subsidiaries under any applicable Privacy Law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(nn)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Office
of Foreign Assets Control</U>. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries, nor to the knowledge of the Company, any of the directors,
officers or employees of the Company or its Subsidiaries, is an individual or entity that is, or is owned or controlled by an individual
or entity that is: (i)&#8239;the subject of any sanctions administered or enforced by the U.S. Department of Treasury&rsquo;s Office of
Foreign Assets Control, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, His Majesty&rsquo;s Treasury, or other relevant sanctions
authority (collectively, &ldquo;<U>Sanctions</U>&rdquo;), nor (ii)&#8239;located, organized or resident in a country or territory that
is the subject of Sanctions. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries will, directly or indirectly, use the proceeds of the transactions
contemplated hereby, or lend, contribute or otherwise make available such proceeds to any Subsidiary, joint venture partner or other individual
or entity: (i)&#8239;to fund or facilitate any activities or business of or with any individual or entity or in any country or territory
that, at the time of such funding or facilitation, is the subject of Sanctions or (ii)&#8239;in any other manner that will result in a
violation of Sanctions by any individual or entity (including any individual or entity participating in the transactions contemplated
hereby, whether as underwriter, advisor, investor or otherwise). For the past five years, neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries
has knowingly engaged in, and is not now knowingly engaged in, any dealings or transactions with any individual or entity, or in any country
or territory, that at the time of the dealing or transaction is or was the subject of Sanctions.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(oo)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(pp)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>U.S.
Real Property Holding Corporation</U>. The Company is not and has never been a U.S. real property holding corporation within the meaning
of Section&#8239;897 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and the Company shall so certify upon the Manager&rsquo;s request.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(qq)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Bank
Holding Company Act</U>. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries nor, to the knowledge of the Company, any of its Affiliates is
subject to the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the &ldquo;<U>BHCA</U>&rdquo;) and to regulation by the Board of Governors
of the Federal Reserve System (the &ldquo;<U>Federal Reserve</U>&rdquo;). Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries nor, to the
knowledge of the Company, any of its Affiliates owns or controls, directly or indirectly, five percent (5%) or more of the outstanding
shares of any class of voting securities or twenty-five percent (25%) or more of the total equity of a bank or any entity that is subject
to the BHCA and to regulation by the Federal Reserve. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries nor, to the knowledge of the Company,
any of its Affiliates exercises a controlling influence over the management or policies of a bank or any entity that is subject to the
BHCA and to regulation by the Federal Reserve.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(rr)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Money
Laundering</U>. The operations of the Company and its Subsidiaries are and have been conducted at all times in material compliance with
applicable financial record-keeping and reporting requirements of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970, as amended,
applicable money laundering statutes and applicable rules&#8239;and regulations thereunder (collectively, the &ldquo;<U>Money Laundering
Laws</U>&rdquo;), and no Action or Proceeding by or before any court or governmental agency, authority or body or any arbitrator involving
the Company or any Subsidiary with respect to the Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to the knowledge of the Company or any Subsidiary,
threatened.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(ss)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>FINRA
Member Shareholders</U>. There are no affiliations with any FINRA member firm among the Company&rsquo;s officers, directors or, to the
knowledge of the Company, any five percent (5%) or greater stockholder of the Company, except as set forth in the Registration Statement,
the Prospectus or any Prospectus Supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">4.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Agreements</U>.
The Company agrees with the Manager that:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(a)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Right
to Review Amendments and Supplements to Registration Statement and Prospectus</U>. During any period when the delivery of a prospectus
relating to the Shares is required (including in circumstances where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule&#8239;172, 173
or any similar rule) to be delivered under the Act in connection with the offering or the sale of Shares, the Company will not file any
amendment to the Registration Statement or supplement (including any Prospectus Supplement) to the Base Prospectus unless the Company
has furnished to the Manager a copy for its review prior to filing and will not file any such proposed amendment or supplement to which
the Manager reasonably objects (provided, however, that the Company will have no obligation to provide the Manager any advance copy of
such filing or to provide the Manager an opportunity to object to such filing if the filing does not name the Manager and does not relate
to the transactions under this Agreement). The Company will cause any supplement to the Prospectus filed after the Effective Time to
be properly completed, in a form approved by the Manager, and will file such supplement with the Commission pursuant to the applicable
paragraph of Rule&#8239;424(b)&#8239;within the time period prescribed thereby and will provide evidence reasonably satisfactory to the
Manager of such timely filing. The Company will promptly advise the Manager (i)&#8239;when any Prospectus Supplement shall have been
filed (if required) with the Commission pursuant to Rule&#8239;424(b), (ii)&#8239;when, during any period when the delivery of a prospectus
(whether physically or through compliance with Rule&#8239;172, 173 or any similar rule) is required under the Act in connection with
the offering or sale of the Shares, any amendment to the Registration Statement shall have been filed or become effective (other than
any annual report of the Company filed pursuant to Section&#8239;13(a)&#8239;or 15(d)&#8239;of the Exchange Act), (iii)&#8239;of any
request by the Commission or its staff for any amendment of the Registration Statement, or for any supplement to the Prospectus or for
any additional information, (iv)&#8239;of the issuance by the Commission of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration
Statement or of any notice objecting to its use or the institution or threatening of any proceeding for that purpose and (v)&#8239;of
the receipt by the Company of any notification with respect to the suspension of the qualification of the Shares for sale in any jurisdiction
or the institution or threatening of any proceeding for such purpose. The Company will use its commercially reasonable efforts to prevent
the issuance of any such stop order or the occurrence of any such suspension or objection to the use of the Registration Statement and,
upon such issuance, occurrence or notice of objection, to obtain as soon as possible the withdrawal of such stop order or relief from
such occurrence or objection, including, if necessary, by filing an amendment to the Registration Statement or a new registration statement
and using its commercially reasonable efforts to have such amendment or new registration statement declared effective as soon as commercially
practicable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(b)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Subsequent
Events</U>. If, at any time on or after an Applicable Time but prior to the related Settlement Date, any event occurs as a result of which
the Registration Statement or Prospectus would include any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact necessary
to make the statements therein in the light of the circumstances under which they were made or the circumstances then prevailing not misleading,
the Company will (i)&#8239;notify promptly the Manager so that any use of the Registration Statement or Prospectus may cease until such
are amended or supplemented; (ii)&#8239;amend or supplement the Registration Statement or Prospectus to correct such statement or omission;
and (iii)&#8239;supply any such amendment or supplement to the Manager in such quantities as the Manager may reasonably request.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(c)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Notification
of Subsequent Filings</U>. During any period when the delivery of a prospectus relating to the Shares is required (including in circumstances
where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule&#8239;172, 173 or any similar rule) to be delivered under the Act, any event occurs
as a result of which the Prospectus as then supplemented would include any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material
fact necessary to make the statements therein in the light of the circumstances under which they were made not misleading, or if it shall
be necessary to amend the Registration Statement, file a new registration statement or supplement the Prospectus to comply with the Act
or the Exchange Act or the respective rules&#8239;thereunder, including in connection with use or delivery of the Prospectus, the Company
promptly will (i)&#8239;notify the Manager of any such event (provided that such notification to the Manager shall not be required if a
Sales Notice is not pending at the time of such event and if there have been no sales of Shares under this Agreement at the time of or
following such event, but such notification shall be required at least two (2)&#8239;Trading Days prior to delivery by the Company of any
instruction to the Manager to sell Shares hereunder), (ii)&#8239;subject to Section&#8239;4(a), prepare and file with the Commission an
amendment or supplement or new registration statement which will correct such statement or omission or effect such compliance, (iii)&#8239;use
its commercially reasonable efforts to have any amendment to the Registration Statement or new registration statement declared effective
as soon as commercially practicable in order to avoid any disruption in use of the Prospectus and (iv)&#8239;supply any supplemented Prospectus
to the Manager in such quantities as the Manager may reasonably request.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(d)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Earnings
Statements</U>. As soon as commercially practicable, the Company will make generally available to its security holders and to the Manager
an earnings statement or statements of the Company and its Subsidiaries which will satisfy the provisions of Section&#8239;11(a)&#8239;of
the Act and Rule&#8239;158. For the avoidance of doubt, the Company&rsquo;s compliance with the reporting requirements of the Exchange
Act shall be deemed to satisfy the requirements of this Section&#8239;4(d).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(e)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Delivery
of Registration Statement</U>. Upon the request of the Manager, the Company will furnish to the Manager and counsel for the Manager, without
charge, signed copies of the Registration Statement (including exhibits thereto) and, so long as delivery of a prospectus by the Manager
or dealer may be required by the Act (including in circumstances where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule&#8239;172, 173
or any similar rule), as many copies of the Prospectus and each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus and any supplement thereto as the Manager
may reasonably request. The Company will pay the expenses of printing or other production of all documents relating to the offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(f)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Qualification
of Shares</U>. The Company will arrange, if necessary, for the qualification of the Shares for sale under the laws of such jurisdictions
in the United States as the Manager may designate and will maintain such qualifications in effect so long as required for the distribution
of the Shares; provided that in no event shall the Company be obligated to qualify to do business in any jurisdiction where it is not
now so qualified or to take any action that would subject it to service of process in suits, other than those arising out of the offering
or sale of the Shares, in any jurisdiction where it is not now so subject.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(g)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Free
Writing Prospectus</U>. The Company agrees that, unless it has or shall have obtained the prior written consent of the Manager, and the
Manager agrees with the Company that, unless it has or shall have obtained, as the case may be, the prior written consent of the Company,
it has not made and will not make any offer relating to the Shares that would constitute an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or that would
otherwise constitute a &ldquo;free writing prospectus&rdquo; (as defined in Rule&#8239;405) required to be filed by the Company with the
Commission or retained by the Company under Rule&#8239;433. Any such free writing prospectus consented to by the Manager or the Company
is hereinafter referred to as a &ldquo;<U>Permitted Free Writing Prospectus</U>.&rdquo; The Company agrees that (i)&#8239;it has treated
and will treat, as the case may be, each Permitted Free Writing Prospectus as an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus and (ii)&#8239;it has complied
and will comply, as the case may be, with the requirements of Rules&#8239;164 and 433 applicable to any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus,
including in respect of timely filing with the Commission, legending and record keeping.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(h)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Subsequent
Equity Issuances</U>. The Company shall not deliver any Sales Notice hereunder (and any Sales Notice previously delivered shall not apply
during such two (2)&#8239;Trading Days) for at least two (2)&#8239;Trading Days prior to any date on which the Company or any Subsidiary
offers, sells, issues, contracts to sell, contracts to issue or otherwise disposes of, directly or indirectly, any other shares of Common
Stock or any Common Stock Equivalents (other than the Shares), subject to Manager&rsquo;s right to waive this obligation, provided that,
without compliance with the foregoing obligation, the Company (i)&#8239;may issue and sell Common Stock or Common Stock Equivalents pursuant
to any equity incentive plans, stock ownership plan, as an inducement award pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule&#8239;5635(c)(4)&#8239;or dividend
reinvestment plan of the Company in effect from time to time, (ii)&#8239;may issue Common Stock issuable upon the conversion, exercise
or exchange of Common Stock Equivalents outstanding from time to time and set forth in the SEC Reports, including any subsequently filed
SEC Reports and (iii)&#8239;may issue Common Stock to employees, directors, officers, consultants and advisors of the Company as compensation
for employment or services in the ordinary course of business as set forth in the SEC Reports.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(i)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Market
Manipulation</U>. Until the termination of this Agreement, the Company will not take, directly or indirectly, any action designed to or
that would constitute or that might reasonably be expected to cause or result in, under the Exchange Act or otherwise, stabilization or
manipulation in violation of the Act, Exchange Act or the rules&#8239;and regulations thereunder of the price of any security of the Company
to facilitate the sale or resale of the Shares or otherwise violate any provision of Regulation M under the Exchange Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(j)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Notification
of Incorrect Certificate</U>. The Company will, at any time during the term of this Agreement, as supplemented from time to time, advise
the Manager immediately after it shall have received notice or obtained knowledge thereof, of any information or fact that would alter
or affect any opinion, certificate, letter and other document provided to the Manager pursuant to Section&#8239;6 herein.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(k)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Certification
of Accuracy of Disclosure</U>. Upon commencement of the offering of the Shares under this Agreement (and upon the recommencement of the
offering of the Shares under this Agreement following the termination of a suspension of sales hereunder lasting more than 30 Trading
Days), and each time that (i)&#8239;a new Registration Statement is filed and declared effective by the Commission, (ii)&#8239;the Registration
Statement or Prospectus shall be amended or supplemented, other than by means of Incorporated Documents, (ii)&#8239;the Company files its
Annual Report on Form&#8239;10-K under the Exchange Act, (iii)&#8239;the Company files its quarterly reports on Form&#8239;10-Q under the
Exchange Act, (iv)&#8239;the Company files a Current Report on Form&#8239;8-K containing amended financial information (other than information
that is furnished and not filed), if the Manager reasonably determines that the information in such Form&#8239;8-K is material, or (v)&#8239;the
Shares are delivered to the Manager as principal at the Time of Delivery pursuant to a Terms Agreement (such commencement or recommencement
date and each such date referred to in (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)&#8239;and (vii)&#8239;above, a &ldquo;<U>Representation Date</U>&rdquo;),
unless waived by the Manager, the Company shall furnish or cause to be furnished to the Manager forthwith a certificate dated and delivered
on the Representation Date, in form reasonably satisfactory to the Manager to the effect that the statements contained in the certificate
referred to in Section&#8239;6 of this Agreement which were last furnished to the Manager are true and correct at the Representation Date,
as though made at and as of such date (except that such statements shall be deemed to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus
as amended and supplemented to such date) or, in lieu of such certificate, a certificate of the same tenor as the certificate referred
to in said Section&#8239;6, modified as necessary to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as amended and supplemented
to the date of delivery of such certificate. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the requirement to provide a certificate under this Section&#8239;4(k)&#8239;shall
be waived for any Representation Date occurring on a date on which no Sales Notice is pending or a suspension is in effect, provided that
if the Company subsequently decides to sell Shares following any such Representation Date when the Company relied on such waiver and did
not provide the Manager with a certificate under this Section&#8239;4(k), then before the Manager sells any Shares, the Company shall provide
the Manager with such certificate date the date of the Sales Notice.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(l)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Bring
Down Opinions; Negative Assurance</U>. Within five (5)&#8239;Trading Days of each Representation Date for which the Company is obligated
to deliver a certificate pursuant to Section&#8239;4(k), unless waived by the Manager, the Company shall furnish or cause to be furnished
forthwith to the Manager and to counsel to the Manager a written opinion of counsel to the Company (&ldquo;<U>Company Counsel</U>&rdquo;)
addressed to the Manager and dated and delivered within five (5)&#8239;Trading Days of such Representation Date, in form and substance
reasonably satisfactory to the Manager, including a negative assurance representation, provided, however, that if Company Counsel has
previously furnished to the Manager such written opinion and negative assurance in the form previously agreed between the Company and
the Manager, then Company Counsel may, in respect of any future Representation Date, furnish the Manager with a letter signed by such
counsel (each, a &ldquo;<U>Reliance Letter</U>&rdquo;) in lieu of such opinion and, negative assurance of such counsel to the effect that
the Manager may rely on the prior opinion and, negative assurance of such counsel delivered pursuant to this Section&#8239;4(l)&#8239;to
the same extent as if it were dated the date of such Reliance Letter (except that statements in such prior opinion and negative assurance
shall be deemed to related to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as amended or supplemented to the date of such Reliance Letter).
The requirement to furnish or cause to be furnished an opinion (but not with respect to a negative assurance representation) under this
Section&#8239;4(l)&#8239;shall be waived for any Representation Date other than a Representation Date on which new Registration Statement
is filed and declared effective by the Commission or a material amendment to the Registration Statement or Prospectus is made or the Company
files its Annual Report on Form&#8239;10-K or a material amendment thereto under the Exchange Act, unless the Manager reasonably requests
such deliverable required by this Section&#8239;4(l)&#8239;in connection with a Representation Date, upon which request such deliverable
shall be deliverable hereunder. Further, the requirement to furnish or cause to be furnished an opinion and a negative assurance representation
letter under this Section&#8239;4(l)&#8239;shall be waived for such Representation Date occurring on a date on which no instruction to the
Manager to sell Shares pursuant to this Agreement has been delivered by the Company or is pending, provided that, if the Company subsequently
decides to sell Shares following any such Representation Date when the Company relied on such waiver and did not provide the Manager a
negative assurance representation letter pursuant to this Section&#8239;4(l), then before the Company instructs the Manager to sell Shares
pursuant to this Agreement, the Company shall provide the Manager such opinion and negative assurance representation letter at least one
(1)&#8239;Trading Day prior to delivery of the Sales Notice.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(m)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Auditor
Bring Down &ldquo;Comfort&rdquo; Letter</U>. Within five (5)&#8239;Trading Days of each Representation Date for which the Company is obligated
to deliver a certificate pursuant to Section&#8239;4(k), unless waived by the Manager, the Company shall cause (1)&#8239;the Company&rsquo;s
auditors (the &ldquo;<U>Accountants</U>&rdquo;), or other independent accountants satisfactory to the Manager forthwith to furnish the
Manager a letter, and (2)&#8239;if requested by the Manager,&#8239;the Chief Financial Officer of the Company forthwith to furnish the Manager
a certificate, in each case dated within five (5)&#8239;Trading Days of such Representation Date, in form satisfactory to the Manager,
of the same tenor as the letters and certificate referred to in Section&#8239;6 of this Agreement but modified to relate to the Registration
Statement and the Prospectus, as amended and supplemented to the date of such letters and certificate. The requirement to furnish or cause
to be furnished a &ldquo;comfort&rdquo; letter under this Section&#8239;4(m)&#8239;shall be waived for any Representation Date other than
a Representation Date on which a new Registration Statement is filed and declared effective by the Commission or a material amendment
to the Registration Statement or Prospectus is made or the Company files its Annual Report on Form&#8239;10-K or a material amendment thereto
under the Exchange Act, unless the Manager reasonably requests the deliverables required by this Section&#8239;4(m)&#8239;in connection
with a Representation Date, upon which request such deliverable shall be deliverable hereunder. Further, the requirement to furnish or
cause to be furnished a &ldquo;comfort&rdquo; letter and Chief Financial Officer certificate under this Section&#8239;4(m)&#8239;shall be
waived for any such Representation Date occurring on a date on which no instruction to the Manager to sell Shares pursuant to this Agreement
has been delivered by the Company or is pending, provided that, if the Company subsequently decides to sell Shares following any such
Representation Date when the Company relied on such waiver and did not provide the Manager a &ldquo;comfort&rdquo; letter and Chief Financial
Officer certificate pursuant to this Section&#8239;4(m), then before the Company instructs the Manager to sell Shares pursuant to this
Agreement, the Company shall provide the Manager such &ldquo;comfort&rdquo; letter and Chief Financial Officer certificate at least one
(1)&#8239;Trading Day prior to delivery of the Sales Notice.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(n)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Due
Diligence Session</U>. Upon commencement of the offering of the Shares under this Agreement (and upon the recommencement of the offering
of the Shares under this Agreement following the termination of a suspension of sales hereunder lasting more than 30 Trading Days), and
at each Representation Date for which no waiver is applicable pursuant to Section&#8239;4(k), the Company will conduct a due diligence
session, in form and substance, reasonably satisfactory to the Manager, which shall include representatives of management, Company Counsel
and Accountants. The Company shall cooperate timely with any reasonable due diligence request from or review conducted by the Manager
or its agents from time to time in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, including, without limitation, providing
information and available documents and access to appropriate corporate officers and the Company&rsquo;s agents during regular business
hours, and timely furnishing or causing to be furnished such certificates, letters and opinions from the Company, its officers and its
agents, as the Manager may reasonably request. The Company shall reimburse the Manager for Manager&rsquo;s counsel&rsquo;s fees in each
such Representation Date, up to a maximum of $3,500 per Representation Date, plus any incidental expense incurred by the Manager in connection
therewith.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(o)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Acknowledgment
of Trading</U>. The Company consents to the Manager trading in the Common Stock for the Manager&rsquo;s own account and for the account
of its clients at the same time as sales of the Shares occur pursuant to this Agreement or pursuant to a Terms Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(p)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Disclosure
of Shares Sold</U>. The Company will disclose in its Annual Reports on Form&#8239;10-K and Quarterly Reports on Form&#8239;10-Q, as applicable,
the number of Shares sold through the Manager under this Agreement, the Net Proceeds to the Company and the compensation paid by the Company
with respect to sales of Shares pursuant to this Agreement during the relevant quarter; and, if required by any subsequent change in Commission
policy or request, more frequently by means of a Current Report on Form&#8239;8-K or a further Prospectus Supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(q)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Rescission
Right</U>. If to the knowledge of the Company, the conditions set forth in Section&#8239;6 shall not have been satisfied as of the applicable
Settlement Date, the Company will offer to any person who has agreed to purchase Shares from the Company as the result of an offer to
purchase solicited by the Manager the right to refuse to purchase and pay for such Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(r)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Bring
Down of Representations and Warranties</U>. Each acceptance by the Company of an offer to purchase the Shares hereunder, and each execution
and delivery by the Company of a Terms Agreement, shall be deemed to be an affirmation to the Manager that the representations and warranties
of the Company contained in or made pursuant to this Agreement are true and correct as of the date of such acceptance or of such Terms
Agreement as though made at and as of such date, and an undertaking that such representations and warranties will be true and correct
as of the Settlement Date for the Shares relating to such acceptance or as of the Time of Delivery relating to such sale, as the case
may be, as though made at and as of such date (except that such representations and warranties shall be deemed to relate to the Registration
Statement and the Prospectus as amended and supplemented relating to such Shares).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(s)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Reservation
of Shares</U>. The Company shall ensure that there are at all times sufficient shares of Common Stock to provide for the issuance, free
of any preemptive rights, out of its authorized but unissued shares of Common Stock or shares of Common Stock held in treasury, of the
maximum aggregate number of Shares authorized for issuance by the Board pursuant to the terms of this Agreement. The Company will use
its commercially reasonable best efforts to cause the Shares to be listed for trading on the Trading Market and to maintain such listing.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(t)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Obligation
Under Exchange Act</U>. During any period when the delivery of a prospectus relating to the Shares is required (including in circumstances
where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule&#8239;172, 173 or any similar rule) to be delivered under the Act, the Company
will file all documents required to be filed with the Commission pursuant to the Exchange Act within the time periods required by the
Exchange Act and the regulations thereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(u)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>DTC
Facility</U>. The Company shall cooperate with the Manager and use its commercially reasonable efforts to permit the Shares to be eligible
for clearance and settlement through the facilities of DTC.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(v)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Use
of Proceeds</U>. The Company will apply the Net Proceeds from the sale of the Shares in the manner set forth in the Prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(w)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Filing
of Prospectus Supplement</U>. If any sales are made pursuant to this Agreement which are not made in &ldquo;at the market&rdquo; offerings
as defined in Rule&#8239;415, including, without limitation, any Placement pursuant to a Terms Agreement, the Company shall file a Prospectus
Supplement describing the terms of such transaction, the amount of Shares sold, the price thereof, the Manager&rsquo;s compensation, and
such other information as may be required pursuant to Rule&#8239;424 and Rule&#8239;430B, as applicable, within the time required by Rule&#8239;424.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(x)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Additional
Registration Statement</U>. To the extent that the Registration Statement is not available for the sales of the Shares as contemplated
by this Agreement, the Company shall file a new registration statement with respect to any additional shares of Common Stock necessary
to complete such sales of the Shares and shall cause such registration statement to become effective as promptly as practicable. After
the effectiveness of any such registration statement, all references to &ldquo;<U>Registration Statement</U>&rdquo; included in this Agreement
shall be deemed to include such new registration statement, including all documents incorporated by reference therein pursuant to Item&#8239;12
of Form&#8239;S-3, and all references to &ldquo;<U>Base Prospectus</U>&rdquo; included in this Agreement shall be deemed to include the
final form of base prospectus, including all documents incorporated therein by reference, included in any such registration statement
at the time such registration statement became effective.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">5.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Payment
of Expenses</U>. The Company agrees to pay the costs and expenses incident to the performance of its obligations under this Agreement,
whether or not the transactions contemplated hereby are consummated, including without limitation: (i)&#8239;the preparation, printing
or reproduction and filing with the Commission of the Registration Statement (including financial statements and exhibits thereto), the
Prospectus and each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, and each amendment or supplement to any of them; (ii)&#8239;the printing (or reproduction)
and delivery (including postage, air freight charges and charges for counting and packaging) of such copies of the Registration Statement,
the Prospectus, and each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, and all amendments or supplements to any of them, as may, in each case, be reasonably
requested for use in connection with the offering and sale of the Shares; (iii)&#8239;the preparation, printing, authentication, issuance
and delivery of certificates for the Shares, including any stamp or transfer taxes in connection with the original issuance and sale of
the Shares; (iv)&#8239;the printing (or reproduction) and delivery of this Agreement, any blue sky memorandum and all other agreements
or documents printed (or reproduced) and delivered in connection with the offering of the Shares; (v)&#8239;the registration of the Shares
under the Exchange Act, if applicable, and the listing of the Shares on the Trading Market; (vi)&#8239;any registration or qualification
of the Shares for offer and sale under the securities or blue sky laws of the several states (including filing fees and the reasonable
fees and expenses of counsel for the Manager relating to such registration and qualification); (vii)&#8239;the transportation and other
expenses incurred by or on behalf of Company representatives in connection with presentations to prospective purchasers of the Shares;
(viii)&#8239;the fees and expenses of the Company&rsquo;s accountants and the fees and expenses of counsel (including local and special
counsel) for the Company; (ix)&#8239;the filing fee under FINRA Rule&#8239;5110; (x)&#8239;the reasonable and documented fees and expenses
of the Manager&rsquo;s counsel, not to exceed $50,000 (excluding any periodic due diligence fees provided for under Section&#8239;4(n)),
which shall be paid upon the Effective Time; and (xi)&#8239;all other costs and expenses incident to the performance by the Company of
its obligations hereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">6.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Conditions
to the Obligations of the Manager</U>. The obligations of the Manager under this Agreement and any Terms Agreement shall be subject to
(i)&#8239;the accuracy of the representations and warranties on the part of the Company contained herein as of the Execution Time, the
Effective Time, each Representation Date, and as of each Applicable Time, Settlement Date and Time of Delivery, (ii)&#8239;the performance
by the Company of its obligations hereunder and (iii)&#8239;the following additional conditions, except as set forth in Section&#8239;4(l)&#8239;and
Section&#8239;4(m)&#8239;herein:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(a)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Effectiveness
of Registration Statement; Filing of Prospectus Supplement</U>. The Registration Statement shall have been declared effective by the Commission
and the Prospectus, and any supplement thereto, required by Rule&#8239;424 to be filed with the Commission have been filed in the manner
and within the time period required by Rule&#8239;424(b)&#8239;with respect to any sale of Shares; each Prospectus Supplement filed after
the Effective Time shall have been filed in the manner required by Rule&#8239;424(b)&#8239;within the time period required hereunder and
under the Act; any other material required to be filed by the Company pursuant to Rule&#8239;433(d)&#8239;under the Act, shall have been
filed with the Commission within the applicable time periods prescribed for such filings by Rule&#8239;433; and no stop order suspending
the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or any notice objecting to its use shall have been issued and, to the Company&rsquo;s
knowledge, no proceedings for that purpose shall have been instituted or threatened.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(b)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Delivery
of Opinion</U>. The Company shall have caused the Company Counsel to furnish to the Manager its opinion and negative assurance statement,
dated as of such date and addressed to the Manager in form and substance reasonably acceptable to the Manager.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(c)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Delivery
of Officer&rsquo;s Certificate</U>. The Company shall have furnished or caused to be furnished to the Manager a certificate of the Company
signed by the Chief Executive Officer or the President and the principal financial or accounting officer of the Company, dated as of such
date, to the effect that the signers of such certificate have carefully examined the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, any Prospectus
Supplement and any documents incorporated by reference therein and any supplements or amendments thereto and this Agreement and that:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(i)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>the
representations and warranties of the Company in this Agreement are true and correct on and as of such date with the same effect as if
made on such date and the Company has complied with all the agreements and satisfied all the conditions on its part to be performed or
satisfied at or prior to such date;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(ii)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>no
stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or any notice objecting to its use has been issued and no proceedings
for that purpose have been instituted or, to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, threatened; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(iii)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>since
the date of the most recent financial statements included in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and the Incorporated Documents,
there has been no Material Adverse Effect on the condition (financial or otherwise), earnings, business or properties of the Company and
its subsidiaries, taken as a whole, whether or not arising from transactions in the ordinary course of business, except as set forth in
or contemplated in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(d)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Delivery
of Accountants&rsquo; &ldquo;Comfort&rdquo; Letter</U>. The Company shall have requested and caused the Accountants to have furnished
to the Manager letters (which may refer to letters previously delivered to the Manager), dated as of such date, in form and substance
satisfactory to the Manager, confirming that they are independent accountants within the meaning of the Act and the Exchange Act and the
respective applicable rules&#8239;and regulations adopted by the Commission thereunder and that they have performed a review of any unaudited
interim financial information of the Company included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus and
provide customary &ldquo;comfort&rdquo; as to such review in form and substance satisfactory to the Manager.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(e)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>No
Material Adverse Event</U>. Since the respective dates as of which information is disclosed in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus
and the Incorporated Documents, except as otherwise stated therein, there shall not have been (i)&#8239;any change or decrease in previously
reported results specified in the letter or letters referred to in paragraph&#8239;(d)&#8239;of this Section&#8239;6 or (ii)&#8239;any
change, or any development involving a prospective change, in or affecting the condition (financial or otherwise), earnings, business
or properties of the Company and its subsidiaries taken as a whole, whether or not arising from transactions in the ordinary course of
business, except as set forth in or contemplated in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and the Incorporated Documents (exclusive
of any amendment or supplement thereto) the effect of which, in any case referred to in clause&#8239;(i)&#8239;or (ii)&#8239;above, is,
in the sole judgment of the Manager, so material and adverse as to make it impractical or inadvisable to proceed with the offering or
delivery of the Shares as contemplated by the Registration Statement (exclusive of any amendment thereof), the Incorporated Documents
and the Prospectus (exclusive of any amendment or supplement thereto).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(f)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Payment
of All Fees</U>. The Company shall have paid the required Commission filing fees relating to the Shares within the time period required
by Rule&#8239;456(a).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(g)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>No
FINRA Objections</U>. FINRA shall not have raised any objection with respect to the fairness and reasonableness of the terms and arrangements
under this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(h)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Shares
Listed on Trading Market</U>. The Shares shall have been listed and admitted and authorized for trading on the Trading Market, and satisfactory
evidence of such actions shall have been provided to the Manager.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(i)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Other
Assurances</U>. Prior to each Settlement Date and Time of Delivery, as applicable, the Company shall have furnished to the Manager such
further information, certificates and documents as the Manager may reasonably request.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If any of the conditions specified
in this Section&#8239;6 shall not have been fulfilled when and as provided in this Agreement, or if any of the opinions and certificates
mentioned above or elsewhere in this Agreement shall not be reasonably satisfactory in form and substance to the Manager and counsel for
the Manager, this Agreement and all obligations of the Manager hereunder may be canceled at, or at any time prior to, any Settlement Date
or Time of Delivery, as applicable, by the Manager. Notice of such cancellation shall be given to the Company in writing or by telephone
and confirmed in writing by email.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The documents required to
be delivered by this Section&#8239;6 shall be delivered to the office of Ellenoff Grossman&#8239;&amp; Schole LLP, counsel for the Manager,
at 1345 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10105, email: capmkts@egsllp.com, on each such date as provided in this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">7.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Indemnification
and Contribution</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(a)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Indemnification
by Company</U>. The Company agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Manager, the directors, officers, employees and agents of the Manager
and each person who controls the Manager within the meaning of either the Act or the Exchange Act against any and all losses, claims,
damages or liabilities, joint or several, to which they or any of them may become subject under the Act, the Exchange Act or other Federal
or state statutory law or regulation, at common law or otherwise, insofar as such losses, claims, damages or liabilities (or actions in
respect thereof) arise out of or are based upon any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration
Statement for the registration of the Shares as originally filed or in any amendment thereof, or in the Base Prospectus, any Prospectus
Supplement, the Prospectus, any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, or in any amendment thereof or supplement thereto, or arise out of or
are based upon the omission or alleged omission to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the
statements therein not misleading or arise out of or are based upon any Proceeding, commenced or threatened (whether or not the Manager
is a target of or party to such Proceeding) or result from or relate to any breach of any of the representations, warranties, covenants
or agreements made by the Company in this Agreement, and agrees to reimburse each such indemnified party for the legal or other expenses
of one counsel (plus local counsel) reasonably incurred by them in connection with investigating or defending any such loss, claim, damage,
liability or action; <U>provided</U>, <U>however</U>, that the Company will not be liable in any such case to the extent that any such
loss, claim, damage or liability arises out of or is based upon any such untrue statement or alleged untrue statement or omission or alleged
omission made therein in reliance upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Company by the Manager specifically
for inclusion therein. This indemnity agreement will be in addition to any liability that the Company may otherwise have.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(b)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Indemnification
by Manager</U>. The Manager agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Company, each of its directors, each of its officers who signs the
Registration Statement, and each person who controls the Company within the meaning of either the Act or the Exchange Act, to the same
extent as the foregoing indemnity from the Company to the Manager, but only with reference to written information relating to the Manager
furnished to the Company by the Manager specifically for inclusion in the documents referred to in the foregoing indemnity; <U>provided</U>,
<U>however</U>, that in no case shall the Manager be responsible for any amount in excess of the Broker Fee applicable to the Shares and
paid hereunder. This indemnity agreement will be in addition to any liability which the Manager may otherwise have.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(c)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Indemnification
Procedures</U>. Promptly after receipt by an indemnified party under this Section&#8239;7 of notice of the commencement of any action,
such indemnified party will, if a claim in respect thereof is to be made against the indemnifying party under this Section&#8239;7, notify
the indemnifying party in writing of the commencement thereof; but the failure so to notify the indemnifying party (i)&#8239;will not relieve
it from liability under paragraph&#8239;(a)&#8239;or&#8239;(b)&#8239;above unless and to the extent it did not otherwise learn of such action
and such failure results in the forfeiture by the indemnifying party of substantial rights and defenses and (ii)&#8239;will not, in any
event, relieve the indemnifying party from any obligations to any indemnified party other than the indemnification obligation provided
in paragraph&#8239;(a)&#8239;or (b)&#8239;above. The indemnifying party shall be entitled to appoint counsel of the indemnifying party&rsquo;s
choice at the indemnifying party&rsquo;s expense to represent the indemnified party in any action for which indemnification is sought
(in which case the indemnifying party shall not thereafter be responsible for the fees and expenses of any separate counsel retained by
the indemnified party or parties except as set forth below); <U>provided</U>, <U>however</U>, that such counsel shall be reasonably satisfactory
to the indemnified party. Notwithstanding the indemnifying party&rsquo;s election to appoint counsel to represent the indemnified party
in an action, the indemnified party shall have the right to employ separate counsel (including local counsel), and the indemnifying party
shall bear the reasonable fees, costs and expenses of such separate counsel if (i)&#8239;the use of counsel chosen by the indemnifying
party to represent the indemnified party would present such counsel with a conflict of interest, (ii)&#8239;the actual or potential defendants
in, or targets of, any such action include both the indemnified party and the indemnifying party and the indemnified party shall have
reasonably concluded that there may be legal defenses available to it and/or other indemnified parties which are different from or additional
to those available to the indemnifying party, (iii)&#8239;the indemnifying party shall not have employed counsel reasonably satisfactory
to the indemnified party to represent the indemnified party within a reasonable time after notice of the institution of such action or
(iv)&#8239;the indemnifying party shall authorize the indemnified party to employ separate counsel at the expense of the indemnifying party.
An indemnifying party will not, without the prior written consent of the indemnified parties, settle or compromise or consent to the entry
of any judgment with respect to any pending or threatened claim, action, suit or proceeding in respect of which indemnification or contribution
may be sought hereunder (whether or not the indemnified parties are actual or potential parties to such claim or action) unless such settlement,
compromise or consent includes an unconditional release of each indemnified party from all liability arising out of such claim, action,
suit or proceeding. An indemnified party will not, without the prior written consent of the indemnifying party (not to be unreasonably
withheld), settle or compromise or consent to the entry of any judgement with respect to any pending or threatened claim, action, suit
or proceeding in respect of which indemnification or contribution may be sought hereunder (whether or not the indemnified parties are
actual or potential parties to such claim or action).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(d)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Contribution</U>.
In the event that the indemnity provided in paragraph&#8239;(a), (b)&#8239;or (c)&#8239;of this Section&#8239;7 is unavailable to or insufficient
to hold harmless an indemnified party for any reason, the Company and the Manager agree to contribute to the aggregate losses, claims,
damages and liabilities (including legal or other expenses reasonably incurred in connection with investigating or defending the same)
(collectively &ldquo;<U>Losses</U>&rdquo;) to which the Company and the Manager may be subject in such proportion as is appropriate to
reflect the relative benefits received by the Company on the one hand and by the Manager on the other from the offering of the Shares;
<U>provided</U>, <U>however</U>, that in no case shall the Manager be responsible for any amount in excess of the Broker Fee applicable
to the Shares and paid hereunder. If the allocation provided by the immediately preceding sentence is unavailable for any reason, the
Company and the Manager severally shall contribute in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect not only such relative benefits but
also the relative fault of the Company on the one hand and of the Manager on the other in connection with the statements or omissions
which resulted in such Losses as well as any other relevant equitable considerations. Benefits received by the Company shall be deemed
to be equal to the total net proceeds from the offering (before deducting expenses) received by it, and benefits received by the Manager
shall be deemed to be equal to the Broker Fee applicable to the Shares and paid hereunder as determined by this Agreement. Relative fault
shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether any untrue or any alleged untrue statement of a material fact or the
omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to information provided by the Company on the one hand or the Manager on
the other, the intent of the parties and their relative knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such untrue
statement or omission. The Company and the Manager agree that it would not be just and equitable if contribution were determined by pro
rata allocation or any other method of allocation which does not take account of the equitable considerations referred to above. Notwithstanding
the provisions of this paragraph&#8239;(d), no person guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section&#8239;11(f)&#8239;of
the Act) shall be entitled to contribution from any person who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation. For purposes of this
Section&#8239;7, each person who controls the Manager within the meaning of either the Act or the Exchange Act and each director, officer,
employee and agent of the Manager shall have the same rights to contribution as the Manager, and each person who controls the Company
within the meaning of either the Act or the Exchange Act, each officer of the Company who shall have signed the Registration Statement
and each director of the Company shall have the same rights to contribution as the Company, subject in each case to the applicable terms
and conditions of this paragraph&#8239;(d).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">8.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Termination</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(a)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>The
Company shall have the right, by giving written notice as hereinafter specified, to terminate the provisions of this Agreement relating
to the solicitation of offers to purchase the Shares in its sole discretion at any time upon five (5)&#8239;Business Days&rsquo; prior
written notice. Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except that (i)&#8239;with respect to any
pending sale, through the Manager for the Company, the obligations of the Company, including in respect of compensation of the Manager,
shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding the termination and (ii)&#8239;the provisions of Sections&#8239;5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
12, 14, 15 and 16 of this Agreement shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(b)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>The
Manager shall have the right, by giving written notice as hereinafter specified, to terminate the provisions of this Agreement relating
to the solicitation of offers to purchase the Shares in its sole discretion at any time. Any such termination shall be without liability
of any party to any other party except that the provisions of Sections&#8239;5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15 and 16 of this Agreement shall
remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(c)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>This
Agreement shall remain in full force and effect until such date that this Agreement is terminated pursuant to Sections&#8239;8(a)&#8239;or
(b)&#8239;above or otherwise by mutual agreement of the parties, provided that any such termination by mutual agreement shall in all cases
be deemed to provide that Sections&#8239;5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15 and 16 of this Agreement shall remain in full force and effect.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(d)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>Any
termination of this Agreement shall be effective on the date specified in such notice of termination, provided that such termination shall
not be effective until the close of business on the date of receipt of such notice by the Manager or the Company, as the case may be.
If such termination shall occur prior to the Settlement Date or Time of Delivery for any sale of the Shares, such sale of the Shares shall
settle in accordance with the provisions of Section&#8239;2(b)&#8239;of this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(e)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT>In
the case of any purchase of Shares by the Manager pursuant to a Terms Agreement, the obligations of the Manager pursuant to such Terms
Agreement shall be subject to termination, in the absolute discretion of the Manager, by prompt oral notice given to the Company prior
to the Time of Delivery relating to such Shares, if any, and confirmed promptly by electronic mail, if since the time of execution of
the Terms Agreement and prior to such delivery and payment, (i)&#8239;trading in the Common Stock shall have been suspended by the Commission
or the Trading Market or trading in securities generally on the Trading Market shall have been suspended or limited or minimum prices
shall have been established on such exchange, (ii)&#8239;a banking moratorium shall have been declared either by Federal or New York State
authorities or (iii)&#8239;there shall have occurred any outbreak or escalation of hostilities, declaration by the United States of a national
emergency or war, or other calamity or crisis the effect of which on financial markets is such as to make it, in the sole judgment of
the Manager, impractical or inadvisable to proceed with the offering or delivery of the Shares as contemplated by the Prospectus (exclusive
of any amendment or supplement thereto).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">9.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Representations
and Indemnities to Survive</U>. The respective agreements, representations, warranties, indemnities and other statements of the Company
or its officers and of the Manager set forth in or made pursuant to this Agreement will remain in full force and effect, regardless of
any investigation made by the Manager or the Company or any of the officers, directors, employees, agents or controlling persons referred
to in Section&#8239;7, and will survive delivery of and payment for the Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">10.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Notices</U>.
All communications hereunder will be in writing and effective only on receipt, and will be mailed, delivered, or e-mailed to the addresses
of the Company and the Manager, respectively, set forth on the signature page&#8239;hereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">11.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Successors</U>.
This Agreement will inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the parties hereto and their respective successors and the officers, directors,
employees, agents and controlling persons referred to in Section&#8239;7, and no other person will have any right or obligation hereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">12.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>No
Fiduciary Duty</U>. The Company hereby acknowledges that (a)&#8239;the purchase and sale of the Shares pursuant to this Agreement is an
arm&rsquo;s-length commercial transaction between the Company, on the one hand, and the Manager and any affiliate through which it may
be acting, on the other, (b)&#8239;the Manager is acting solely as sales agent and/or principal in connection with the purchase and sale
of the Company&rsquo;s securities and not as a fiduciary of the Company and (c)&#8239;the Company&rsquo;s engagement of the Manager in
connection with the offering and the process leading up to the offering is as independent contractors and not in any other capacity. Furthermore,
the Company agrees that it is solely responsible for making its own judgments in connection with the offering (irrespective of whether
the Manager has advised or is currently advising the Company on related or other matters). The Company agrees that it will not claim that
the Manager has rendered advisory services of any nature or respect, or owe an agency, fiduciary or similar duty to the Company, in connection
with such transaction or the process leading thereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">13.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Integration</U>.
This Agreement and any Terms Agreement supersede all prior agreements and understandings (whether written or oral) between the Company
and the Manager with respect to the subject matter hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">14.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Amendments;
Waivers</U>. No provision of this Agreement may be waived, modified, supplemented or amended except in a written instrument signed, in
the case of an amendment, by the Company and the Manager. No waiver of any default with respect to any provision, condition or requirement
of this Agreement shall be deemed to be a continuing waiver in the future or a waiver of any subsequent default or a waiver of any other
provision, condition or requirement hereof, nor shall any delay or omission of any party to exercise any right hereunder in any manner
impair the exercise of any such right.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">15.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Applicable
Law</U>. This Agreement and any Terms Agreement will be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York
applicable to contracts made and to be performed within the State of New&#8239;York. Each of the Company and the Manager: (i)&#8239;agrees
that any legal suit, action or proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement shall be instituted exclusively in New York Supreme
Court, County of New York, or in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, (ii)&#8239;waives any objection
which it may have or hereafter to the venue of any such suit, action or proceeding, and (iii)&#8239;irrevocably consents to the exclusive
jurisdiction of the New York Supreme Court, County of New York, and the United States District Court for the Southern District of New
York in any such suit, action or proceeding. Each of the Company and the Manager further agrees to accept and acknowledge service of any
and all process which may be served in any such suit, action or proceeding in the New York Supreme Court, County of New York, or in the
United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and agrees that service of process upon the Company mailed by certified
mail to the Company&rsquo;s address shall be deemed in every respect effective service of process upon the Company, in any such suit,
action or proceeding, and service of process upon the Manager mailed by certified mail to the Manager&rsquo;s address shall be deemed
in every respect effective service process upon the Manager, in any such suit, action or proceeding. If either party shall commence an
action or proceeding to enforce any provision of this Agreement, then the prevailing party in such action or proceeding shall be reimbursed
by the other party for its reasonable attorney&rsquo;s fees and other costs and expenses incurred with the investigation, preparation
and prosecution of such action or proceeding.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase"><B>16.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</B></FONT><B><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><U>Waiver
of Jury Trial</U>. The Company hereby irrevocably waives, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, any and all right to trial
by jury in any legal proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement, any Terms Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby
or thereby.</FONT></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">17.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Counterparts</U>.
This Agreement and any Terms Agreement may be executed in one or more counterparts, each one of which shall be an original, with the same
effect as if the signatures thereto and hereto were upon one and the same agreement. Counterparts may be delivered via electronic mail
(including any electronic signature covered by the U.S. federal ESIGN Act of 2000, Uniform Electronic Transactions Act, the Electronic
Signatures and Records Act or other applicable law, e.g., www.docusign.com) or other transmission method and any counterpart so delivered
shall be deemed to have been duly and validly delivered and be valid and effective for all purposes.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">***************************</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">18.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</FONT><U>Headings</U>.
The section headings used in this Agreement and any Terms Agreement are for convenience only and shall not affect the construction hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If the foregoing is in accordance
with your understanding of our agreement, please sign and return to us the enclosed duplicate hereof, whereupon this letter and your acceptance
shall represent a binding agreement among the Company and the Manager.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Very truly yours,</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>CLEARSIGN TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 5%">By:</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 45%"> /s/ Colin James Deller</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Name:</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"> Colin James Deller</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Title:</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Chief Executive Officer</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><U>Address for Notice</U></FONT>:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">8023 E. 63<SUP>rd</SUP> Place, Suite&#8239;101</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Tulsa, Oklahoma 74133</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Attention: Chief Executive Officer</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Email:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The foregoing Agreement is hereby confirmed and accepted as of the
date first written above.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>H.C. WAINWRIGHT&#8239;&amp; CO., LLC</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 5%">By:</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 45%">/s/ Edward D. Silvera</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 50%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Name:</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Edward D. Silvera</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Title:</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Chief Operating Officer &#8239;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>



<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><U>Address for Notice</U></FONT>:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">430 Park Avenue<BR>
New York, New York 10022<BR>
Attention: Chief Executive Officer</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">E-mail:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Form&#8239;of Terms Agreement</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>ANNEX I</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>CLEARSIGN TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>TERMS AGREEMENT</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify">Dear Sirs:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">ClearSign Technologies
Corporation (the &ldquo;<U>Company</U>&rdquo;) proposes, subject to the terms and conditions stated herein and in the At The Market Offering
Agreement, dated July&#8239;17, 2025 (the &ldquo;<U>At The Market Offering Agreement</U>&rdquo;), between the Company and H.C. Wainwright&#8239;&amp;
Co., LLC (&ldquo;<U>Manager</U>&rdquo;), to issue and sell to Manager the securities specified in <U>Schedule&#8239;I</U> hereto (the &ldquo;<U>Purchased
Shares</U>&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Each of the provisions
of the At The Market Offering Agreement not specifically related to the solicitation by the Manager, as agent of the Company, of offers
to purchase securities is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and shall be deemed to be part of this Terms Agreement to
the same extent as if such provisions had been set forth in full herein. Each of the representations and warranties set forth therein
shall be deemed to have been made at and as of the date of this Terms Agreement and the Time of Delivery, except that each representation
and warranty in Section&#8239;3 of the At The Market Offering Agreement which makes reference to the Prospectus (as therein defined) shall
be deemed to be a representation and warranty as of the date of the At The Market Offering Agreement in relation to the Prospectus, and
also a representation and warranty as of the date of this Terms Agreement and the Time of Delivery in relation to the Prospectus as amended
and supplemented to relate to the Purchased Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">An amendment to
the Registration Statement (as defined in the At The Market Offering Agreement), or a supplement to the Prospectus, as the case may be,
relating to the Purchased Shares, in the form heretofore delivered to the Manager is now proposed to be filed with the Securities and
Exchange Commission.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Subject to the terms
and conditions set forth herein and in the At The Market Offering Agreement which are incorporated herein by reference, the Company agrees
to issue and sell to the Manager and the latter agrees to purchase from the Company the number of shares of the Purchased Shares at the
time and place and at the purchase price set forth in the <U>Schedule&#8239;I</U> hereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 44; Value: 2 -->
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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If the foregoing is in accordance
with your understanding, please sign and return to us a counterpart hereof, whereupon this Terms Agreement, including those provisions
of the At The Market Offering Agreement incorporated herein by reference, shall constitute a binding agreement between the Manager and
the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-transform: uppercase">CLEARSIGN TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 3%">By:</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 47%">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Name:</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Title: &#8239;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#8239;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">ACCEPTED as of the date first written above.</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#8239;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">H.C. WAINWRIGHT&#8239;&amp; CO., LLC <BR> &#8239; &#8239; &#8239;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#8239;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">By:</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Name:</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Title:</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
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<TYPE>EX-4.1
<SEQUENCE>3
<FILENAME>tm2520917d1_ex4-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 4.1
<TEXT>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: right; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Exhibit 4.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="border-top: Black 2.5pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>CLEARSIGN TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION<BR>
Issuer</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>AND</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>[TRUSTEE],<BR>
Trustee</B></P>

<P STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>INDENTURE</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Dated as of ____________, 20__</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="border-top: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Debt Securities</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-variant: small-caps"><B>Table
Of Contents</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: uppercase"><B>Page</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">article 1 DEFINITIONS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">1</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; width: 1%; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; width: 14%; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;1.01</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; width: 80%; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Definitions of Terms</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; width: 5%; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">article 2 ISSUE, DESCRIPTION, TERMS, EXECUTION, REGISTRATION AND EXCHANGE OF SECURITIES</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">5</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;2.01</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Designation and Terms of Securities</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;2.02</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form&nbsp;of Securities and Trustee&rsquo;s Certificate</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;2.03</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Denominations: Provisions for Payment</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;2.04</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Execution and Authentications</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;2.05</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Registration of Transfer and Exchange</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">11</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;2.06</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Temporary Securities</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">12</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;2.07</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Mutilated, Destroyed, Lost or Stolen Securities</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">12</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;2.08</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Cancellation</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">13</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;2.09</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Benefits of Indenture</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">13</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;2.10</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Authenticating Agent</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">14</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;2.11</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Global Securities</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">14</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;2.12</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">CUSIP Numbers</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">15</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">article 3 REDEMPTION OF SECURITIES AND SINKING FUND PROVISIONS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">16</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;3.01</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Redemption</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">16</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;3.02</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Notice of Redemption</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">16</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;3.03</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Payment Upon Redemption</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">17</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;3.04</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Sinking Fund</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">17</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;3.05</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Satisfaction of Sinking Fund Payments with Securities</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">18</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;3.06</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Redemption of Securities for Sinking Fund</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">18</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">article 4 COVENANTS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">18</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;4.01</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Payment of Principal, Premium and Interest</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">18</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;4.02</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Maintenance of Office or Agency</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">19</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;4.03</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Paying Agents</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">19</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;4.04</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Appointment to Fill Vacancy in Office of Trustee</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">20</FONT></TD></TR>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><B>TABLE OF CONTENTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><B>(CONTINUED)</B></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: uppercase"><B>Page</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">article 5 SECURITYHOLDERS&rsquo; LISTS AND REPORTS BY THE COMPANY AND THE TRUSTEE</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">20</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 14%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;5.01</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 80%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Company to Furnish Trustee Names and Addresses of Securityholders</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 5%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">20</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;5.02</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Preservation Of Information; Communications With Securityholders</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">21</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;5.03</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Reports by the Company</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">21</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;5.04</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Reports by the Trustee</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">22</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">article 6 REMEDIES OF THE TRUSTEE AND SECURITYHOLDERS ON EVENT OF DEFAULT</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">22</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;6.01</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Events of Default</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">22</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;6.02</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Collection of Indebtedness and Suits for Enforcement by Trustee</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">24</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;6.03</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Application of Moneys Collected</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">25</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;6.04</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Limitation on Suits</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">26</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;6.05</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Rights and Remedies Cumulative; Delay or Omission Not Waiver</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">26</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;6.06</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Control by Securityholders</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">27</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;6.07</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Undertaking to Pay Costs</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">27</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">article 7 CONCERNING THE TRUSTEE</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">28</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;7.01</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Certain Duties and Responsibilities of Trustee</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">28</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;7.02</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Certain Rights of Trustee</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">29</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;7.03</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Trustee Not Responsible for Recitals or Issuance or Securities</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">31</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;7.04</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">May&nbsp;Hold Securities</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">32</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;7.05</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Moneys Held in Trust</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">32</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;7.06</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Compensation and Reimbursement</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">32</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;7.07</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Reliance on Officer&rsquo;s Certificate</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">33</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;7.08</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Disqualification; Conflicting Interests</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">33</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;7.09</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Corporate Trustee Required; Eligibility</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">33</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;7.10</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Resignation and Removal; Appointment of Successor</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">33</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;7.11</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Acceptance of Appointment By Successor</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">35</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;7.12</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Merger, Conversion, Consolidation or Succession to Business</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">36</FONT></TD></TR>

</TABLE>

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<P STYLE="margin: 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>TABLE OF CONTENTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>(CONTINUED) </B></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 14%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 80%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 5%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: small-caps"><B>Page</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;7.13</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Preferential Collection of Claims Against the Company</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">36</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;7.14</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Notice of Default</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">36</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">article 8 CONCERNING THE SECURITYHOLDERS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">37</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;8.01</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Evidence of Action by Securityholders</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">37</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;8.02</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Proof of Execution by Securityholders</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">37</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;8.03</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Who May&nbsp;be Deemed Owners</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">38</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;8.04</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Certain Securities Owned by Company Disregarded</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">38</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;8.05</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Actions Binding on Future Securityholders</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">38</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">article 9 SUPPLEMENTAL INDENTURES</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">39</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;9.01</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Supplemental Indentures Without the Consent of Securityholders</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">39</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;9.02</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Supplemental Indentures With Consent of Securityholders</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">40</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;9.03</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Effect of Supplemental Indentures</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">40</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;9.04</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Securities Affected by Supplemental Indentures</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">40</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;9.05</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Execution of Supplemental Indentures</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">41</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">article 10 SUCCESSOR ENTITY</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">41</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;10.01</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Company May&nbsp;Consolidate, Etc.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">41</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;10.02</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Successor Entity Substituted</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">42</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">article 11 SATISFACTION AND DISCHARGE</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">42</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;11.01</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Satisfaction and Discharge of Indenture</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">42</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;11.02</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Discharge of Obligations</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">43</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;11.03</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Deposited Moneys to be Held in Trust</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">43</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;11.04</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Payment of Moneys Held by Paying Agents</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">43</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;11.05</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Repayment to Company</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">44</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">article 12 IMMUNITY OF INCORPORATORS, STOCKHOLDERS, OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">44</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;12.01</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">No Recourse</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">44</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">article 13 MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase">45</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;13.01</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Effect on Successors and Assigns</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">45</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;13.02</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Actions by Successor</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">45</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;13.03</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Surrender of Company Powers</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">45</FONT></TD></TR>

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<P STYLE="text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>TABLE OF CONTENTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>(CONTINUED) </B></P>

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<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 14%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 80%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; width: 5%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: small-caps"><B>Page</B></FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;13.04</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Notices</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">45</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;13.05</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Governing Law; Jury Trial Waiver</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">45</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;13.06</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Treatment of Securities as Debt</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">46</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;13.07</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Certificates and Opinions as to Conditions Precedent</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">46</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;13.08</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Payments on Business Days</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">46</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;13.09</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Conflict with Trust Indenture Act</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">47</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;13.10</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Counterparts</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">47</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;13.11</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Separability</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">47</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;13.12</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Compliance Certificates</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">47</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;13.13</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Patriot Act</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">47</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;13.14</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Force Majeure</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">48</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;13.12</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Table of Contents; Headings</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">48</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>INDENTURE</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt; font-variant: small-caps"><B>Indenture</B></FONT>,
dated as of <B>____________</B>, 20__, among <FONT STYLE="font-variant: small-caps"><B>ClearSign Technologies Corporation</B></FONT>,
a Delaware corporation (the &ldquo;Company&rdquo;), and [<FONT STYLE="font-variant: small-caps"><B>Trustee</B></FONT>], as trustee (the
 &ldquo;Trustee&rdquo;):</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt; font-variant: small-caps"><B>Whereas</B></FONT>,
for its lawful corporate purposes, the Company has duly authorized the execution and delivery of this Indenture to provide for the issuance
of debt securities (hereinafter referred to as the &ldquo;Securities&rdquo;), in an unlimited aggregate principal amount to be issued
from time to time in one or more series as in this Indenture provided, as registered Securities without coupons, to be authenticated by
the certificate of the Trustee;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt; font-variant: small-caps"><B>Whereas</B></FONT>,
to provide the terms and conditions upon which the Securities are to be authenticated, issued and delivered, the Company has duly authorized
the execution of this Indenture; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt; font-variant: small-caps"><B>Whereas</B></FONT>,
all things necessary to make this Indenture a valid agreement of the Company, in accordance with its terms, have been done.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt; font-variant: small-caps"><B>Now,
Therefore</B></FONT>, in consideration of the premises and the purchase of the Securities by the holders thereof, it is mutually covenanted
and agreed as follows for the equal and ratable benefit of the holders of Securities:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>article
1</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>DEFINITIONS</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;1.01
Definitions of Terms</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The terms defined in this
Section&nbsp;(except as in this Indenture or any indenture supplemental hereto otherwise expressly provided or unless the context otherwise
requires) for all purposes of this Indenture and of any indenture supplemental hereto shall have the respective meanings specified in
this Section&nbsp;and shall include the plural as well as the singular. All other terms used in this Indenture that are defined in the
Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended, or that are by reference in such Act defined in the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (except
as herein or any indenture supplemental hereto otherwise expressly provided or unless the context otherwise requires), shall have the
meanings assigned to such terms in said Trust Indenture Act and in said Securities Act as in force at the date of the execution of this
instrument.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><I>Authenticating
Agent</I></B>&rdquo; means the Trustee or an authenticating agent with respect to all or any of the series of Securities appointed by
the Trustee pursuant to Section&nbsp;2.10.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><I>Bankruptcy Law</I></B>&rdquo;
means Title 11, U.S. Code, or any similar federal or state law for the relief of debtors.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><I>Board of Directors</I></B>&rdquo;
means the Board of Directors (or the functional equivalent thereof) of the Company or any duly authorized committee of such Board.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><I>Board Resolution</I></B>&rdquo;
means a copy of a resolution certified by the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary of the Company to have been duly adopted by the Board
of Directors (or duly authorized committee thereof) and to be in full force and effect on the date of such certification.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><I>Business Day</I></B>&rdquo;
means, with respect to any series of Securities, any day other than a day on which federal or state banking institutions in the Borough
of Manhattan, the City of New York, or in the city of the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee, are authorized or obligated by law, executive
order or regulation to close.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><I>Commission</I></B>&rdquo;
means the Securities and Exchange Commission, as from time to time constituted, created under the Exchange Act, or, if at any time after
the execution of this instrument such Commission is not existing and performing the duties now assigned to it under the Trust Indenture
Act, then the body performing such duties at such time.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><I>Company</I></B>&rdquo;
means ClearSign Technologies Corporation, a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of the State of Delaware, and, subject
to the provisions of Article&nbsp;10, shall also include its successors and assigns.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><I>Corporate Trust
Office</I></B>&rdquo; means the office of the Trustee at which, at any particular time, its corporate trust business shall be principally
administered, which office at the date hereof is located at _____________________________________________________.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><I>Custodian</I></B>&rdquo;
means any receiver, trustee, assignee, liquidator or similar official under any Bankruptcy Law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><I>Defaulted Interest</I></B>&rdquo;
has the meaning set forth in Section&nbsp;2.03.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><I>Depositary</I></B>&rdquo;
means, with respect to Securities of any series for which the Company shall determine that such Securities will be issued as a Global
Security, The Depository Trust Company, another clearing agency, or any successor registered as a clearing agency under the Exchange Act,
or other applicable statute or regulation, which, in each case, shall be designated by the Company pursuant to either Section&nbsp;2.01
or 2.11.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><I>Event of Default</I></B>&rdquo;
means, with respect to Securities of a particular series, any event specified in Section&nbsp;6.01, continued for the period of time,
if any, therein designated.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><I>Exchange Act</I></B>&rdquo;
means the United States Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules&nbsp;and regulations promulgated by the Commission
thereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The term &ldquo;<B><I>given</I></B>&rdquo;,
 &ldquo;<B><I>mailed</I></B>&rdquo;, &ldquo;<B><I>notify</I></B>&rdquo; or &ldquo;<B><I>sent</I></B>&rdquo; with respect to any notice
to be given to a Securityholder pursuant to this Indenture, shall mean notice (x)&nbsp;given to the Depositary (or its designee) pursuant
to the standing instructions from the Depositary or its designee, including by electronic mail in accordance with accepted practices or
procedures at the Depositary (in the case of a Global Security) or (y)&nbsp;mailed to such Securityholder by first class mail, postage
prepaid, at its address as it appears on the Security Register (in the case of a definitive Security). Notice so &ldquo;given&rdquo; shall
be deemed to include any notice to be &ldquo;mailed&rdquo; or &ldquo;delivered,&rdquo; as applicable, under this Indenture.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><I>Global Security</I></B>&rdquo;
means a Security issued to evidence all or a part of any series of Securities which is executed by the Company and authenticated and delivered
by the Trustee to the Depositary or pursuant to the Depositary&rsquo;s instruction, all in accordance with the Indenture, which shall
be registered in the name of the Depositary or its nominee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><I>Governmental
Obligations</I></B>&rdquo; means securities that are (a)&nbsp;direct obligations of the United States of America for the payment of which
its full faith and credit is pledged or (b)&nbsp;obligations of a Person controlled or supervised by and acting as an agency or instrumentality
of the United States of America, the payment of which is unconditionally guaranteed as a full faith and credit obligation by the United
States of America that, in either case, are not callable or redeemable at the option of the issuer thereof at any time prior to the stated
maturity of the Securities, and shall also include a depositary receipt issued by a bank or trust company as custodian with respect to
any such Governmental Obligation or a specific payment of principal of or interest on any such Governmental Obligation held by such custodian
for the account of the holder of such depositary receipt; provided, however, that (except as required by law) such custodian is not authorized
to make any deduction from the amount payable to the holder of such depositary receipt from any amount received by the custodian in respect
of the Governmental Obligation or the specific payment of principal of or interest on the Governmental Obligation evidenced by such depositary
receipt.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><I>herein</I></B>&rdquo;,
 &ldquo;<B><I>hereof</I>&rdquo;</B> and &ldquo;<B><I>hereunder</I></B>&rdquo;, and other words of similar import, refer to this Indenture
as a whole and not to any particular Article, Section&nbsp;or other subdivision.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><I>Indenture</I></B>&rdquo;
means this instrument as originally executed or as it may from time to time be supplemented or amended by one or more indentures supplemental
hereto entered into in accordance with the terms hereof and shall include the terms of particular series of Securities established as
contemplated by Section&nbsp;2.01.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><I>Interest Payment
Date</I></B>&rdquo;, when used with respect to any installment of interest on a Security of a particular series, means the date specified
in such Security or in a Board Resolution or in an indenture supplemental hereto with respect to such series as the fixed date on which
an installment of interest with respect to Securities of that series is due and payable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><I>Officer</I></B>&rdquo;
means, with respect to the Company, the chairman of the Board of Directors, a chief executive officer, a president, a chief financial
officer, a chief operating officer, any executive vice president, any senior vice president, any vice president, the treasurer or any
assistant treasurer, the controller or any assistant controller or the secretary or any assistant secretary.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><I>Officer&rsquo;s
Certificate</I></B>&rdquo; means a certificate signed by any Officer. Each such certificate shall include the statements provided for
in Section&nbsp;13.07, if and to the extent required by the provisions thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><I>Opinion of Counsel</I></B>&rdquo;
means an opinion in writing subject to customary exceptions of legal counsel, who may be an employee of or counsel for the Company, that
is delivered to the Trustee in accordance with the terms hereof. Each such opinion shall include the statements provided for in Section&nbsp;13.07,
if and to the extent required by the provisions thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><I>Outstanding</I></B>&rdquo;,
when used with reference to Securities of any series, means, subject to the provisions of Section&nbsp;8.04, as of any particular time,
all Securities of that series theretofore authenticated and delivered by the Trustee under this Indenture, except (a)&nbsp;Securities
theretofore canceled by the Trustee or any paying agent, or delivered to the Trustee or any paying agent for cancellation or that have
previously been canceled; (b)&nbsp;Securities or portions thereof for the payment or redemption of which moneys or Governmental Obligations
in the necessary amount shall have been deposited in trust with the Trustee or with any paying agent (other than the Company) or shall
have been set aside and segregated in trust by the Company (if the Company shall act as its own paying agent); provided, however, that
if such Securities or portions of such Securities are to be redeemed prior to the maturity thereof, notice of such redemption shall have
been given as provided in Article&nbsp;3, or provision satisfactory to the Trustee shall have been made for giving such notice; and (c)&nbsp;Securities
in lieu of or in substitution for which other Securities shall have been authenticated and delivered pursuant to the terms of Section&nbsp;2.07.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><I>Person</I></B>&rdquo;
means any individual, corporation, partnership, joint venture, joint-stock company, limited liability company, association, trust, unincorporated
organization, any other entity or organization, including a government or political subdivision or an agency or instrumentality thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><I>Predecessor Security</I></B>&rdquo;
of any particular Security means every previous Security evidencing all or a portion of the same debt as that evidenced by such particular
Security; and, for the purposes of this definition, any Security authenticated and delivered under Section&nbsp;2.07 in lieu of a lost,
destroyed or stolen Security shall be deemed to evidence the same debt as the lost, destroyed or stolen Security.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><I>Responsible Officer</I></B>&rdquo;
when used with respect to the Trustee means any officer within the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee (or any successor group of the
Trustee) or any other officer of the Trustee customarily performing functions similar to those performed by any of the above designated
officers and also means, with respect to a particular corporate trust matter, any other officer to whom such matter is referred because
of his or her knowledge of and familiarity with the particular subject and in each case who shall have direct responsibility for the administration
of this Indenture.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><I>Securities</I></B>&rdquo;
has the meaning stated in the first recital of this Indenture and more particularly means any Securities authenticated and delivered under
this Indenture.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><I>Securities Act</I></B>&rdquo; means
the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><I>Securityholder</I></B>&rdquo;, &ldquo;<B><I>holder
of Securities</I></B>&rdquo;, &ldquo;<B><I>registered holder</I></B>&rdquo;, or other similar term, means the Person or Persons in whose
name or names a particular Security is registered on the Security Register kept for that purpose in accordance with the terms of this
Indenture.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><I>Security Register</I></B>&rdquo;
and &ldquo;<B><I>Security Registrar</I></B>&rdquo; shall have the meanings as set forth in Section&nbsp;2.05.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><I>Subsidiary</I></B>&rdquo; means, with
respect to any Person, any corporation, association, partnership or other business entity of which more than 50% of the total voting power
of shares of capital stock or other interests (including partnership interests) entitled (without regard to the occurrence of any contingency)
to vote in the election of directors, managers, general partners or trustees thereof is at the time owned or controlled, directly or indirectly,
by (i)&nbsp;such Person; (ii)&nbsp;such Person and one or more Subsidiaries of such Person; or (iii)&nbsp;one or more Subsidiaries of
such Person.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><I>Trustee</I></B>&rdquo;
means _________________________, and, subject to the provisions of Article&nbsp;7, shall also include its successors and assigns, and,
if at any time there is more than one Person acting in such capacity hereunder, &ldquo;Trustee&rdquo; shall mean each such Person. The
term &ldquo;Trustee&rdquo; as used with respect to a particular series of the Securities shall mean the trustee with respect to that series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<B><I>Trust Indenture
Act</I></B>&rdquo; means the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B><I>&ldquo;U.S.A.
Patriot Act&rdquo;</I></B></FONT> means the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and
Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, Pub. L. 107-56, as amended and signed into law October&nbsp;26, 2001.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>article
2</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>ISSUE,
DESCRIPTION, TERMS, EXECUTION, REGISTRATION AND EXCHANGE OF SECURITIES</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;2.01
Designation and Terms of Securities</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(a)&nbsp;</B></FONT>The
aggregate principal amount of Securities that may be authenticated and delivered under this Indenture is unlimited. The Securities may
be issued in one or more series up to the aggregate principal amount of Securities of that series from time to time authorized by or pursuant
to a Board Resolution or pursuant to one or more indentures supplemental hereto. Prior to the initial issuance of Securities of any series,
there shall be established in or pursuant to a Board Resolution, and set forth in an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate, or established in one
or more indentures supplemental hereto:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(1)&nbsp;</B></FONT>the
title of the Securities of the series (which shall distinguish the Securities of that series from all other Securities);</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(2)&nbsp;</B></FONT>any
limit upon the aggregate principal amount of the Securities of that series that may be authenticated and delivered under this Indenture
(except for Securities authenticated and delivered upon registration of transfer of, or in exchange for, or in lieu of, other Securities
of that series);</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(3)&nbsp;</B></FONT>the
maturity date or dates on which the principal of the Securities of the series is payable;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(4)&nbsp;</B></FONT>the
form of the Securities of the series including the form of the certificate of authentication for such series;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(5)&nbsp;</B></FONT>the
applicability of any guarantees;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(6)&nbsp;</B></FONT>whether
or not the Securities will be secured or unsecured, and the terms of any secured debt;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(7)&nbsp;</B></FONT>whether
the Securities rank as senior debt, senior subordinated debt, subordinated debt or any combination thereof, and the terms of any subordination;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(8)&nbsp;</B></FONT>if
the price (expressed as a percentage of the aggregate principal amount thereof) at which such Securities will be issued is a price other
than the principal amount thereof, the portion of the principal amount thereof payable upon declaration of acceleration of the maturity
thereof, or if applicable, the portion of the principal amount of such Securities that is convertible into another security or the method
by which any such portion shall be determined;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(9)&nbsp;</B></FONT>the
interest rate or rates, which may be fixed or variable, or the method for determining the rate and the date interest will begin to accrue,
the dates interest will be payable and the regular record dates for interest payment dates or the method for determining such dates;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(10)&nbsp;</B></FONT>the
Company&rsquo;s right, if any, to defer the payment of interest and the maximum length of any such deferral period;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(11)
</B></FONT>if applicable, the date or dates after which, or the period or periods during which, and the price or prices at which, the
Company may at its option, redeem the series of Securities pursuant to any optional or provisional redemption provisions and the terms
of those redemption provisions;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(12)
</B></FONT>the date or dates, if any, on which, and the price or prices at which the Company is obligated, pursuant to any mandatory sinking
fund or analogous fund provisions or otherwise, to redeem, or at the Securityholder&rsquo;s option to purchase, the series of Securities
and the currency or currency unit in which the Securities are payable;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(13)
</B></FONT>the denominations in which the Securities of the series shall be issuable, if other than denominations of two thousand U.S.
dollars ($2,000) and any integral multiple of one thousand U.S. dollars ($1,000) in excess thereof;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(14)
</B></FONT>any and all terms, if applicable, relating to any auction or remarketing of the Securities of that series and any security
for the obligations of the Company with respect to such Securities and any other terms which may be advisable in connection with the marketing
of Securities of that series;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(15)
</B></FONT>whether the Securities of the series shall be issued in whole or in part in the form of a Global Security or Securities; the
terms and conditions, if any, upon which such Global Security or Securities may be exchanged in whole or in part for other individual
Securities; and the Depositary for such Global Security or Securities;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(16)
</B></FONT>if applicable, the provisions relating to conversion or exchange of any Securities of the series and the terms and conditions
upon which such Securities will be so convertible or exchangeable, including the conversion or exchange price, as applicable, or how it
will be calculated and may be adjusted, any mandatory or optional (at the Company&rsquo;s option or the holders&rsquo; option) conversion
or exchange features, the applicable conversion or exchange period and the manner of settlement for any conversion or exchange, which
may, without limitation, include the payment of cash as well as the delivery of securities;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(17)
</B></FONT>if other than the full principal amount thereof, the portion of the principal amount of Securities of the series which shall
be payable upon declaration of acceleration of the maturity thereof pursuant to Section&nbsp;6.01;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(18)
</B></FONT>additions to or changes in the covenants applicable to the series of Securities being issued, including, among others, the
consolidation, merger or sale covenant;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(19)
</B></FONT>additions to or changes in the Events of Default with respect to the Securities and any change in the right of the Trustee
or the Securityholders to declare the principal, premium, if any, and interest, if any, with respect to such Securities to be due and
payable;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(20)
</B></FONT>additions to or changes in or deletions of the provisions relating to covenant defeasance and legal defeasance;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(21)
</B></FONT>additions to or changes in the provisions relating to satisfaction and discharge of this Indenture;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(22)
</B></FONT>additions to or changes in the provisions relating to the modification of this Indenture both with and without the consent
of Securityholders of Securities issued under this Indenture;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(23)
</B></FONT>the currency of payment of Securities if other than U.S. dollars and the manner of determining the equivalent amount in U.S.
dollars;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(24)
</B></FONT>whether interest will be payable in cash or additional Securities at the Company&rsquo;s or the Securityholders&rsquo; option
and the terms and conditions upon which the election may be made;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(25)
</B></FONT>the terms and conditions, if any, upon which the Company shall pay amounts in addition to the stated interest, premium, if
any and principal amounts of the Securities of the series to any Securityholder that is not a &ldquo;United States person&rdquo; for federal
tax purposes;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(26)
</B></FONT>any restrictions on transfer, sale or assignment of the Securities of the series; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(27)
</B></FONT>any other specific terms, preferences, rights or limitations of, or restrictions on, the Securities, any other additions or
changes in the provisions of this Indenture, and any terms that may be required by us or advisable under applicable laws or regulations
or advisable in connection with the marketing of the Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">All Securities of any one
series shall be substantially identical except as to denomination and except as may otherwise be provided in or pursuant to any such Board
Resolution or in any indentures supplemental hereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If any of the terms of the
series are established by action taken pursuant to a Board Resolution of the Company, a copy of an appropriate record of such action shall
be certified by the secretary or an assistant secretary of the Company and delivered to the Trustee at or prior to the delivery of the
Officer&rsquo;s Certificate of the Company setting forth the terms of the series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Securities of any particular
series may be issued at various times, with different dates on which the principal or any installment of principal is payable, with different
rates of interest, if any, or different methods by which rates of interest may be determined, with different dates on which such interest
may be payable and with different redemption dates.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;2.02
Form&nbsp;of Securities and Trustee&rsquo;s Certificate</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Securities of any series
and the Trustee&rsquo;s certificate of authentication to be borne by such Securities shall be substantially of the tenor and purport as
set forth in one or more indentures supplemental hereto or as provided in a Board Resolution, and set forth in an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate,
and they may have such letters, numbers or other marks of identification or designation and such legends or endorsements printed, lithographed
or engraved thereon as the Company may deem appropriate and as are not inconsistent with the provisions of this Indenture, or as may be
required to comply with any law or with any rule&nbsp;or regulation made pursuant thereto or with any rule&nbsp;or regulation of any securities
exchange on which Securities of that series may be listed, or to conform to usage.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;2.03
Denominations: Provisions for Payment</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Securities shall be issuable
as registered Securities and in the denominations of two thousand U.S. dollars ($2,000) and any integral multiple of one thousand U.S.
dollars ($1,000) in excess thereof, subject to Section&nbsp;2.01(a)(13). The Securities of a particular series shall bear interest payable
on the dates and at the rate specified with respect to that series. Subject to Section&nbsp;2.01(a)(23), the principal of and the interest
on the Securities of any series, as well as any premium thereon in case of redemption or repurchase thereof prior to maturity, and any
cash amount due upon conversion or exchange thereof, shall be payable in the coin or currency of the United States of America that at
the time is legal tender for public and private debt, at the office or agency of the Company maintained for that purpose. Each Security
shall be dated the date of its authentication. Interest on the Securities shall be computed on the basis of a 360-day year composed of
twelve 30-day months.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The interest installment on
any Security that is payable, and is punctually paid or duly provided for, on any Interest Payment Date for Securities of that series
shall be paid to the Person in whose name said Security (or one or more Predecessor Securities) is registered at the close of business
on the regular record date for such interest installment. In the event that any Security of a particular series or portion thereof is
called for redemption and the redemption date is subsequent to a regular record date with respect to any Interest Payment Date and prior
to such Interest Payment Date, interest on such Security will be paid upon presentation and surrender of such Security as provided in
Section&nbsp;3.03.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Any interest on any Security
that is payable, but is not punctually paid or duly provided for, on any Interest Payment Date for Securities of the same series (herein
called &ldquo;Defaulted Interest&rdquo;) shall forthwith cease to be payable to the registered holder on the relevant regular record date
by virtue of having been such holder; and such Defaulted Interest shall be paid by the Company, at its election, as provided in clause
(1)&nbsp;or clause (2)&nbsp;below:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(1)&nbsp;</B></FONT>The
Company may make payment of any Defaulted Interest on Securities to the Persons in whose names such Securities (or their respective Predecessor
Securities) are registered in the Security Register at the close of business on a special record date for the payment of such Defaulted
Interest, which shall be fixed in the following manner: the Company shall notify the Trustee in writing of the amount of Defaulted Interest
proposed to be paid on each such Security and the date of the proposed payment, and at the same time the Company shall deposit with the
Trustee an amount of money equal to the aggregate amount proposed to be paid in respect of such Defaulted Interest or shall make arrangements
satisfactory to the Trustee for such deposit prior to the date of the proposed payment, such money when deposited to be held in trust
for the benefit of the Persons entitled to such Defaulted Interest as in this clause provided. Thereupon the Trustee shall fix a special
record date for the payment of such Defaulted Interest which shall not be more than 15 nor less than 10 days prior to the date of the
proposed payment and not less than 10 days after the receipt by the Trustee of the notice of the proposed payment. The Trustee shall promptly
notify the Company of such special record date and, in the name and at the expense of the Company, shall cause notice of the proposed
payment of such Defaulted Interest and the special record date therefor to be sent, to each Securityholder not less than 10 days prior
to such special record date. Notice of the proposed payment of such Defaulted Interest and the special record date therefor having been
sent as aforesaid, such Defaulted Interest shall be paid to the Persons in whose names such Securities (or their respective Predecessor
Securities) are registered in the Security Register on such special record date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(2)&nbsp;</B></FONT>The
Company may make payment of any Defaulted Interest on any Securities in any other lawful manner not inconsistent with the requirements
of any securities exchange on which such Securities may be listed, and upon such notice as may be required by such exchange, if, after
notice given by the Company to the Trustee of the proposed payment pursuant to this clause, such manner of payment shall be deemed practicable
by the Trustee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Unless otherwise set forth
in a Board Resolution or one or more indentures supplemental hereto establishing the terms of any series of Securities pursuant to Section&nbsp;2.01
hereof, the term &ldquo;regular record date&rdquo; as used in this Section&nbsp;with respect to a series of Securities and any Interest
Payment Date for such series shall mean either the fifteenth day of the month immediately preceding the month in which an Interest Payment
Date established for such series pursuant to Section&nbsp;2.01 hereof shall occur, if such Interest Payment Date is the first day of a
month, or the first day of the month in which an Interest Payment Date established for such series pursuant to Section&nbsp;2.01 hereof
shall occur, if such Interest Payment Date is the fifteenth day of a month, whether or not such date is a Business Day.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Subject to the foregoing provisions
of this Section, each Security of a series delivered under this Indenture upon transfer of or in exchange for or in lieu of any other
Security of such series shall carry the rights to interest accrued and unpaid, and to accrue, that were carried by such other Security.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;2.04
Execution and Authentications</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Securities shall be signed
on behalf of the Company by one of its Officers. Signatures may be in the form of a manual or facsimile signature.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Company may use the facsimile
signature of any Person who shall have been an Officer (at the time of execution), notwithstanding the fact that at the time the Securities
shall be authenticated and delivered or disposed of such Person shall have ceased to be such an officer of the Company. The Securities
may contain such notations, legends or endorsements required by law, stock exchange rule&nbsp;or usage. Each Security shall be dated the
date of its authentication by the Trustee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">A Security shall not be valid
until authenticated manually by an authorized signatory of the Trustee, or by an Authenticating Agent. Such signature shall be conclusive
evidence that the Security so authenticated has been duly authenticated and delivered hereunder and that the holder is entitled to the
benefits of this Indenture. At any time and from time to time after the execution and delivery of this Indenture, the Company may deliver
Securities of any series executed by the Company to the Trustee for authentication, together with a written order of the Company for the
authentication and delivery of such Securities, signed by an Officer, and the Trustee in accordance with such written order shall authenticate
and deliver such Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Upon the Company&rsquo;s delivery
of any such authentication order to the Trustee at any time after the initial issuance of Securities under this Indenture, the Trustee
shall be provided with, and (subject to Sections 315(a)&nbsp;through 315(d)&nbsp;of the Trust Indenture Act) shall be fully protected
in relying upon, (1)&nbsp;an Opinion of Counsel or reliance letter and (2)&nbsp;an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate stating that all conditions
precedent to the execution, authentication and delivery of such Securities are in conformity with the provisions of this Indenture.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Trustee shall not be required
to authenticate such Securities if the issue of such Securities pursuant to this Indenture will affect the Trustee&rsquo;s own rights,
duties or immunities under the Securities and this Indenture or otherwise in a manner that is not reasonably acceptable to the Trustee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;2.05
Registration of Transfer and Exchange</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(a)&nbsp;</B></FONT>Securities
of any series may be exchanged upon presentation thereof at the office or agency of the Company designated for such purpose, for other
Securities of such series of authorized denominations, and for a like aggregate principal amount, upon payment of a sum sufficient to
cover any tax or other governmental charge in relation thereto, all as provided in this Section. In respect of any Securities so surrendered
for exchange, the Company shall execute, the Trustee shall authenticate and such office or agency shall deliver in exchange therefor the
Security or Securities of the same series that the Securityholder making the exchange shall be entitled to receive, bearing numbers not
contemporaneously outstanding.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(b)&nbsp;</B></FONT>The
Company shall keep, or cause to be kept, at its office or agency designated for such purpose a register or registers (herein referred
to as the &ldquo;Security Register&rdquo;) in which, subject to such reasonable regulations as it may prescribe, the Company shall register
the Securities and the transfers of Securities as in this Article&nbsp;provided and which at all reasonable times shall be open for inspection
by the Trustee. The registrar for the purpose of registering Securities and transfer of Securities as herein provided shall be appointed
as authorized by Board Resolution or supplemental indenture (the &ldquo;Security Registrar&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Upon surrender for transfer
of any Security at the office or agency of the Company designated for such purpose, the Company shall execute, the Trustee shall authenticate
and such office or agency shall deliver in the name of the transferee or transferees a new Security or Securities of the same series as
the Security presented for a like aggregate principal amount.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Company initially appoints
the Trustee as Security Registrar for each series of Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">All Securities presented or
surrendered for exchange or registration of transfer, as provided in this Section, shall be accompanied (if so required by the Company
or the Security Registrar) by a written instrument or instruments of transfer, in form satisfactory to the Company or the Security Registrar,
duly executed by the registered holder or by such holder&rsquo;s duly authorized attorney in writing.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(c)&nbsp;</B></FONT>Except
as provided pursuant to Section&nbsp;2.01 pursuant to a Board Resolution, and set forth in an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate, or established
in one or more indentures supplemental to this Indenture, no service charge shall be made for any exchange or registration of transfer
of Securities, or issue of new Securities in case of partial redemption of any series or repurchase, conversion or exchange of less than
the entire principal amount of a Security, but the Company may require payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental
charge in relation thereto, other than exchanges pursuant to Section&nbsp;2.06, Section&nbsp;3.03(b)&nbsp;and Section&nbsp;9.04 not involving
any transfer.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(d)&nbsp;</B></FONT>The
Company and the Security Registrar shall not be required (i)&nbsp;to issue, exchange or register the transfer of any Securities during
a period beginning at the opening of business 15 days before the day of the sending of a notice of redemption of less than all the Outstanding
Securities of the same series and ending at the close of business on the day of such sending, nor (ii)&nbsp;to register the transfer
of or exchange any Securities of any series or portions thereof called for redemption or surrendered for repurchase, but not validly
withdrawn, other than the unredeemed portion of any such Securities being redeemed in part or not surrendered for repurchase, as the
case may be. The provisions of this Section&nbsp;2.05 are, with respect to any Global Security, subject to Section&nbsp;2.11 hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Trustee shall have no
obligation or duty to monitor, determine or inquire as to compliance with any restrictions on transfer imposed under this Indenture or
under applicable law with respect to any transfer of any interest in any Security (including any transfers between or among Depositary
participants or beneficial owners of interests in any Global Security) other than to require delivery of such certificates and other documentation
or evidence as are expressly required by, and to do so if and when expressly required by the terms of, this Indenture, and to examine
the same to determine substantial compliance as to form with the express requirements hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;2.06
Temporary Securities</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Pending the preparation of
definitive Securities of any series, the Company may execute, and the Trustee shall authenticate and deliver, temporary Securities (printed,
lithographed or typewritten) of any authorized denomination. Such temporary Securities shall be substantially in the form of the definitive
Securities in lieu of which they are issued, but with such omissions, insertions and variations as may be appropriate for temporary Securities,
all as may be determined by the Company. Every temporary Security of any series shall be executed by the Company and be authenticated
by the Trustee upon the same conditions and in substantially the same manner, and with like effect, as the definitive Securities of such
series. Without unnecessary delay the Company will execute and will furnish definitive Securities of such series and thereupon any or
all temporary Securities of such series may be surrendered in exchange therefor (without charge to the Securityholders), at the office
or agency of the Company designated for the purpose, and the Trustee shall authenticate and such office or agency shall deliver in exchange
for such temporary Securities an equal aggregate principal amount of definitive Securities of such series, unless the Company advises
the Trustee to the effect that definitive Securities need not be executed and furnished until further notice from the Company. Until so
exchanged, the temporary Securities of such series shall be entitled to the same benefits under this Indenture as definitive Securities
of such series authenticated and delivered hereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;2.07
Mutilated, Destroyed, Lost or Stolen Securities</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In case any temporary or definitive
Security shall become mutilated or be destroyed, lost or stolen, the Company (subject to the next succeeding sentence) shall execute,
and upon the Company&rsquo;s request the Trustee (subject as aforesaid) shall authenticate and deliver, a new Security of the same series,
bearing a number not contemporaneously outstanding, in exchange and substitution for the mutilated Security, or in lieu of and in substitution
for the Security so destroyed, lost or stolen. In every case the applicant for a substituted Security shall furnish to the Company and
the Trustee such security or indemnity as may be required by them to save each of them harmless, and, in every case of destruction, loss
or theft, the applicant shall also furnish to the Company and the Trustee evidence to their satisfaction of the destruction, loss or theft
of the applicant&rsquo;s Security and of the ownership thereof. The Trustee may authenticate any such substituted Security and deliver
the same upon the written request or authorization of any officer of the Company. Upon the issuance of any substituted Security, the Company
may require the payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental charge that may be imposed in relation thereto and
any other expenses (including the fees and expenses of the Trustee) connected therewith.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In case any Security that
has matured or is about to mature shall become mutilated or be destroyed, lost or stolen, the Company may, instead of issuing a substitute
Security, pay or authorize the payment of the same (without surrender thereof except in the case of a mutilated Security) if the applicant
for such payment shall furnish to the Company and the Trustee such security or indemnity as they may require to save them harmless, and,
in case of destruction, loss or theft, evidence to the satisfaction of the Company and the Trustee of the destruction, loss or theft of
such Security and of the ownership thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Every replacement Security
issued pursuant to the provisions of this Section&nbsp;shall constitute an additional contractual obligation of the Company whether or
not the mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen Security shall be found at any time, or be enforceable by anyone, and shall be entitled to
all the benefits of this Indenture equally and proportionately with any and all other Securities of the same series duly issued hereunder.
All Securities shall be held and owned upon the express condition that the foregoing provisions are exclusive with respect to the replacement
or payment of mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen Securities, and shall preclude (to the extent lawful) any and all other rights or remedies,
notwithstanding any law or statute existing or hereafter enacted to the contrary with respect to the replacement or payment of negotiable
instruments or other securities without their surrender.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;2.08
Cancellation</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">All Securities surrendered
for the purpose of payment, redemption, repurchase, exchange, registration of transfer or conversion shall, if surrendered to the Company
or any paying agent (or any other applicable agent), be delivered to the Trustee for cancellation, or, if surrendered to the Trustee,
shall be cancelled by it, and no Securities shall be issued in lieu thereof except as expressly required or permitted by any of the provisions
of this Indenture. On request of the Company at the time of such surrender, the Trustee shall deliver to the Company canceled Securities
held by the Trustee. In the absence of such request the Trustee may dispose of canceled Securities in accordance with its standard procedures
and deliver a certificate of disposition to the Company. If the Company shall otherwise acquire any of the Securities, however, such acquisition
shall not operate as a redemption or satisfaction of the indebtedness represented by such Securities unless and until the same are delivered
to the Trustee for cancellation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;2.09
Benefits of Indenture</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Nothing in this Indenture
or in the Securities, express or implied, shall give or be construed to give to any Person, other than the parties hereto and the holders
of the Securities any legal or equitable right, remedy or claim under or in respect of this Indenture, or under any covenant, condition
or provision herein contained; all such covenants, conditions and provisions being for the sole benefit of the parties hereto and of the
holders of the Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;2.10
Authenticating Agent</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">So long as any of the Securities
of any series remain Outstanding there may be an Authenticating Agent for any or all such series of Securities which the Trustee shall
have the right to appoint. Said Authenticating Agent shall be authorized to act on behalf of the Trustee to authenticate Securities of
such series issued upon exchange, transfer or partial redemption, repurchase or conversion thereof, and Securities so authenticated shall
be entitled to the benefits of this Indenture and shall be valid and obligatory for all purposes as if authenticated by the Trustee hereunder.
All references in this Indenture to the authentication of Securities by the Trustee shall be deemed to include authentication by an Authenticating
Agent for such series. Each Authenticating Agent shall be acceptable to the Company and shall be a corporation that has a combined capital
and surplus, as most recently reported or determined by it, sufficient under the laws of any jurisdiction under which it is organized
or in which it is doing business to conduct a trust business, and that is otherwise authorized under such laws to conduct such business
and is subject to supervision or examination by federal or state authorities. If at any time any Authenticating Agent shall cease to be
eligible in accordance with these provisions, it shall resign immediately.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Any Authenticating Agent may
at any time resign by giving written notice of resignation to the Trustee and to the Company. The Trustee may at any time (and upon request
by the Company shall) terminate the agency of any Authenticating Agent by giving written notice of termination to such Authenticating
Agent and to the Company. Upon resignation, termination or cessation of eligibility of any Authenticating Agent, the Trustee may appoint
an eligible successor Authenticating Agent acceptable to the Company. Any successor Authenticating Agent, upon acceptance of its appointment
hereunder, shall become vested with all the rights, powers and duties of its predecessor hereunder as if originally named as an Authenticating
Agent pursuant hereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;2.11
Global Securities</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(a)&nbsp;</B></FONT>If
the Company shall establish pursuant to Section&nbsp;2.01 that the Securities of a particular series are to be issued as a Global Security,
then the Company shall execute and the Trustee shall, in accordance with Section&nbsp;2.04, authenticate and deliver, a Global Security
that (i)&nbsp;shall represent, and shall be denominated in an amount equal to the aggregate principal amount of, all of the Outstanding
Securities of such series, (ii)&nbsp;shall be registered in the name of the Depositary or its nominee, (iii)&nbsp;shall be delivered by
the Trustee to the Depositary or pursuant to the Depositary&rsquo;s instruction (or if the Depositary names the Trustee as its custodian,
retained by the Trustee), and (iv)&nbsp;shall bear a legend substantially to the following effect: &ldquo;Except as otherwise provided
in Section&nbsp;2.11 of the Indenture, this Security may be transferred, in whole but not in part, only to another nominee of the Depositary
or to a successor Depositary or to a nominee of such successor Depositary.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(b)&nbsp;</B></FONT>Notwithstanding
the provisions of Section&nbsp;2.05, the Global Security of a series may be transferred, in whole but not in part and in the manner provided
in Section&nbsp;2.05, only to another nominee of the Depositary for such series, or to a successor Depositary for such series selected
or approved by the Company or to a nominee of such successor Depositary.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(c)&nbsp;</B></FONT>If
at any time the Depositary for a series of the Securities notifies the Company that it is unwilling or unable to continue as Depositary
for such series or if at any time the Depositary for such series shall no longer be registered or in good standing under the Exchange
Act, or other applicable statute or regulation, and a successor Depositary for such series is not appointed by the Company within 90 days
after the Company receives such notice or becomes aware of such condition, as the case may be, or if an Event of Default has occurred
and is continuing and the Company has received a request from the Depositary or from the Trustee, this Section&nbsp;2.11 shall no longer
be applicable to the Securities of such series and the Company will execute, and subject to Section&nbsp;2.04, the Trustee will authenticate
and deliver the Securities of such series in definitive registered form without coupons, in authorized denominations, and in an aggregate
principal amount equal to the principal amount of the Global Security of such series in exchange for such Global Security. In addition,
the Company may at any time determine that the Securities of any series shall no longer be represented by a Global Security and that the
provisions of this Section&nbsp;2.11 shall no longer apply to the Securities of such series. In such event the Company will execute and,
subject to Section&nbsp;2.04, the Trustee, upon receipt of an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate evidencing such determination by the Company,
will authenticate and deliver the Securities of such series in definitive registered form without coupons, in authorized denominations,
and in an aggregate principal amount equal to the principal amount of the Global Security of such series in exchange for such Global Security.
Upon the exchange of the Global Security for such Securities in definitive registered form without coupons, in authorized denominations,
the Global Security shall be canceled by the Trustee. Such Securities in definitive registered form issued in exchange for the Global
Security pursuant to this Section&nbsp;2.11(c)&nbsp;shall be registered in such names and in such authorized denominations as the Depositary,
pursuant to instructions from its direct or indirect participants or otherwise, shall instruct the Trustee. The Trustee shall deliver
such Securities to the Depositary for delivery to the Persons in whose names such Securities are so registered.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;2.12
CUSIP Numbers</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Company in issuing the
Securities may use &ldquo;CUSIP&rdquo; numbers (if then generally in use), and, if so, the Trustee shall use &ldquo;CUSIP&rdquo; numbers
in notices of redemption as a convenience to Securityholders; provided that any such notice may state that no representation is made as
to the correctness of such numbers either as printed on the Securities or as contained in any notice of a redemption and that reliance
may be placed only on the other elements of identification printed on the Securities, and any such redemption shall not be affected by
any defect in or omission of such numbers. The Company will promptly notify the Trustee of any change in the &ldquo;CUSIP&rdquo; numbers.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>article
3</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>REDEMPTION
OF SECURITIES AND SINKING FUND PROVISIONS</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;3.01
Redemption</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Company may redeem the
Securities of any series issued hereunder on and after the dates and in accordance with the terms established for such series pursuant
to Section&nbsp;2.01 hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;3.02
Notice of Redemption</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(a)&nbsp;</B></FONT>In
case the Company shall desire to exercise such right to redeem all or, as the case may be, a portion of the Securities of any series in
accordance with any right the Company reserved for itself to do so pursuant to Section&nbsp;2.01 hereof, the Company shall, or shall cause
the Trustee to, give notice of such redemption to holders of the Securities of such series to be redeemed by mailing, first class postage
prepaid (or with regard to any Global Security held in book entry form, by electronic mail in accordance with the applicable procedures
of the Depositary), a notice of such redemption not less than 30 days and not more than 90 days before the date fixed for redemption of
that series to such Securityholders, unless a shorter period is specified in the Securities to be redeemed. Any notice that is mailed
in the manner herein provided shall be conclusively presumed to have been duly given, whether or not the registered holder receives the
notice. In any case, failure duly to give such notice to the holder of any Security of any series designated for redemption in whole or
in part, or any defect in the notice, shall not affect the validity of the proceedings for the redemption of any other Securities of such
series or any other series. In the case of any redemption of Securities prior to the expiration of any restriction on such redemption
provided in the terms of such Securities or elsewhere in this Indenture, the Company shall furnish the Trustee with an Officer&rsquo;s
Certificate evidencing compliance with any such restriction.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Each such notice of redemption
shall identify the Securities to be redeemed (including CUSIP numbers, if any), specify the date fixed for redemption and the redemption
price at which Securities of that series are to be redeemed, and shall state that payment of the redemption price of such Securities to
be redeemed will be made at the office or agency of the Company, upon presentation and surrender of such Securities, that interest accrued
to the date fixed for redemption will be paid as specified in said notice, that from and after said date interest will cease to accrue
and that the redemption is from a sinking fund, if such is the case. If less than all the Securities of a series are to be redeemed, the
notice to the holders of Securities of that series to be redeemed in part shall specify the particular Securities to be so redeemed.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In case any Security is to
be redeemed in part only, the notice that relates to such Security shall state the portion of the principal amount thereof to be redeemed,
and shall state that on and after the redemption date, upon surrender of such Security, a new Security or Securities of such series in
principal amount equal to the unredeemed portion thereof will be issued.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(b)&nbsp;</B></FONT>If
less than all the Securities of a series are to be redeemed, the Company shall give the Trustee at least 45 days&rsquo; notice (unless
a shorter notice shall be satisfactory to the Trustee) in advance of the date fixed for redemption as to the aggregate principal amount
of Securities of the series to be redeemed, and thereupon the Securities to be redeemed shall be selected, by lot, on a pro rata basis,
or in such other manner as the Company shall deem appropriate and fair in its discretion and that may provide for the selection of a portion
or portions (equal to one thousand U.S. dollars ($1,000) or any integral multiple thereof) of the principal amount of such Securities
of a denomination larger than $1,000, the Securities to be redeemed and shall thereafter promptly notify the Company in writing of the
numbers of the Securities to be redeemed, in whole or in part. The Company may, if and whenever it shall so elect, by delivery of instructions
signed on its behalf by an Officer, instruct the Trustee or any paying agent to call all or any part of the Securities of a particular
series for redemption and to give notice of redemption in the manner set forth in this Section, such notice to be in the name of the Company
or its own name as the Trustee or such paying agent may deem advisable. In any case in which notice of redemption is to be given by the
Trustee or any such paying agent, the Company shall deliver or cause to be delivered to, or permit to remain with, the Trustee or such
paying agent, as the case may be, such Security Register, transfer books or other records, or suitable copies or extracts therefrom, sufficient
to enable the Trustee or such paying agent to give any notice by mail that may be required under the provisions of this Section.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;3.03
Payment Upon Redemption</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(a)&nbsp;</B></FONT>If
the giving of notice of redemption shall have been completed as above provided, the Securities or portions of Securities of the series
to be redeemed specified in such notice shall become due and payable on the date and at the place stated in such notice at the applicable
redemption price, together with interest accrued to, but excluding, the date fixed for redemption and interest on such Securities or portions
of Securities shall cease to accrue on and after the date fixed for redemption, unless the Company shall default in the payment of such
redemption price and accrued interest with respect to any such Security or portion thereof. On presentation and surrender of such Securities
on or after the date fixed for redemption at the place of payment specified in the notice, said Securities shall be paid and redeemed
at the applicable redemption price for such series, together with interest accrued thereon to, but excluding, the date fixed for redemption
(but if the date fixed for redemption is an Interest Payment Date, the interest installment payable on such date shall be payable to the
registered holder at the close of business on the applicable record date pursuant to Section&nbsp;2.03).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(b)&nbsp;</B></FONT>Upon
presentation of any Security of such series that is to be redeemed in part only, the Company shall execute and the Trustee shall authenticate
and the office or agency where the Security is presented shall deliver to the Securityholder thereof, at the expense of the Company, a
new Security of the same series of authorized denominations in principal amount equal to the unredeemed portion of the Security so presented.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;3.04
Sinking Fund</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The provisions of Sections
3.04, 3.05 and 3.06 shall be applicable to any sinking fund for the retirement of Securities of a series, except as otherwise specified
as contemplated by Section&nbsp;2.01 for Securities of such series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The minimum amount of any
sinking fund payment provided for by the terms of Securities of any series is herein referred to as a &ldquo;mandatory sinking fund payment,&rdquo;
and any payment in excess of such minimum amount provided for by the terms of Securities of any series is herein referred to as an &ldquo;optional
sinking fund payment&rdquo;. If provided for by the terms of Securities of any series, the cash amount of any sinking fund payment may
be subject to reduction as provided in Section&nbsp;3.05. Each sinking fund payment shall be applied to the redemption of Securities of
any series as provided for by the terms of Securities of such series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;3.05
Satisfaction of Sinking Fund Payments with Securities</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Company (i)&nbsp;may deliver
Outstanding Securities of a series and (ii)&nbsp;may apply as a credit Securities of a series that have been redeemed either at the election
of the Company pursuant to the terms of such Securities or through the application of permitted optional sinking fund payments pursuant
to the terms of such Securities, in each case in satisfaction of all or any part of any sinking fund payment with respect to the Securities
of such series required to be made pursuant to the terms of such Securities as provided for by the terms of such series, provided that
such Securities have not been previously so credited. Such Securities shall be received and credited for such purpose by the Trustee at
the redemption price specified in such Securities for redemption through operation of the sinking fund and the amount of such sinking
fund payment shall be reduced accordingly.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;3.06
Redemption of Securities for Sinking Fund</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Not less than 45 days prior
to each sinking fund payment date for any series of Securities (unless a shorter period shall be satisfactory to the Trustee), the Company
will deliver to the Trustee an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate specifying the amount of the next ensuing sinking fund payment for that series
pursuant to the terms of the series, the portion thereof, if any, that is to be satisfied by delivering and crediting Securities of that
series pursuant to Section&nbsp;3.05 and the basis for such credit and will, together with such Officer&rsquo;s Certificate, deliver to
the Trustee any Securities to be so delivered. Not less than 30 days before each such sinking fund payment date the Securities to be redeemed
upon such sinking fund payment date shall be selected in the manner specified in Section&nbsp;3.02 and the Company shall cause notice
of the redemption thereof to be given in the name of and at the expense of the Company in the manner provided in Section&nbsp;3.02. Such
notice having been duly given, the redemption of such Securities shall be made upon the terms and in the manner stated in Section&nbsp;3.03.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>article
4</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>COVENANTS</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;4.01
Payment of Principal, Premium and Interest</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Company will duly and
punctually pay or cause to be paid the principal of (and premium, if any) and interest on the Securities of that series at the time and
place and in the manner provided herein and established with respect to such Securities. Payments of principal on the Securities may be
made at the time provided herein and established with respect to such Securities by U.S. dollar check drawn on and mailed to the address
of the Securityholder entitled thereto as such address shall appear in the Security Register, or U.S. dollar wire transfer to, a U.S.
dollar account if such Securityholder shall have furnished wire instructions to the Trustee no later than 15 days prior to the relevant
payment date. Payments of interest on the Securities may be made at the time provided herein and established with respect to such Securities
by U.S. dollar check mailed to the address of the Securityholder entitled thereto as such address shall appear in the Security Register,
or U.S. dollar wire transfer to, a U.S. dollar account if such Securityholder shall have furnished wire instructions in writing to the
Security Registrar and the Trustee no later than 15 days prior to the relevant payment date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;4.02
Maintenance of Office or Agency</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">So long as any series of the
Securities remain Outstanding, the Company agrees to maintain an office or agency with respect to each such series and at such other location
or locations as may be designated as provided in this Section&nbsp;4.02, where (i)&nbsp;Securities of that series may be presented for
payment, (ii)&nbsp;Securities of that series may be presented as herein above authorized for registration of transfer and exchange, and
(iii)&nbsp;notices and demands to or upon the Company in respect of the Securities of that series and this Indenture may be given or served,
such designation to continue with respect to such office or agency until the Company shall, by written notice signed by any officer authorized
to sign an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate and delivered to the Trustee, designate some other office or agency for such purposes or any of
them. If at any time the Company shall fail to maintain any such required office or agency or shall fail to furnish the Trustee with the
address thereof, such presentations, notices and demands may be made or served at the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee, and the Company
hereby appoints the Trustee as its agent to receive all such presentations, notices and demands. The Company initially appoints the Corporate
Trust Office of the Trustee as its paying agent with respect to the Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;4.03
Paying Agents</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(a)&nbsp;</B></FONT>If
the Company shall appoint one or more paying agents for all or any series of the Securities, other than the Trustee, the Company will
cause each such paying agent to execute and deliver to the Trustee an instrument in which such agent shall agree with the Trustee, subject
to the provisions of this Section:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(1)&nbsp;</B></FONT>that
it will hold all sums held by it as such agent for the payment of the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest on the Securities
of that series (whether such sums have been paid to it by the Company or by any other obligor of such Securities) in trust for the benefit
of the Persons entitled thereto;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(2)&nbsp;</B></FONT>that
it will give the Trustee notice of any failure by the Company (or by any other obligor of such Securities) to make any payment of the
principal of (and premium, if any) or interest on the Securities of that series when the same shall be due and payable;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(3)&nbsp;</B></FONT>that
it will, at any time during the continuance of any failure referred to in the preceding paragraph (a)(2)&nbsp;above, upon the written
request of the Trustee, forthwith pay to the Trustee all sums so held in trust by such paying agent; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(4)&nbsp;</B></FONT>that
it will perform all other duties of paying agent as set forth in this Indenture.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(b)&nbsp;</B></FONT>If
the Company shall act as its own paying agent with respect to any series of the Securities, it will on or before each due date of the
principal of (and premium, if any) or interest on Securities of that series, set aside, segregate and hold in trust for the benefit of
the Persons entitled thereto a sum sufficient to pay such principal (and premium, if any) or interest so becoming due on Securities of
that series until such sums shall be paid to such Persons or otherwise disposed of as herein provided and will promptly notify the Trustee
of such action, or any failure (by it or any other obligor on such Securities) to take such action. Whenever the Company shall have one
or more paying agents for any series of Securities, it will, prior to each due date of the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest
on any Securities of that series, deposit with the paying agent a sum sufficient to pay the principal (and premium, if any) or interest
so becoming due, such sum to be held in trust for the benefit of the Persons entitled to such principal, premium or interest, and (unless
such paying agent is the Trustee) the Company will promptly notify the Trustee of this action or failure so to act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(c)&nbsp;</B></FONT>Notwithstanding
anything in this Section&nbsp;to the contrary, (i)&nbsp;the agreement to hold sums in trust as provided in this Section&nbsp;is subject
to the provisions of Section&nbsp;11.05, and (ii)&nbsp;the Company may at any time, for the purpose of obtaining the satisfaction and
discharge of this Indenture or for any other purpose, pay, or direct any paying agent to pay, to the Trustee all sums held in trust by
the Company or such paying agent, such sums to be held by the Trustee upon the same terms and conditions as those upon which such sums
were held by the Company or such paying agent; and, upon such payment by the Company or any paying agent to the Trustee, the Company or
such paying agent shall be released from all further liability with respect to such money.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;4.04
Appointment to Fill Vacancy in Office of Trustee</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Company, whenever necessary
to avoid or fill a vacancy in the office of Trustee, will appoint, in the manner provided in Section&nbsp;7.10, a Trustee, so that there
shall at all times be a Trustee hereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>article
5</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>SECURITYHOLDERS&rsquo;
LISTS AND REPORTS BY THE COMPANY AND THE TRUSTEE</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;5.01
Company to Furnish Trustee Names and Addresses of Securityholders</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Company will furnish or
cause to be furnished to the Trustee (a)&nbsp;within 15 days after each regular record date (as defined in Section&nbsp;2.03) a list,
in such form as the Trustee may reasonably require, of the names and addresses of the holders of each series of Securities as of such
regular record date, provided that the Company shall not be obligated to furnish or cause to furnish such list at any time that the list
shall not differ in any respect from the most recent list furnished to the Trustee by the Company and (b)&nbsp;at such other times as
the Trustee may request in writing within 30 days after the receipt by the Company of any such request, a list of similar form and content
as of a date not more than 15 days prior to the time such list is furnished; provided, however, that, in either case, no such list need
be furnished for any series for which the Trustee shall be the Security Registrar.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;5.02
Preservation Of Information; Communications With Securityholders</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(a)&nbsp;</B></FONT>The
Trustee shall preserve, in as current a form as is reasonably practicable, all information as to the names and addresses of the holders
of Securities contained in the most recent list furnished to it as provided in Section&nbsp;5.01 and as to the names and addresses of
holders of Securities received by the Trustee in its capacity as Security Registrar (if acting in such capacity).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(b)&nbsp;</B></FONT>The
Trustee may destroy any list furnished to it as provided in Section&nbsp;5.01 upon receipt of a new list so furnished.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(c)&nbsp;</B></FONT>Securityholders
may communicate as provided in Section&nbsp;312(b)&nbsp;of the Trust Indenture Act with other Securityholders with respect to their rights
under this Indenture or under the Securities, and, in connection with any such communications, the Trustee shall satisfy its obligations
under Section&nbsp;312(b)&nbsp;of the Trust Indenture Act in accordance with the provisions of Section&nbsp;312(b)&nbsp;of the Trust Indenture
Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;5.03
Reports by the Company</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(a)&nbsp;</B></FONT>The
Company will at all times comply with Section&nbsp;314(a)&nbsp;of the Trust Indenture Act. The Company covenants and agrees to provide
(which delivery may be via electronic mail) to the Trustee within 30 days, after the Company files the same with the Commission, copies
of the annual reports and of the information, documents and other reports (or copies of such portions of any of the foregoing as the Commission
may from time to time by rules&nbsp;and regulations prescribe) that the Company is required to file with the Commission pursuant to Section&nbsp;13
or Section&nbsp;15(d)&nbsp;of the Exchange Act; provided, however, the Company shall not be required to deliver to the Trustee any correspondence
filed with the Commission or any materials for which the Company has sought and received confidential treatment by the Commission; and
provided further, that so long as such filings by the Company are available on the Commission&rsquo;s Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis
and Retrieval System (EDGAR), or any successor system, such filings shall be deemed to have been filed with the Trustee for purposes hereof
without any further action required by the Company. For the avoidance of doubt, a failure by the Company to file annual reports, information
and other reports with the Commission within the time period prescribed thereof by the Commission shall not be deemed a breach of this
Section&nbsp;5.03.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(b)&nbsp;</B></FONT>Delivery
of reports, information and documents to the Trustee under Section&nbsp;5.03 is for informational purposes only and the information and
the Trustee&rsquo;s receipt of the foregoing shall not constitute constructive notice of any information contained therein, or determinable
from information contained therein including the Company&rsquo;s compliance with any of their covenants thereunder (as to which the Trustee
is entitled to rely exclusively on an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate). The Trustee is under no duty to examine any such reports, information
or documents delivered to the Trustee or filed with the Commission via EDGAR to ensure compliance with the provision of this Indenture
or to ascertain the correctness or otherwise of the information or the statements contained therein. The Trustee shall have no responsibility
or duty whatsoever to ascertain or determine whether the above referenced filings with the Commission on EDGAR (or any successor system)
has occurred.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;5.04
Reports by the Trustee</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(a)&nbsp;</B></FONT>If
required by Section&nbsp;313(a)&nbsp;of the Trust Indenture Act, the Trustee, within sixty (60) days after each May&nbsp;1, shall send
to the Securityholders a brief report dated as of such May&nbsp;1, which complies with Section&nbsp;313(a)&nbsp;of the Trust Indenture
Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(b)&nbsp;</B></FONT>The
Trustee shall comply with Section&nbsp;313(b)&nbsp;and 313(c)&nbsp;of the Trust Indenture Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(c)&nbsp;</B></FONT>A
copy of each such report shall, at the time of such transmission to Securityholders, be filed by the Trustee with the Company, with each
securities exchange upon which any Securities are listed (if so listed) and also with the Commission. The Company agrees to notify the
Trustee when any Securities become listed on any securities exchange.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>article
6</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>REMEDIES
OF THE TRUSTEE AND SECURITYHOLDERS ON EVENT OF DEFAULT</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;6.01
Events of Default</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(a)&nbsp;</B></FONT>Whenever
used herein with respect to Securities of a particular series, &ldquo;Event of Default&rdquo; means any one or more of the following events
that has occurred and is continuing:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(1)&nbsp;</B></FONT>the
Company defaults in the payment of any installment of interest upon any of the Securities of that series, as and when the same shall become
due and payable, and such default continues for a period of 30 days; provided, however, that a valid extension of an interest payment
period by the Company in accordance with the terms of any indenture supplemental hereto shall not constitute a default in the payment
of interest for this purpose;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(2)&nbsp;</B></FONT>the
Company defaults in the payment of the principal of (or premium, if any, on) any of the Securities of that series as and when the same
shall become due and payable whether at maturity, upon redemption, by declaration or otherwise, or in any payment required by any sinking
or analogous fund established with respect to that series; provided, however, that a valid extension of the maturity of such Securities
in accordance with the terms of any indenture supplemental hereto shall not constitute a default in the payment of principal or premium,
if any;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(3)&nbsp;</B></FONT>the
Company fails to observe or perform any other of its covenants or agreements with respect to that series contained in this Indenture or
otherwise established with respect to that series of Securities pursuant to Section&nbsp;2.01 hereof (other than a covenant or agreement
that has been expressly included in this Indenture solely for the benefit of one or more series of Securities other than such series)
for a period of 60 days after the date on which written notice of such failure, requiring the same to be remedied and stating that such
notice is a &ldquo;Notice of Default&rdquo; hereunder, shall have been given to the Company by the Trustee, by registered or certified
mail, or to the Company and the Trustee by the holders of at least 25% in principal amount of the Securities of that series at the time
Outstanding;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(4)&nbsp;</B></FONT>the
Company pursuant to or within the meaning of any Bankruptcy Law (i)&nbsp;commences a voluntary case, (ii)&nbsp;consents to the entry of
an order for relief against it in an involuntary case, (iii)&nbsp;consents to the appointment of a Custodian of it or for all or substantially
all of its property or (iv)&nbsp;makes a general assignment for the benefit of its creditors; or</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(5)&nbsp;</B></FONT>a
court of competent jurisdiction enters an order under any Bankruptcy Law that (i)&nbsp;is for relief against the Company in an involuntary
case, (ii)&nbsp;appoints a Custodian of the Company for all or substantially all of its property or (iii)&nbsp;orders the liquidation
of the Company, and the order or decree remains unstayed and in effect for 90 days.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(b)&nbsp;</B></FONT>In
each and every such case (other than an Event of Default specified in clause (4)&nbsp;or clause (5)&nbsp;above), unless the principal
of all the Securities of that series shall have already become due and payable, either the Trustee or the holders of not less than 25%
in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of that series then Outstanding hereunder, by notice in writing to the Company (and to
the Trustee if given by such Securityholders), may declare the principal of (and premium, if any, on) and accrued and unpaid interest
on all the Securities of that series to be due and payable immediately, and upon any such declaration the same shall become and shall
be immediately due and payable. If an Event of Default specified in clause (4)&nbsp;or clause (5)&nbsp;above occurs, the principal of
and accrued and unpaid interest on all the Securities of that series shall automatically be immediately due and payable without any declaration
or other act on the part of the Trustee or the holders of the Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(c)&nbsp;</B></FONT>At
any time after the principal of (and premium, if any, on) and accrued and unpaid interest on the Securities of that series shall have
been so declared due and payable, and before any judgment or decree for the payment of the moneys due shall have been obtained or entered
as hereinafter provided, the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of that series then Outstanding hereunder,
by written notice to the Company and the Trustee, may rescind and annul such declaration and its consequences if: (i)&nbsp;the Company
has paid or deposited with the Trustee a sum sufficient to pay all matured installments of interest upon all the Securities of that series
and the principal of (and premium, if any, on) any and all Securities of that series that shall have become due otherwise than by acceleration
(with interest upon such principal and premium, if any, and, to the extent that such payment is enforceable under applicable law, upon
overdue installments of interest, at the rate per annum expressed in the Securities of that series to the date of such payment or deposit)
and the amount payable to the Trustee under Section&nbsp;7.06, and (ii)&nbsp;any and all Events of Default under the Indenture with respect
to such series, other than the nonpayment of principal on (and premium, if any, on) and accrued and unpaid interest on Securities of that
series that shall not have become due by their terms, shall have been remedied or waived as provided in Section&nbsp;6.06.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">No such rescission and annulment
shall extend to or shall affect any subsequent default or impair any right consequent thereon.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(d)&nbsp;</B></FONT>In
case the Trustee shall have proceeded to enforce any right with respect to Securities of that series under this Indenture and such proceedings
shall have been discontinued or abandoned because of such rescission or annulment or for any other reason or shall have been determined
adversely to the Trustee, then and in every such case, subject to any determination in such proceedings, the Company and the Trustee shall
be restored respectively to their former positions and rights hereunder, and all rights, remedies and powers of the Company and the Trustee
shall continue as though no such proceedings had been taken.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;6.02
Collection of Indebtedness and Suits for Enforcement by Trustee</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(a)&nbsp;</B></FONT>The
Company covenants that (i)&nbsp;in case it shall default in the payment of any installment of interest on any of the Securities of a series,
or in any payment required by any sinking or analogous fund established with respect to that series as and when the same shall have become
due and payable, and such default shall have continued for a period of 90 days, or (ii)&nbsp;in case it shall default in the payment of
the principal of (or premium, if any, on) any of the Securities of a series when the same shall have become due and payable, whether upon
maturity of the Securities of a series or upon redemption or upon declaration or otherwise then, upon demand of the Trustee, the Company
will pay to the Trustee, for the benefit of the holders of the Securities of that series, the whole amount that then shall have been become
due and payable on all such Securities for principal (and premium, if any) or interest, or both, as the case may be, with interest upon
the overdue principal (and premium, if any) and (to the extent that payment of such interest is enforceable under applicable law) upon
overdue installments of interest at the rate per annum expressed in the Securities of that series; and, in addition thereto, such further
amount as shall be sufficient to cover the costs and expenses of collection, and the amount payable to the Trustee under Section&nbsp;7.06.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(b)&nbsp;</B></FONT>If
the Company shall fail to pay such amounts forthwith upon such demand, the Trustee, in its own name and as trustee of an express trust,
shall be entitled and empowered to institute any action or proceedings at law or in equity for the collection of the sums so due and unpaid,
and may prosecute any such action or proceeding to judgment or final decree, and may enforce any such judgment or final decree against
the Company or other obligor upon the Securities of that series and collect the moneys adjudged or decreed to be payable in the manner
provided by law or equity out of the property of the Company or other obligor upon the Securities of that series, wherever situated.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(c)&nbsp;</B></FONT>In
case of any receivership, insolvency, liquidation, bankruptcy, reorganization, readjustment, arrangement, composition or judicial proceedings
affecting the Company, or its creditors or property, the Trustee shall have power to intervene in such proceedings and take any action
therein that may be permitted by the court and shall (except as may be otherwise provided by law) be entitled to file such proofs of claim
and other papers and documents as may be necessary or advisable in order to have the claims of the Trustee and of the holders of Securities
of such series allowed for the entire amount due and payable by the Company under the Indenture at the date of institution of such proceedings
and for any additional amount that may become due and payable by the Company after such date, and to collect and receive any moneys or
other property payable or deliverable on any such claim, and to distribute the same after the deduction of the amount payable to the Trustee
under Section&nbsp;7.06; and any receiver, assignee or trustee in bankruptcy or reorganization is hereby authorized by each of the holders
of Securities of such series to make such payments to the Trustee, and, in the event that the Trustee shall consent to the making of such
payments directly to such Securityholders, to pay to the Trustee any amount due it under Section&nbsp;7.06.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(d)&nbsp;</B></FONT>All
rights of action and of asserting claims under this Indenture, or under any of the terms established with respect to Securities of that
series, may be enforced by the Trustee without the possession of any of such Securities, or the production thereof at any trial or other
proceeding relative thereto, and any such suit or proceeding instituted by the Trustee shall be brought in its own name as trustee of
an express trust, and any recovery of judgment shall, after provision for payment to the Trustee of any amounts due under Section&nbsp;7.06,
be for the ratable benefit of the holders of the Securities of such series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In case of an Event of Default
hereunder, the Trustee may in its discretion proceed to protect and enforce the rights vested in it by this Indenture by such appropriate
judicial proceedings as the Trustee shall deem most effectual to protect and enforce any of such rights, either at law or in equity or
in bankruptcy or otherwise, whether for the specific enforcement of any covenant or agreement contained in the Indenture or in aid of
the exercise of any power granted in this Indenture, or to enforce any other legal or equitable right vested in the Trustee by this Indenture
or by law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Nothing contained herein shall
be deemed to authorize the Trustee to authorize or consent to or accept or adopt on behalf of any Securityholder any plan of reorganization,
arrangement, adjustment or composition affecting the Securities of that series or the rights of any Securityholder thereof or to authorize
the Trustee to vote in respect of the claim of any Securityholder in any such proceeding.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;6.03
Application of Moneys Collected</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Any moneys collected by the
Trustee pursuant to this Article&nbsp;with respect to a particular series of Securities shall be applied in the following order, at the
date or dates fixed by the Trustee and, in case of the distribution of such moneys on account of principal (or premium, if any) or interest,
upon presentation of the Securities of that series, and notation thereon of the payment, if only partially paid, and upon surrender thereof
if fully paid:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">FIRST: To the payment of costs
and expenses of collection and of all amounts payable to the Trustee under Section&nbsp;7.06;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">SECOND: To the payment of
the amounts then due and unpaid upon Securities of such series for principal (and premium, if any) and interest, in respect of which or
for the benefit of which such money has been collected, ratably, without preference or priority of any kind, according to the amounts
due and payable on such Securities for principal (and premium, if any) and interest, respectively; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">THIRD: To the payment of the
remainder, if any, to the Company or any other Person lawfully entitled thereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;6.04
Limitation on Suits</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">No holder of any Security
of any series shall have any right by virtue or by availing of any provision of this Indenture to institute any suit, action or proceeding
in equity or at law upon or under or with respect to this Indenture or for the appointment of a receiver or trustee, or for any other
remedy hereunder, unless (i)&nbsp;such Securityholder previously shall have given to the Trustee written notice of an Event of Default
and of the continuance thereof with respect to the Securities of such series specifying such Event of Default, as hereinbefore provided;
(ii)&nbsp;the holders of not less than 25% in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of such series then Outstanding shall have
made written request upon the Trustee to institute such action, suit or proceeding in its own name as Trustee hereunder; (iii)&nbsp;such
Securityholder or Securityholders shall have offered to the Trustee indemnity satisfactory to it against the costs, expenses and liabilities
to be incurred in compliance with such request; (iv)&nbsp;the Trustee for 90 days after its receipt of such notice, request and offer
of indemnity, shall have failed to institute any such action, suit or proceeding and (v)&nbsp;during such 90 day period, the holders of
a majority in principal amount of the Securities of that series do not give the Trustee a direction inconsistent with the request.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Notwithstanding anything contained
herein to the contrary or any other provisions of this Indenture, the right of any holder of any Security to receive payment of the principal
of (and premium, if any) and interest on such Security, as therein provided, on or after the respective due dates expressed in such Security
(or in the case of redemption, on the redemption date), or to institute suit for the enforcement of any such payment on or after such
respective dates or redemption date, shall not be impaired or affected without the consent of such holder and by accepting a Security
hereunder it is expressly understood, intended and covenanted by the taker and holder of every Security of such series with every other
such taker and holder and the Trustee, that no one or more holders of Securities of such series shall have any right in any manner whatsoever
by virtue or by availing of any provision of this Indenture to affect, disturb or prejudice the rights of the holders of any other of
such Securities, or to obtain or seek to obtain priority over or preference to any other such holder, or to enforce any right under this
Indenture, except in the manner herein provided and for the equal, ratable and common benefit of all holders of Securities of such series.
For the protection and enforcement of the provisions of this Section, each and every Securityholder and the Trustee shall be entitled
to such relief as can be given either at law or in equity.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;6.05
Rights and Remedies Cumulative; Delay or Omission Not Waiver</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(a)&nbsp;</B></FONT>Except
as otherwise provided in Section&nbsp;2.07, all powers and remedies given by this Article&nbsp;to the Trustee or to the Securityholders
shall, to the extent permitted by law, be deemed cumulative and not exclusive of any other powers and remedies available to the Trustee
or the holders of the Securities, by judicial proceedings or otherwise, to enforce the performance or observance of the covenants and
agreements contained in this Indenture or otherwise established with respect to such Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(b)&nbsp;</B></FONT>No
delay or omission of the Trustee or of any holder of any of the Securities to exercise any right or power accruing upon any Event of Default
occurring and continuing as aforesaid shall impair any such right or power, or shall be construed to be a waiver of any such default or
an acquiescence therein; and, subject to the provisions of Section&nbsp;6.04, every power and remedy given by this Article&nbsp;or by
law to the Trustee or the Securityholders may be exercised from time to time, and as often as shall be deemed expedient, by the Trustee
or by the Securityholders.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;6.06
Control by Securityholders</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The holders of a majority
in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding, determined in accordance with Section&nbsp;8.04,
shall have the right to direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the Trustee, or exercising
any trust or power conferred on the Trustee with respect to such series; provided, however, that such direction shall not be in conflict
with any rule&nbsp;of law or with this Indenture or subject the Trustee in its sole discretion to personal liability. Subject to the provisions
of Section&nbsp;7.01, the Trustee shall have the right to decline to follow any such direction if the Trustee in good faith shall, by
a Responsible Officer or officers of the Trustee, determine that the proceeding so directed, subject to the Trustee&rsquo;s duties under
the Trust Indenture Act, would involve the Trustee in personal liability or might be unduly prejudicial to the Securityholders not involved
in the proceeding. The holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding affected
thereby, determined in accordance with Section&nbsp;8.04, may on behalf of the holders of all of the Securities of such series waive any
past default in the performance of any of the covenants contained herein or established pursuant to Section&nbsp;2.01 with respect to
such series and its consequences, except a default in the payment of the principal of, or premium, if any, or interest on, any of the
Securities of that series as and when the same shall become due by the terms of such Securities otherwise than by acceleration (unless
such default has been cured and a sum sufficient to pay all matured installments of interest and principal and any premium has been deposited
with the Trustee (in accordance with Section&nbsp;6.01(c)). Upon any such waiver, the default covered thereby shall be deemed to be cured
for all purposes of this Indenture and the Company, the Trustee and the holders of the Securities of such series shall be restored to
their former positions and rights hereunder, respectively; but no such waiver shall extend to any subsequent or other default or impair
any right consequent thereon.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;6.07
Undertaking to Pay Costs</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">All parties to this Indenture
agree, and each holder of any Securities by such holder&rsquo;s acceptance thereof shall be deemed to have agreed, that any court may
in its discretion require, in any suit for the enforcement of any right or remedy under this Indenture, or in any suit against the Trustee
for any action taken or omitted by it as Trustee, the filing by any party litigant in such suit of an undertaking to pay the costs of
such suit, and that such court may in its discretion assess reasonable costs, including reasonable attorneys&rsquo; fees and expenses,
against any party litigant in such suit, having due regard to the merits and good faith of the claims or defenses made by such party litigant;
but the provisions of this Section&nbsp;shall not apply to any suit instituted by the Trustee, to any suit instituted by any Securityholder,
or group of Securityholders, holding more than 10% in aggregate principal amount of the Outstanding Securities of any series, or to any
suit instituted by any Securityholder for the enforcement of the payment of the principal of (or premium, if any) or interest on any Security
of such series, on or after the respective due dates expressed in such Security or established pursuant to this Indenture.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>article
7</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>CONCERNING
THE TRUSTEE</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;7.01
Certain Duties and Responsibilities of Trustee</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(a)&nbsp;</B></FONT>The
Trustee, prior to the occurrence of an Event of Default with respect to the Securities of a series and after the curing of all Events
of Default with respect to the Securities of that series that may have occurred, shall undertake to perform with respect to the Securities
of such series such duties and only such duties as are specifically set forth in this Indenture, and no implied covenants shall be read
into this Indenture against the Trustee. In case an Event of Default with respect to the Securities of a series has occurred (that has
not been cured or waived), the Trustee shall exercise with respect to Securities of that series such of the rights and powers vested in
it by this Indenture, and use the same degree of care and skill in their exercise, as a prudent man would exercise or use under the circumstances
in the conduct of his or her own affairs.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(b)&nbsp;</B></FONT>No
provision of this Indenture shall be construed to relieve the Trustee from liability for its own negligent action, its own negligent failure
to act, or its own willful misconduct, except that:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(i)&nbsp;</B></FONT>prior
to the occurrence of an Event of Default with respect to the Securities of a series and after the curing or waiving of all such Events
of Default with respect to that series that may have occurred:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(A)&nbsp;</B></FONT>the
duties and obligations of the Trustee shall with respect to the Securities of such series be determined solely by the express provisions
of this Indenture, and the Trustee shall not be liable with respect to the Securities of such series except for the performance of such
duties and obligations as are specifically set forth in this Indenture, and no implied covenants or obligations shall be read into this
Indenture against the Trustee; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(B)&nbsp;</B></FONT>in
the absence of bad faith on the part of the Trustee, the Trustee may with respect to the Securities of such series conclusively rely,
as to the truth of the statements and the correctness of the opinions expressed therein, upon any certificates or opinions furnished to
the Trustee and conforming to the requirements of this Indenture; but in the case of any such certificates or opinions that by any provision
hereof are specifically required to be furnished to the Trustee, the Trustee shall be under a duty to examine the same to determine whether
or not they conform to the requirements of this Indenture;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(ii)&nbsp;</B></FONT>the
Trustee shall not be liable to any Securityholder or to any other Person for any error of judgment made in good faith by a Responsible
Officer or Responsible Officers of the Trustee, unless it shall be proved that the Trustee was negligent in ascertaining the pertinent
facts;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(iii)&nbsp;</B></FONT>the
Trustee shall not be liable with respect to any action taken or omitted to be taken by it in good faith in accordance with the direction
of the holders of not less than a majority in principal amount of the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding relating to the
time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the Trustee, or exercising any trust or power conferred
upon the Trustee under this Indenture with respect to the Securities of that series;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(iv)&nbsp;</B></FONT>none
of the provisions contained in this Indenture shall require the Trustee to expend or risk its own funds or otherwise incur personal financial
liability in the performance of any of its duties or in the exercise of any of its rights or powers if there is reasonable ground for
believing that the repayment of such funds or liability is not reasonably assured to it under the terms of this Indenture or adequate
indemnity against such risk is not reasonably assured to it;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(v)&nbsp;</B></FONT>The
Trustee shall not be required to give any bond or surety in respect of the performance of its powers or duties hereunder;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(vi)&nbsp;</B></FONT>The
permissive right of the Trustee to do things enumerated in this Indenture shall not be construed as a duty of the Trustee; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(vii)&nbsp;</B></FONT>No
Trustee shall have any duty or responsibility for any act or omission of any other Trustee appointed with respect to a series of Securities
hereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;7.02
Certain Rights of Trustee</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Except as otherwise provided
in Section&nbsp;7.01:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(a)&nbsp;</B></FONT>The
Trustee may conclusively rely and shall be protected in acting or refraining from acting upon any resolution, certificate, statement,
instrument, opinion, report, notice, request, consent, order, approval, bond, security or other paper or document believed by it to be
genuine and to have been signed or presented by the proper party or parties;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(b)&nbsp;</B></FONT>Any
request, direction, order or demand of the Company mentioned herein shall be sufficiently evidenced by a Board Resolution or an instrument
signed in the name of the Company by any authorized Officer of the Company (unless other evidence in respect thereof is specifically prescribed
herein);</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(c)&nbsp;</B></FONT>The
Trustee may consult with counsel and the opinion or written advice of such counsel or, if requested, any Opinion of Counsel shall be full
and complete authorization and protection in respect of any action taken or suffered or omitted hereunder in good faith and in reliance
thereon;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(d)&nbsp;</B></FONT>The
Trustee shall be under no obligation to exercise any of the rights or powers vested in it by this Indenture at the request, order or direction
of any of the Securityholders pursuant to the provisions of this Indenture, unless such Securityholders shall have offered to the Trustee
security or indemnity reasonably acceptable to the Trustee against the costs, expenses and liabilities that may be incurred therein or
thereby; nothing contained herein shall, however, relieve the Trustee of the obligation, upon the occurrence of an Event of Default with
respect to a series of the Securities (that has not been cured or waived), to exercise with respect to Securities of that series such
of the rights and powers vested in it by this Indenture, and to use the same degree of care and skill in their exercise, as a prudent
man would exercise or use under the circumstances in the conduct of his or her own affairs;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(e)&nbsp;</B></FONT>The
Trustee shall not be liable for any action taken or omitted to be taken by it in good faith and believed by it to be authorized or within
the discretion or rights or powers conferred upon it by this Indenture;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(f)&nbsp;</B></FONT>The
Trustee shall not be bound to make any investigation into the facts or matters stated in any resolution, certificate, statement, instrument,
opinion, report, notice, request, consent, order, approval, bond, security, or other papers or documents or inquire as to the performance
by the Company of one of its covenants under this Indenture, unless requested in writing so to do by the holders of not less than a majority
in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities of the particular series affected thereby (determined as provided in Section&nbsp;8.04);
provided, however, that if the payment within a reasonable time to the Trustee of the costs, expenses or liabilities likely to be incurred
by it in the making of such investigation is, in the opinion of the Trustee, not reasonably assured to the Trustee by the security afforded
to it by the terms of this Indenture, the Trustee may require security or indemnity reasonably acceptable to the Trustee against such
costs, expenses or liabilities as a condition to so proceeding. The reasonable expense of every such examination shall be paid by the
Company or, if paid by the Trustee, shall be repaid by the Company upon demand;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(g)</B></FONT>&nbsp;The
Trustee may execute any of the trusts or powers hereunder or perform any duties hereunder either directly or by or through agents or attorneys
and the Trustee shall not be responsible for any misconduct or negligence on the part of any agent or attorney appointed with due care
by it hereunder;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(h)&nbsp;</B></FONT>In
no event shall the Trustee be responsible or liable for any failure or delay in the performance of its obligations hereunder arising out
of or caused by, directly or indirectly, forces beyond its control, including, without limitation, strikes, work stoppages, accidents,
acts of war or terrorism, civil or military disturbances, nuclear or natural catastrophes or acts of God, and interruptions, loss or malfunctions
of utilities, communications or computer (software and hardware) services; it being understood that the Trustee shall use reasonable efforts
which are consistent with accepted practices in the banking industry to resume performance as soon as practicable under the circumstances;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(i)&nbsp;</B></FONT>In
no event shall the Trustee be responsible or liable for special, indirect, punitive or consequential loss or damage of any kind whatsoever
(including, but not limited to, loss of profit) irrespective of whether the Trustee has been advised of the likelihood of such loss or
damage and regardless of the form of action;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(j)&nbsp;</B></FONT>The
Trustee agrees to accept and act upon instructions or directions pursuant to this Indenture sent by unsecured e-mail, facsimile transmission
or other similar unsecured electronic methods; provided, however, that such instructions or directions shall be signed by an authorized
representative of the party providing such instructions or directions. If the party elects to give the Trustee e-mail or facsimile instructions
(or instructions by a similar electronic method) and the Trustee in its discretion elects to act upon such instructions, the Trustee&rsquo;s
understanding of such instructions shall be deemed controlling. The Trustee shall not be liable for any losses, costs or expenses arising
directly or indirectly from the Trustee&rsquo;s reliance upon and compliance with such instructions notwithstanding such instructions
conflict or are inconsistent with a subsequent written instruction. The party providing electronic instructions agrees to assume all risks
arising out of the use of such electronic methods to submit instructions and directions to the Trustee, including without limitation the
risk of the Trustee acting on unauthorized instructions, and the risk or interception and misuse by third parties. The Trustee may request
that the Company deliver an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate setting forth the names of individuals and/or titles of officers authorized at
such time to furnish the Trustee with Officer&rsquo;s Certificates, Company Orders and any other matters or directions pursuant to this
Indenture;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(k)&nbsp;</B></FONT>The
rights, privileges, protections, immunities and benefits given to the Trustee, including, without limitation, its right to be indemnified,
are extended to, and shall be enforceable by, the Trustee in each of its capacities hereunder and under the Securities, and each agent,
custodian or other person employed to act under this Indenture; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(l)&nbsp;</B></FONT>The
Trustee shall not be deemed to have knowledge of any Default or Event of Default (other than an Event of Default constituting the failure
to pay the interest on, or the principal of, the Securities if the Trustee also serves as the paying agent for such Securities) until
the Trustee shall have received written notification in the manner set forth in this Indenture or a Responsible Officer of the Trustee
shall have obtained actual knowledge.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;7.03
Trustee Not Responsible for Recitals or Issuance or Securities</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(a)&nbsp;</B></FONT>The
recitals contained herein and in the Securities shall be taken as the statements of the Company, and the Trustee assumes no responsibility
for the correctness of the same. The Trustee shall not be responsible for any statement in any registration statement, prospectus, or
any other document in connection with the sale of Securities. The Trustee shall not be responsible for any rating on the Securities or
any action or omission of any rating agency.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(b)&nbsp;</B></FONT>The
Trustee makes no representations as to the validity or sufficiency of this Indenture or of the Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(c)&nbsp;</B></FONT>The
Trustee shall not be accountable for the use or application by the Company of any of the Securities or of the proceeds of such Securities,
or for the use or application of any moneys paid over by the Trustee in accordance with any provision of this Indenture or established
pursuant to Section&nbsp;2.01, or for the use or application of any moneys received by any paying agent other than the Trustee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;7.04
May&nbsp;Hold Securities</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Trustee or any paying
agent or Security Registrar, in its individual or any other capacity, may become the owner or pledgee of Securities with the same rights
it would have if it were not Trustee, paying agent or Security Registrar.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;7.05
Moneys Held in Trust</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Subject to the provisions
of Section&nbsp;11.05, all moneys received by the Trustee shall, until used or applied as herein provided, be held in trust for the purposes
for which they were received, but need not be segregated from other funds except to the extent required by law. The Trustee shall be under
no liability for interest on any moneys received by it hereunder except such as it may agree with the Company to pay thereon.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;7.06
Compensation and Reimbursement</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(a)&nbsp;</B></FONT>The
Company shall pay to the Trustee for each of its capacities hereunder from time to time compensation for its services as the Company and
the Trustee shall from time to time agree upon in writing. The Trustee&rsquo;s compensation shall not be limited by any law on compensation
of a trustee of an express trust. The Company shall reimburse the Trustee upon request for all reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred
by it. Such expenses shall include the reasonable compensation and expenses of the Trustee&rsquo;s agents and counsel.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(b)&nbsp;</B></FONT>The
Company shall indemnify each of the Trustee in each of its capacities hereunder against any loss, liability or expense (including the
cost of defending itself and including the reasonable compensation and expenses of the Trustee&rsquo;s agents and counsel) incurred by
it except as set forth in Section&nbsp;7.06(c)&nbsp;in the exercise or performance of its powers, rights or duties under this Indenture
as Trustee or Agent. The Trustee shall notify the Company promptly of any claim for which it may seek indemnity. The Company shall defend
the claim and the Trustee shall cooperate in the defense. The Trustee may have one separate counsel and the Company shall pay the reasonable
fees and expenses of such counsel. The Company need not pay for any settlement made without its consent, which consent shall not be unreasonably
withheld. This indemnification shall apply to officers, directors, employees, shareholders and agents of the Trustee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(c)&nbsp;</B></FONT>The
Company need not reimburse any expense or indemnify against any loss or liability incurred by the Trustee or by any officer, director,
employee, shareholder or agent of the Trustee through negligence or bad faith.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(d)&nbsp;</B></FONT>To
ensure the Company&rsquo;s payment obligations in this Section, the Trustee shall have a lien prior to the Securities on all funds or
property held or collected by the Trustee, except that held in trust to pay principal of or interest on particular Securities. When the
Trustee incurs expenses or renders services in connection with an Event of Default specified in Section&nbsp;6.01(a)(4)&nbsp;or (5), the
expenses (including the reasonable fees and expenses of its counsel) and the compensation for services in connection therewith are to
constitute expenses of administration under any bankruptcy law. The provisions of this Section&nbsp;7.06 shall survive the termination
of this Indenture and the resignation or removal of the Trustee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;7.07
Reliance on Officer&rsquo;s Certificate</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Except as otherwise provided
in Section&nbsp;7.01, whenever in the administration of the provisions of this Indenture the Trustee shall deem it reasonably necessary
or desirable that a matter be proved or established prior to taking or suffering or omitting to take any action hereunder, such matter
(unless other evidence in respect thereof be herein specifically prescribed) may, in the absence of negligence or bad faith on the part
of the Trustee, be deemed to be conclusively proved and established by an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate delivered to the Trustee and such
certificate, in the absence of negligence or bad faith on the part of the Trustee, shall be full warrant to the Trustee for any action
taken, suffered or omitted to be taken by it under the provisions of this Indenture upon the faith thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;7.08
Disqualification; Conflicting Interests</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If the Trustee has or shall
acquire any &ldquo;conflicting interest&rdquo; within the meaning of Section&nbsp;310(b)&nbsp;of the Trust Indenture Act, the Trustee
and the Company shall in all respects comply with the provisions of Section&nbsp;310(b)&nbsp;of the Trust Indenture Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;7.09
Corporate Trustee Required; Eligibility</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">There shall at all times be
a Trustee with respect to the Securities issued hereunder which shall at all times be a corporation organized and doing business under
the laws of the United States of America or any state or territory thereof or of the District of Columbia, or a corporation or other Person
permitted to act as trustee by the Commission, authorized under such laws to exercise corporate trust powers, having a combined capital
and surplus of at least fifty million U.S. dollars ($50,000,000), and subject to supervision or examination by federal, state, territorial,
or District of Columbia authority.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If such corporation or other
Person publishes reports of condition at least annually, pursuant to law or to the requirements of the aforesaid supervising or examining
authority, then for the purposes of this Section, the combined capital and surplus of such corporation or other Person shall be deemed
to be its combined capital and surplus as set forth in its most recent report of condition so published. The Company may not, nor may
any Person directly or indirectly controlling, controlled by, or under common control with the Company, serve as Trustee. In case at any
time the Trustee shall cease to be eligible in accordance with the provisions of this Section, the Trustee shall resign immediately in
the manner and with the effect specified in Section&nbsp;7.10.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;7.10
Resignation and Removal; Appointment of Successor</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(a)&nbsp;</B></FONT>The
Trustee or any successor hereafter appointed may at any time resign with respect to the Securities of one or more series by giving written
notice thereof to the Company and the Securityholders of such series. Upon receiving such notice of resignation, the Company shall promptly
appoint a successor trustee with respect to Securities of such series by written instrument, in duplicate, executed by order of the Board
of Directors, one copy of which instrument shall be delivered to the resigning Trustee and one copy to the successor trustee. If no successor
trustee shall have been so appointed and have accepted appointment within 30 days after the sending of such notice of resignation, the
resigning Trustee may petition any court of competent jurisdiction for the appointment of a successor trustee with respect to Securities
of such series, or any Securityholder of that series who has been a bona fide holder of a Security or Securities for at least six months
may on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated, petition any such court for the appointment of a successor trustee. Such court
may thereupon after such notice, if any, as it may deem proper and prescribe, appoint a successor trustee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(b)&nbsp;</B></FONT>In
case at any time any one of the following shall occur:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(i)&nbsp;</B></FONT>the
Trustee shall fail to comply with the provisions of Section&nbsp;7.08 after written request therefor by the Company or by any Securityholder
who has been a bona fide holder of a Security or Securities for at least six months; or</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(ii)&nbsp;</B></FONT>the
Trustee shall cease to be eligible in accordance with the provisions of Section&nbsp;7.09 and shall fail to resign after written request
therefor by the Company or by any such Securityholder; or</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(iii)&nbsp;</B></FONT>the
Trustee shall become incapable of acting, or shall be adjudged a bankrupt or insolvent, or commence a voluntary bankruptcy proceeding,
or a receiver of the Trustee or of its property shall be appointed or consented to, or any public officer shall take charge or control
of the Trustee or of its property or affairs for the purpose of rehabilitation, conservation or liquidation;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">then, in any such case, the
Company may remove the Trustee with respect to all Securities and appoint a successor trustee by written instrument, in duplicate, executed
by order of the Board of Directors, one copy of which instrument shall be delivered to the Trustee so removed and one copy to the successor
trustee, or any Securityholder who has been a bona fide holder of a Security or Securities for at least six months may, on behalf of that
holder and all others similarly situated, petition any court of competent jurisdiction for the removal of the Trustee and the appointment
of a successor trustee. Such court may thereupon after such notice, if any, as it may deem proper and prescribe, remove the Trustee and
appoint a successor trustee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(c)&nbsp;</B></FONT>The
holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding may at any time remove the
Trustee with respect to such series by so notifying the Trustee and the Company and may appoint a successor Trustee for such series with
the consent of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(d)&nbsp;</B></FONT>Any
resignation or removal of the Trustee and appointment of a successor trustee with respect to the Securities of a series pursuant to any
of the provisions of this Section&nbsp;shall become effective upon acceptance of appointment by the successor trustee as provided in Section&nbsp;7.11.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(e)&nbsp;</B></FONT>Any
successor trustee appointed pursuant to this Section&nbsp;may be appointed with respect to the Securities of one or more series or all
of such series, and at any time there shall be only one Trustee with respect to the Securities of any particular series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;7.11
Acceptance of Appointment By Successor</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(a)&nbsp;</B></FONT>In
case of the appointment hereunder of a successor trustee with respect to all Securities, every such successor trustee so appointed shall
execute, acknowledge and deliver to the Company and to the retiring Trustee an instrument accepting such appointment, and thereupon the
resignation or removal of the retiring Trustee shall become effective and such successor trustee, without any further act, deed or conveyance,
shall become vested with all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the retiring Trustee; but, on the request of the Company or the
successor trustee, such retiring Trustee shall, upon payment of any amounts due to it pursuant to the provisions of Section&nbsp;7.06,
execute and deliver an instrument transferring to such successor trustee all the rights, powers, and trusts of the retiring Trustee and
shall duly assign, transfer and deliver to such successor trustee all property and money held by such retiring Trustee hereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(b)&nbsp;</B></FONT>In
case of the appointment hereunder of a successor trustee with respect to the Securities of one or more (but not all) series, the Company,
the retiring Trustee and each successor trustee with respect to the Securities of one or more series shall execute and deliver an indenture
supplemental hereto wherein each successor trustee shall accept such appointment and which (i)&nbsp;shall contain such provisions as shall
be necessary or desirable to transfer and confirm to, and to vest in, each successor trustee all the rights, powers, trusts and duties
of the retiring Trustee with respect to the Securities of that or those series to which the appointment of such successor trustee relates,
(ii)&nbsp;shall contain such provisions as shall be deemed necessary or desirable to confirm that all the rights, powers, trusts and duties
of the retiring Trustee with respect to the Securities of that or those series as to which the retiring Trustee is not retiring shall
continue to be vested in the retiring Trustee, and (iii)&nbsp;shall add to or change any of the provisions of this Indenture as shall
be necessary to provide for or facilitate the administration of the trusts hereunder by more than one Trustee, it being understood that
nothing herein or in such supplemental indenture shall constitute such Trustees co-trustees of the same trust, that each such Trustee
shall be trustee of a trust or trusts hereunder separate and apart from any trust or trusts hereunder administered by any other such Trustee
and that no Trustee shall be responsible for any act or failure to act on the part of any other Trustee hereunder; and upon the execution
and delivery of such supplemental indenture the resignation or removal of the retiring Trustee shall become effective to the extent provided
therein, such retiring Trustee shall with respect to the Securities of that or those series to which the appointment of such successor
trustee relates have no further responsibility for the exercise of rights and powers or for the performance of the duties and obligations
vested in the Trustee under this Indenture, and each such successor trustee, without any further act, deed or conveyance, shall become
vested with all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the retiring Trustee with respect to the Securities of that or those series to
which the appointment of such successor trustee relates; but, on request of the Company or any successor trustee, such retiring Trustee
shall duly assign, transfer and deliver to such successor trustee, to the extent contemplated by such supplemental indenture, the property
and money held by such retiring Trustee hereunder with respect to the Securities of that or those series to which the appointment of such
successor trustee relates.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(c)&nbsp;</B></FONT>Upon
request of any such successor trustee, the Company shall execute any and all instruments for more fully and certainly vesting in and confirming
to such successor trustee all such rights, powers and trusts referred to in paragraph (a)&nbsp;or (b)&nbsp;of this Section, as the case
may be.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(d)&nbsp;</B></FONT>No
successor trustee shall accept its appointment unless at the time of such acceptance such successor trustee shall be qualified and eligible
under this Article.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(e)&nbsp;</B></FONT>Upon
acceptance of appointment by a successor trustee as provided in this Section, the Company shall send notice of the succession of such
trustee hereunder to the Securityholders. If the Company fails to send such notice within ten days after acceptance of appointment by
the successor trustee, the successor trustee shall cause such notice to be sent at the expense of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;7.12
Merger, Conversion, Consolidation or Succession to Business</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Any corporation into which
the Trustee may be merged or converted or with which it may be consolidated, or any corporation resulting from any merger, conversion
or consolidation to which the Trustee shall be a party, or any corporation succeeding to all or substantially all the corporate trust
business of the Trustee, including the administration of the trust created by this Indenture, shall be the successor of the Trustee hereunder,
provided that such corporation shall be qualified under the provisions of Section&nbsp;7.08 and eligible under the provisions of Section&nbsp;7.09,
without the execution or filing of any paper or any further act on the part of any of the parties hereto, anything herein to the contrary
notwithstanding. In case any Securities shall have been authenticated, but not delivered, by the Trustee then in office, any successor
by merger, conversion or consolidation to such authenticating Trustee may adopt such authentication and deliver the Securities so authenticated
with the same effect as if such successor Trustee had itself authenticated such Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;7.13
Preferential Collection of Claims Against the Company</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Trustee shall comply with
Section&nbsp;311(a)&nbsp;of the Trust Indenture Act, excluding any creditor relationship described in Section&nbsp;311(b)&nbsp;of the
Trust Indenture Act. A Trustee who has resigned or been removed shall be subject to Section&nbsp;311(a)&nbsp;of the Trust Indenture Act
to the extent included therein.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;7.14
Notice of Default</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If any Event of Default occurs
and is continuing and if such Event of Default is known to a Responsible Officer of the Trustee, the Trustee shall send to each Securityholder
in the manner and to the extent provided in Section&nbsp;313(c)&nbsp;of the Trust Indenture Act notice of the Event of Default within
the earlier of 90 days after it occurs and 30 days after it is known to a Responsible Officer of the Trustee or written notice of it is
received by the Trustee, unless such Event of Default has been cured; <I>provided, however</I>, that, except in the case of a default
in the payment of the principal of (or premium, if any) or interest on any Security, the Trustee shall be protected in withholding such
notice if and so long as the Responsible Officers of the Trustee in good faith determine that the withholding of such notice is in the
interest of the Securityholders.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>article
8</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>CONCERNING
THE SECURITYHOLDERS</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;8.01
Evidence of Action by Securityholders</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Whenever in this Indenture
it is provided that the holders of a majority or specified percentage in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of a particular
series may take any action (including the making of any demand or request, the giving of any notice, consent or waiver or the taking of
any other action), the fact that at the time of taking any such action the holders of such majority or specified percentage of that series
have joined therein may be evidenced by any instrument or any number of instruments of similar tenor executed by such holders of Securities
of that series in person or by agent or proxy appointed in writing.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If the Company shall solicit
from the Securityholders of any series any request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action, the Company
may, at its option, as evidenced by an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate, fix in advance a record date for such series for the determination
of Securityholders entitled to give such request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action, but the Company
shall have no obligation to do so. If such a record date is fixed, such request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver
or other action may be given before or after the record date, but only the Securityholders of record at the close of business on the record
date shall be deemed to be Securityholders for the purposes of determining whether Securityholders of the requisite proportion of Outstanding
Securities of that series have authorized or agreed or consented to such request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver
or other action, and for that purpose the Outstanding Securities of that series shall be computed as of the record date; provided, however,
that no such authorization, agreement or consent by such Securityholders on the record date shall be deemed effective unless it shall
become effective pursuant to the provisions of this Indenture not later than six months after the record date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;8.02
Proof of Execution by Securityholders</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Subject to the provisions
of Section&nbsp;7.01, proof of the execution of any instrument by a Securityholder (such proof will not require notarization) or his or
her agent or proxy and proof of the holding by any Person of any of the Securities shall be sufficient if made in the following manner:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(a)&nbsp;</B></FONT>The
fact and date of the execution by any such Person of any instrument may be proved in any reasonable manner acceptable to the Trustee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(b)&nbsp;</B></FONT>The
ownership of Securities shall be proved by the Security Register of such Securities or by a certificate of the Security Registrar thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Trustee may require such additional proof
of any matter referred to in this Section&nbsp;as it shall deem necessary.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;8.03
Who May&nbsp;be Deemed Owners</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Prior to the due presentment
for registration of transfer of any Security, the Company, the Trustee, any paying agent and any Security Registrar may deem and treat
the Person in whose name such Security shall be registered upon the books of the Security Registrar as the absolute owner of such Security
(whether or not such Security shall be overdue and notwithstanding any notice of ownership or writing thereon made by anyone other than
the Security Registrar) for the purpose of receiving payment of or on account of the principal of, premium, if any, and (subject to Section&nbsp;2.03)
interest on such Security and for all other purposes; and neither the Company nor the Trustee nor any paying agent nor any Security Registrar
shall be affected by any notice to the contrary.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;8.04
Certain Securities Owned by Company Disregarded</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In determining whether the
holders of the requisite aggregate principal amount of Securities of a particular series have concurred in any direction, consent or waiver
under this Indenture, the Securities of that series that are owned by the Company or any other obligor on the Securities of that series
or by any Person directly or indirectly controlling or controlled by or under common control with the Company or any other obligor on
the Securities of that series shall be disregarded and deemed not to be Outstanding for the purpose of any such determination, except
that for the purpose of determining whether the Trustee shall be protected in relying on any such direction, consent or waiver, only Securities
of such series that the Trustee actually knows are so owned shall be so disregarded. The Securities so owned that have been pledged in
good faith may be regarded as Outstanding for the purposes of this Section, if the pledgee shall establish to the satisfaction of the
Trustee the pledgee&rsquo;s right so to act with respect to such Securities and that the pledgee is not a Person directly or indirectly
controlling or controlled by or under direct or indirect common control with the Company or any such other obligor. In case of a dispute
as to such right, any decision by the Trustee taken upon the advice of counsel shall be full protection to the Trustee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;8.05
Actions Binding on Future Securityholders</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">At any time prior to (but
not after) the evidencing to the Trustee, as provided in Section&nbsp;8.01, of the taking of any action by the holders of the majority
or percentage in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of a particular series specified in this Indenture in connection with such
action, any holder of a Security of that series that is shown by the evidence to be included in the Securities the holders of which have
consented to such action may, by filing written notice with the Trustee, and upon proof of holding as provided in Section&nbsp;8.02, revoke
such action so far as concerns such Security. Except as aforesaid any such action taken by the holder of any Security shall be conclusive
and binding upon such holder and upon all future holders and owners of such Security, and of any Security issued in exchange therefor,
on registration of transfer thereof or in place thereof, irrespective of whether or not any notation in regard thereto is made upon such
Security. Any action taken by the holders of the majority or percentage in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of a particular
series specified in this Indenture in connection with such action shall be conclusively binding upon the Company, the Trustee and the
holders of all the Securities of that series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>article
9</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>SUPPLEMENTAL
INDENTURES</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;9.01
Supplemental Indentures Without the Consent of Securityholders</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In addition to any supplemental
indenture otherwise authorized by this Indenture, the Company and the Trustee may from time to time and at any time enter into an indenture
or indentures supplemental hereto (which shall conform to the provisions of the Trust Indenture Act as then in effect), without the consent
of the Securityholders, for one or more of the following purposes:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(a)&nbsp;</B></FONT>to
cure any ambiguity, defect, or inconsistency herein or in the Securities of any series;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(b)&nbsp;</B></FONT>to
comply with Article&nbsp;10;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(c)&nbsp;</B></FONT>to
provide for uncertificated Securities in addition to or in place of certificated Securities;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(d)&nbsp;</B></FONT>to
add to the covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions relating to the Company for the benefit of the holders of all or any series
of Securities (and if such covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions are to be for the benefit of less than all series of Securities,
stating that such covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions are expressly being included solely for the benefit of such series),
to make the occurrence, or the occurrence and the continuance, of a default in any such additional covenants, restrictions, conditions
or provisions an Event of Default, or to surrender any right or power herein conferred upon the Company;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(e)&nbsp;</B></FONT>to
add to, delete from, or revise the conditions, limitations, and restrictions on the authorized amount, terms, or purposes of issue, authentication,
and delivery of Securities, as herein set forth;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(f)&nbsp;</B></FONT>to
make any change that does not adversely affect the rights of any Securityholder in any material respect;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(g)&nbsp;</B></FONT>to
provide for the issuance of and establish the form and terms and conditions of the Securities of any series as provided in Section&nbsp;2.01,
to establish the form of any certifications required to be furnished pursuant to the terms of this Indenture or any series of Securities,
or to add to the rights of the holders of any series of Securities;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(h)&nbsp;</B></FONT>to
evidence and provide for the acceptance of appointment hereunder by a successor trustee; or</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(i)&nbsp;</B></FONT>to
comply with any requirements of the Commission or any successor in connection with the qualification of this Indenture under the Trust
Indenture Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Trustee is hereby authorized
to join with the Company in the execution of any such supplemental indenture, and to make any further appropriate agreements and stipulations
that may be therein contained, but the Trustee shall not be obligated to enter into any such supplemental indenture that affects the Trustee&rsquo;s
own rights, duties or immunities under this Indenture or otherwise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Any supplemental indenture
authorized by the provisions of this Section&nbsp;may be executed by the Company and the Trustee without the consent of the holders of
any of the Securities at the time Outstanding, notwithstanding any of the provisions of Section&nbsp;9.02.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;9.02
Supplemental Indentures With Consent of Securityholders</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">With the consent (evidenced
as provided in Section&nbsp;8.01) of the holders of not less than a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of each series
affected by such supplemental indenture or indentures at the time Outstanding, the Company, when authorized by a Board Resolution, and
the Trustee may from time to time and at any time enter into an indenture or indentures supplemental hereto (which shall conform to the
provisions of the Trust Indenture Act as then in effect) for the purpose of adding any provisions to or changing in any manner or eliminating
any of the provisions of this Indenture or of any supplemental indenture or of modifying in any manner not covered by Section&nbsp;9.01
the rights of the holders of the Securities of such series under this Indenture; provided, however, that no such supplemental indenture
shall, without the consent of the holders of each Security then Outstanding and affected thereby, (a)&nbsp;extend the fixed maturity of
any Securities of any series, or reduce the principal amount thereof, or reduce the rate or extend the time of payment of interest thereon,
or reduce any premium payable upon the redemption thereof or (b)&nbsp;reduce the aforesaid percentage of Securities, the holders of which
are required to consent to any such supplemental indenture.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">It shall not be necessary
for the consent of the Securityholders of any series affected thereby under this Section&nbsp;to approve the particular form of any proposed
supplemental indenture, but it shall be sufficient if such consent shall approve the substance thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;9.03
Effect of Supplemental Indentures</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Upon the execution of any
supplemental indenture pursuant to the provisions of this Article&nbsp;or of Section&nbsp;10.01, this Indenture shall, with respect to
such series, be and be deemed to be modified and amended in accordance therewith and the respective rights, limitations of rights, obligations,
duties and immunities under this Indenture of the Trustee, the Company and the holders of Securities of the series affected thereby shall
thereafter be determined, exercised and enforced hereunder subject in all respects to such modifications and amendments, and all the terms
and conditions of any such supplemental indenture shall be and be deemed to be part of the terms and conditions of this Indenture for
any and all purposes.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;9.04
Securities Affected by Supplemental Indentures</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Securities of any series affected
by a supplemental indenture, authenticated and delivered after the execution of such supplemental indenture pursuant to the provisions
of this Article&nbsp;or of Section&nbsp;10.01, may bear a notation in form approved by the Company, provided such form meets the requirements
of any securities exchange upon which such series may be listed, as to any matter provided for in such supplemental indenture. If the
Company shall so determine, new Securities of that series so modified as to conform, in the opinion of the Board of Directors, to any
modification of this Indenture contained in any such supplemental indenture may be prepared by the Company, authenticated by the Trustee
and delivered in exchange for the Securities of that series then Outstanding.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;9.05
Execution of Supplemental Indentures</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Upon the request of the Company,
accompanied by its Board Resolutions authorizing the execution of any such supplemental indenture, and upon the filing with the Trustee
of evidence of the consent of Securityholders required to consent thereto as aforesaid, the Trustee shall join with the Company in the
execution of such supplemental indenture unless such supplemental indenture affects the Trustee&rsquo;s own rights, duties or immunities
under this Indenture or otherwise, in which case the Trustee may in its discretion but shall not be obligated to enter into such supplemental
indenture. The Trustee, subject to the provisions of Section&nbsp;7.01, shall receive an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate or an Opinion of
Counsel as conclusive evidence that any supplemental indenture executed pursuant to this Article&nbsp;is authorized or permitted by the
terms of this Article&nbsp;and that all conditions precedent to the execution of the supplemental indenture have been complied with; provided,
however, that such Officer&rsquo;s Certificate or Opinion of Counsel need not be provided in connection with the execution of a supplemental
indenture that establishes the terms of a series of Securities pursuant to Section&nbsp;2.01 hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Promptly after the execution
by the Company and the Trustee of any supplemental indenture pursuant to the provisions of this Section, the Company shall (or shall direct
the Trustee to) send a notice, setting forth in general terms the substance of such supplemental indenture, to the Securityholders of
all series affected thereby .as their names and addresses appear upon the Security Register. Any failure of the Company to send, or cause
the sending of, such notice, or any defect therein, shall not, however, in any way impair or affect the validity of any such supplemental
indenture.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>article
10</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>SUCCESSOR
ENTITY</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section&nbsp;10.01 Company
May&nbsp;Consolidate, Etc.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Nothing contained in this
Indenture shall prevent any consolidation or merger of the Company with or into any other Person (whether or not affiliated with the Company)
or successive consolidations or mergers in which the Company or its successor or successors shall be a party or parties, or shall prevent
any sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition of the property of the Company or its successor or successors as an entirety, or substantially
as an entirety, to any other Person (whether or not affiliated with the Company or its successor or successors); provided, however, (a)&nbsp;the
Company hereby covenants and agrees that, upon any such consolidation or merger (in each case, if the Company is not the survivor of such
transaction) or any such sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition (other than a sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition
to a Subsidiary of the Company), the due and punctual payment of the principal of (premium, if any) and interest on all of the Securities
of all series in accordance with the terms of each series, according to their tenor, and the due and punctual performance and observance
of all the covenants and conditions of this Indenture with respect to each series or established with respect to such series pursuant
to Section&nbsp;2.01 to be kept or performed by the Company shall be expressly assumed, by supplemental indenture (which shall conform
to the provisions of the Trust Indenture Act, as then in effect) reasonably satisfactory in form to the Trustee executed and delivered
to the Trustee by the entity formed by such consolidation, or into which the Company shall have been merged, or by the entity which shall
have acquired such property and (b)&nbsp;in the event that the Securities of any series then Outstanding are convertible into or exchangeable
for shares of common stock or other securities of the Company, such entity shall, by such supplemental indenture, make provision so that
the Securityholders of Securities of that series shall thereafter be entitled to receive upon conversion or exchange of such Securities
the number of securities or property to which a holder of the number of shares of common stock or other securities of the Company deliverable
upon conversion or exchange of those Securities would have been entitled had such conversion or exchange occurred immediately prior to
such consolidation, merger, sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition. If the Company is not the surviving entity of any such transaction,
the Company or the continuing entity agrees to deliver to the Trustee an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate and Opinion of Counsel stating that
the transaction and the supplemental indenture complies with this Section&nbsp;10.01 and that all conditions precedent herein relating
to the transaction have been satisfied.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;10.02
Successor Entity Substituted</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(a)&nbsp;</B></FONT>In
case of any such consolidation, merger, sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition and upon the assumption by the successor entity
by supplemental indenture, executed and delivered to the Trustee and satisfactory in form to the Trustee, of the obligations set forth
under Section&nbsp;10.01 on all of the Securities of all series Outstanding, such successor entity shall succeed to and be substituted
for the Company with the same effect as if it had been named as the Company herein, and thereupon the predecessor corporation shall be
relieved of all obligations and covenants under this Indenture and the Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(b)&nbsp;</B></FONT>In
case of any such consolidation, merger, sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition, such changes in phraseology and form (but not
in substance) may be made in the Securities thereafter to be issued as may be appropriate.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(c)&nbsp;</B></FONT>Nothing
contained in this Article&nbsp;shall require any action by the Company in the case of a consolidation or merger of any Person into the
Company where the Company is the survivor of such transaction, or the acquisition by the Company, by purchase or otherwise, of all or
any part of the property of any other Person (whether or not affiliated with the Company).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>article
11</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>SATISFACTION
AND DISCHARGE</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;11.01
Satisfaction and Discharge of Indenture</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If at any time: (a)&nbsp;the
Company shall have delivered to the Trustee for cancellation all Securities of a series theretofore authenticated and not delivered to
the Trustee for cancellation (other than any Securities that shall have been destroyed, lost or stolen and that shall have been replaced
or paid as provided in Section&nbsp;2.07 and Securities for whose payment money or Governmental Obligations have theretofore been deposited
in trust or segregated and held in trust by the Company and thereupon repaid to the Company or discharged from such trust, as provided
in Section&nbsp;11.05); or (b)&nbsp;all such Securities of a particular series not theretofore delivered to the Trustee for cancellation
shall have become due and payable, or are by their terms to become due and payable within one year or are to be called for redemption
within one year under arrangements satisfactory to the Trustee for the giving of notice of redemption, and the Company shall deposit or
cause to be deposited with the Trustee as trust funds the entire amount in moneys or Governmental Obligations or a combination thereof,
sufficient in the opinion of a nationally recognized firm of independent public accountants expressed in a written certification thereof
delivered to the Trustee, to pay at maturity or upon redemption all Securities of that series not theretofore delivered to the Trustee
for cancellation, including principal (and premium, if any) and interest due or to become due to such date of maturity or date fixed for
redemption, as the case may be, and if the Company shall also pay or cause to be paid all other sums payable hereunder with respect to
such series by the Company then this Indenture shall thereupon cease to be of further effect with respect to such series except for the
provisions of Sections 2.03, 2.05, 2.07, 4.01, 4.02, 4.03, 7.10, 11.05 and 13.04, that shall survive until the date of maturity or redemption
date, as the case may be, and Sections 7.06 and 11.05, that shall survive to such date and thereafter, and the Trustee, on demand of the
Company and at the cost and expense of the Company shall execute proper instruments acknowledging satisfaction of and discharging this
Indenture with respect to such series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;11.02
Discharge of Obligations</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If at any time all such Securities
of a particular series not heretofore delivered to the Trustee for cancellation or that have not become due and payable as described in
Section&nbsp;11.01 shall have been paid by the Company by depositing irrevocably with the Trustee as trust funds moneys or an amount of
Governmental Obligations sufficient to pay at maturity or upon redemption all such Securities of that series not theretofore delivered
to the Trustee for cancellation, including principal (and premium, if any) and interest due or to become due to such date of maturity
or date fixed for redemption, as the case may be, and if the Company shall also pay or cause to be paid all other sums payable hereunder
by the Company with respect to such series, then after the date such moneys or Governmental Obligations, as the case may be, are deposited
with the Trustee the obligations of the Company under this Indenture with respect to such series shall cease to be of further effect except
for the provisions of Sections 2.03, 2.05, 2.07, 4,01, 4.02, 4,03, 7.06, 7.10, 11.05 and 13.04 hereof that shall survive until such Securities
shall mature and be paid.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Thereafter, Sections 7.06
and 11.05 shall survive.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;11.03
Deposited Moneys to be Held in Trust</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">All moneys or Governmental
Obligations deposited with the Trustee pursuant to Sections 11.01 or 11.02 shall be held in trust and shall be available for payment as
due, either directly or through any paying agent (including the Company acting as its own paying agent), to the holders of the particular
series of Securities for the payment or redemption of which such moneys or Governmental Obligations have been deposited with the Trustee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;11.04
Payment of Moneys Held by Paying Agents</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In connection with the satisfaction
and discharge of this Indenture all moneys or Governmental Obligations then held by any paying agent under the provisions of this Indenture
shall, upon demand of the Company, be paid to the Trustee and thereupon such paying agent shall be released from all further liability
with respect to such moneys or Governmental Obligations.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;11.05
Repayment to Company</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Any moneys or Governmental
Obligations deposited with any paying agent or the Trustee, or then held by the Company, in trust for payment of principal of or premium,
if any, or interest on the Securities of a particular series that are not applied but remain unclaimed by the holders of such Securities
for at least two years after the date upon which the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest on such Securities shall have respectively
become due and payable, or such other shorter period set forth in applicable escheat or abandoned or unclaimed property law, shall be
repaid to the Company on May&nbsp;31 of each year or upon the Company&rsquo;s request or (if then held by the Company) shall be discharged
from such trust; and thereupon the paying agent and the Trustee shall be released from all further liability with respect to such moneys
or Governmental Obligations, and the holder of any of the Securities entitled to receive such payment shall thereafter, as a general creditor,
look only to the Company for the payment thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>article
12</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>IMMUNITY
OF INCORPORATORS, STOCKHOLDERS, OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;12.01
No Recourse</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">No recourse under or upon
any obligation, covenant or agreement of this Indenture, or of any Security, or for any claim based thereon or otherwise in respect thereof,
shall be had against any incorporator, stockholder, officer or director, past, present or future as such, of the Company or of any predecessor
or successor corporation, either directly or through the Company or any such predecessor or successor corporation, whether by virtue
of any constitution, statute or rule&nbsp;of law, or by the enforcement of any assessment or penalty or otherwise; it being expressly
understood that this Indenture and the obligations issued hereunder are solely corporate obligations, and that no such personal liability
whatever shall attach to, or is or shall be incurred by, the incorporators, stockholders, officers or directors as such, of the Company
or of any predecessor or successor corporation, or any of them, because of the creation of the indebtedness hereby authorized, or under
or by reason of the obligations, covenants or agreements contained in this Indenture or in any of the Securities or implied therefrom;
and that any and all such personal liability of every name and nature, either at common law or in equity or by constitution or statute,
of, and any and all such rights and claims against, every such incorporator, stockholder, officer or director as such, because of the
creation of the indebtedness hereby authorized, or under or by reason of the obligations, covenants or agreements contained in this Indenture
or in any of the Securities or implied therefrom, are hereby expressly waived and released as a condition of, and as a consideration
for, the execution of this Indenture and the issuance of such Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>article
13</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>MISCELLANEOUS
PROVISIONS</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;13.01
Effect on Successors and Assigns</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">All the covenants, stipulations,
promises and agreements in this Indenture made by or on behalf of the Company shall bind its successors and assigns, whether so expressed
or not.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;13.02
Actions by Successor</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Any act or proceeding by any
provision of this Indenture authorized or required to be done or performed by any board, committee or officer of the Company shall and
may be done and performed with like force and effect by the corresponding board, committee or officer of any corporation that shall at
the time be the lawful successor of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;13.03
Surrender of Company Powers</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Company by instrument
in writing executed by authority of its Board of Directors and delivered to the Trustee may surrender any of the powers reserved to the
Company, and thereupon such power so surrendered shall terminate both as to the Company and as to any successor corporation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;13.04
Notices</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Except as otherwise expressly
provided herein, any notice, request or demand that by any provision of this Indenture is required or permitted to be given, made or served
by the Trustee, the Security Registrar, any paying or other agent under this Indenture or by the holders of Securities or by any other
Person pursuant to this Indenture to or on the Company may be given or served by being deposited in first class mail, postage prepaid,
addressed (until another address is filed in writing by the Company with the Trustee), as follows: _________________________________________________________________________________________.
Any notice, election, request or demand by the Company or any Securityholder or by any other Person pursuant to this Indenture to or upon
the Trustee shall be deemed to have been sufficiently given or made, for all purposes, if given or made in writing at the Corporate Trust
Office of the Trustee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;13.05
Governing Law; Jury Trial Waiver</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This Indenture and each Security
shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the internal laws of the State of New York, except to the extent that the Trust
Indenture Act is applicable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">EACH PARTY HERETO, AND EACH
HOLDER OF A SECURITY BY ACCEPTANCE THEREOF, HEREBY WAIVES, TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, ANY RIGHT IT MAY&nbsp;HAVE
TO A TRIAL BY JURY IN RESPECT OF ANY LITIGATION DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY ARISING OUT OF, UNDER OR IN CONNECTION WITH THIS INDENTURE.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;13.06
Treatment of Securities as Debt</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">It is intended that the Securities
will be treated as indebtedness and not as equity for federal income tax purposes. The provisions of this Indenture shall be interpreted
to further this intention.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;13.07
Certificates and Opinions as to Conditions Precedent</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(a)&nbsp;</B></FONT>Upon
any application or demand by the Company to the Trustee to take any action under any of the provisions of this Indenture, the Company
shall furnish to the Trustee an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate stating that all conditions precedent provided for in this Indenture (other
than the certificate to be delivered pursuant to Section&nbsp;13.12) relating to the proposed action have been complied with and, if requested,
an Opinion of Counsel stating that in the opinion of such counsel all such conditions precedent have been complied with, except that in
the case of any such application or demand as to which the furnishing of such documents is specifically required by any provision of this
Indenture relating to such particular application or demand, no additional certificate or opinion need be furnished.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>(b)&nbsp;</B></FONT>Each
certificate or opinion provided for in this Indenture and delivered to the Trustee with respect to compliance with a condition or covenant
in this Indenture (other than the certificate to be delivered pursuant to Section&nbsp;13.12 of this Indenture or Section&nbsp;314(a)(1)&nbsp;of
the Trust Indenture Act) shall include (i)&nbsp;a statement that the Person making such certificate or opinion has read such covenant
or condition; (ii)&nbsp;a brief statement as to the nature and scope of the examination or investigation upon which the statements or
opinions contained in such certificate or opinion are based; (iii)&nbsp;a statement that, in the opinion of such Person, he has made such
examination or investigation as is reasonably necessary to enable him to express an informed opinion as to whether or not such covenant
or condition has been complied with; and (iv)&nbsp;a statement as to whether or not, in the opinion of such Person, such condition or
covenant has been complied with.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;13.08
Payments on Business Days</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Except as provided pursuant
to Section&nbsp;2.01 pursuant to a Board Resolution, and set forth in an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate, or established in one or more indentures
supplemental to this Indenture, in any case where the date of maturity of interest or principal of any Security or the date of redemption
of any Security shall not be a Business Day, then payment of interest or principal (and premium, if any) may be made on the next succeeding
Business Day with the same force and effect as if made on the nominal date of maturity or redemption, and no interest shall accrue for
the period after such nominal date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;13.09
Conflict with Trust Indenture Act</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If and to the extent that
any provision of this Indenture limits, qualifies or conflicts with the duties imposed by Section&nbsp;318(c)&nbsp;of the Trust Indenture
Act, such imposed duties shall control.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;13.10
Counterparts</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This Indenture may be executed
in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be an original, but such counterparts shall together constitute but one and the same
instrument. The exchange of copies of this Indenture and of signature pages&nbsp;by facsimile or PDF transmission shall constitute effective
execution and delivery of this Indenture as to the parties hereto and may be used in lieu of the original Indenture for all purposes.
Signatures of the parties hereto transmitted by facsimile or PDF shall be deemed to be their original signatures for all purposes.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;13.11
Separability</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In case any one or more of
the provisions contained in this Indenture or in the Securities of any series shall for any reason be held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable
in any respect, such invalidity, illegality or unenforceability shall not affect any other provisions of this Indenture or of such Securities,
but this Indenture and such Securities shall be construed as if such invalid or illegal or unenforceable provision had never been contained
herein or therein.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;13.12
Compliance Certificates</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Company shall deliver
to the Trustee, within 120 days after the end of each fiscal year during which any Securities of any series were outstanding, an officer&rsquo;s
certificate stating whether or not the signers know of any Event of Default that occurred during such fiscal year. Such certificate shall
contain a certification from the principal executive officer, principal financial officer or principal accounting officer of the Company
that a review has been conducted of the activities of the Company and the Company&rsquo;s performance under this Indenture and that the
Company has complied with all conditions and covenants under this Indenture. For purposes of this Section&nbsp;13.12, such compliance
shall be determined without regard to any period of grace or requirement of notice provided under this Indenture. If the officer of the
Company signing such certificate has knowledge of such an Event of Default, the certificate shall describe any such Event of Default and
its status.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;13.13
U.S.A Patriot Act</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The parties hereto acknowledge
that in accordance with Section&nbsp;326 of the U.S.A. Patriot Act, the Trustee, like all financial institutions and in order to help
fight the funding of terrorism and money laundering, is required to obtain, verify, and record information that identifies each person
or legal entity that establishes a relationship or opens an account with the Trustee. The parties to this Indenture agree that they will
provide the Trustee with such information as it may request in order for the Trustee to satisfy the requirements of the U.S.A. Patriot
Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;13.14
Force Majeure</B></FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In no event shall the Trustee,
the Security Registrar, any paying agent or any other agent under this Indenture be responsible or liable for any failure or delay in
the performance of its obligations hereunder arising out of or caused by, directly or indirectly, forces beyond its control, including
without limitation, strikes, work stoppages, accidents, acts of war or terrorism, civil or military disturbances, nuclear or natural catastrophes
or acts of God, and interruptions, loss or malfunctions or utilities, communications or computer (software and hardware) services; it
being understood that the Trustee, the Security Registrar, any paying agent or any other agent under this Indenture shall use reasonable
efforts which are consistent with accepted practices in the banking industry to resume performance as soon as practicable under the circumstances.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>Section&nbsp;13.15 Table
of Contents; Headings.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The table of contents and
headings of the articles and sections of this Indenture have been inserted for convenience of reference only, are not intended to be considered
a part hereof, and will not modify or restrict any of the terms or provisions hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt; font-variant: small-caps"><B>In
Witness Whereof</B></FONT>, the parties hereto have caused this Indenture to be duly executed all as of the day and year first above written.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: small-caps"><B>ClearSign Technologies Corporation</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 5%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; width: 43%">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Name:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Title:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: small-caps"><B>[Trustee]</B></FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">, as Trustee</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Name:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Title:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>CROSS-REFERENCE TABLE (1)</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center; width: 69%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;of Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as Amended </B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center; width: 30%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Section&nbsp;of Indenture </B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">310(a)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">7.09</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">310(b)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">7.08</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">7.10</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">311(a)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">7.13</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">311(b)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">7.13</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">312(a)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.01</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.02(a)</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">312(b)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.02(c)</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">312(c)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.02(c)</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">313(a)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.04(a)</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">313(b)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.04(b)</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">313(c)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.04(a)</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.04(b)</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">313(d)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.04(c)</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">314(a)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.03</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">13.12</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">314(b)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Inapplicable</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">314(c)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">13.07(a)</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">314(d)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Inapplicable</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">314(e)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">13.07(b)</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">314(f)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Inapplicable</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">315(a)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">7.01(a)</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">7.01(b)</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">315(b)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">7.14</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">315(c)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">7.01</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">315(d)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">7.01(b)</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">315(e)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">6.07</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">316(a)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">6.06</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8.04</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">316(b)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">6.04</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">316(c)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8.01</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">317(a)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">6.02</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">317(b)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.03</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">318(a)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">13.09</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(1)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This Cross-Reference Table does not constitute part of the Indenture and shall not have any bearing on the interpretation of any of its terms or provisions.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<TYPE>EX-5.1
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<FILENAME>tm2520917d1_ex5-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 5.1
<TEXT>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: right; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Exhibit 5.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 49%"><IMG SRC="tm2520917d1_ex5-1img011.jpg" ALT=""></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 2%; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: justify; width: 49%">&nbsp;</TD>
</TR><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="padding-top: 1.5pt"><IMG SRC="tm2520917d1_ex5-1img012.jpg" ALT=""></TD><TD STYLE="padding-top: 1.5pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="padding-top: 1.5pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
     </TABLE>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">July&nbsp;17, 2025</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">ClearSign Technologies Corporation<BR>
8023 E. 63rd Place, Suite&nbsp;101</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Tulsa, Oklahoma 74133</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify"><B>Re: ClearSign Technologies Corporation
- Registration Statement on Form&nbsp;S-3</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in">Ladies and Gentlemen:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have acted as counsel to
ClearSign Technologies Corporation, a Delaware corporation (the &ldquo;<U>Company</U>&rdquo;), in connection with the preparation and
filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &ldquo;<U>Commission</U>&rdquo;) on July&nbsp;17, 2025, under the Securities Act
of 1933, as amended (the &ldquo;<U>Act</U>&rdquo;), of the Company&rsquo;s registration statement on Form&nbsp;S-3 (the &ldquo;<U>Registration
Statement</U>&rdquo;), relating to the registration of (i)&nbsp;shares of its common stock, $0.0001 par value per share (the &ldquo;<U>Common
Stock</U>&rdquo;), (ii)&nbsp;shares of its preferred stock, $0.0001 par value (the &ldquo;<U>Preferred Stock</U>&rdquo;), (iii)&nbsp;debt
securities (&ldquo;<U>Debt Securities</U>&rdquo;), (iv)&nbsp;warrants to purchase Common Stock, Preferred Stock or Debt Securities (the
 &ldquo;<U>Warrants</U>&rdquo;), (v)&nbsp;units consisting of Common Stock, Preferred Stock, Warrants, Debt Securities, or Rights (as defined
herein) or any combination thereof (the &ldquo;<U>Units</U>&rdquo;), and (vi)&nbsp;subscription rights to purchase Common Stock, Preferred
Stock, Debt Securities or other of its securities (&ldquo;<U>Rights</U>&rdquo;) with an aggregate offering price of up to $50,000,000
(the Common Stock, Preferred Stock, Warrants, Units, Debt Securities and Rights are each referred to herein as an &ldquo;<U>Offered Security</U>,&rdquo;
and collectively as the &ldquo;<U>Offered Securities</U>&rdquo;) for primary offerings.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We advise you that we have
also examined (i)&nbsp;the sales agreement prospectus to be filed, together with the Registration Statement and Prospectus (as defined
herein), with the Commission on July&nbsp;17, 2025 (the &ldquo;<U>Sales Agreement Prospectus</U>&rdquo;) relating to the sale by the Company
through H.C. Wainwright&nbsp;&amp; Co., LLC, as the sales agent (the &ldquo;<U>Sales Agent</U>&rdquo;), from time to time of shares of
Common Stock (the &ldquo;<U>Placement Shares</U>&rdquo;) having an aggregate maximum offering price of up to $10,390,000 pursuant to the
Registration Statement, the Prospectus and the Sales Agreement Prospectus for the sale of the Placement Shares included in the Registration
Statement, and (ii)&nbsp;that certain At-the-Market Sales Agreement, dated as of July&nbsp;17, 2025, by and between the Company and the
Sales Agent (the &ldquo;<U>Sales Agreement</U>&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">As counsel to the Company
in connection with this opinion, we have examined such corporate records, documents, and instruments of the Company and reviewed such
questions of law as we have deemed necessary for the purpose of rendering the opinions set forth herein and we have examined the proceedings
taken by the Company relating to the issuance and sale of the Offered Securities. We have also examined the Registration Statement as
filed with the Commission in accordance with the provisions of the Act, and the rules&nbsp;and regulations of the Commission thereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have examined such documents
and considered such legal matters as we have deemed necessary and relevant as the basis for the opinion set forth below. With respect
to such examination, we have assumed the genuineness of all signatures, the authenticity of all documents submitted to us as originals,
the conformity to original documents of all documents submitted to us as reproduced or certified copies, and the authenticity of the originals
of those latter documents. As to questions of fact material to this opinion, we have, to the extent deemed appropriate, relied upon certain
representations of certain officers and employees of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In expressing our opinions
below, we have assumed, with your consent, that:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(a)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;the
Registration Statement (including any and all required post-effective amendments thereto) will have become effective under the Act and
will comply with all applicable laws;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="border-top: Black 1pt solid; padding-top: 2.5pt; width: 40%"></TD><TD STYLE="border-top: Black 1pt solid; padding-top: 2.5pt; text-align: justify; width: 60%">437 Madison Ave., 25th Floor, New York, New York 10022-7001 <BR>
Phone:&nbsp;&nbsp;(212)
509-3900&nbsp;&nbsp;Fax:&nbsp;&nbsp;(212) 509-7239&nbsp;&nbsp;Website: <FONT STYLE="font-variant: small-caps">www.msk.com</FONT><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"></P>

</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 49%"><IMG SRC="tm2520917d1_ex5-1img011.jpg" ALT=""></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: justify; width: 50%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">July&nbsp;17, 2025</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Page&nbsp;2</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(b)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;the
Registration Statement (including any and all required post-effective amendments thereto) will be effective under the Act and will comply
with all applicable laws at the time the Offered Securities are offered or sold as contemplated by the Registration Statement (including
any and all required post-effective amendments thereto), the base prospectus included therein (the &ldquo;<U>Prospectus</U>&rdquo;) and
the applicable prospectus supplement(s);</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(c)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;no
stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement (including any and all required post-effective amendments thereto)
will have been issued and remain in effect;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(d)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;a
prospectus supplement describing the Offered Securities and the offering thereof and complying with all applicable laws will have been
prepared and filed with the Commission;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(e)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;the
Offered Securities will be offered and sold in the form and with the terms set forth in the Registration Statement (including any and
all required post-effective amendments thereto), the Prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement(s)&nbsp;and the organizational
documents of the Company, as applicable;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(f)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;the
Offered Securities will be offered and sold in compliance with all applicable federal and state securities laws and in the manner stated
in the Registration Statement (including any and all required post-effective amendments thereto), the Prospectus and the applicable prospectus
supplement(s);</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(g)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;the
Company will have obtained any and all legally required consents, approvals, authorizations and other orders of the Commission and any
and all other regulatory authorities and other third parties necessary to offer and sell the Offered Securities;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(h)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;a
definitive purchase, underwriting, sales or similar agreement (each a &ldquo;<U>Purchase Agreement</U>&rdquo;) with respect to any Offered
Securities will have been duly authorized and validly executed and delivered by the Company and the other parties thereto;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(i)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;any
Offered Securities or other securities issuable upon conversion, exchange or exercise of any Offered Security will be duly authorized,
created and, if appropriate, reserved for issuance upon such conversion, exchange or exercise; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(j)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;any
Purchase Agreement will be governed by the laws of the State of New York or the State of Delaware.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our opinions expressed below
are subject to the qualifications that we express no opinion as to the applicability of, compliance with or effect of: (i)&nbsp;any bankruptcy,
insolvency, reorganization, preference, fraudulent conveyance, fraudulent transfer, moratorium or other similar laws relating to or affecting
the rights and remedies of creditors generally; (ii)&nbsp;general principles of equity, whether considered in a proceeding in equity or
at law (including the possible unavailability of specific performance or injunctive relief), concepts of materiality, reasonableness,
good faith and fair dealing, and the discretion of the court before which a proceeding is brought; or (iii)&nbsp;public policy considerations
that may limit the rights of parties to obtain certain remedies.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We express no opinion as to
(i)&nbsp;any provision providing for the indemnification of or contribution to a party with respect to a liability where such indemnification
or contribution is contrary to public policy, (ii)&nbsp;consents to, or restrictions upon, governing law, jurisdiction, venue, arbitration,
remedies or judicial relief, (iii)&nbsp;the securities or &ldquo;Blue Sky&rdquo; laws of any state to the offer or sale of the Offered
Securities and (iv)&nbsp;the antifraud provisions of the securities or other laws of any jurisdiction.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Subject to the foregoing and
the other matters set forth herein, it is our opinion that, as of the date hereof:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">1.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;The
Company has the authority pursuant to its certificate of incorporation, as amended from time to time (the &ldquo;<U>Certificate of Incorporation</U>&rdquo;),
to issue up to an aggregate of 87,500,000 shares of Common Stock. Upon adoption by the board of directors of the Company (the &ldquo;<U>Board</U>&rdquo;)
of a resolution in form and content as required by applicable law duly authorizing the issuance of shares of Common Stock (with such shares,
together with all shares of Common Stock previously issued or reserved for issuance and not duly and lawfully retired, not exceeding an
aggregate of 87,500,000 shares), and upon issuance and delivery of and payment of legal consideration in excess of the par value thereof
in accordance with the applicable Purchase Agreement and all applicable law, such shares of Common Stock will be validly issued, fully
paid and nonassessable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 49%"><IMG SRC="tm2520917d1_ex5-1img011.jpg" ALT=""></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: justify; width: 50%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">July&nbsp;17, 2025</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Page&nbsp;3</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">2.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;The
Company has the authority pursuant to the Certificate of Incorporation to issue up to an aggregate of 2,000,000 shares of Preferred Stock.
When a series of Preferred Stock has been duly established in accordance with the terms of the Certificate of Incorporation and applicable
law, and upon adoption by the Board of a resolution in form and content as required by applicable law duly authorizing the issuance of
shares of Preferred Stock (with such shares, together with all shares of Preferred Stock previously issued, designated or reserved for
issuance and not duly and lawfully retired, not exceeding an aggregate of 2,000,000 shares) and upon issuance and delivery of and payment
of legal consideration in excess of the par value thereof in accordance with the applicable Purchase Agreement and all applicable law
(and assuming the satisfaction of the conditions described in the applicable numbered paragraphs of this opinion letter with respect to
our opinion regarding any Offered Securities into or for which such shares of Preferred Stock may be convertible, exchangeable or redeemable),
such shares of Preferred Stock will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">3.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;When
(a)&nbsp;a warrant agreement, if any, has been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action of the Company (including, without limitation,
the adoption by the Board of a resolution in form and content as required by applicable law duly authorizing the execution and delivery
of such warrant agreement) and duly executed and delivered by the Company, (b)&nbsp;the specific terms of a particular issuance of Warrants
have been duly established in accordance with such warrant agreement, if any, and all applicable law and authorized by all necessary corporate
action of the Company (including, without limitation, the adoption by the Board of a resolution in form and content as required by applicable
law duly authorizing the issuance and delivery of the Warrants), and (c)&nbsp;the Warrants have been duly executed, issued and delivered
against payment therefor in accordance with such warrant agreement, if any, the applicable Purchase Agreement and all applicable law (and
assuming the satisfaction of the conditions described in the applicable numbered paragraphs of this opinion letter with respect to our
opinion regarding any Offered Securities issuable upon exercise of the Warrants), such Warrants will be legally valid and binding obligations
of the Company, enforceable against the Company in accordance with their terms.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">4.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;When
(a)&nbsp;a unit agreement has been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action of the Company (including, without limitation, the
adoption by the Board of a resolution duly authorizing the execution and delivery of such unit agreement) and duly executed and delivered
by the Company, (b)&nbsp;the specific terms of a particular issuance of the related Units have been duly established in accordance with
such unit agreement and all applicable law and authorized by all necessary corporate action of the Company (including, without limitation,
the adoption by the Board of a resolution in form and content as required by applicable law duly authorizing the issuance and delivery
of the Units), and (c)&nbsp;such Units have been duly executed, issued and delivered against payment therefor in accordance with such
unit agreement, the applicable Purchase Agreement and all applicable law (and assuming the satisfaction of the conditions described in
the applicable numbered paragraphs of this opinion letter with respect to our opinion regarding the Offered Securities underlying the
Units), such Units will be legally valid and binding obligations of the Company, enforceable against the Company in accordance with their
terms.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">5.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;When
(a)&nbsp;an indenture has been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action of the Company (including, without limitation, the adoption
by the Board of a resolution in form and content as required by applicable law duly authorizing the execution and delivery of such indenture)
and duly executed and delivered by the Company and the trustee thereunder, (b)&nbsp;the specific terms of a particular issuance of Debt
Securities have been duly established in accordance with such indenture, and all applicable law and authorized by all necessary corporate
action of the Company (including, without limitation, the adoption by the Board of a resolution in form and content as required by applicable
law duly authorizing the issuance and delivery of the Debt Securities), (c)&nbsp;the indenture has been qualified under the Trust Indenture
Act of 1939, as amended, and (d)&nbsp;the Debt Securities have been duly executed, issued and delivered against payment therefor in accordance
with such indenture, the applicable Purchase Agreement and all applicable law (and assuming the satisfaction of the conditions described
in the applicable numbered paragraphs of this opinion letter with respect to our opinion regarding any Offered Securities issuable upon
exercise of the Debt Securities), such Debt Securities will be legally valid and binding obligations of the Company, enforceable against
the Company in accordance with their terms.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

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  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 49%"><IMG SRC="tm2520917d1_ex5-1img011.jpg" ALT=""></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 1%; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: justify; width: 50%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">July&nbsp;17, 2025</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Page&nbsp;4</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">6.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;When
(a)&nbsp;a rights agreement, if any, has been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action of the Company (including, without limitation,
the adoption by the Board of a resolution in form and content as required by applicable law duly authorizing the execution and delivery
of such rights agreement) and duly executed and delivered by the Company, (b)&nbsp;the specific terms of a particular issuance of Rights
have been duly established in accordance with such rights agreement, if any, and all applicable law and authorized by all necessary corporate
action of the Company (including, without limitation, the adoption by the Board of a resolution in form and content as required by applicable
law duly authorizing the issuance and delivery of the Rights), and (c)&nbsp;the Rights have been duly executed, issued and delivered against
payment therefor in accordance with such rights agreement, if any, the applicable Purchase Agreement and all applicable law (and assuming
the satisfaction of the conditions described in the applicable numbered paragraphs of this opinion letter with respect to our opinion
regarding any Offered Securities issuable upon exercise of the Rights), such Rights will be legally valid and binding obligations of the
Company, enforceable against the Company in accordance with their terms.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">7.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;The
Placement Shares, to be issued and sold by the Company, have been duly authorized for issuance and, when issued, sold and delivered in
the manner of and for consideration (of not less than par value per share of the Common Stock) in the manner contemplated by the Sales
Agreement and in accordance with the resolutions duly adopted and to be duly adopted by the Board with respect to the offer, sale and
issuance of the Placement Shares, will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This opinion is opining upon
and is limited to the current federal laws of the United States and the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware and the laws
of the State of New York, as such laws presently exist and to the facts as they presently exist. We express no opinion with respect to
the effect or applicability of the laws of any other jurisdiction. We assume no obligation to revise or supplement this opinion letter
should the laws of such jurisdiction be changed after the date hereof by legislative action, judicial decision, or otherwise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We hereby consent to the use
of this opinion as an exhibit to the Registration Statement, to the use of our name as the Company&rsquo;s counsel and to all references
made to us in the Registration Statement and in the prospectus forming a part thereof. In giving this consent, we do not admit that we
are in the category of persons whose consent is required under Section&nbsp;7 of the Act, or the rules&nbsp;and regulations promulgated
thereunder. This opinion is given as of the effective date of the Registration Statement, and we are under no duty to update the opinions
contained herein.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Very
    truly yours,</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/
    Mitchell Silberberg&nbsp;&amp; Knupp LLP</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">MITCHELL
    SILBERBERG&nbsp;&amp; KNUPP LLP</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-23.1
<SEQUENCE>5
<FILENAME>tm2520917d1_ex23-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 23.1
<TEXT>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Exhibit&nbsp;23.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-variant: small-caps"><B>Consent
of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference
in this Registration Statement on Form&nbsp;S-3 of our report dated March&nbsp;31, 2025 relating to the consolidated financial statements,
which appears in the Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K of ClearSign Technologies Corporation for the year ended December&nbsp;31, 2024.
We also consent to the reference to us under the heading &ldquo;Experts&rdquo; in such Registration Statement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">/s/ BPM CPA LLP</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">San Jose, California</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">July&nbsp;17, 2025</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-FILING FEES
<SEQUENCE>6
<FILENAME>tm2520917d1_ex-filingfees.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EX-FILING FEES
<TEXT>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Exhibit 107</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Calculation of Filing Fee Tables</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Form S-3</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Form Type)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>ClearSign Technologies Corporation</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><U>Table 1-Newly Registered and Carry Forward Securities</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="width: 9%; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 10%; border: black 1pt solid">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Security</B></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Type</B></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 10%; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Security</B></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Class Title</B></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 10%; border: black 1pt solid">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Fee</B></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Calculation or</B></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Carry</B></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Forward Rule</B></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 12%; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Amount</B></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Registered (1)</B></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 9%; border: black 1pt solid">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Proposed</B></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Maximum</B></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Offering</B></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Price Per</B></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Unit (2)</B></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 19%; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Proposed Maximum</B></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Aggregate</B></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Offering</B></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Price (3)</B></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 10%; border: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Fee Rate</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; width: 11%; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Amount of</B></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Registration</B></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Fee </B></P></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Fees to Be</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Paid</P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Equity</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Common</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Stock, par value $0.0001</P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">457(o)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Equity</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Preferred</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Stock, par value $0.0001</P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">457(o)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Equity</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Debt Securities</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">457(o)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Other</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Warrants</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">457(o)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Other</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Subscription</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Rights</P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">457(o)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Other</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Units</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">457(o)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Unallocated (Universal) Shelf</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">457(o)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">$50,000,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">$153.10 per $1,000,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">$7,655 (4)</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Fees</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Previously</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Paid</P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Carry</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Forward</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Securities</P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="4" STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Total Offering Amounts</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">$50,000,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">$7,655</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="4" STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Total Fees Previously Paid</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="4" STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Total Fee Offsets</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">$4,255.90
    (5)</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="4" STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Net Fees Due</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">$3,399.10</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;<B>Table 2: Fee Offset Claims and Sources</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; padding-left: 8.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.6pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Registrant<BR>
or Filer<BR>
Name</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.6pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Form<BR>
or<BR>
Filing<BR>
Type</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.6pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>File<BR>
Number</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.6pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Initial<BR>
Filing<BR>
Date</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.6pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Filing<BR>
Date</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.6pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Fee Offset<BR>
Claimed</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.6pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Security<BR>
Type<BR>
Associated<BR>
with Fee<BR>
Offset<BR>
Claimed</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.6pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Security<BR>
Title<BR>
Associated<BR>
with Fee<BR>
Offset<BR>
Claimed</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.6pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Unsold<BR>
Securities<BR>
Associated<BR>
with Fee<BR>
Offset<BR>
Claimed</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.6pt">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Unsold<BR>
    Aggregate<BR>
    Offering<BR>
    Amount<BR>
    Associated<BR>
    with Fee<BR>
    Offset</B></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Claimed</B></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 2.8pt; padding-bottom: 1.6pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Fee Paid<BR>
with Fee<BR>
Offset<BR>
Source</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="26" STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 2.8pt; padding-bottom: 1.6pt; padding-left: 8.8pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Rule 457(b) and 0-11(a)(2)</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 2.8pt; padding-bottom: 1.6pt; padding-left: 8.8pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Fee Offset Claims</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="4" STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="4" STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 2.8pt; padding-bottom: 1.6pt; padding-left: 8.8pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Fee-Offset Sources</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="4" STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="4" STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="26" STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 2.8pt; padding-bottom: 1.6pt; padding-left: 8.8pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Rule 457(p)</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.6pt; padding-left: 8.8pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Fee Offset Claims</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.6pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ClearSign Technologies Corporation</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.6pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form S-3</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.6pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-265967</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.6pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">July 1, 2022</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.6pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$3,664.59 (5)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.6pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Unallocated (Universal) Shelf</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.6pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.6pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(1)(2)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.6pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$39,531,668.22</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 2.8pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.8pt; padding-left: 8.8pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Fee-Offset Sources</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.8pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ClearSign Technologies Corporation</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.8pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form S-3</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.8pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-265967</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.8pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">July 1, 2022</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 2.8pt; padding-bottom: 1.8pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$1,415.45 (5)</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.8pt; padding-left: 8.8pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Fee Offset Claims</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.8pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ClearSign Technologies Corporation</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.8pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form S-3</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.8pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-232402</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">June 27, 2019</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.8pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Unallocated (Universal) Shelf</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(1)(2)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$34,730,890</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 2.8pt; padding-bottom: 1.8pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.8pt; padding-left: 8.8pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Fee-Offset Sources</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.8pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ClearSign Technologies Corporation</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.8pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form S-3</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.8pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">333-232402</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1.8pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">June 27, 2019</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 2.8pt; padding-bottom: 1.8pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$2,840.45</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 8%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 10%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 4%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 8%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 5%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 4%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 4%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 9%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 8%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 8%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 10%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 8%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Rule-Page --><DIV STYLE="margin-top: 3pt; margin-bottom: 3pt; width: 25%"><DIV STYLE="font-size: 1pt; border-top: Black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</DIV></DIV><!-- Field: /Rule-Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>





<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(1)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 15pt; width: 97%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">The securities are being registered as an indeterminate number of securities that shall have an aggregate offering price not to exceed $50,000,000. This Registration Statement shall also cover any additional securities to be offered or issued from share splits, share dividends, recapitalizations or similar transactions.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(2)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 97%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">The proposed maximum offering price per unit will be determined from time to time by the registrant in connection with the issuance of securities.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(3)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 7pt; width: 97%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">The proposed maximum aggregate offering price has been estimated for the sole purpose of computing the registration fee pursuant to Rule 457(o) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &ldquo;Securities Act&rdquo;).</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 7pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(4)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 7pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">The registration fee has been calculated in accordance with Rule 457(o) of the Securities Act.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 7pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(5)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 7pt 0pt 0">On June 17, 2019, the registrant filed a Registration Statement on
Form S-3 (File No. 333-232402) (the &ldquo;2019 Registration Statement&rdquo;) with the Securities and Exchange Commission and paid a
registration fee of $6,060. An amount of $34,730,890 remained unsold under the 2019 Registration Statement after its completion. Further,
on July 1, 2022, the registrant filed a Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-265967) (as amended, the &ldquo;2022 Registration
Statement,&rdquo; and together with the 2019 Registration Statement, the &ldquo;Prior Registration Statements&rdquo;) with the Securities
and Exchange Commission and paid a registration fee of $1415.45. An amount of $39,531,668.22 remained unsold under the 2022 Registration
Statement after its completion. Pursuant to Rule 457(p) under the Securities Act, the registrant hereby offsets the total registration
fee due under this Registration Statement against the fees previously paid in connection with the unsold amount of securities on the Prior
Registration Statements. Accordingly, a fee of $3,399.10 is being paid in connection with the filing of this Registration Statement after
an offset amount of $4,255.90 is applied to this Registration Statement&rsquo;s registration fee.</P></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

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