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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-32513

DYADIC INTERNATIONAL, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Delaware |  | 45-0486747
State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization |  | I.R.S. Employer Identification No.

1044 North U.S. Highway One, Suite 201 Jupiter, Florida |  | 33477
Address of Principal Executive Offices |  | Zip Code

(561) 743-8333

Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code

N/A

Former Name, Former Address and Former Fiscal Year, if Changed Since Last Report

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share |  | DYAI |  | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐ | Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☒ | Smaller reporting company ☒
| Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s Common Stock as of November 11, 2025 was 36,187,798.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

| Page
PART I FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 3
Item 1. | Financial Statements | 3
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 21
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 29
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 29
PART II OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 30
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 30
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 30
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 31
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 31
Item 5. | Other Information | 31
Item 6. | Exhibits | 31
Signatures | 32

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This quarterly report on Form 10-Q (“Quarterly Report”) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws, particularly under Item 2 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis.” All statements other than statements of historical fact are forward-looking. Examples of forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding industry prospects, future business, future results of operations or financial condition, future liquidity and capital resources, our ability to implement our agreements with third parties, management strategies, and our competitive position. Forward-looking statements generally can be identified by use of the words “expect,” “should,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “will,” “project,” “may,” “might,” “potential,” or “continue” and other similar terms or variations of them or similar terminology. Dyadic International, Inc., and its subsidiaries caution readers that any forward-looking information is not a guarantee of future performance and that actual results could differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking information. Such statements reflect the current views of our management with respect to our operations, results of operations and future financial performance.

Forward-looking statements involve many risks, uncertainties, or other factors beyond Dyadic’s control. These factors include, but are not limited to (i) our history of net losses; (ii) market and regulatory acceptance of our microbial protein production platforms and other technologies; (iii) failure to commercialize our microbial protein production platforms or our other technologies; (iv) competition, including from alternative technologies; (v) the results of nonclinical studies and clinical trials; (vi) our capital needs; (vii) changes in global economic and financial conditions; (viii) our reliance on information technology; (ix) our dependence on third parties; (x) government regulations and environmental, social and governance issues; (x) intellectual property risks; (xi) our ability to comply with the listing standards of the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC; and (xii) other factors discussed in Dyadic’s publicly available filings, including information set forth under the caption “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report and in our annual report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 26, 2025 (the “Annual Report”). We caution you that the foregoing list of important factors is not exclusive. Any forward-looking statements are based on our beliefs, assumptions, and expectations of future performance, considering the information currently available to us. Before investing in our Common Stock, investors should carefully read the information set forth under the caption “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, in our Annual Report and in our other SEC filings, which could have a material effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. The forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report are made only as of the date hereof, and except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this Quarterly Report to conform these statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations.

2

PART I

Item 1. Financial Statements

DYADIC INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

|  | September 30, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
|  | (Unaudited) |  |  | (Audited) |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 5,834,510 |  |  | $ | 6,506,750 |
Short-term investment securities |  |  | 3,098,840 |  |  |  | 2,756,577 |
Restricted cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 1,321,278 |  |  |  | — |
Interest receivable |  |  | 34,117 |  |  |  | 24,248 |
Accounts receivable |  |  | 916,574 |  |  |  | 237,027 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | 339,943 |  |  |  | 303,066 |
Total current assets |  |  | 11,545,262 |  |  |  | 9,827,668 |
Non-current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term investment securities |  |  | 64,561 |  |  |  | — |
Operating lease right-of-use asset, net |  |  | 52,401 |  |  |  | 92,211 |
Other assets |  |  | 10,533 |  |  |  | 10,396 |
Total assets |  | $ | 11,672,757 |  |  | $ | 9,930,275 |
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 1,208,410 |  |  | $ | 482,320 |
Accrued expenses |  |  | 1,372,364 |  |  |  | 970,462 |
Deferred research and development obligations |  |  | 1,337,138 |  |  |  | 833,813 |
Operating lease liability, current portion |  |  | 48,927 |  |  |  | 54,249 |
Accrued interest |  |  | 60,000 |  |  |  | 80,000 |
Accrued interest- related party |  |  | 25,133 |  |  |  | 27,173 |
Accrued interest |  |  | 25,133 |  |  |  | 27,173 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 4,051,972 |  |  |  | 2,448,017 |
Non-current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Convertible notes, net of issuance costs |  |  | 2,954,882 |  |  |  | 3,911,471 |
Convertible notes, net of issuance costs - related party |  |  | 2,058,569 |  |  |  | 1,065,876 |
Convertible notes, net of issuance costs |  |  | 2,058,569 |  |  |  | 1,065,876 |
Operating lease liability, net of current portion |  |  | — |  |  |  | 34,621 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 9,065,423 |  |  |  | 7,459,985 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 5) |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $.0001 par value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Authorized shares - 5,000,000; none issued and outstanding Common stock, $.001 par value: |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Preferred stock, $.0001 par value: Authorized shares - 5,000,000; none issued and outstanding: |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Authorized shares - 100,000,000; issued shares - 48,441,300 and 42,089,301, outstanding shares - 36,187,798 and 29,835,799 as of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively |  |  | 48,442 |  |  |  | 42,090 |
Common stock, $.001 par value: Authorized shares - 100,000,000; issued shares - 48,441,300 and 42,089,301, outstanding shares - 36,187,798 and 29,835,799 as of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively |  |  | 48,442 |  |  |  | 42,090 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 113,372,652 |  |  |  | 107,444,595 |
Treasury stock, shares held at cost - 12,253,502 |  |  | (18,929,915 | ) |  |  | (18,929,915 | )
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (91,883,845 | ) |  |  | (86,086,480 | )
Total stockholders’ equity |  |  | 2,607,334 |  |  |  | 2,470,290 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 11,672,757 |  |  | $ | 9,930,275 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.

3

DYADIC INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(Unaudited)

|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development revenue |  | $ | 350,046 |  |  | $ | 532,500 |  |  | $ | 746,595 |  |  | $ | 1,253,013 |
Grant revenue |  |  | 814,571 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,528,224 |  |  |  | — |
License and milestone revenue |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,425,000 |  |  |  | 250,000 |  |  |  | 1,425,000 |
Total revenue |  |  | 1,164,617 |  |  |  | 1,957,500 |  |  |  | 2,524,819 |  |  |  | 2,678,013 |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Costs of research and development revenue |  |  | 254,753 |  |  |  | 395,894 |  |  |  | 529,690 |  |  |  | 841,805 |
Costs of grant revenue |  |  | 769,250 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,405,562 |  |  |  | — |
Research and development |  |  | 571,872 |  |  |  | 460,241 |  |  |  | 1,696,230 |  |  |  | 1,498,593 |
General and administrative |  |  | 1,481,356 |  |  |  | 1,297,984 |  |  |  | 4,514,324 |  |  |  | 4,694,334 |
Foreign currency exchange loss |  |  | 12,755 |  |  |  | 5,995 |  |  |  | 35,925 |  |  |  | 14,044 |
Total costs and expenses |  |  | 3,089,986 |  |  |  | 2,160,114 |  |  |  | 8,181,731 |  |  |  | 7,048,776 |
Loss from operations |  |  | (1,925,369 | ) |  |  | (202,614 | ) |  |  | (5,656,912 | ) |  |  | (4,370,763 | )
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  |  | 63,467 |  |  |  | 127,331 |  |  |  | 201,052 |  |  |  | 353,245 |
Interest expense |  |  | (85,934 | ) |  |  | (88,833 | ) |  |  | (264,633 | ) |  |  | (199,106 | )
Interest expense - related party |  |  | (28,176 | ) |  |  | (39,344 | ) |  |  | (76,872 | ) |  |  | (102,632 | )
Interest expense |  |  | (28,176 | ) |  |  | (39,344 | ) |  |  | (76,872 | ) |  |  | (102,632 | )
Total other income (expense), net |  |  | (50,643 | ) |  |  | (846 | ) |  |  | (140,453 | ) |  |  | 112,484 |
Net loss |  | $ | (1,976,012 | ) |  | $ | (203,460 | ) |  | $ | (5,797,365 | ) |  | $ | (4,258,279 | )
Basic and diluted net loss per common share |  | $ | (0.06 | ) |  | $ | (0.01 | ) |  | $ | (0.17 | ) |  | $ | (0.15 | )
Basic and diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding |  |  | 34,507,530 |  |  |  | 29,503,143 |  |  |  | 34,507,530 |  |  |  | 29,503,143 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.

4

DYADIC INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Unaudited)

|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Capital |  |  | Deficit |  |  | Total |
|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 |
|  | Common Stock |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  | Additional Paid-In |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Capital |  |  | Deficit |  |  | Total |
January 1, 2025 |  |  | 42,089,301 |  |  | $ | 42,090 |  |  |  | (12,253,502 | ) |  | $ | (18,929,915 | ) |  | $ | 107,444,595 |  |  | $ | (86,086,480 | ) |  | $ | 2,470,290 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 225,030 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 225,030 |
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units |  |  | 250,964 |  |  |  | 251 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 231,370 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 231,621 |
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options |  |  | 27,483 |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 24,222 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 24,249 |
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,027,579 | ) |  |  | (2,027,579 | )
March 31, 2025 |  |  | 42,367,748 |  |  | $ | 42,368 |  |  |  | (12,253,502 | ) |  | $ | (18,929,915 | ) |  | $ | 107,925,217 |  |  | $ | (88,114,059 | ) |  | $ | 923,611 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 340,462 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 340,462 |
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units |  |  | 21,552 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (22 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,793,774 | ) |  |  | (1,793,774 | )
June 30, 2025 |  |  | 42,389,300 |  |  | $ | 42,390 |  |  |  | (12,253,502 | ) |  | $ | (18,929,915 | ) |  | $ | 108,265,657 |  |  | $ | (89,907,833 | ) |  | $ | (529,701 | )
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 172,352 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 172,352 |
Issuance of common stock, net of offering costs of $808,760 |  |  | 6,052,000 |  |  |  | 6,052 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,934,643 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,940,695 |
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,976,012 | ) |  |  | (1,976,012 | )
September 30, 2025 |  |  | 48,441,300 |  |  | $ | 48,442 |  |  |  | (12,253,502 | ) |  | $ | (18,929,915 | ) |  | $ | 113,372,652 |  |  | $ | (91,883,845 | ) |  | $ | 2,607,334 |

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 |
|  | Common Stock |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  | Additional Paid-In |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Capital |  |  | Deficit |  |  | Total |
January 1, 2024 |  |  | 41,064,563 |  |  | $ | 41,065 |  |  |  | (12,253,502 | ) |  | $ | (18,929,915 | ) |  | $ | 105,044,756 |  |  | $ | (80,277,321 | ) |  | $ | 5,878,585 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 306,478 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 306,478 |
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units |  |  | 375,753 |  |  |  | 376 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 339,959 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 340,335 |
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,009,596 | ) |  |  | (2,009,596 | )
March 31, 2024 |  |  | 41,440,316 |  |  | $ | 41,441 |  |  |  | (12,253,502 | ) |  | $ | (18,929,915 | ) |  | $ | 105,691,193 |  |  | $ | (82,286,917 | ) |  | $ | 4,515,802 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 297,603 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 297,603 |
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units |  |  | 61,793 |  |  |  | 62 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (62 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options |  |  | 5,569 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Issuance of common stock upon settlement of convertible debt |  |  | 223,463 |  |  |  | 223 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 399,777 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 400,000 |
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,045,223 | ) |  |  | (2,045,223 | )
June 30, 2024 |  |  | 41,731,141 |  |  | $ | 41,732 |  |  |  | (12,253,502 | ) |  | $ | (18,929,915 | ) |  | $ | 106,388,505 |  |  | $ | (84,332,140 | ) |  | $ | 3,168,182 |
Balance |  |  | 41,731,141 |  |  | $ | 41,732 |  |  |  | (12,253,502 | ) |  | $ | (18,929,915 | ) |  | $ | 106,388,505 |  |  | $ | (84,332,140 | ) |  | $ | 3,168,182 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 247,390 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 247,390 |
Issuance of common stock upon settlement of convertible debt |  |  | 111,732 |  |  |  | 111 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 199,889 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 200,000 |
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (203,460 | ) |  |  | (203,460 | )
September 30, 2024 |  |  | 41,842,873 |  |  | $ | 41,843 |  |  |  | (12,253,502 | ) |  | $ | (18,929,915 | ) |  | $ | 106,835,784 |  |  | $ | (84,535,600 | ) |  | $ | 3,412,112 |
Balance |  | $ | 41,842,873 |  |  | $ | 41,843 |  |  | $ | (12,253,502 | ) |  | $ | (18,929,915 | ) |  | $ | 106,835,784 |  |  | $ | (84,535,600 | ) |  | $ | 3,412,112 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.

5

DYADIC INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)

|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (5,797,365 | ) |  | $ | (4,258,279 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | 737,844 |  |  |  | 851,471 |
Amortization of held-to-maturity securities, net |  |  | (20,750 | ) |  |  | (52,037 | )
Amortization of debt issuance costs |  |  | 36,104 |  |  |  | 43,961 |
Gain from the sale of investment in Alphazyme |  |  | — |  |  |  | (60,977 | )
Foreign currency exchange loss (gain), net |  |  | 35,924 |  |  |  | 14,044 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest receivable |  |  | (9,869 | ) |  |  | (30,752 | )
Accounts receivable |  |  | (673,302 | ) |  |  | 114,814 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | (36,916 | ) |  |  | (46,386 | )
Operating lease assets and liabilities |  |  | (133 | ) |  |  | 1,163 |
Accounts payable |  |  | 681,546 |  |  |  | (109,426 | )
Accrued expenses |  |  | 633,522 |  |  |  | 121,623 |
Accrued interest |  |  | (20,000 | ) |  |  | 80,000 |
Accrued interest - related party |  |  | (2,040 | ) |  |  | 28,000 |
Deferred research and development obligations |  |  | 503,325 |  |  |  | 24,370 |
Net cash (used in) operating activities |  |  | (3,932,110 | ) |  |  | (3,278,411 | )
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of held-to-maturity investment securities |  |  | (5,090,846 | ) |  |  | (5,971,505 | )
Proceeds from maturities of investment securities |  |  | 4,704,772 |  |  |  | 2,771,000 |
Proceeds from the sale of investment in Alphazyme |  |  | — |  |  |  | 60,977 |
Net cash (used in) investing activities |  |  | (386,074 | ) |  |  | (3,139,528 | )
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from public offering, net of offering costs of $808,760 |  |  | 4,940,696 |  |  |  | — |
Proceeds from exercise of stock |  |  | 24,249 |  |  |  | — |
Proceeds from issuance of convertible notes, net of issuance costs |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,882,884 |
Proceeds from issuance of convertible notes, net of issuance costs - related party |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,941,442 |
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 4,964,945 |  |  |  | 5,824,326 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash |  |  | 2,277 |  |  |  | 199 |
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 649,038 |  |  |  | (593,414 | )
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  |  | 6,506,750 |  |  |  | 6,515,028 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 7,155,788 |  |  | $ | 5,921,614 |
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents to the consolidated balance sheets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 5,834,510 |  |  | $ | 5,921,614 |
Restricted cash and cash equivalents, current |  |  | 1,321,278 |  |  |  | — |
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 7,155,788 |  |  | $ | 5,921,614 |
Supplemental cash flow information |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Vesting of restricted stock units |  | $ | 269,100 |  |  | $ | 664,086 |
Conversion of convertible notes |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 600,000 |
Cash paid for interest |  | $ | 425,907 |  |  | $ | 149,778 |
Supplemental noncash investing and financing information |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of warrants issued in connection with the offering |  | $ | 168,881 |  |  | $ | — |
Purchase and assignment of convertible note by related party |  | $ | 1,000,000 |  |  | $ | — |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.

6

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 1: Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Description of Business

Dyadic International, Inc. (“Dyadic”, “we”, “us”, “our”, or the “Company”) d/b/a, Dyadic Applied BioSolutions, is a global biotechnology platform company headquartered in Jupiter, Florida, with operations in the U.S. and the Netherlands. We aim to develop and commercialize scalable, non-animal protein production platforms to meet growing global demand across the life sciences, food and nutrition, and bio-industrial markets.

Our proprietary platforms—Dapibus™ and C1—are designed for rapid, cost-effective, and flexible production of high-value proteins, enabling partners to reduce development timelines and manufacturing costs. While Dyadic’s primary focus is on non-therapeutic applications, both platforms retain the capability to produce biologics, such as vaccines and therapeutic proteins, for external partners.

DBA Name Change Update

Effective August 1, 2025, we are doing business as Dyadic Applied BioSolutions (as previously announced on July 2, 2025). This rebranding initiative marks a strategic transition from a research-driven organization to a commercially focused enterprise. The new name and visual identity better reflect the emphasis on delivering applied biotechnology solutions through our patented and proprietary Dapibus™ and C1 protein production platforms.

Our focus is to commercialize high-value, non-therapeutic proteins in the life sciences, food, nutrition and industrial bioprocessing sectors. These proteins avoid the regulatory complexity and high costs associated with therapeutic biologics, enabling faster time to revenue, broader market reach, and long-term supply agreements. Our recent significant milestones across both food and nutrition as well as fully funded legacy collaborations, such as with the Gates Foundation, underscore our strategic shift to revenue-focused bioprocessing protein platforms from therapeutic and vaccine development.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

In accordance with FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 205-40, Presentation of Financial Statements – Going Concern (“Topic 205-40”), management is required to evaluate whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for at least 12 months from the issuance date of the Company’s condensed interim financial statements. This evaluation does not take into consideration the potential mitigating effect of management’s plans that have not been fully implemented or are not within control of the Company as of the date the financial statements are issued. When substantial doubt exists under this methodology, management evaluates whether the mitigating effect of its plans sufficiently alleviates substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The mitigating effect of management’s plans, however, is only considered if both (1) it is probable that the plans will be effectively implemented within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued, and (2) it is probable that the plans, when implemented, will mitigate the relevant conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued.

The Company expects to incur losses and have negative net cash flows from operating activities as it continues developing its DapibusTM and C1 microbial protein production platforms and related products, and as it expands its pipelines and engages in further research and development activities for internal products as well as for its third-party collaborators and licensees. The success of the Company depends on its ability to develop its technologies and products to the point of regulatory approval, commercialization, and subsequent revenue generation or through the sublicensing of the Company’s technologies and products, and its ability to raise capital to finance these developmental efforts.

On March 8, 2024, the Company issued an aggregate principal amount of $6.0 million of its 8.0% Senior Secured Convertible Promissory Notes due March 8, 2027 (the “Convertible Notes”) in a private placement. The purchasers of the Convertible Notes included immediate family members and family trusts related to Mark Emalfarb, our President and Chief Executive Officer and a member of our Board of Directors, including The Francisco Trust, an existing holder of more than 5% of the Company’s outstanding common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Common Stock”), (collectively, the “Purchasers”). The net proceeds from the sale of Convertible Notes, after deducting offering expenses, were $5,824,326. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the offering of the Convertible Notes for working capital and general corporate purposes.

The Convertible Notes are senior, secured obligations of Dyadic and its affiliates, and interest is payable quarterly in cash on the principal amount equal to 8% per annum. The Convertible Notes will mature on March 8, 2027 (the “Maturity Date”), unless earlier converted, repurchased, or redeemed in accordance with the terms of the Convertible Notes. The Convertible Notes can be converted into shares of Common Stock, at the option of the holders of the Convertible Notes (the “Noteholders”) at any time prior to the Maturity Date.

On October 4, 2024, the Company entered into an amendment (the “Amendment”) to the Convertible Notes. Pursuant to the Amendment, (i) the conversion price upon which the Convertible Notes will be convertible into shares of the Company’s Common Stock is $1.40 per share of Common Stock, and (ii) the Redemption Date (as defined in the Amendment) will fall on any of the 26, 29 and 32-month anniversaries of the original issue date of the Convertible Notes.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, $910,000 of Convertible Notes were converted into 556,623 shares of Common Stock. For more information regarding the Convertible Notes, including the covenants related thereto, see Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

On May 1, 2025, the Company entered into a second amendment (the “Second Amendment”) to the Convertible Notes. Pursuant to the Second Amendment, the Redemption Date (as defined in the Second Amendment) will now fall on December 1, 2026.

On September 15, 2025, Mark A. Emalfarb Trust dated October 1, 1987, as amended and restated on June 28, 2019 (the “MAE Trust”), purchased and was assigned $1,000,000 of the Convertible Notes from an existing note holder. Mr. Mark A. Emalfarb, our Chief Executive Officer, is the sole beneficiary and serves as sole trustee of the MAE Trust and has sole voting and dispositive power over the shares of Common Stock held by the MAE Trust. As of September 30, 2025, the amount of accrued interest for the MAE Trust was $3,334.

The Convertible Notes contain customary covenants, and the Securities Purchase Agreement relating to the Convertible Notes also contains certain affirmative and negative covenants (including, without limitation, restrictions on our ability to incur indebtedness, permit liens, make dividends or certain debt payments or consummate certain affiliate transactions). The Company was in compliance with its covenants with respect to the Convertible Notes as of September 30, 2025.

On November 16, 2024, Dyadic entered into an agreement with the Gates Foundation (the “Gates Foundation”, formerly known as the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation) relating to a grant in the amount of $3,092,136 awarded from the Gates Foundation for the cell line development of monoclonal antibodies targeting respiratory syncytial virus and malaria utilizing the Company’s C1 platform to provide globally accessible treatment options for underserved populations (the “Gates Foundation Grant”). Funds received in advance that have not been spent are recorded as restricted cash and cash equivalents in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

On March 20, 2025, the Company received a funding award (the “CEPI Grant”) from Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness (“CEPI”) to advance Dyadic’s C1 platform through a $4.5 million grant through Fondazione Biotecnopolo di Siena (“FBS”) to accelerate recombinant protein vaccine development and manufacturing. The funding will support antigen design, cell line development, optimization, characterization, and scale-up to cGMP manufacturing. If successful, the next phase will focus on selecting a CEPI-priority pathogen antigen. Dyadic, as a subcontractor, will receive up to $2.4 million of the total grant funding.

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On August 1, 2025, the Company completed an underwritten offering of 6,052,000 shares of the Company’s Common Stock (the “Offering”) pursuant to an underwriting agreement, dated July 30, 2025, between the Company and Craig-Hallum Capital Group LLC (“Craig-Hallum”, or the “Underwriter”). The public offering price in the Offering was $0.95 per share of Common Stock. The net proceeds to the Company from the Offering were $4.9 million, after deducting legal expenses, underwriting discounts and commissions, and other offering expenses. The Company intends to use the net proceeds of the Offering for working capital and general corporate purposes, such as product development, sales and marketing.

The Company expects its existing cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents and its investment securities, including accrued interest, totaling approximately $10.4 million as of September 30, 2025, will be sufficient to meet its operational, business, and other liquidity requirements for at least the next twelve (12) months from the date of issuance of the financial statements contained in this Quarterly Report. However, the Company has based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and its operating plan may change as a result of many factors currently unknown to it. In the event our financing needs are not able to be met by our existing cash, cash equivalents and investments, we would seek to raise additional capital through strategic financial opportunities that could include, but are not limited to, future public or private equity offerings, collaboration agreements, convertible notes or other debt instruments, and/or other means. Any amount raised may be used for the further development and commercialization of product candidates, and for other working capital purposes. There is no guarantee that any of these strategic or financing opportunities will be executed or realized on favorable terms, if at all, and some could be dilutive to existing shareholders.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, including the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries, have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”), Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) and applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) regarding interim financial reporting. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in consolidated financial statements have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. All significant intra-entity transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. The information included in this Quarterly Report should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and footnotes as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, included in our Annual Report.

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, which are of a normal recurring nature, considered necessary for a fair presentation of all periods presented. The results of the Company’s operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations for any other interim period or for a full fiscal year.

Segment Information

Operating segments are defined as components of an entity about which separate discrete information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker, or CODM, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The CODM is the Company’s senior management team that includes the Chief Executive Officer, President & Chief Operating Officer, and Chief Financial Officer. The Company views its operations as and manages its business in one operating segment, which is the business of developing and commercializing recombinant protein products using the Company’s proprietary microbial platforms, including Dapibus™ and C1. Segment information is further described in Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the applicable period. Estimates inherent in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, estimates related to revenue recognition, accrued expenses, stock-based compensation expense, warrants, and income taxes. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and other market specific or other relevant assumptions it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates as there are changes in circumstances, facts, and experience. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Such differences could be material to the consolidated financial statements.

Concentrations and Credit Risk

The Company’s financial instruments that are potentially subject to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, investment securities, and accounts receivable. At times, the Company has cash, cash equivalents, and investment securities at financial institutions exceeding the Federal Depository Insurance Company (“FDIC”) and the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (“SIPC”) insured limit on domestic currency and the Netherlands’ FDIC counterpart for foreign currency. The Company currently deals with four reputable financial institutions and has not experienced any losses in those accounts.

For the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company’s revenue was generated from six and ten customers, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company’s revenue was generated from ten and sixteen customers, respectively. Significant customers are those that account for greater than 10% of the Company’s revenues. For the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, three and two significant customers accounted for $968,138 or 73.0% and $1,357,584 or 69.4% of revenue, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, three and two significant customers accounted for $1,794,521 or 67.4% and $1,449,944 or 54.1% of revenue, respectively.

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, accounts receivable was from five and nine customers, of which, four and three customers accounted for $878,115 or 95.8% and $158,416 or 66.9% of total accounts receivable, respectively. The loss of business from one or a combination of the Company’s customers could adversely affect its operations.

The Company conducts operations in the Netherlands through its foreign subsidiary and generates a portion of its revenues from customers that are located outside of the United States. For the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company had three and four customers outside of the United States (i.e., European customers) that accounted for $447,688 or 38.4% and $549,528 or 28.1% of revenue, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company had three and eight customers outside of the United States (i.e., European customers) that accounted for $677,126 or 26.8% and $853,530 or 31.9% of revenue, respectively.

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had three and four customers outside of the United States (i.e., European customers) that accounted for $616,296 or 67.2% and $145,603 or 61.5% of accounts receivable, respectively.

The Company uses several contract research organizations (“CROs”) to conduct its research projects. For the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, one CRO accounted for $991,069 or 87.2% and $690,359 or 94.6% of total research services we purchased, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, two CROs accounted for $2,385,116 or 87.6% and $1,647,399 or 92.0% of total research services we purchased, respectively. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, two CROs accounted for $684,503 or 56.6% and $284,166 or 58.9% of accounts payable, respectively. The loss of one CRO or a combination of the Company’s CROs could adversely affect its operations.

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Cash and Cash Equivalents

We treat highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less when purchased as cash equivalents, including money market funds, which are unrestricted for withdrawal or use.

Investment Securities

The Company’s investment policy requires investment securities to be investment grade and held to maturity with the primary objective to maintain a high degree of liquidity while maximizing yield. The Company invests excess cash balances in short-term and long-term investment grade securities. Short-term investment securities mature within twelve (12) months or less, and long-term investment securities mature over twelve (12) months from the applicable reporting date. Management determines the appropriate classification of each investment at the time of purchase and reevaluates the classifications at each balance sheet date.

The Company classifies its investments in debt securities as held-to-maturity. Held-to-maturity securities are those securities that the Company has the ability and intent to hold until maturity. Held-to-maturity securities are recorded at amortized cost, net of allowance for credit losses if applicable, and adjusted for the amortization or accretion of premiums or discounts. Premiums and discounts are amortized over the life of the related held-to-maturity security. When a debt security is purchased at a premium, both the face value of the debt and premium amount are reflected as investing outflow.

When evaluating an investment for other-than-temporary impairment, the Company reviews factors such as the length of time and extent to which fair value has been below its cost basis, the financial condition of the issuer and any changes thereto, changes in market interest rates, and whether it is more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the investment before recovery of the investment’s cost basis. The Company measures expected credit losses on held to maturity debt securities on an individual security basis. The estimate of expected credit losses considers historical credit information from external sources. The impairment of the investment that is related to the credit loss, if any, is expensed in the period in which the event or change occurred.

The Company classifies its investments in money market funds as available-for-sale securities and presented as cash equivalents on the consolidated balance sheets. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, all our money market funds were invested in U.S. Government money market funds, for which the risk of loss is minimal.

As of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, the Company did not have any investment securities classified as trading.

Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents

Restricted cash and cash equivalents represent amounts subject to restrictions under an agreement with the Gates Foundation. These funds may need to be refunded and are limited to use as specified in the agreement. The restriction on these funds lapses as the Company fulfills its obligations under the agreement. Amounts expected to be used within the next twelve (12) months are classified as current.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable consist of billed receivables currently due from customers and unbilled receivables. Unbilled receivables represent the excess of contract revenue (or amounts reimbursable under contracts) over billings to date. Such amounts become billable in accordance with the contract terms, which usually consider the passage of time, achievement of certain milestones or completion of the project.

Accounts receivable are stated net of an allowance for credit losses, if deemed necessary based on the Company’s evaluation of collectability and potential credit losses. Management assesses the collectability of its accounts receivable using the specific identification of account balances and considers the credit quality and financial condition of its significant customers, historical information regarding credit losses and the Company’s evaluation of current and expected future economic conditions and changes in our customer collection trends. If necessary, an allowance for credit losses is recorded against accounts receivable such that the carrying value of accounts receivable reflects the net amount expected to be collected. Accounts receivable balances are written off against the allowance for credit losses when the potential for collectability is considered remote. Substantially all of our accounts receivable were current and include unbilled amounts that will be billed and collected over the next twelve (12) months. Management determined that no allowance for credit losses was required as of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024.

Accounts receivable consist of the following:

Schedule of Accounts Receivables

|  | September 30, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
|  | (Unaudited) |  |  | (Audited) |
Billed receivable |  | $ | 211,459 |  |  | $ | 173,993 |
Unbilled receivable |  |  | 705,115 |  |  |  | 63,034 |
Accounts receivable |  | $ | 916,574 |  |  | $ | 237,027 |

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Accounts Payable

Accounts payable consist of the following:

Schedule of Accounts Payable

|  | September 30, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
|  |  | (Unaudited) |  |  |  | (Audited) |
Research and development expenses |  | $ | 705,834 |  |  | $ | 340,698 |
Legal expenses |  |  | 437,558 |  |  |  | 68,420 |
Other |  |  | 65,018 |  |  |  | 73,202 |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 1,208,410 |  |  | $ | 482,320 |

Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consist of the following:

Schedule of Accrued Expenses

|  | September 30, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
|  |  | (Unaudited) |  |  |  | (Audited) |
Employee wages and benefits |  | $ | 486,981 |  |  | $ | 496,906 |
Research and development expenses |  |  | 825,383 |  |  |  | 437,196 |
Legal expenses |  |  | 25,000 |  |  |  | 25,000 |
Other |  |  | 35,000 |  |  |  | 11,360 |
Accrued expenses |  | $ | 1,372,364 |  |  | $ | 970,462 |

Deferred Financing Costs

Deferred financing costs represent costs incurred in connection with the issuance of debt instruments and equity financings. Deferred financing costs related to the issuance of debt are amortized over the term of the financing instrument using the effective interest method and are presented in the consolidated balance sheets as an offset against the related debt. Offering costs from equity financings are netted against the gross proceeds received from the equity financings. See Note 4 for the amortization amount.

Revenue Recognition

The Company has no products approved for sale. All our revenue to date has been research revenue from third-party collaborations and grants, as well as revenue from sublicensing agreements and collaborative arrangements, which may include upfront payments, options to obtain a license, payment for research and development services, milestone payments and royalties, in the form of cash or non-cash considerations (e.g., minority equity interest).

Revenue related to research collaborations and agreements: The Company typically performs research and development services as specified in each respective agreement on a best-efforts basis, and recognizes revenue from research funding under collaboration agreements in accordance with the 5-step process outlined in ASC Topic 606 (“Topic 606”): (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) a locate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. We recognize revenue when we satisfy a performance obligation by transferring control of the service to a customer in an amount that reflects the consideration that we expect to receive. Depending on how the performance obligation under our license and collaboration agreements is satisfied, we recognize the revenue either at a point in time or over time by using the input method under Topic 606 to measure the progress toward complete satisfaction of a performance obligation.

Under the input method, revenue will be recognized based on the entity’s efforts or inputs to the satisfaction of a performance obligation (e.g., resources consumed, labor hours expended, costs incurred, or time elapsed) relative to the total expected inputs to the satisfaction of that performance obligation. The Company believes that the cost-based input method is the best measure of progress to reflect how the Company transfers its performance obligation to a customer. In applying the cost-based input method of revenue recognition, the Company uses actual costs incurred relative to budgeted costs to fulfil the performance obligation. These costs consist primarily of full-time equivalent effort and third-party contract costs. Revenue will be recognized based on actual costs incurred as a percentage of total budgeted costs as the Company completes its performance obligations.

A cost-based input method of revenue recognition requires management to make estimates of costs to complete the Company’s performance obligations. In making such estimates, significant judgment is required to evaluate assumptions related to cost estimates. The cumulative effect of revisions to estimated costs to complete the Company’s performance obligations will be recorded in the period in which changes are identified, and amounts can be reasonably estimated. A significant change in these assumptions and estimates could have a material impact on the timing and amount of revenue recognized in future periods.

Revenue related to grants: The Company receives grants from governments, agencies, and other private and not-for-profit organizations. These grants are intended to be used to partially or fully fund the Company’s research collaborations. However, most, if not all, of such grant revenues, is expected to be earmarked for third parties to advance the research required, including preclinical and clinical trials. Revenue related to grants is presented on a gross basis on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

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Revenue related to sublicensing agreements: If the sublicense to the Company’s intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in the arrangement, the Company recognizes revenue allocated to the license when technology is transferred to the customer and the customer can use and benefit from the license.

Customer options: If the sublicensing agreement includes customer options to purchase additional goods or services, the Company will evaluate if such options are considered material rights to be deemed as separate performance obligations at the inception of each arrangement.

Milestone payments: At the inception of each arrangement that includes development, commercialization, and regulatory milestone payments, the Company evaluates whether the achievement of the milestones is considered probable and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price. If the milestone payment is in exchange for a sublicense and is based on the sublicensee’s subsequent sale of the product, the Company recognizes milestone payment by applying the accounting guidance for royalties.

Royalties: With respect to licenses deemed to be the predominant item to which the sales-based royalties relate, including milestone payments based on the level of sales, the Company recognizes revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur or (ii) when the performance obligation to which the royalty relates has been satisfied (or partially satisfied). To date, the Company has not recognized any royalty revenue resulting from any of its sublicensing arrangements.

We invoice customers based on our contractual arrangements with each customer, which may not be consistent with the period that revenues are recognized. When there is a timing difference between when we invoice customers and when revenues are recognized, we record either a contract asset (unbilled accounts receivable) or a contract liability (deferred research and development obligations), as appropriate. If upfront fees or considerations related to a sublicensing agreement are received prior to the technology transfer, the Company will record the amount received as deferred revenue from the licensing agreement.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development (“R&D”) costs are expensed as incurred. R&D costs are for the Company’s internally funded pharmaceutical programs and other governmental and commercial projects.

Research and development costs consist of personnel-related costs, facilities, research-related overhead, services from independent contract research organizations, and other external costs. Research and development costs, including related party, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

Schedule of Research and Development Costs

|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | (Unaudited) |  |  | (Unaudited) |  |  | (Unaudited) |  |  | (Unaudited) |
Outside contracted services |  | $ | 514,886 |  |  | $ | 336,068 |  |  | $ | 1,357,727 |  |  | $ | 1,119,502 |
Personnel related costs |  |  | 56,986 |  |  |  | 121,081 |  |  |  | 303,371 |  |  |  | 334,297 |
Facilities, overhead and other |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,092 |  |  |  | 35,132 |  |  |  | 44,794 |
Research and development costs |  | $ | 571,872 |  |  | $ | 460,241 |  |  | $ | 1,696,230 |  |  | $ | 1,498,593 |

Foreign Currency Transaction Gain or Loss

The Company and its foreign subsidiary use the U.S. dollar as its functional currency and initially measure the foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities at the transaction date. Monetary assets and liabilities are then re-measured at exchange rates in effect at the end of each period, and property and non-monetary assets and liabilities are carried at historical rates.

Fair Value Measurements

The Company applies fair value accounting for certain financial instruments that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements. The Company defines fair value as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is estimated by applying the following hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into three levels and bases the categorization within the hierarchy upon the lowest level of input that is available and significant to the fair value measurement:

| ● | Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
| ● | Level 2 – Observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
| ● | Level 3 – Inputs that are generally unobservable and typically reflect management’s estimate of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

The Company’s financial instruments included cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents, investment in debt securities, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses, accrued payroll and related liabilities, deferred research and development obligations, deposits, warrants, and the Company’s 8% Senior Secured Convertible Promissory Notes (the “Convertible Notes”), due March 2027. The carrying amount of these financial instruments, except for warrants and investment in debt securities and Convertible Notes, approximates fair value due to the short-term maturities of these instruments. The Company’s short-term and long-term investments in debt securities are recorded at amortized cost, and their estimated fair value amounts are provided by the third-party broker service for disclosure purposes. See Note 4 for additional information related to the Convertible Notes and Note 7 for warrants.

Income Taxes

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, there was no provision for income taxes or unrecognized tax benefits recorded. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, deferred tax assets were $19.2 million and $17.6 million, respectively. Due to the Company’s history of operating losses and the uncertainty regarding our ability to generate taxable income in the future, the Company has established a 100% valuation allowance against deferred tax assets as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

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Stock-Based Compensation

We recognize all share-based payments to employees, consultants, and our Board of Directors (the “Board”), as non-cash compensation expense, in research and development expenses or general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statement of operations based on the grant date fair values of such payments. Stock-based compensation expense recognized each period is based on the value of the portion of share-based payment awards that is ultimately expected to vest during the period. Forfeitures are recorded as they occur.

For performance-based awards, the Company recognizes related stock-based compensation expenses based upon its determination of the potential likelihood of achievement of the specified performance conditions at each reporting date.

Net Loss Per Share

Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common stock shares outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted net loss per share adjusts the weighted average number of common stock shares outstanding for the potential dilution that could occur if common stock equivalents, such as stock options, were exercised and converted into common stock, calculated by applying the treasury stock method.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, a total of 6,299,353 shares of potentially dilutive securities, including 64,656 shares of unvested restricted stock units, stock options to purchase 5,932,097 shares of Common Stock, and stock warrants to purchase 302,600 shares of Common Stock, were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share as their effect would have been anti-dilutive. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, a total of 5,962,960 shares of potentially dilutive securities, including 117,925 shares of unvested restricted stock units and options to purchase 5,845,035 shares of Common Stock, were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share as their effect would have been anti-dilutive.

New Accounting Pronouncements as of September 30, 2025

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09 – Income Taxes (Topic ASC 740) Income Taxes. The ASU improves the transparency of income tax disclosures by requiring (1) consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and (2) income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. It also includes certain other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures. The amendments in ASU 2023-09 will become effective for our annual disclosures for the year ending December 31, 2025. We do not expect that this guidance will have a material impact on our financial position and our results of operations.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03 – Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40). The guidance enhances the disclosures about an entity’s expenses by requiring more detailed information about the types of expenses in commonly presented expense captions. This guidance is effective for annul periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting this guidance.

On July 4, 2025, the U.S. government enacted the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”) of 2025 which includes, among other provisions, changes to the U.S. corporate income tax system, including the allowance of 100% expensing of qualified asset expenditures, immediate expensing of qualifying domestic research and development expenses and permanent extensions of certain other provisions within the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Certain provisions are effective for 2025, beginning January 19, 2025. We do not expect that this guidance will have a material impact on our financial position and our results of operations.

In July 2025, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2025-05, Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets (“ASU 2025-05”). The amendments in ASU 2025-05 provide entities with a practical expedient to simplify the estimation of expected credit losses on current accounts receivable and current contract assets that arise from transactions accounted for under ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”) by allowing the assumption that current conditions as of the balance sheet date will not change during the remaining life of the asset. ASU 2025-05 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025 and interim periods within those annual reporting periods, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of ASU 2025-05 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or liquidity or its related financial statement disclosures.

Other recent authoritative guidance issued by the FASB (including technical corrections to the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and the SEC did not or are not expected to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.

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Note 2: Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Investments

The Company’s investments in debt securities are classified as held-to-maturity and are recorded at amortized cost, net of allowance for credit losses, and its investments in money market funds are classified as available-for-sale securities and presented as cash equivalents or restricted cash equivalents on the consolidated balance sheets. The following table shows the Company’s cash, available-for-sale securities, and investment securities by major security type as of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024:

Schedule of Cash and Cash Equivalents and Investments

|  | September 30, 2025 (Unaudited)
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Allowance |  |  | Gross |  |  | Gross |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | for |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Unrealized |  |  |  |
|  | Level (1) |  | Fair Value |  |  | Credit Losses |  |  | Holding Gains |  |  | Holding Losses |  |  | Adjusted Cost |
Cash |  | 1 |  | $ | 1,759,752 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,759,752 |
Money market funds (2) |  | 1 |  |  | 5,396,036 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,396,036 |
Short-term investment in corporate bonds (3)(5)(6) |  | 2 |  |  | 3,101,615 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,775 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,098,840 |
Long-term investment in corporate bonds (4)(5)(6) |  | 2 |  |  | 64,550 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  | 64,561 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 10,257,403 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,775 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,319,189 |
Reconciliation to cash, cash equivalents and investments on condensed consolidated balance sheet |  |
Minus: Restricted cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,321,278 | )
Total cash, cash, cash equivalents and investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,997,911 |

|  | December 31, 2024 (Audited) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Allowance |  |  | Gross |  |  | Gross |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | for |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Unrealized |  |  |  |
|  | Level (1) |  | Fair Value |  |  | Credit Losses |  |  | Holding Gains |  |  | Holding Losses |  |  | Adjusted Cost |
Cash |  | 1 |  | $ | 926,287 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 926,287 |
Money market funds (2) |  | 1 |  |  | 5,580,463 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,580,463 |
Short-term investment in corporate bonds (3)(5)(6) |  | 2 |  |  | 2,756,428 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (149 | ) |  |  | 2,756,577 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 9,263,178 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (149 | ) |  | $ | 9,263,327 |

Notes:

(1) | Definition of the three-level fair value hierarchy:

| ● | Level 1 - Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
| ● | Level 2 - Other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the markets
| ● | Level 3 - Inputs that are generally unobservable

(2) | All our money market funds were invested in U.S. Government money market funds.
(3) | Short-term investment securities will mature within 12 months or less, from the applicable reporting date.
(4) | Long-term investment securities will mature between 12 months and 18 months from the applicable reporting date.
(5) | For the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company received discounts of $2,432 and $9,023 to purchase held-to-maturity investment securities, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company received discounts of $18,154 and $70,495 to purchase held-to-maturity investment securities, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company received discounts of $78,770 to purchase held-to-maturity investment securities.
(6) | The Company considers the decline in the market value of its investment portfolio to be temporary in nature. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company did not consider any of its investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired and no allowance for credit losses was recorded.

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Note 3: Research and Collaboration Agreements, Sublicense Agreements, and Investments in Privately Held Companies

Gates Foundation Grant

In November 2024, the Gates Foundation (the “Gates Foundation”, formerly known as the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation) awarded the Company a grant in the amount of $3,092,136 for the cell line development of monoclonal antibodies targeting respiratory syncytial virus and malaria utilizing the Company’s C1 platform to provide globally accessible treatment options for underserved populations (the “Gates Foundation Grant”).

As of September 30, 2025, the Company has received approximately $2.4 million of the Gates Foundation Grant. The remaining award of approximately $0.7 million is expected to be received later in 2026, subject to potential modifications of timing and amounts.

The Company is required to apply the funds it receives under the agreements solely toward direct costs for the applicable funded projects, other than less than 15% of such funds, which it may apply toward general overhead and administrative expenses that support the entire operations of the Company. The Company receives funding in advance and tracks and reports eligible expenses incurred to the Gates Foundation. Funds received in advance that have not been spent are recorded as restricted cash and cash equivalents and as deferred research and development obligations in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. As the Company incurs costs associated with research and development related to the project, on a monthly basis, the Company reclasses amounts from the grant to recognize grant revenue and cost of grant revenue. The deferred research and development obligations also include grant funds spent but not yet expensed in accordance with GAAP. The grant agreements include the Gates Foundation’s discretionary termination provisions. Any grant funds that have not been used or committed to the funded project must be returned promptly to the Gates Foundation upon expiration or termination of the agreement.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recognized grant revenue of $527,363 and $1,065,470, respectively, in connection with the Gates Foundation Grant. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recognized cost of grant revenue of $447,140 and $969,989, respectively, in connection with the Gates Foundation Grant.

As of September 30, 2025, the Company had restricted cash and cash equivalents of $1,321,278 and deferred research and development obligations of $1,321,278 related to the Gates Foundation Grant.

Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) Grant

On March 20, 2025, the Company received a funding award from CEPI to advance Dyadic’s C1 platform through a $4.5 million grant through Fondazione Biotecnopolo di Siena (“FBS”) to accelerate recombinant protein vaccine development and manufacturing. The funding will support antigen design, cell line development, optimization, characterization, and scale-up to cGMP manufacturing. If successful, the next phase will focus on selecting a CEPI-priority pathogen antigen. Dyadic, as a subcontractor, will receive up to $2.4 million of the total grant funding. The Company will be reimbursed for research and development expenses in arrears on a quarterly basis. As of September 30, 2025, the Company has an account receivable of $462,754 related to the CEPI Grant.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recognized grant revenue of $287,209 and $462,754, respectively, in connection with the CEPI Grant. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recognized cost of grant revenue of $292,110 and $435,573, respectively, in connection with the CEPI Grant.

Proliant

On June 27, 2024, the Company entered into a License and Development Agreement (the “Proliant Agreement”) with Proliant Biologicals, LLC d/b/a Proliant Health and Biologicals (“Proliant”), pursuant to which, Proliant will license Dyadic’s proprietary fungal microbial expression and production platforms and microbial strains for the production of recombinant serum albumin, for an initial period of 10 years with an option to extend for an additional 3 years under certain circumstances. Under the terms of the Proliant Agreement, Dyadic has received an initial upfront payment of $500,000 and a second payment of $500,000 upon the completion of the transfer of a Production Strain (as defined in the Proliant Agreement) for the year ended December 31, 2024.

On October 14, 2025, the Company received the final milestone payment of $500,000 upon meeting a certain productivity threshold. Upon commencing commercial sales of animal-free recombinant serum albumin products, the Company expects to receive royalties in 2026 based on a certain percentage of the gross margin received by Proliant, as defined in the Proliant Agreement.

Inzymes ApS

On September 18, 2023, Dyadic International (USA) Inc., a subsidiary of the Company, signed a Development and Exclusive License Agreement (the “Inzymes Agreement”) with Inzymes ApS (“Inzymes”), a Denmark corporation, to develop and commercialize certain non-animal dairy enzymes used in the production of food products using Dyadic’s proprietary Dapibus™ platform. In October 2023, the Company received an upfront payment of $0.6 million in accordance with the terms of the Inzymes Agreement.

On October 11, 2024, the Inzymes Agreement was amended (“the Amended Inzymes Agreement”) to change the scope of research and development services required under the agreement as well as adjust the success fees upon the achievement of certain target yields, milestone payments upon first commercial sale of each product and royalties.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company has completed all product research and development services and satisfied all related performance obligations under the Amended Inzymes Agreement, and recognized $890,169 in license revenues, including success fees upon the achievement of target yield of one related product. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company also recognized research and development revenues of $25,000 related to the Amended Inzymes Agreement.

In June 2025, the Company recognized milestone revenue of $250,000 upon the achievement of commercially viable target yield related to the Inzymes Agreement.

The Company will continue evaluating the achievement of milestones related to product commercialization of two products expected in 2026 when they are considered probable and estimable under the Inzymes Agreement.

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Alphazyme

In 2019 the Company entered into a sub-licensing agreement with Alphazyme, LLC (“Alphazyme”) that was subsequently amended (the “Amended Alphazyme LLC Agreement”). Under the Amended Alphazyme LLC Agreement, Alphazyme obtained additional capital contribution and Dyadic’s ownership was diluted to 1.99%.

The Company evaluated the nature of its equity interest investment in Alphazyme and determined that Alphazyme is a VIE due to the capital structure of the entity. However, the Company is not the primary beneficiary of Alphazyme as Dyadic does not have the power to control or direct the activities of Alphazyme that most significantly impact the VIE. As a result, the Company does not consolidate its investment in Alphazyme. The Company reports its investment in Alphazyme under the cost method of accounting, given that it does not have the ability to exercise significant influence or control over Alphazyme.

On January 18, 2023, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement, under which the Company agreed to sell its equity interest in Alphazyme, LLC (the “Alphazyme Sale Agreement”). The Company continues to have the potential to receive additional payments based on the future sales of Alphazyme’s existing products, pursuant to the Alphazyme Sale Agreement.

The Amended Sublicense Agreement between Dyadic and Alphazyme, which was previously entered on June 24, 2020, remains in effect. Under the Amended Alphazyme Sub-License Agreement, Dyadic is entitled to potential milestone and royalty payments upon the commercialization of Alphazyme products using Dyadic’s proprietary C1-cell protein production platform.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company received a total cash payment of $1.3 million from the sale of its equity interest in Alphazyme, LLC. In the first quarter of 2024, the Company received an additional cash payment of $60,977, which was recorded as gain on sale of Alphazyme in the consolidated statement of operations. There was no revenue recognized related to Alphazyme in 2025.

Note 4: Convertible Notes Payable

On March 8, 2024, the Company issued senior secured convertible promissory notes (the “Convertible Notes”) with an aggregate principal amount of $6.0 million, of which, $2.0 million were sold to related parties, including immediate family members and family trusts related to Mark Emalfarb, our Chief Executive Officer and a member of our Board of Directors.

The Convertible Notes are senior, secured obligations of the Company and its affiliates, and interest is payable quarterly in cash on the principal amount equal to 8% per annum, and guaranteed by its subsidiary, Dyadic International (USA), Inc. under a subsidiary guarantee for the benefit of the holders of the Convertible Notes (each such holder, a “Holder”).

The Convertible Notes mature on March 8, 2027, unless earlier converted or redeemed in accordance with the terms of the Convertible Notes. The Convertible Notes are secured by a first priority lien on substantially all assets of the Company and Dyadic International (USA), Inc.

The Convertible Notes are accounted for in accordance with ASC 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options and ASC 815-15, Derivatives and Hedging. Under ASC 815, contracts that are both indexed to its own stock and classified in stockholders’ equity in its statement of financial position are not considered to be derivative instruments. Based on the Company’s analysis, it is determined that the Convertible Notes contain embedded features that are indexed to the Company’s own stock and are classified in stockholders’ equity in the Company’s statement of financial position, but do not meet the requirements for bifurcation and recognition as derivatives, and therefore, do not need to be accounted for separately. Accordingly, the proceeds received from the issuance of the Convertible Notes were recorded as a single liability in accordance with ASC 470 on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

The Company incurred $175,674 of debt issuance costs associated with the Convertible Notes, which were recorded as a reduction of the Convertible Notes on the consolidated balance sheets. The debt issuance costs are being amortized and recognized as additional interest expense over the expected life of the Convertible Notes using the effective interest method. We determined that the expected life of the debt is equal to the three3-year term of the Convertible Notes.

On October 4, 2024, the Company entered into an amendment (the “Amendment”) to the Convertible Notes. Under the Amendment, (i) the conversion price upon which the Convertible Notes will be convertible into shares of the Company’s Common Stock is $1.40 per share of Common Stock, and (ii) the Redemption Date (as defined in the Amendment) will fall on any of the 26, 29 and 32-month anniversaries of the original issue date of the Convertible Notes.

On May 1, 2025, the Company entered into a second amendment (the “Second Amendment”) to the Convertible Notes. Pursuant to the Second Amendment, the Redemption Date (as defined in the Second Amendment) will now fall on December 1, 2026.

On September 15, 2025, the Company entered into a third amendment (the “Third Amendment” and, together with the Amendment and the Second Amendment, the “Amendments”) to the Convertible Notes. Pursuant to the Third Amendment, Schedule A of the Security Agreement was replaced in its entirety to reflect updates to the Secured Parties (as defined in the Security Agreement) thereunder, including the addition of a trust for the benefit of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Mark Emalfarb, as a result of his purchase and assignment to him of one of the Notes from an existing note holder in a principal amount of $1,000,000.

The Company assessed the Amendment, the Second Amendment and the Third Amendment for a debt extinguishment or modification in accordance with ASC 470-50. As both the changes in the present value of future cash flows of the modified Convertible Notes to that of the original Convertible Notes (including callable features) and the change in fair value of the embedded conversion option to that of the carrying value of the Convertible Notes immediately before modification resulted in a less than 10% change, none of the Amendments were deemed substantial and they are regarded as a note modifications. The Company did not incur any gain or loss relating to the modifications and any incremental costs, including legal fees, related to the Amendments were expensed.

15

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, $118,467 and $327,440 of interest were paid, and debt issuance costs of $12,310 and $36,105 were amortized and recorded in interest expenses in the consolidated statements of operations, respectively.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, $114,933 and $149,778 of interest were paid, and debt issuance costs of $17,244 and $43,961 were amortized and recorded in interest expenses in the consolidated statements of operations, respectively.

As of September 30, 2025, the accrued interest on the Convertible Notes to related parties and other third parties was $25,133 and $60,000, respectively. As of September 30, 2024, the accrued interest on the Convertible Notes to related parties and other third parties was $27,173 and $80,000, respectively.

As of September 30, 2025 and 2024, accumulated amortized debt issuance costs are $72,481 and $26,394, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, $910,000 of the Convertible Notes were converted into 556,623 shares of the Company’s Common Stock. As of September 30, 2025, convertible notes payable consisted of the following:

Schedule of Convertible Notes Payable

Holder |  | Issuance Date |  | Due Date |  | Interest Rate |  |  | Convertible Note Principal |  |  | Principal Repayments |  |  | Conversion to Common Stock |  |  | Principal Outstanding |
Mark A. Emalfarb Trust (1) |  | 09/15/25 |  | 03/08/27 |  |  | 8 | % |  |  | 1,000,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,000,000 |
Francisco Trust dated 2/28/1996 (2) |  | 03/08/24 |  | 03/08/27 |  |  | 8 | % |  |  | 1,000,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,000,000 |
Bradley Emalfarb (3) |  | 03/08/24 |  | 03/08/27 |  |  | 8 | % |  |  | 500,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (500,000 | ) |  |  | — |
Bradley Scott Emalfarb Irrevocable Trust (3) |  | 03/08/24 |  | 03/08/27 |  |  | 8 | % |  |  | 410,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (410,000 | ) |  |  | — |
Emalfarb Descendent Trust (4) |  | 03/08/24 |  | 03/08/27 |  |  | 8 | % |  |  | 90,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 90,000 |
Convertible Notes - Related Party |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,000,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (910,000 | ) |  |  | 2,090,000 |
Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs - Related Party |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (31,431 | )
Net Carrying Amount |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,058,569 |
Convertible Notes - Third Party (1) |  | 03/08/24 |  | 03/08/27 |  |  | 8 | % |  | $ | 3,000,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 3,000,000 |
Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs - Third Party |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (45,118 | )
Net Carrying Amount |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,954,882 |

Notes:

(1) | On September 15, 2025, Mark A. Emalfarb Trust dated October 1, 1987, as amended and restated on June 28, 2019 (the “MAE Trust”), purchased and was assigned $1,000,000 of the Convertible Notes from an existing note holder. Mr. Mark A. Emalfarb, our Chief Executive Officer, is the sole beneficiary and serves as sole trustee of the MAE Trust and has sole voting and dispositive power over the shares of Common Stock held by the MAE Trust. As of September 30, 2025, the amount of accrued interest for the MAE Trust was $3,334.
(2) | Mr. Thomas Emalfarb, nephew of Mr. Mark A. Emalfarb, our Chief Executive Officer, is the trustee of the Francisco Trust. Mr. Thomas Emalfarb may be deemed to have voting, dispositive and investment power with respect to the shares of Common Stock held by the Francisco Trust and disclaims any such beneficial ownership other than to the extent of any pecuniary interest he may have therein, directly or indirectly. As of September 30, 2025, the amount of accrued interest for the Francisco Trust was $20,000.
(3) | Mr. Mark A. Emalfarb, our Chief Executive Officer, is the trustee of the Irrevocable Trust and the brother of Mr. Bradley S. Emalfarb, who is the sole beneficiary of the Irrevocable Trust. Mr. Bradley S. Emalfarb, as sole beneficiary of the Irrevocable Trust, therefore, may be deemed to have voting, dispositive and investment power with respect to the shares of Common Stock held by the Irrevocable Trust and disclaims any such beneficial ownership other than to the extent of any pecuniary interest he may have therein, directly or indirectly. In 2024, $500,000 of the Convertible Notes held by Mr. Bradley S. Emalfarb were converted into 294,891 shares of the Company’s Common Stock and $410,000 of the Convertible Notes held by Bradley Scott Emalfarb Irrevocable Trust were converted into 261,732 shares of the Company’s Common Stock. As of September 30, 2025, there was no accrued interest for Bradley Emalfarb and Bradley Scott Emalfarb Irrevocable Trust.
(4) | Messrs. Thomas Emalfarb, Scott Emalfarb and Michael Emalfarb, nephews of Mr. Mark A. Emalfarb, our Chief Executive Officer, are co-trustees of the Emalfarb Descendant Trust and may therefore be deemed to have shared voting, dispositive and investment power over the shares of Common Stock held by the Emalfarb Descendant Trust. As of September 30, 2025, the amount of accrued interest for the Emalfarb Descendant Trust, was $1,800.

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Note 5: Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Proceedings

We are not currently involved in any litigation that we believe could have a materially adverse effect in our financial condition or results of operations. From time to time, the Company is subject to legal proceedings, asserted claims and investigations in the ordinary course of business, including commercial claims, employment and other matters, which management considers immaterial, individually and in the aggregate. The Company makes a provision for a liability when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. The requirement for these provisions is reviewed at least quarterly and adjusted to reflect the impact of negotiations, settlements, rulings, advice of legal counsel and other information and events pertaining to a particular case. Litigation is inherently unpredictable and costly. Protracted litigation and/or an unfavorable resolution of one or more of proceedings, claims or investigations against the Company could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, cash flows or results of operations.

VTT Research Contract

On September 30, 2025, the Company entered into a Sixth Amendment to the commission contract concerning VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. (“VTT”) to continue developing Dyadic’s C1 fungal expression system (the “Sixth Amendment”). The original contract was entered on June 28, 2019, and subsequently amended by the First Amendment on June 21, 2022, the Second Amendment on September 9, 2022, the Third Amendment on January 31, 2024, the Fourth Amendment on February 19, 2025, and the Fifth Amendment on July 1, 2025. Under the terms of the Sixth Amendment, the contract duration was extended to January 31, 2026, and Dyadic will pay VTT a total of approximately EUR 187,939.

Note 6: Share-Based Compensation

Description of Equity Plans

The 2021 Equity Incentive Award Plan (the “2021 Plan”) was adopted by the Company’s Board of Directors on April 9, 2021 and approved by the Company’s Annual Meeting of Shareholders (the “Annual Meeting”) on June 11, 2021. The 2021 Plan serves as a successor to the Company’s 2011 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2011 Plan”). Since the adoption of the 2021 Plan, all equity awards were made from the 2021 Plan, and no additional awards will be granted under the 2011 Plan. The 2021 Plan provides for the issuance of a variety of share-based compensation awards, including stock options, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards, performance awards, dividend equivalents awards, deferred stock awards, stock payment awards and stock appreciation rights. As of April 16, 2021, the 2021 Plan increased the number of shares available for grant by 3,000,000 in addition to the number of shares remaining available for the grant of new awards under the 2011 Plan.

As of September 30, 2025, the Company had 5,932,097 stock options outstanding and 64,656 unvested restricted stock units in addition to 1,571,382 shares of Common Stock available for grant under the 2021 Plan. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had 5,788,597 stock options outstanding and 117,925 unvested restricted stock units in addition to 2,056,629 shares of Common Stock available for grant under the 2021 Plan.

Stock Options

Options are granted to purchase Common Stock at prices that are equal to the fair value of the Common Stock on the date the option is granted. Vesting is determined by the Board of Directors at the time of grant. The term of any stock option awards under the Company’s 2011 Plan and 2021 Plan is ten years, except for certain options granted to the contractors, which are two2 to five years.

The grant-date fair value of each option grant is estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and amortized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period, for each separately vesting portion of the award as if the award was, in substance, multiple awards. Use of a valuation model requires management to make certain assumptions with respect to selected model inputs, including the following.

Risk-free interest rate. The risk-free interest rate is based on U.S. Treasury rates with securities approximating the expected lives of options at the date of grant.

Expected dividend yield. The expected dividend yield is zero, as the Company has never paid dividends to common shareholders and does not currently anticipate paying any in the foreseeable future.

Expected stock price volatility. The expected stock price volatility was calculated based on the Company’s own volatility. The Company reviews its volatility assumption on an annual basis and has used the Company’s historical volatilities since 2016.

Expected life of option. The expected life of option was based on the contractual term of the option and expected employee exercise and post-vesting employment termination behavior. The Company uses the weighted average vesting period and contractual term of the option as the best estimate of the expected life of a new option.

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The assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model for stock options granted for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, are as follows:

Schedule of Stock Options

Risk-Free interest rate |  |  | 4.1% - 4.4% |
Expected dividend yield |  |  | —% |
Expected stock price volatility |  |  | 65.1-65.4% |
Expected life of options (in years) |  |  | 0.8-6.3 |

The following table summarizes the stock option activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025:

Schedule of Stock Option Activities

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Weighted-Average |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | Weighted-Average |  |  | Remaining Contractual |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic |
|  | Shares |  |  | Exercise Price |  |  | Term (Years) |  |  | Value |
Outstanding at December 31, 2024 |  |  | 5,788,597 |  |  | $ | 2.97 |  |  |  | 5.34 |  |  | $ | 655,578 |
Granted (1) |  |  | 698,500 |  |  |  | 1.71 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercised (2) |  |  | (55,000 | ) |  |  | 1.17 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Canceled (3) |  |  | (500,000 | ) |  |  | 2.95 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at September 30, 2025 |  |  | 5,932,097 |  |  | $ | 2.84 |  |  |  | 4.54 |  |  | $ | 3,575 |
Exercisable at September 30, 2025 |  |  | 4,718,372 |  |  | $ | 3.10 |  |  |  | 3.61 |  |  | $ | — |

Notes:

(1) | Represents the following options granted:

| ● | Annual share-based compensation awards on January 2, 2025, with an exercise price of $1.74, including: (a) 356,500 stock options granted to executives and key personnel, vesting upon one year anniversary, or annually in equal installments over four years, (b) 277,500 stock options granted to members of the Board of Directors, vesting upon one year anniversary, (c) 19,500 stock options granted to employees, vesting annually in equal installments over four years, and (d) 20,000 stock options granted to a consultant, vesting upon one year anniversary.
| ● | One time share-based compensation award on May 30, 2025, with an exercise price of $1.04, of 25,000 stock options granted to an executive, vesting annually in equal installments over four years.

(2) | Represents the following options exercised:

(a) 25,000 stock options with an exercise price of $0.97 per share exercised by a board member (b) 30,000 stock options with an exercise price of $1.33 per share exercised by a board member.

(3) | Represents the following options canceled:

(a) 55,000 stock options with an exercise price of $1.75 per share granted to a consultant, (b) 75,000 stock options with an exercise price of $4.10 per share granted to key personnel, (c) 37,500 stock options with an exercise price of $2.23 per share granted to a consultant, (d) 265,000 stock options with a weighted average exercise price of $3.28 per share granted to a former board member, and (e) 67,500 stock options with an exercise price of $1.74 per share granted to a former board member.

Restricted Stock Units

Restricted stock units (the “RSUs”) are granted subject to certain restrictions. Vesting conditions are determined at the discretion of the Board of Directors. The fair market value of RSUs is generally determined based on the closing market price of the stock on the grant date.

The following table summarizes the restricted stock award activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2025:

Schedule of Restricted Stock Award Activity

|  |  |  |  | Weighted-Average |
|  |  |  |  | Grant Date |
|  | Shares |  |  | Fair Value |
Outstanding at December 31, 2024 |  |  | 117,925 |  |  | $ | 1.59 |
Granted (1) |  |  | 230,023 |  |  |  | 1.74 |
Vested (2) |  |  | (272,516 | ) |  |  | 1.68 |
Unvested shares forfeited (3) |  |  | (10,776 | ) |  |  | 1.74 |
Outstanding at September 30, 2025 |  |  | 64,656 |  |  | $ | 1.74 |

Notes:

(1) | On January 2, 2025, the Company granted 96,984 restricted stock units, vesting upon one year anniversary, to the Board of Directors as a result of reduction in director cash compensation of 2025, and an aggregate of 133,039 restricted stock units, vested in full, to executives and key personnel in lieu of cash bonus earned for the year ended December 31, 2024.
(2) | Represents the vesting 133,039 RSUs granted to executives and key personnel, and 139,477 RSUs granted to the Board of Directors.
(3) | Represents the cancellation of unvested RSUs granted to a former member of the Board of Directors.

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Compensation Expenses

We recognize all share-based payments to employees and our Board of Directors, as non-cash compensation expense, in research and development expenses or general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statement of operations, and these charges had no impact on the Company’s reported cash flows. Stock-based compensation expense is calculated on the grant date fair values of such awards, and recognized each period based on the value of the portion of share-based payment awards that is ultimately expected to vest during the period. Forfeitures are recorded as they occur. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, there were forfeitures of $33,254 and $50,134, respectively.

For performance-based awards, the Company recognizes related stock-based compensation expenses based upon its determination of the potential likelihood of achievement of the specified performance conditions at each reporting date.

Total non-cash share-based compensation expense was allocated among the following expense categories:

Schedule of Non-cash Share-based Compensation Expense

|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
General and administrative |  | $ | 155,022 |  |  | $ | 235,024 |  |  | $ | 686,339 |  |  | $ | 814,430 |
Research and development |  |  | 17,330 |  |  |  | 12,366 |  |  |  | 51,505 |  |  |  | 37,041 |
Total |  | $ | 172,352 |  |  | $ | 247,390 |  |  | $ | 737,844 |  |  | $ | 851,471 |

The following table summarizes the Company’s non-cash share-based compensation expense allocation between options and restricted stock units:

|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Share based compensation expense - stock option |  | $ | 133,559 |  |  | $ | 200,387 |  |  | $ | 615,714 |  |  | $ | 634,194 |
Share based compensation expense - restricted stock units |  |  | 38,793 |  |  |  | 47,003 |  |  |  | 122,130 |  |  |  | 217,277 |
Total |  | $ | 172,352 |  |  | $ | 247,390 |  |  | $ | 737,844 |  |  | $ | 851,471 |

Warrants

On August 1, 2025, in connection with the services the Underwriter provided to the Company in the Offering, the Company issued to the Underwriter warrants to purchase up to 302,600 shares of Common Stock (the “Underwriter Warrants”), representing 5.0% of the total shares sold in the Offering. The Underwriter Warrants are exercisable at a price of $1.0925 per share, at any time and from time to time, in whole or in part, from January 28, 2026 until August 1, 2030. As of September 30, 2025, there were 302,600 outstanding warrants to purchase Common Stock. See Note 7 Shareholder’s Equity.

The warrants were accounted for as equity-classified instruments under ASC 718. The fair value of the warrants, determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, was estimated to be $0.58 at the issuance date and was recorded as a component of additional paid-in capital, with a corresponding reduction to offering proceeds as an offering cost. The assumptions used in the Black-Scholes model included:

Schedule of Fair Value of Warrants Using Black-Scholes Model

Expected term: |  |  | 5 years |
Expected volatility: |  |  | 64.97 | %
Risk-free interest rate: |  |  | 3.67 | %
Dividend yield: |  |  | 0 | %

Note 7: Shareholders’ Equity

Public Offering of Common Stock

On July 30, 2025, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement (the “UA”) with Craig-Hallum Capital Group, in its capacity as underwriter, relating to the issuance and sale of 6,052,000 shares of the Company’s Common Stock at a price of $0.95 per share. The closing of the Offering occurred on August 1, 2025.

Total gross proceeds from the Offering were $5,749,400. Net proceeds, after legal expenses, underwriting discounts and offering expenses, were $4,940,690. The Company intends to use the proceeds for working capital and general corporate purposes, such as product development, sales and marketing.

Joseph Hazelton, our President and Chief Operating Officer, purchased 26,000 shares of the Company’s Common Stock in the Offering at the public offering price.

In consideration for Craig-Hallum serving as the underwriter of the Offering, the Company paid the Underwriter a cash fee equal to 7% of the aggregate gross proceeds raised in the Offering, reimbursed the Underwriter for certain expenses and legal fees in the amount of $75,000, and issued the Underwriter Warrants.

Issuances of Common Stock Related to Stock Options and RSU’s

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, there were 272,516 shares issued from the vesting of restricted stock units with a weighted average issue price of $1.68 per share and 27,483 shares issued from the exercise of stock options. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, there were 778,310 shares of the Company’s Common Stock issued with a weighted average issue price of $1.63 per share, including 335,195 shares from the converted Convertible Notes, 437,546 shares from the vesting of restricted stock units, and 5,569 shares from the exercise of stock options.

Treasury Stock

As of September 30, 2025, there were 12,253,502 shares of Common Stock held in treasury, at a cost of $18.9 million, representing the purchase price on the date the shares were surrendered to the Company.

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Note 8: Segment

The Company operates and manages its business as one reportable segment and one operating segment, which is the business of developing and commercializing synthetic protein products using the Company’s proprietary microbial platforms, including Dapibus TM and C1. The Company’s chief operating decision maker, or CODM, is the Company’s senior management team that includes the Chief Executive Officer, President & Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer. The CODM assesses performance for the segment and decides how to allocate resources based on consolidated net loss that is also reported on the consolidated statements of operations.

The measure of segment assets is reported on the consolidated balance sheets as total consolidated assets. The Company operates in the U.S. and Europe. All material long-lived assets of the Company reside in the U.S. For geographic information about the Company’s product revenues, see Note 1, Concentration. Long-lived assets primarily consist of operating lease right-of-use assets.

The CODM uses consolidated net loss to evaluate the Company’s spending and monitor budget versus actual results. The monitoring of budgeted versus actual results is used in assessing the performance of segment and in establishing resource allocation across the organization. Factors used in determining the reportable segment include the nature of the Company’s operating activities, the organizational and reporting structure and the type of information reviewed by the CODM to allocate resources and evaluate financial performance. The accounting policies of the segment are the same as those described in Note 1 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The CODM reviews cash, cash equivalents and investment securities as a measure of segment assets. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company’s cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents and its investment securities, including accrued interest were $10.4 million and $9.3 million, respectively.

The following table presents information about segment revenue, significant segment expenses and segment operating loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

Schedule of Segment Revenue, Significant Segment Expenses and Segment Operating Loss

|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Total revenues |  | $ | 1,164,617 |  |  | $ | 1,957,500 |  |  | $ | 2,524,819 |  |  | $ | 2,678,013 |
Total cost of revenues |  |  | 1,024,003 |  |  |  | 395,894 |  |  |  | 1,935,252 |  |  |  | 841,805 |
Research and development expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outside contracted services |  |  | 514,886 |  |  |  | 336,068 |  |  |  | 1,357,727 |  |  |  | 1,119,502 |
Personnel related costs |  |  | 39,656 |  |  |  | 108,715 |  |  |  | 251,866 |  |  |  | 297,256 |
Facilities, overhead, and other |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,092 |  |  |  | 35,132 |  |  |  | 44,794 |
General and administrative expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and related expenses |  |  | 591,228 |  |  |  | 553,472 |  |  |  | 1,805,026 |  |  |  | 1,803,375 |
Business consulting expenses |  |  | 115,402 |  |  |  | 149,457 |  |  |  | 367,729 |  |  |  | 566,809 |
Legal and professional services |  |  | 419,539 |  |  |  | 140,977 |  |  |  | 960,215 |  |  |  | 731,042 |
Other G&A expenses |  |  | 200,165 |  |  |  | 219,054 |  |  |  | 695,015 |  |  |  | 778,678 |
Share-based compensation expenses |  |  | 172,352 |  |  |  | 247,390 |  |  |  | 737,844 |  |  |  | 851,471 |
Foreign currency exchange loss, net |  |  | 12,755 |  |  |  | 5,995 |  |  |  | 35,925 |  |  |  | 14,044 |
Other (Income) expenses, net |  |  | 50,643 |  |  |  | 846 |  |  |  | 140,453 |  |  |  | (112,484 | )
Net loss |  | $ | 1,976,012 |  |  | $ | 203,460 |  |  | $ | 5,797,365 |  |  | $ | 4,258,279 |

Note 9: Subsequent Event

For the purpose of disclosure in the consolidated financial statements, the Company has evaluated subsequent events through November 12, 2025, the date the consolidated financial statements were available to be issued. Except for items mentioned in the notes, management is not aware of any material events that have occurred subsequent to the balance sheet date that would require adjustment to, or disclosure in the accompanying financial statements.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and the notes to those statements appearing in this Quarterly Report. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks, assumptions and uncertainties. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis include, but are not limited to, those set forth in “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report. All forward-looking statements included in this Quarterly Report are based on information available to us as of the time we file this Quarterly Report and, except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update publicly or revise any forward-looking statements.

Overview

Description of Business

Dyadic International, Inc. (“Dyadic”, “we”, “us”, “our”, or the “Company”), d/b/a, Dyadic Applied BioSolutions, is a global biotechnology platform company headquartered in Jupiter, Florida, with operations in the U.S. and the Netherlands. We aim to develop and commercialize scalable, non-animal protein production platforms to meet growing global demand across the life sciences, food and nutrition, and bio-industrial markets.

Our proprietary platforms—Dapibus™ and C1—are designed for rapid, cost-effective, and flexible production of high-value proteins, enabling partners to reduce development timelines and manufacturing costs. While Dyadic’s primary focus is on non-therapeutic applications, both platforms retain the capability to produce biologics, such as vaccines and therapeutic proteins, for external partners.

Platform Capabilities

Dyadic’s Dapibus™ and C1 platforms are engineered microbial protein production systems optimized for high-yield, low-cost, and scalable protein production. Built on decades of industrial experience, these platforms support applications in:

| ● | Cell culture media (e.g., albumin, transferrin, fibroblast growth factor (“FGF”))
| ● | Diagnostics and research reagents
| ● | Functional food ingredients (e.g., alpha-lactalbumin, caseins, lactoferrin)
| ● | Sustainable industrial enzymes (e.g., biomass and dairy enzymes)

By targeting high-value proteins in expanding non-pharmaceutical markets, Dyadic is building a commercial pipeline that aligns with global trends in sustainability, animal-free manufacturing, and bio-based innovation. Simultaneously, we continue to explore partnering opportunities for the use of our platforms in pharmaceutical development where appropriate.

Dapibus™ Protein Production Platform

To accelerate commercialization and reduce regulatory risk, Dyadic developed the Dapibus™ platform—a proprietary protein production system designed to produce high-value, non- animal proteins and enzymes for non-pharmaceutical markets including life sciences, food and nutrition, and bio-industrial sectors.

Dapibus™ is expected to enable faster development, lower production costs, and simplified regulatory pathways compared to therapeutic biologics, which Dyadic believes will allow it to address growing demand for sustainable, functional ingredients across a range of industries. The platform supports applications in bioprocessing, product formulation, diagnostics, and nutrition.

Dyadic expects to commercialize multiple Dapibus™-enabled products starting in 2025 through a combination of strategic partnerships and internal manufacturing initiatives.

C1 Protein Production Platform

Dyadic’s proprietary C1 protein production system is a patented, thermophilic fungal platform (Thermothelomyces heterothallica fungus) developed for the cost-effective, large-scale production of proteins. Originally used to manufacture industrial enzymes, Dyadic has engineered C1 into a high-yield, scalable platform for both biopharmaceutical and non- pharmaceutical applications.

Following the 2015 sale of its industrial enzyme business to Danisco USA (a DuPont subsidiary), Dyadic retained co-exclusive rights to the C1 platform for human and animal pharmaceutical use, including the exclusive ability to sub-license C1 for human and animal pharmaceutical use (subject to specific conditions). Danisco holds certain retained rights but is obligated to pay Dyadic royalties on any future pharmaceutical commercialization. Dyadic may owe downstream royalties to Danisco or its licensors depending on specific patent usage.

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Pharmaceutical Applications

While Dyadic is focused on non-therapeutic markets, the C1 platform remains a validated solution for biopharmaceutical manufacturing and continues to attract interest from pharma, CDMOs, academic institutions, and government agencies.

C1 addresses key bottlenecks in biologics manufacturing—reducing cost, shortening development cycles, and enabling higher yields—positioning it as a competitive alternative to CHO, yeast, and insect cell systems.

Strategic opportunities include:

| ● | Recombinant vaccines and therapeutics (human and animal)
| ● | Biobetters and biosimilars
| ● | Drug formulation and diagnostic reagents
| ● | Cost-effective production of difficult-to-express proteins

Dyadic continues to evaluate licensing, collaboration, and commercialization opportunities to unlock C1’s full potential in the biologics sector.

Legacy Biopharma Programs Support Strategic Growth and Platform Validation

Dyadic’s legacy pharmaceutical initiatives continue to drive platform validation, unlock non-dilutive funding, and support strategic collaborations without diverting focus from its core commercial goals.

Advancing C1 Vaccine Capabilities

| ● | Ferritin Nanoparticle Vaccine Candidates (with ViroVax):

| ○ | H5 Avian Influenza: Demonstrated cross-protection in early trials; commercial interest in poultry, cattle, and human markets.
| ○ | Mpox: Early-stage preclinical development reinforcing C1’s rapid response and low-cost manufacturing potential.

Diagnostics and Animal Health Expansion

| ● | C1-produced H5 antigens show strong neutralizing antibody response in poultry and promising cross-protection in cattle — with the potential to open new opportunities in animal health and diagnostics.

Strategic Platform Partnerships

| ● | Cygnus Technologies® (Maravai LifeSciences®): C1 Host Cell Protein (HCP) ELISA Kit to support C1/Dapibus™ regulatory workflows commercially launched.
| ● | Rabian BV: We are awaiting funding from the Eurostars program for a rabies vaccine project using the C1 platform; Dyadic is expected to receive equity in Rabian BV, certain milestone payments, and royalties on commercial sales.

Peer-Reviewed Validation and Clinical Progress

| ● | Nature Communications: C1-produced mAb showed protection against Omicron and Delta variants in non-human primates.
| ● | DYAI-100 Vaccine Candidate: Phase 1 clinical trial met safety and immunogenicity endpoints. Future development paused to focus on emerging variants in collaboration with Rubic One Health (“Rubic”).

These legacy programs provide critical third-party validation of the C1 platform’s biopharmaceutical potential while generating non-dilutive capital and enabling future commercial opportunities.

Licensing and Strategic Collaborations

In April 2023, Dyadic expanded its license agreement with Rubic to include vaccines and therapeutic proteins for both human and animal health in underserved African markets. The C1 platform tech transfer is complete. Dyadic is eligible to receive milestone payments, royalties, and marketing rights under the agreement. In 2024, Rubic initiated development of several livestock vaccines.

Dyadic entered an exclusive sublicense agreement with ABIC, an affiliate of Phibro Animal Health Corporation, in February 2022. The agreement was expanded in March 2024 to include additional vaccines and treatments for livestock diseases.

Research and Development

Dyadic conducts internal and collaborative R&D to advance its microbial platforms across both pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical applications.

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland

Since 2016, Dyadic has partnered with VTT, a leading European research institute, to enhance C1’s safety, productivity, and efficiency. VTT supports critical initiatives including glycoengineering, protease deletion, and therapeutic protein expression. Many projects at VTT are co-funded by Dyadic’s third-party collaborators.

Other CRO and CDMO Partnerships

Dyadic works with a global network of research providers and manufacturers, including 53Biologics (Spain), Fermbox Bio (India), and Eleszto Genetika (Hungary). These partners support the Company’s R&D and scale-up activities across its platforms. While typically structured as work-for-hire engagements, disruptions to these collaborations could impact timelines or development outcomes.

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Recent Operational Highlights

Corporate Development

| ● | CRISPR License Agreement: Dyadic entered into a non-exclusive CRISPR/Cas9 license with ERS Genomics, expanding its genetic engineering capabilities to accelerate strain optimization and pathway enhancement across its proprietary production platforms. The agreement strengthens Dyadic’s ability to improve productivity, product quality, and innovation for both internal programs and partner-driven applications.
| ● | Corporate Rebrand and Website Overhaul: Dyadic rebranded as Dyadic Applied BioSolutions and launched a redesigned corporate website to support commercial growth. The new platform enhances online ordering capabilities for research products, strengthens investor and business development engagement, and expands the company’s digital presence and social media outreach.

| ● | Expanding Commercial Efforts in Asia: Dyadic advanced its international growth strategy by partnering with Intralink to expand in Japan and South Korea, both seen as growing biopharma markets. The initiative focuses on commercializing Dyadic’s high-value animal-free proteins, including DNase1 and Transferrin, to address what is seen as rising regional demand for biologics and cell and gene therapy manufacturing inputs.
| ● | Peer-Reviewed Publication Validates C1 Platform for Vaccine Antigen Production: A study published in “Vaccine” (October 24, 2025) demonstrated the successful production and characterization of full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein using Dyadic’s Thermothelomyces heterothallica (C1) platform. The C1-produced spike exhibited comparable structure, stability, and immunogenicity to mammalian cell–derived antigens, highlighting the platform’s potential as a scalable and cost-efficient system for manufacturing complex glycoproteins and vaccine candidates.

Life Sciences

| ● | Non-Animal Cell Culture Media

| ● | Recombinant Serum Albumin: Dyadic, in collaboration with Proliant Health and Biologicals (“Proliant”), has supported the development of animal-free serum albumin which is expected to be commercially launched in late 2025 or early 2026 for use in diagnostic and research markets. Dyadic has received $1.5 million in milestone payments to date, including the third milestone payment of $0.5 million received in October 2025, and anticipates ongoing revenue sharing from future sales in 2026.
| ● | Recombinant Transferrin: Dyadic’s animal-free transferrin has performed consistently with leading recombinant reference standards in cell proliferation testing for animal muscle cell growth. Designed as a high-quality, cost-effective, non-animal derived alternative to serum-derived transferrin, it targets applications in cell culture media, diagnostics, research, and bioprocessing. The Company is actively expanding validation efforts for diagnostic, research, and cell culture uses, with initial purchase orders expected by the end of 2025.

| ● | Recombinant Growth Factors: Dyadic’s recombinant Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) has shown comparable efficacy to reference standards in supporting animal muscle cell growth. Optimization and validation are ongoing, with initial purchase orders received in October 2025 within the cultured meat segment.

| ● | Reagent Proteins & DNA/RNA Enzymes

| ● | DNase-1 (RNase-free): Dyadic has completed production validation and is now manufacturing research-grade RNase-free DNase-1 for molecular diagnostics, biopharma, and related applications. Following successful scale-up, sampling is actively underway with initial purchase orders expected by the end of 2025.
| ● | Expanded Nucleic Acid Enzymes Portfolio: Dyadic continues to advance its portfolio of DNA/RNA manipulation enzymes, including RNase Inhibitors and T7 RNA Polymerase. Prototype development and validation have shown encouraging results, with ongoing optimization expected to yield additional improvements and data through late 2025 and into 2026.

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Food and Nutrition

| ● | Non-animal Dairy Applications

| ● | Alpha-Lactalbumin: A key nutritional whey protein that supports healthy growth and cellular function in both infant and adult nutrition applications. Dyadic has agreed to terms with a non-animal dairy development company for the development of recombinant alpha-lactalbumin targeting the infant nutrition segment. The protein has demonstrated positive results in product qualification and application testing, with characterization ongoing and sampling for research and nutritional markets expected early 2026.
| ● | Human Lactoferrin: An iron-binding glycoprotein found in milk and other secretions, valued for its antimicrobial and immune-supporting properties and widely used in nutritional and health-related research. Dyadic has developed a stable cell line, with continued optimization and characterization underway, and sampling for research use will begin in early 2026.
| ● | Non-Animal Dairy Enzymes: In Q3 2025, Dyadic received a $250,000 milestone payment from Inzymes for productivity achievements for a second enzyme, bringing total payments received from Inzymes to $1.275 million. Scale-up and commercialization efforts for the first enzyme are progressing toward a late 2025 or early 2026 launch, with additional enzymes in development under the existing license agreement.

Bio Industrial Products

| ● | In partnership with Fermbox Bio, Dyadic launched EN3ZYME™ in May 2024—an enzyme cocktail for converting agricultural residue into fermentable cellulosic sugars, produced using the Dapibus™ production platform. Initial enzyme deliveries have been completed under Fermbox’s purchase order, Dyadic is to receive a 50/50 profit share from commercial sales.
| ● | Sampling efforts are currently underway and have expanded into healthcare applications, with ongoing negotiations in the biomass processing, biofuels, and pulp & paper markets to broaden adoption and explore new enzyme development opportunities.

Biopharmaceutical Programs

| ● | Gates Foundation Collaboration: Dyadic has achieved key milestones in developing low-cost monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for malaria and RSV receiving a total of approximately $2.4 million funding from a $3 million grant. Early data show C1-produced mAbs perform comparably to mAbs produced from traditional CHO cell lines.
| ● | CEPI–Fondazione Biotecnopolo di Siena: Advancing under a $4.5 million CEPI grant, Dyadic is eligible for up to $2.4 million to support antigen design, cell line development, and cGMP scale-up for vaccines and antibodies.
| ● | European Vaccines Hub: The €170 million EU-backed initiative led by Dr. Rino Rappuoli is assessing C1 for its potential to accelerate timelines, boost productivity, and reduce costs in vaccine and antibody manufacturing.
| ● | Uvax Bio Collaboration: Backed by a $2.6 million CEPI grant, this program is evaluating C1 for rapid, cost-effective MERS vaccine production.
| ● | AdaptVac Consortium: A $12.4 million CEPI and Horizon Europe–funded initiative integrating C1 to develop broad-spectrum filovirus vaccines, underscoring C1’s speed, scalability, and cost-efficiency.

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Nasdaq Deficiency Notices and Remediation

Our common stock is currently listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, which has minimum requirements that a company must meet in order to remain listed. These requirements include maintaining a minimum Market Value of Listed Securities (“MVLS”) of $35 million, which MVLS cannot fall below $35 million for a period of more than 30 consecutive trading days (the “MVLS Requirement”), and a minimum bid price of at least $1 per share, which cannot fall below $1 for a period more than 30 consecutive trading days (the “Minimum Bid Price Requirement”). Earlier this year, we were notified that we did not comply with either of the MVLS Requirement or the Minimum Bid Price Requirement and could become subject to delisting if we did not cure these deficiencies during specified cure periods. In October, we were notified by Nasdaq that we have since cured these deficiencies within the applicable cure periods and have regained compliance with the applicable continued listing requirements. Thus, these Nasdaq deficiency matters are now closed.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the applicable period. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Such differences could be material to the consolidated financial statements.

We define critical accounting estimates as those that are reflective of significant judgments and uncertainties and which may potentially result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. In applying these critical accounting estimates, our management uses its judgment to determine the appropriate assumptions to be used in making certain estimates. These estimates are subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty. Our critical accounting estimates include the following:

Revenue Recognition

The Company has no products approved for sale. All our revenue to date has been research revenue from third-party collaborations and grants, as well as revenue from sublicensing agreements and collaborative arrangements, which may include upfront payments, options to obtain a license, payment for research and development services, milestone payments and royalties, in the form of cash or non-cash considerations (e.g., minority equity interest).

Revenue related to research collaborations and agreements: The Company typically performs research and development services as specified in each respective agreement on a best-efforts basis, and recognizes revenue from research funding under collaboration agreements in accordance with the 5-step process outlined in ASC Topic 606 (“Topic 606”): (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. We recognize revenue when we satisfy a performance obligation by transferring control of the service to a customer in an amount that reflects the consideration that we expect to receive. Depending on how the performance obligation under our license and collaboration agreements is satisfied, we recognize the revenue either at a point in time or over time by using the input method under Topic 606 to measure the progress toward complete satisfaction of a performance obligation.

Under the input method, revenue will be recognized based on the entity’s efforts or inputs to the satisfaction of a performance obligation (e.g., resources consumed, labor hours expended, costs incurred, or time elapsed) relative to the total expected inputs to the satisfaction of that performance obligation. The Company believes that the cost-based input method is the best measure of progress to reflect how the Company transfers its performance obligation to a customer. In applying the cost-based input method of revenue recognition, the Company uses actual costs incurred relative to budgeted costs to fulfill the performance obligation. These costs consist primarily of full-time equivalent effort and third-party contract costs. Revenue will be recognized based on actual costs incurred as a percentage of total budgeted costs as the Company completes its performance obligations.

A cost-based input method of revenue recognition requires management to make estimates of costs to complete the Company’s performance obligations. In making such estimates, significant judgment is required to evaluate assumptions related to cost estimates. The cumulative effect of revisions to estimated costs to complete the Company’s performance obligations will be recorded in the period in which changes are identified, and amounts can be reasonably estimated. A significant change in these assumptions and estimates could have a material impact on the timing and amount of revenue recognized in future periods.

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Revenue related to grants: The Company receives grants from governments, agencies, and other private and not-for-profit organizations. These grants are intended to be used to fund the Company’s research collaborations partially or fully, including opportunities and projects that the Company is pursuing with certain collaborators. However, most, if not all, of such potential grant revenues, is expected to be earmarked for third parties to advance the research required, including preclinical and clinical trials for vaccines and/or antibodies candidates. Revenue related to grants are presented on a gross basis on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Revenue related to sublicensing agreements: If the sublicense to the Company’s intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in the arrangement, the Company recognizes revenue allocated to the license when technology is transferred to the customer and the customer can use and benefit from the license.

Customer options: If the sublicensing agreement includes customer options to purchase additional goods or services, the Company will evaluate if such options are considered material rights to be deemed as separate performance obligations at the inception of each arrangement.

Milestone payments: At the inception of each arrangement that includes development, commercialization, and regulatory milestone payments, the Company evaluates whether the achievement of the milestones is considered probable and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price. If the milestone payment is in exchange for a sublicense and is based on the sublicensee’s subsequent sale of product, the Company recognizes milestone payment by applying the accounting guidance for royalties.

Royalties: With respect to licenses deemed to be the predominant item to which the sales-based royalties relate, including milestone payments based on the level of sales, the Company recognizes revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied). To date, the Company has not recognized any royalty revenue resulting from any of its sublicensing arrangements.

We invoice customers based on our contractual arrangements with each customer, which may not be consistent with the period that revenues are recognized. When there is a timing difference between when we invoice customers and when revenues are recognized, we record either a contract asset (unbilled accounts receivable) or a contract liability (deferred research and development obligations), as appropriate. If upfront fees or considerations related to a sublicensing agreement are received prior to the technology transfer, the Company will record the amount received as deferred revenue from the licensing agreement.

We are not required to disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and (ii) contracts for which we recognize revenue at the amount to which we have the right to invoice for services performed.

The Company adopted a practical expedient to expense sales commissions when incurred because the amortization period would be one year or less.

Accrued Research and Development Expenses

In order to properly record services that have been rendered but not yet billed to the Company, we review open contracts and purchase orders, communicate with our personnel and we estimate the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of the actual cost. The majority of our service providers invoice us monthly or quarterly in arrears for services performed or when contractual milestones are met. We make estimates of our accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in our consolidated financial statements based on facts and circumstances known to us at that time. We periodically confirm the accuracy of our estimates with the service providers and adjust if necessary. Examples of accrued research and development expenses include amounts owed to contract research organizations, to service providers in connection with research and development activities.

Stock-Based Compensation

We have granted stock options to employees, directors, and consultants. The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Black-Scholes model considers volatility in the price of our stock, the risk-free interest rate, the estimated life of the option, the closing market price of our stock and the exercise price. For purposes of the calculation, we assumed that no dividends would be paid during the life of the options. We also used the weighted-average vesting period and contractual term of the option as the best estimate of the expected life of a new option, except for the options granted to certain contractors (i.e., 2 to 5 years). The expected stock price volatility was calculated based on the Company’s own volatility. The Company reviews its volatility assumption on an annual basis and has used the Company’s historical volatilities since 2016.

The estimates utilized in the Black-Scholes calculation involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management judgment. These estimates are neither predictive nor indicative of the future performance of our stock. As a result, if other assumptions had been used, our recorded share-based compensation expense could have been materially different from that reported. In addition, because some of the performance-based options issued to employees, consultants, and other third-parties vest upon the achievement of certain milestones, the total ultimate expense of share-based compensation is uncertain.

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Accounting for Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method in accordance with ASC Topic 740, “Income Taxes”. Under this method, income tax expense / (benefit) is recognized for: (i) taxes payable or refundable for the current year and (ii) deferred tax consequences of temporary differences resulting from matters that have been recognized in an entity’s financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the results of operations in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is provided to reduce the deferred tax assets reported if based on the weight of the available positive and negative evidence, it is more likely than not some portion or all the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

In determining taxable income for the Company’s consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. This process requires the Company to make certain estimates of our actual current tax exposure and assessment of temporary differences between the tax and financial statement recognition of revenue and expense. In evaluating the Company’s ability to recover its deferred tax assets, the Company must consider all available positive and negative evidence including its past operating results, the existence of cumulative losses in the most recent years and its forecast of future taxable income. Significant management judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuation allowance recorded against our net deferred tax assets.

The Company is required to evaluate the provisions of ASC 740 related to the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in a company’s financial statements. ASC 740 prescribes a comprehensive model for how a company should recognize, present, and disclose uncertain positions that the company has taken or expects to take in its tax return. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. Differences between tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return and the net benefit recognized and measured pursuant to the interpretation are referred to as “unrecognized benefits.” A liability should be recognized (or amount of net operating loss carry forward or amount of tax refundable is reduced) for unrecognized tax benefits, because it represents a company’s potential future obligation to the taxing authority for a tax position that was not recognized because of applying the provision of ASC 740.

The Company classifies accrued interest and penalties related to its tax positions as a component of income tax expense. The Company currently is not subject to U.S. federal, state, and local tax examinations by tax authorities for the years before 2022.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information about recent accounting pronouncements.

Results of Operations

Three and Nine months Ended September 30, 2025 Compared to the Same Periods in 2024

Revenue and Cost of Revenue

The following table summarizes the Company’s revenue and cost of revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Research and development revenue |  | $ | 350,046 |  |  | $ | 532,500 |  |  | $ | 746,595 |  |  | $ | 1,253,013 |
Grant revenue |  |  | 814,571 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,528,224 |  |  |  | — |
License and milestone revenue |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,425,000 |  |  |  | 250,000 |  |  |  | 1,425,000 |
Costs of research and development revenue |  |  | 254,753 |  |  |  | 395,894 |  |  |  | 529,690 |  |  |  | 841,805 |
Cost of grant revenue |  |  | 769,250 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,405,562 |  |  |  | — |

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, the decrease in research and development revenue and cost of research and development revenue was due to a reduction in the number of active collaborations to four compared to ten for the same period a year ago.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the decrease in research and development revenue and cost of research and development revenue was due to a reduction in the number of active collaborations to seven compared to twenty for the same period a year ago.

The grant revenue and cost of grant revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, were related to the Gates Foundation and CEPI grants. There was no grant revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the license and milestone revenue of $250,000 was related to the Inzymes Agreement. There was no license revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2025. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the license revenue was related to the licensing fee from the Proliant agreement of $1.0 million, and a success fee payment from the Inzyme agreement of $425,000.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and include salary and benefits of research personnel, third-party contract research organization services and supply costs.

Research and development expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2025, increased to $572,000 compared to $460,000 for the same period a year ago. The increase was driven by a rise in the number of active internal research initiatives undertaken to expedite product development.

Research and development expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, increased to $1,696,000 compared to $1,499,000 for the same period a year ago. The increase was driven by a rise in the number of active internal research initiatives undertaken to expedite product development.

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General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2025, increased by 14.1% to $1,481,000 compared to $1,298,000 for the same period a year ago. The increase reflected increases in rebranding and business development expenses of $176,000, legal and accounting expenses of $83,000, and other expenses of $3,000, offset by a decrease in share-based compensation expenses of $79,000.

General and administrative expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, decreased by 3.8% to $4,514,000 compared to $4,694,000 for the same period a year ago. The decrease reflected reductions in share-based compensation expenses and management and board expenses of $168,000, legal and accounting expenses of $49,000, insurance expenses of $46,000, offset by increases in rebranding and business development expenses of $47,000 and other expenses of $36,000.

Loss from Operations

Loss from operations for the three months ended September 30, 2025, increased to $1,925,000 compared to $203,000 for the same period a year ago. The increase in loss from operations was largely attributable to a decrease in total revenue of $793,000, an increase in cost of grant revenue of $769,000, an increase in general and administrative expenses of $183,000, and an increase in research and development expenses of $112,000, partially offset by a decrease in cost of research and development revenue of $141,000.

Loss from operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, increased to $5,657,000 compared to $4,371,000 for the same period a year ago. The increase in loss from operations was largely attributable to an increase in cost of grant revenue of $1,406,000, an increase in research and development expenses of $198,000, and a decrease in total revenue of $153,000, partially offset by a decrease in cost of research and development revenue of $312,000 and a decrease in general and administrative expenses of $180,000.

Other Income (Expenses), Net

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, total other income (expenses), net, was an expense of $51,000 compared to an expense of $1,000 for the same period a year ago. The decrease in other income was due to a reduction of $64,000 in interest income, partially offset by a decrease in interest expenses of $14,000 related to the Convertible Notes.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, total other income (expenses), net, was an expense of $140,000 compared to an income of $112,000 for the same period a year ago. The decrease in other income was due to a decrease in interest income of $152,000 and an increase in interest expenses related to the Convertible Notes of $40,000.

Net Loss

Net loss for the three months ended September 30, 2025, was $1,976,000 compared to $203,000 for the same period a year ago. The increase reflected an increase of $1,722,000 in loss from operations, and a decrease in interest income of $50,000.

Net loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, was $5,797,000 compared to $4,258,000 for the same period a year ago. The increase reflected an increase of $1,286,000 in loss from operations, and a decrease in interest income and increase in interest expenses of $253,000.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The Company expects to incur losses and have negative net cash flows from operating activities as it continues developing its microbial platforms and related products, and as it expands its pipelines and engages in further research and development activities for internal products as well as for its third-party collaborators and licensees. The success of the Company depends on its ability to develop its technologies and products to the point of regulatory approval and subsequent revenue generation or through the sublicensing of the Company’s technologies and products, and its ability to raise capital to finance these developmental efforts.

On March 8, 2024, the Company issued an aggregate principal amount of $6.0 million of its 8.0% Senior Secured Convertible Promissory Notes due March 8, 2027 (the “Convertible Notes”) in a private placement. The purchasers of the Convertible Notes included immediate family members and family trusts related to Mark Emalfarb, our Chief Executive Officer and a member of our Board of Directors, including The Francisco Trust, an existing holder of more than 5% of the Company’s outstanding Common Stock, (collectively, the “Purchasers”). The net proceeds from the sale of the Convertible Notes, after deducting offering expenses, were $5,824,000. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the offering of the Convertible Notes for working capital and general corporate purposes. This private placement funding is expected to support our near-term revenue growth and accelerate our strategic objective of commercialization opportunities for pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical applications.

The Convertible Notes are senior, secured obligations of Dyadic and its affiliates, and interest is payable quarterly in cash on the principal amount equal to 8% per annum. The Convertible Notes will mature on March 8, 2027 (the “Maturity Date”), unless earlier converted, repurchased, or redeemed in accordance with the terms of the Convertible Notes.

The Convertible Notes can be converted into shares of Dyadic’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Common Stock”), at the option of the holders of the Convertible Notes (the “Noteholders”) at any time prior to the Maturity Date. On October 4, 2024, the Company entered into an amendment (the “Amendment”) to the Convertible Notes. Pursuant to the Amendment, (i) the conversion price upon which the Convertible Notes will be convertible into shares of the Company’s Common Stock is $1.40 per share of Common Stock, and (ii) the Redemption Date (as defined in the Amendment) will fall on any of the 26, 29 and 32-month anniversaries of the original issue date of the Convertible Notes.

On May 1, 2025, the Company entered into a second amendment (the “Second Amendment”) to the Convertible Notes. Pursuant to the Second Amendment, the Redemption Date (as defined in the Second Amendment) will now fall on December 1, 2026.

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During the year ended December 31, 2024, $910,000 of Convertible Notes were converted into 556,623 shares of Common Stock. For more information regarding the Convertible Notes, including the covenants related thereto, see Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

On September 15, 2025, Mark A. Emalfarb Trust dated October 1, 1987, as amended and restated on June 28, 2019 (the “MAE Trust”), purchased and was assigned $1,000,000 of the Convertible Notes from an existing note holder. Mr. Mark A. Emalfarb, our Chief Executive Officer, is the sole beneficiary and serves as sole trustee of the MAE Trust and has sole voting and dispositive power over the shares of Common Stock held by the MAE Trust. As of September 30, 2025, the amount of accrued interest for the MAE Trust was $3,334.

On August 1, 2025, the Company completed an underwritten offering of 6,052,000 shares of the Company’s Common Stock pursuant to an underwriting agreement, dated July 30, 2025, between the Company and Craig-Hallum Capital Group LLC. The public offering price in the Offering was $0.95 per share of Common Stock. The net proceeds to the Company from the Offering were $4.9 million, after deducting legal expenses, underwriting discounts and commissions, and other offering expenses. The Company intends to use the net proceeds of the Offering for working capital and general corporate purposes, such as product development, sales and marketing.

The Company expects its existing cash and cash equivalents, and cash raised from the Convertible Notes and the Offering on August 1, 2025, investments in debt securities, and operating cash flows will be sufficient to meet its operational, business, and other liquidity requirements for at least the next twelve (12) months from the date of issuance of the financial statements contained in this Quarterly Report. However, the Company has based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and its operating plan may change as a result of many factors currently unknown to it. In the event our financing needs are not able to be met by our existing cash, cash equivalents and investments, we would seek to raise additional capital through strategic financial opportunities that could include, but are not limited to, future public or private equity offerings, collaboration agreements, and/or other means. Any amounts raised may be used for the further development and commercialization of product candidates, and for other working capital purposes. There is no guarantee that any of these strategic or financing opportunities will be executed or realized on favorable terms, if at all, and some could be dilutive to existing shareholders.

As of September 30, 2025, cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents were $7.2 million compared to $6.5 million as of December 31, 2024. The carrying value of investment grade securities, including accrued interest as of September 30, 2025, was $3.2 million compared to $2.8 million as of December 31, 2024.

Net cash used in operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $3.9 million, which was principally attributable to a net loss of $5.8 million, partially offset by changes in operating assets and liabilities of $1.1 million and share-based compensation expenses of $0.7 million.

Net cash used in operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $3.3 million, which was principally attributable to a net loss of $4.3 million, partially offset by changes in operating assets and liabilities of $0.2 million and share-based compensation expenses of $0.9 million.

Net cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $0.4 million, compared to $3.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The change in investing activities was attributable to a reduction in purchases of held-to maturity investment securities of $0.9 million, an increase in proceeds received from maturities of investment securities of $1.9 million and proceeds from the sale of investment in Alphazyme in 2024 of $0.1 million.

Net cash provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $5.0 million, which was mainly related to net proceeds from public offering, compared to $5.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, which was related to net proceeds from the issuance of Convertible Notes.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and are not required to provide the information required under this item.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Changes in Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rules 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the three months ended September 30, 2025, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Inherent Limitation on Effectiveness of Controls

A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within our Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

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PART II

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

We are not currently involved in any litigation that we believe could have a materially adverse effect in our financial condition or results of operations. From time to time, we may become involved in various lawsuits and legal proceedings which arise in the ordinary course of business. Litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, and an adverse result in these or other matters may arise from time to time that may harm our business. See Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for commitments and contingencies.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Other than as set forth below, there have been no changes to our risk factors from those disclosed in our Annual Report for the 2024 fiscal year filed on March 26, 2025.

We have in the past, and may in the future, be unable to comply with the listing standards of the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”). While we have since regained compliance, if we again fail to comply with listing standards in the future, our common stock may be delisted.

Our common stock is currently listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, which has minimum requirements that a company must meet in order to remain listed. These requirements include maintaining a minimum MVLS of $35 million, which MVLS cannot fall below $35 million for a period of more than 30 consecutive trading days, and a minimum bid price of at least $1 per share, which cannot fall below $1 for more than 30 consecutive trading days. Earlier this year, we were notified that we did not comply with either of the MVLS Requirement or the Minimum Bid Price Requirement and could become subject to delisting if we did not cure these deficiencies within specified cure periods. We have since cured these deficiencies within the applicable cure periods and regained compliance with the applicable continued listing requirements.

However, in the event that we fail to comply with these or other continued listing requirement in the future, our common stock could be delisted from Nasdaq. If so, the trading of our common stock could be conducted in the over-the-counter market established for unlisted securities such as the OTCQX, the OTCQB, the OTCID Basic Market or the Pink Limited Market, but there can be no assurance that our common stock will be eligible for trading on any such alternative market. Additionally, if our common stock is delisted from Nasdaq, the liquidity of our common stock would be adversely affected, the market price of our common stock could decrease, our ability to obtain sufficient additional capital to fund our operations and to continue to operate as a going concern would be substantially impaired and transactions in our common stock could lose federal preemption of state securities laws. Furthermore, there could also be a reduction in our coverage by securities analysts, and the news media and broker-dealers may be deterred from making a market in or otherwise seeking or generating interest in our common stock, which could cause the price of our common stock to decline further. Moreover, delisting may also negatively affect our collaborators’, vendors’, suppliers’ and employees’ confidence in us and employee morale.

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Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

| (a) | Upon closing of our Offering on August 1, 2025, we issued the Underwriter Warrant, in reliance upon the exemption from the registration requirements in Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act. For more information, see “Warrants” in Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
| (b) | Not applicable.
| (c) | None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

Not applicable.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

(a) None.

(b) None.

(c) For the quarter ended September 30, 2025, none of our directors or officers (as defined in Section 16 of the Exchange Act) adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” (each as defined in Item 408(a) and (c), respectively, of Regulation S-K).

Item 6. Exhibits

The following Exhibits are filed as part of this report pursuant to Item 601 of Regulation S-K:

|  |  |  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference |  |
Exhibit No. |  | Description of Exhibit |  | Form |  | Original No. |  | Date Filed |  | Filed Herewith
3.1 |  | Restated Certificate of Incorporation dated November 1, 2004 |  | 10-12G |  | 3.1 |  | January 14, 2019 |  |
3.3 |  | Fourth Amended and Restated Bylaws of Dyadic International, Inc., effective May 29, 2025 |  | 8-K |  | 3.1 |  | June 2, 2025 |  |
10.1 |  | Amendment to Security Agreement dated as of September 15, 2025 |  | 8-K |  | 10.1 |  | September 16, 2025 |  |
31.1 |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer of Dyadic Pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
31.2 |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer of Dyadic Pursuant to Exchange Act Rules13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | X
32.1 |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer of Dyadic Pursuant to18 U.S.C Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
32.2 |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer of Dyadic Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) Furnished herewith.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

November 12, 2025 | DYADIC INTERNATIONAL, INC.
| By: | /s/ Mark A. Emalfarb
|  | Mark A. Emalfarb
|  | Chief Executive Officer
|  | (Principal Executive Officer)

November 12, 2025 | By: | /s/ Ping W. Rawson
|  | Ping W. Rawson
|  | Chief Financial Officer
|  | (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

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