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Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2025

Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Note 1: Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Description of Business

Dyadic International, Inc. (“Dyadic”, “we”, “us”, “our”, or the “Company”) is a global biotechnology platform company headquartered in Jupiter, Florida, with operations in the U.S. and the Netherlands. We aim to develop and commercialize scalable, non-animal protein production platforms to meet growing global demand across the life sciences, food and nutrition, and bio-industrial markets.

Our proprietary platforms—Dapibus™ and C1—are designed for rapid, cost-effective, and flexible production of high-value proteins, enabling partners to reduce development timelines and manufacturing costs. While Dyadic’s primary focus is on non-therapeutic applications, both platforms retain the capability to produce biologics, such as vaccines and therapeutic proteins, for external partners.

DBA Name Change Update

Effective on August 1, 2025, we are doing business as Dyadic Applied BioSolutions (as previously announced on July 2, 2025). This rebranding initiative marks a strategic transition from a research-driven organization to a commercially focused enterprise. The new name and visual identity better reflect the emphasis on delivering applied biotechnology solutions through our patented and proprietary C1 and Dapibus™ gene expression platforms.

This underscores our focus on commercializing high-value, non-therapeutic proteins in the life sciences, food, nutrition and industrial bioprocessing sectors. These proteins avoid the regulatory complexity and high costs associated with therapeutic biologics, enabling faster time to revenue, broader market reach, and long-term supply agreements. Our recent significant milestones across both food and nutrition as well as fully funded legacy collaborations, such as with the Gates Foundation, underscore our strategic shift to revenue-focused bioprocessing protein platforms from therapeutic and vaccine development.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

In accordance with FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 205-40, Presentation of Financial Statements – Going Concern (“Topic 205-40”), management is required to evaluate whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for at least 12 months from the issuance date of the Company’s condensed interim financial statements. This evaluation does not take into consideration the potential mitigating effect of management’s plans that have not been fully implemented or are not within control of the Company as of the date the financial statements are issued. When substantial doubt exists under this methodology, management evaluates whether the mitigating effect of its plans sufficiently alleviates substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The mitigating effect of management’s plans, however, is only considered if both (1) it is probable that the plans will be effectively implemented within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued, and (2) it is probable that the plans, when implemented, will mitigate the relevant conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued.

The Company expects to incur losses and have negative net cash flows from operating activities as it continues developing its C1 and Dapibus ^TM microbial protein production platforms and related products, and as it expands its pipelines and engages in further research and development activities for internal products as well as for its third-party collaborators and licensees. The success of the Company depends on its ability to develop its technologies and products to the point of regulatory approval, commercialization, and subsequent revenue generation or through the sublicensing of the Company’s technologies and products, and its ability to raise capital to finance these developmental efforts.

On March 8, 2024, the Company issued an aggregate principal amount of $6.0 million of its 8.0% Senior Secured Convertible Promissory Notes due March 8, 2027 (the “Convertible Notes”) in a private placement. The purchasers of the Convertible Notes included immediate family members and family trusts related to Mark Emalfarb, our President and Chief Executive Officer and a member of our Board of Directors, including The Francisco Trust, an existing holder of more than 5% of the Company’s outstanding common stock, (collectively, the “Purchasers”). The net proceeds from the sale of the Convertible Notes, after deducting offering expenses, were $5,824,326. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the offering of the Convertible Notes for working capital and general corporate purposes.

The Convertible Notes are senior, secured obligations of Dyadic and its affiliates, and interest is payable quarterly in cash on the principal amount equal to 8% per annum. The Convertible Notes will mature on March 8, 2027 (the “Maturity Date”), unless earlier converted, repurchased, or redeemed in accordance with the terms of the Convertible Notes. The Convertible Notes can be converted into shares of Dyadic’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Common Stock”), at the option of the holders of the Convertible Notes (the “Noteholders”) at any time prior to the Maturity Date.

On October 4, 2024, the Company entered into an amendment (the “Amendment”) to the Convertible Notes. Pursuant to the Amendment, (i) the conversion price upon which the Convertible Notes will be convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock is $1.40 per share of common stock, and (ii) the Redemption Date (as defined in the Amendment) will fall on any of the 26, 29 and 32-month anniversaries of the original issue date of the Convertible Notes.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, $910,000 of the Convertible Notes were converted into 556,623 shares of Common Stock. For more information regarding the Convertible Notes, including the covenants related thereto, see Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

On May 1, 2025, the Company entered into a second amendment (the “Second Amendment”) to the Convertible Notes. Pursuant to the Second Amendment, the Redemption Date (as defined in the Second Amendment) will now fall on December 1, 2026.

The Convertible Notes contain customary covenants, and the Securities Purchase Agreement relating to the Convertible Notes also contains certain affirmative and negative covenants (including, without limitation, restrictions on our ability to incur indebtedness, permit liens, make dividends or certain debt payments or consummate certain affiliate transactions). The Company was in compliance with its covenants with respect to the Convertible Notes as of June 30, 2025.

On November 16, 2024, Dyadic entered into an agreement with the Gates Foundation (the “Gates Foundation”, formerly known as the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation) relating to a grant in the amount of $3,092,136 awarded from the Gates Foundation for the cell line development of monoclonal antibodies targeting respiratory syncytial virus and malaria utilizing the Company’s C1 platform to provide globally accessible treatment options for underserved populations (the “Gates Foundation Grant”). Funds received in advance that have not been spent are recorded as restricted cash and cash equivalents in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

On March 20, 2025, the Company received a funding award from Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness (“CEPI”) to advance Dyadic’s C1 platform through a $4.5 million grant through Fondazione Biotecnopolo di Siena (“FBS”) to accelerate recombinant protein vaccine development and manufacturing. The funding will support antigen design, cell line development, optimization, characterization, and scale-up to cGMP manufacturing. If successful, the next phase will focus on selecting a CEPI-priority pathogen antigen. Dyadic, as a subcontractor, will receive up to $2.4 million of the total grant funding.

On July 30, 2025, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement with Craig-Hallum Capital Group LLC, in its capacity as underwriter, relating to the issuance and sale (the “Offering”) of 6,052,000 shares of the Company’s Common Stock. The public offering price in the Offering was $0.95 per share of Common Stock. The closing of the Offering occurred on August 1, 2025. The net proceeds to the Company from the Offering were approximately $5.3 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by the Company. The Company intends to use the net proceeds of the Offering for working capital and general corporate purposes, such as product development, sales and marketing.

The Company expects its existing cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents and its short term investment securities, totaling approximately $6.9 million as of June 30, 2025, together with the capital raised from the Offering of approximately $5.3 million, will be sufficient to meet its operational, business, and other liquidity requirements for at least the next twelve (12) months from the date of issuance of the financial statements contained in this Quarterly Report. However, the Company has based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and its operating plan may change as a result of many factors currently unknown to it. In the event our financing needs are not able to be met by our existing cash, cash equivalents and investments, we would seek to raise additional capital through strategic financial opportunities that could include, but are not limited to, future public or private equity offerings, collaboration agreements, convertible notes or other debt instruments, and/or other means. Any amount raised may be used for the further development and commercialization of product candidates, and for other working capital purposes. There is no guarantee that any of these strategic or financing opportunities will be executed or realized on favorable terms, if at all, and some could be dilutive to existing shareholders.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, including the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries, have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”), Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) and applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) regarding interim financial reporting. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in consolidated financial statements have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. All significant intra-entity transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. The information included in this Quarterly Report should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and footnotes as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, included in our Annual Report.

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, which are of a normal recurring nature, considered necessary for a fair presentation of all periods presented. The results of the Company’s operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations for any other interim period or for a full fiscal year.

Segment Information

Operating segments are defined as components of an entity about which separate discrete information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker, or CODM, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The CODM is the Company’s senior management team that includes the Chief Executive Officer, President & Chief Operating Officer, and Chief Financial Officer. The Company views its operations as and manages its business in one operating segment, which is the business of developing and commercializing recombinant protein products using the Company’s proprietary microbial platforms, including C1 and Dapibus™. Segment information is further described in Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the applicable period. Estimates inherent in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, estimates related to revenue recognition, accrued expenses, stock-based compensation expense, and income taxes. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and other market specific or other relevant assumptions it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates as there are changes in circumstances, facts, and experience. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Such differences could be material to the consolidated financial statements.

Concentrations and Credit Risk

The Company’s financial instruments that are potentially subject to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, investment securities, and accounts receivable. At times, the Company has cash, cash equivalents, and investment securities at financial institutions exceeding the Federal Depository Insurance Company (“FDIC”) and the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (“SIPC”) insured limit on domestic currency and the Netherlands’ FDIC counterpart for foreign currency. The Company currently deals with four reputable financial institutions and has not experienced any losses in those accounts.

For the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company’s revenue was generated from eight and ten customers, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company’s revenue was generated from ten and thirteen customers, respectively. Significant customers are those that account for greater than 10% of the Company’s revenues. For the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, three and four significant customers accounted for $794,615 or 58.4% and $284,594 or 73.7% of revenue, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, four and five significant customers accounted for $1,101,653 or 80.9% and $506,379 or 70.3% of revenue, respectively.

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, accounts receivable was from seven and nine customers, of which, four and three customers accounted for $658,005 or 92.0% and $158,416 or 66.9% of total accounts receivable, respectively. The loss of business from one or a combination of the Company’s customers could adversely affect its operations.

The Company conducts operations in the Netherlands through its foreign subsidiary and generates a portion of its revenues from customers that are located outside of the United States. For the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company had three and four customers outside of the United States (i.e., European customers) that accounted for $63,560 or 6.6% and $105,932 or 27.5% of revenue, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company had three and seven customers outside of the United States (i.e., European customers) that accounted for $111,893 or 8.2% and $304,001 or 42.2% of revenue, respectively.

As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had three and four customers outside of the United States (i.e., European customers) that accounted for $304,548 or 42.6% and $145,603 or 61.5% of accounts receivable, respectively.

The Company uses several contract research organizations (“CROs”) to conduct its research projects. For the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, two CROs accounted for $880,020 or 91.1% and $597,696 or 96.5% of total research services we purchased, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, two CROs accounted for $1,363,447 or 85.9% and $957,040 or 90.2% of total research services we purchased, respectively. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, two CROs accounted for $638,908 or 86.5% and $284,166 or 58.9% of accounts payable, respectively. The loss of one CRO or a combination of the Company’s CROs could adversely affect its operations.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

We treat highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less when purchased as cash equivalents, including money market funds, which are unrestricted for withdrawal or use.

Investment Securities

The Company’s investment policy requires investment securities to be investment grade and held to maturity with the primary objective to maintain a high degree of liquidity while maximizing yield. The Company invests excess cash balances in short-term and long-term investment grade securities. Short-term investment securities mature within twelve (12) months or less, and long-term investment securities mature over twelve (12) months from the applicable reporting date. Management determines the appropriate classification of each investment at the time of purchase and reevaluates the classifications at each balance sheet date.

The Company classifies its investments in debt securities as held-to-maturity. Held-to-maturity securities are those securities that the Company has the ability and intent to hold until maturity. Held-to-maturity securities are recorded at amortized cost, net of allowance for credit losses if applicable, and adjusted for the amortization or accretion of premiums or discounts. Premiums and discounts are amortized over the life of the related held-to-maturity security. When a debt security is purchased at a premium, both the face value of the debt and premium amount are reflected as investing outflow.

When evaluating an investment for other-than-temporary impairment, the Company reviews factors such as the length of time and extent to which fair value has been below its cost basis, the financial condition of the issuer and any changes thereto, changes in market interest rates, and whether it is more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the investment before recovery of the investment’s cost basis. The Company measures expected credit losses on held to maturity debt securities on an individual security basis. The estimate of expected credit losses considers historical credit information from external sources. The impairment of the investment that is related to the credit loss, if any, is expensed in the period in which the event or change occurred.

The Company classifies its investments in money market funds as available-for-sale securities and presented as cash equivalents on the consolidated balance sheets. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, all our money market funds were invested in U.S. Government money market funds, for which the risk of loss is minimal.

As of June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, the Company did not have any investment securities classified as trading.

Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents

Restricted cash and cash equivalents represent amounts subject to restrictions under an agreement with the Gates Foundation. These funds may need to be refunded and are limited to use as specified in the agreement. The restriction on these funds lapses as the Company fulfills its obligations under the agreement. Amounts expected to be used within the next twelve (12) months are classified as current.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable consist of billed receivables currently due from customers and unbilled receivables. Unbilled receivables represent the excess of contract revenue (or amounts reimbursable under contracts) over billings to date. Such amounts become billable in accordance with the contract terms, which usually consider the passage of time, achievement of certain milestones or completion of the project.

Accounts receivable are stated net of an allowance for credit losses, if deemed necessary based on the Company’s evaluation of collectability and potential credit losses. Management assesses the collectability of its accounts receivable using the specific identification of account balances and considers the credit quality and financial condition of its significant customers, historical information regarding credit losses and the Company’s evaluation of current and expected future economic conditions and changes in our customer collection trends. If necessary, an allowance for credit losses is recorded against accounts receivable such that the carrying value of accounts receivable reflects the net amount expected to be collected. Accounts receivable balances are written off against the allowance for credit losses when the potential for collectability is considered remote. Substantially all of our accounts receivable were current and include unbilled amounts that will be billed and collected over the next twelve (12) months. Management determined that no allowance for credit losses was required as of June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024.

Accounts receivable consist of the following:

Schedule of Accounts Receivables

	June 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
	(Unaudited)		(Audited)
Billed receivable	$	455,152	$	173,993
Unbilled receivable		260,165		63,034
Accounts receivable	$	715,317	$	237,027

Accounts Payable

Accounts payable consist of the following:

Schedule of Accounts Payable

	June 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
	(Unaudited)		(Audited)
Research and development expenses	$	654,571	$	340,698
Legal expenses		—		68,420
Other		84,223		73,202
Accounts payable	$	738,794	$	482,320

Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consist of the following:

Schedule of Accrued Expenses

	June 30, 2025		December 31, 2024
	(Unaudited)		(Audited)
Employee wages and benefits	$	349,187	$	496,906
Research and development expenses		452,970		437,196
Legal expenses		110,833		25,000
Other		16,860		11,360
Accrued expenses	$	929,850	$	970,462

Deferred Financing Costs

Deferred financing costs represent costs incurred in connection with the issuance of debt instruments and equity financings. Deferred financing costs related to the issuance of debt are amortized over the term of the financing instrument using the effective interest method and are presented in the consolidated balance sheets as an offset against the related debt. Offering costs from equity financings are netted against the gross proceeds received from the equity financings. See Note 4 for the amortization amount.

Revenue Recognition

The Company has no products approved for sale. All our revenue to date has been research revenue from third-party collaborations and grants, as well as revenue from sublicensing agreements and collaborative arrangements, which may include upfront payments, options to obtain a license, payment for research and development services, milestone payments and royalties, in the form of cash or non-cash considerations (e.g., minority equity interest).

Revenue related to research collaborations and agreements: The Company typically performs research and development services as specified in each respective agreement on a best-efforts basis, and recognizes revenue from research funding under collaboration agreements in accordance with the 5-step process outlined in ASC Topic 606 (“Topic 606”): (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) a locate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. We recognize revenue when we satisfy a performance obligation by transferring control of the service to a customer in an amount that reflects the consideration that we expect to receive. Depending on how the performance obligation under our license and collaboration agreements is satisfied, we recognize the revenue either at a point in time or over time by using the input method under Topic 606 to measure the progress toward complete satisfaction of a performance obligation.

Under the input method, revenue will be recognized based on the entity’s efforts or inputs to the satisfaction of a performance obligation (e.g., resources consumed, labor hours expended, costs incurred, or time elapsed) relative to the total expected inputs to the satisfaction of that performance obligation. The Company believes that the cost-based input method is the best measure of progress to reflect how the Company transfers its performance obligation to a customer. In applying the cost-based input method of revenue recognition, the Company uses actual costs incurred relative to budgeted costs to fulfil the performance obligation. These costs consist primarily of full-time equivalent effort and third-party contract costs. Revenue will be recognized based on actual costs incurred as a percentage of total budgeted costs as the Company completes its performance obligations.

A cost-based input method of revenue recognition requires management to make estimates of costs to complete the Company’s performance obligations. In making such estimates, significant judgment is required to evaluate assumptions related to cost estimates. The cumulative effect of revisions to estimated costs to complete the Company’s performance obligations will be recorded in the period in which changes are identified, and amounts can be reasonably estimated. A significant change in these assumptions and estimates could have a material impact on the timing and amount of revenue recognized in future periods.

Revenue related to grants: The Company receives grants from governments, agencies, and other private and not-for-profit organizations. These grants are intended to be used to partially or fully fund the Company’s research collaborations. However, most, if not all, of such grant revenues, is expected to be earmarked for third parties to advance the research required, including preclinical and clinical trials. Revenue related to grants is presented on a gross basis on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Revenue related to sublicensing agreements: If the sublicense to the Company’s intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in the arrangement, the Company recognizes revenue allocated to the license when technology is transferred to the customer and the customer can use and benefit from the license.

Customer options: If the sublicensing agreement includes customer options to purchase additional goods or services, the Company will evaluate if such options are considered material rights to be deemed as separate performance obligations at the inception of each arrangement.

Milestone payments: At the inception of each arrangement that includes development, commercialization, and regulatory milestone payments, the Company evaluates whether the achievement of the milestones is considered probable and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price. If the milestone payment is in exchange for a sublicense and is based on the sublicensee’s subsequent sale of the product, the Company recognizes milestone payment by applying the accounting guidance for royalties.

Royalties: With respect to licenses deemed to be the predominant item to which the sales-based royalties relate, including milestone payments based on the level of sales, the Company recognizes revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or a the royalty has been a located has been satisfied (or partially satisfied). To date, the Company has not recognized any royalty revenue resulting from any of its sublicensing arrangements.

We invoice customers based on our contractual arrangements with each customer, which may not be consistent with the period that revenues are recognized. When there is a timing difference between when we invoice customers and when revenues are recognized, we record either a contract asset (unbilled accounts receivable) or a contract liability (deferred research and development obligations), as appropriate. If upfront fees or considerations related to a sublicensing agreement are received prior to the technology transfer, the Company will record the amount received as deferred revenue from the licensing agreement.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development (“R&D”) costs are expensed as incurred. R&D costs are for the Company’s internally funded pharmaceutical programs and other governmental and commercial projects.

Research and development costs consist of personnel-related costs, facilities, research-related overhead, services from independent contract research organizations, and other external costs. Research and development costs, including related party, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

	2025		2024		2025		2024
	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2025		2024		2025		2024
	(Unaudited)		(Unaudited)		(Unaudited)		(Unaudited)
Outside contracted services	$	486,585	$	395,188	$	842,841	$	783,434
Personnel related costs		124,669		106,889		246,385		213,216
Facilities, overhead and other		18,125		13,552		35,132		41,702
Research and development costs	$	629,379	$	515,629	$	1,124,358	$	1,038,352

Foreign Currency Transaction Gain or Loss

The Company and its foreign subsidiary use the U.S. dollar as its functional currency and initially measure the foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities at the transaction date. Monetary assets and liabilities are then re-measured at exchange rates in effect at the end of each period, and property and non-monetary assets and liabilities are carried at historical rates.

Fair Value Measurements

The Company applies fair value accounting for certain financial instruments that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements. The Company defines fair value as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is estimated by applying the following hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into three levels and bases the categorization within the hierarchy upon the lowest level of input that is available and significant to the fair value measurement:

	●	Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
	●	Level 2 – Observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
	●	Level 3 – Inputs that are generally unobservable and typically reflect management’s estimate of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

The Company’s financial instruments included cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents, investment in debt securities, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses, accrued payroll and related liabilities, deferred research and development obligations, deposits, and the Company’s 8% Senior Secured Convertible Promissory Notes (the “Convertible Notes”), due March 2027. The carrying amount of these financial instruments, except for investment in debt securities and Convertible Notes, approximates fair value due to the short-term maturities of these instruments. The Company’s short-term and long-term investments in debt securities are recorded at amortized cost, and their estimated fair value amounts are provided by the third-party broker service for disclosure purposes. See Note 4 for additional information related to the Convertible Notes.

Income Taxes

For the six months ended June 30, 2025, there was no provision for income taxes or unrecognized tax benefits recorded. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, deferred tax assets were $18.8 million and $17.6 million, respectively. Due to the Company’s history of operating losses and the uncertainty regarding our ability to generate taxable income in the future, the Company has established a 100% valuation allowance against deferred tax assets as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Stock-Based Compensation

We recognize all share-based payments to employees, consultants, and our Board of Directors (the “Board”), as non-cash compensation expense, in research and development expenses or general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statement of operations based on the grant date fair values of such payments. Stock-based compensation expense recognized each period is based on the value of the portion of share-based payment awards that is ultimately expected to vest during the period. Forfeitures are recorded as they occur.

For performance-based awards, the Company recognizes related stock-based compensation expenses based upon its determination of the potential likelihood of achievement of the specified performance conditions at each reporting date.

Net Loss Per Share

Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common stock shares outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted net loss per share adjusts the weighted average number of common stock shares outstanding for the potential dilution that could occur if common stock equivalents, such as stock options, were exercised and converted into common stock, calculated by applying the treasury stock method.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, a total of 6,064,253 shares of potentially dilutive securities, including 64,656 shares of unvested restricted stock units and options to purchase 5,999,597 shares of common stock, were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share as their effect would have been anti-dilutive. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, a total of 5,948,147 shares of potentially dilutive securities, including 117,925 shares of unvested restricted stock units and options to purchase 5,830,22 shares of common stock, were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share as their effect would have been anti-dilutive.

New Accounting Pronouncements as of June 30, 2025

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09 – Income Taxes (Topic ASC 740) Income Taxes. The ASU improves the transparency of income tax disclosures by requiring (1) consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and (2) income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. It also includes certain other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures. The amendments in ASU 2023-09 will become effective for our annual disclosures for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2025. We do not expect that this guidance will have a material impact on our financial position and our results of operations.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03 – Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40). The guidance enhances the disclosures about an entity’s expenses by requiring more detailed information about the types of expenses in commonly presented expense captions. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting this guidance.

On July 4, 2025, the U.S. government enacted the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”) of 2025 which includes, among other provisions, changes to the U.S. corporate income tax system, including the allowance of 100% expensing of qualified asset expenditures, immediate expensing of qualifying domestic research and development expenses and permanent extensions of certain other provisions within the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Certain provisions are effective for 2025, beginning January 19, 2025. We are evaluating the impact of these tax law changes on our consolidated financial statements.

Other recent authoritative guidance issued by the FASB (including technical corrections to the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”)) and the SEC did not or are not expected to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.