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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

3 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

NOTE 2 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

The Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 8 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. The consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2024 has been derived from the audited consolidated balance sheet at that date but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024, as filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Operating results for the three months ended June 30, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending March 31, 2025.

Principles of Consolidation

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of Jerash Holdings, its wholly owned subsidiaries, and two non-wholly owned subsidiaries.

Non-wholly owned subsidiaries are entities that the reporting parent entity does not own equity interests in full. Noncontrolling interest is evaluated with a depiction of the portion of a non-wholly owned subsidiary’s net assets, net income, and net comprehensive income that is attributable to holders of equity-classified ownership interests other than the reporting parent entity. As mentioned in Note 1, the Company holds 51% of equity interest in J&B and Jerash Newtech through its wholly owned subsidiary, Treasure Success. The Company consolidates J&B and Jerash Newtech and reports noncontrolling interest to reflect the portion of their equity that is not attributable to the Company as the controlling shareholder. As of June 30, 2024, noncontrolling interest was $22,860.

All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, in conformity with U.S. GAAP, requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

Cash

The Company’s cash consists of cash on hand and cash deposited in financial institutions. The Company considers all highly liquid investment instruments with an original maturity of three months or less from the original date of purchase to be cash equivalents. As of June 30, 2024 and March 31, 2024, the Company had no cash equivalents.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash consists of cash used as security deposits to obtain credit facilities from a bank and to secure customs clearance, labor import requirements, and other requirements of local regulations. The Company is required to keep certain amounts on deposit that are subject to withdrawal restrictions. These security deposits at the bank are refundable only when the bank facilities are terminated. The restricted cash is classified as a current asset if the Company intends to terminate these bank facilities within one year, and as a non-current asset if otherwise.

Accounts Receivable, Net

Accounts receivable are recognized and carried at the original invoiced amount less an estimated allowance for credit loss. The Company usually grants extended payment terms to customers with good credit standing and determines the adequacy of credit losses based on the historical level of credit loss, current economic trends, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the future cash flows.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Inventories include the cost of raw materials, freight, direct labor, and related production overhead. The cost of inventories is determined using the First-in, First-out method. The Company periodically reviews its inventories for excess or slow-moving items and makes provisions as necessary to properly reflect inventory value.

Advance to Suppliers, Net

Advance to suppliers consists of balances paid to suppliers for services or materials purchased that have not been provided or received. Advance to suppliers for services and materials is short-term in nature. Advance to suppliers is reviewed periodically to determine whether its carrying value has become impaired. The Company considers the assets to be impaired if the performance by the suppliers becomes doubtful. At each reporting date, the Company generally determines the adequacy of allowance for credit losses by evaluating all available information, and then records specific allowances for those advances based on the specific facts and circumstances.

Credit Loss

On April 1, 2023, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-13 “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” by using a modified retrospective transition method, which replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology with an expected loss methodology that is referred to as the current expected credit loss methodology. The expected credit loss impairment model requires the entity to recognize its estimate of expected credit losses for affected financial assets using an allowance for credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. The adoption of ASU 2016-13 did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.

The Company’s accounts receivable and other receivables, which are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets line items in the consolidated balance sheet, are within the scope of ASC Topic 326. The Company measures expected credit losses of account receivables and other receivables, on a collective basis when similar risk characteristics exist. The Company makes estimates of expected credit and collectability trends for the allowance for credit losses based upon assessment of various factors, including historical experience, the age of the receivables, creditworthiness of the customers and other debtors, current economic conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions, and other factors that may affect its ability to collect from the customers and other debtors. The Company also provides specific provisions for allowance when facts and circumstances indicate that the receivable is unlikely to be collected.

Expected credit losses are included in general and administrative expenses in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income. After all attempts to collect a receivable have failed, the receivable is written off against the allowance.

Property, Plant, and Equipment, Net

Property, plant, and equipment are recorded at cost, reduced by accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization expense related to property, plant, and equipment is computed using the straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of the assets, or in the case of leasehold improvements, the shorter of the initial lease term or the estimated useful life of the improvements. The useful life and depreciation method are reviewed periodically to ensure that the method and period of depreciation are consistent with the expected pattern of economic benefits from items of property, plant, and equipment. The estimated useful lives of depreciation and amortization of the principal classes of assets are as follows:

		Useful life
Land		Infinite
Property and buildings		15-25 years
Equipment and machinery		3-5 years
Office and electronic equipment		3-5 years
Automobiles		5 years
Leasehold improvements		Lesser of useful life and lease term

Expenditures for maintenance and repairs, which do not materially extend the useful lives of the assets, are charged to expense as incurred. Expenditures for major renewals and betterments which substantially extend the useful life of assets are capitalized. The cost and related accumulated depreciation or amortization of assets retired or sold are removed from the respective accounts, and any gain or loss is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

Construction in Progress

Construction in Progress (“CIP”) is recorded at cost for property, plant, and equipment where the asset is in construction or development. CIP accumulates the cost of construction and transaction costs involved in the progress of acquiring the materials for construction or development. The Company does not commence depreciating the asset in the CIP account because the asset has not yet been placed in service. Once an asset is placed in service, all costs associated with the asset that are recorded in the CIP account are transferred to property, plant, and equipment for the asset.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company assesses its long-lived assets, including property and equipment, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. Factors that may indicate potential impairment include a significant underperformance relative to the historical or projected future operating results or a significant negative industry or economic trend. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to the future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by that asset. If impairment is indicated, a loss is recognized for any excess of the carrying value over the estimated fair value of the asset. The fair value is estimated based on the discounted future cash flows or comparable market values, if available. The Company did not record any impairment loss during the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

Asset Acquisition

An asset acquisition is an acquisition of an asset, or a group of assets, that does not meet the definition of a business, as substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired are concentrated in a single or group of similar, identifiable assets. Asset acquisitions are accounted for by using the cost accumulation model, whereby the cost of the acquisition, including certain transaction costs, is allocated to the assets acquired on a relative fair value basis. Determining and valuing intangible assets requires judgment.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess purchase price paid over the fair value of the net assets of acquired companies. Goodwill is not amortized. As of June 30, 2024 and March 31, 2024, the carrying amount of goodwill was $499,282. Goodwill is tested for impairment on an annual basis, or in interim periods if indicators of potential impairment exist, based on the one reporting unit. The Company has the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. When performing the quantitative impairment test, the Company compares the fair value of its only reporting unit with the carrying amounts. The Company would recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. The Company concluded that no impairment of its goodwill occurred for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

Revenue Recognition

Substantially all of the Company’s revenue is derived from product sales, which consist of sales of the Company’s customized ready-made outerwear for large brand-name retailers and PPE. The Company considers purchase orders to be a contract with a customer. Contracts with customers are considered to be short-term when the time between order confirmation and satisfaction of the performance obligations is equal to or less than one year. Virtually all of the Company’s contracts are short-term. The Company has minimal incremental costs of obtaining a contract, which are expensed when incurred. The Company recognizes revenue for the transfer of promised goods to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods. The Company typically satisfies its performance obligations in contracts with customers upon shipment of the goods. Generally, payment is due from customers within 14 to 150 days of the invoice date. The contracts do not have significant financing components. Shipping and handling costs associated with outbound freight from Jordan export dock are not an obligation of the Company. Returns and allowances are not a significant aspect of the revenue recognition process as historically they have been immaterial.

The Company also derives revenue from rendering cutting and making services to other apparel vendors who subcontract orders to the Company. Revenue is recognized when the service is rendered. All of the Company’s contracts have a single performance obligation satisfied at a point in time and the transaction price is stated in the contract, usually as a price per unit. All estimates are based on the Company’s historical experience, complete satisfaction of the performance obligation, and the Company’s best judgment at the time the estimate is made. Historically, sales returns have not significantly impacted the Company’s revenue.

The Company does not have any contract assets since the Company has an unconditional right to consideration when the Company has satisfied its performance obligation and payment to the accounts receivable from customers is not contingent on a future event. The Company had contract liabilities of $246,027 and $10,200 as of June 30, 2024 and March 31, 2024, respectively. As of June 30, 2024, $246,027 deferred revenue was expected to be recognized within fiscal year 2025. As of March 31, 2024, $10,200 was received in advance, and $6,923 of such advance has been recognized as revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2024.

The Company has one revenue generating reportable geographic segment under ASC Topic 280 “Segment Reporting” and derives its sales primarily from its sales of customized ready-made outerwear. The Company believes disaggregation of revenue by geographic region best depicts the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of its revenue and cash flows (see “Note 15—Segment Reporting”).

Shipping and Handling

Proceeds collected from customers for shipping and handling costs are included in revenue. Shipping and handling costs are expensed as incurred and are included in operating expenses, as a part of selling, general, and administrative expenses. Total shipping and handling expenses were $600,445 and $442,383 for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Income and Sales Taxes

The Company is subject to income taxes on an entity basis on income arising in or derived from the tax jurisdiction in which each entity is domiciled. Jerash Holdings and Jerash Supplies are incorporated/formed in the State of Delaware and are subject to federal income tax in the United States of America. Treasure Success, Ever Winland, J&B, and Jerash Newtech are registered in Hong Kong and are subject to profit tax in Hong Kong. Jiangmen Treasure Success is incorporated in China and is subject to corporate income tax in China. Jerash Garments, Jerash Embroidery, Chinese Garments, Paramount, Jerash The First, MK Garments, and Kawkab Venus are subject to income tax in Jordan, unless an exemption is granted. In accordance with Development Zone law, Jerash Garments and its subsidiaries were subject to corporate income tax in Jordan at a rate of 19% or 20% plus a 1% social contribution starting from January 1, 2023 to December 31, 2023. Effective January 1, 2024, the income tax rate increased to 20%, plus a 1% social contribution.

Jerash Garments and its subsidiaries are subject to a local sales tax of 16% on purchases. Jerash Garments was granted a sales tax exemption from the Jordanian Investment Commission for the period from June 1, 2015 to June 1, 2018 that allowed Jerash Garments to make purchases with no sales tax charge. The exemption has been extended to February 5, 2025.

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, “Income Taxes,” which requires the Company to use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under the asset and liability method, deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences of temporary differences by applying enacted statutory tax rates applicable to future years to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of existing assets and liabilities and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. Under this accounting standard, any changes in tax rates and the impact on deferred income taxes are recognized in the income statement in the period when the new rates are enacted. A valuation allowance is recognized if it is more likely than not that some portion, or all of, a deferred tax asset will not be realized.

ASC 740 clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in tax positions. This interpretation requires that an entity recognize in its financial statements the impact of a tax position, if that position is more likely than not of being sustained upon examination, based on the technical merits of the position. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. The Company has elected to classify interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits, if and when required, as part of income tax expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). No significant uncertainty in tax positions relating to income taxes was incurred during the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

Foreign Currency Translation

The reporting currency of the Company is the U.S. dollar (“US$” or “$”). The Company uses JOD in Jordan companies, HKD in Treasure Success, Ever Winland, J&B, and Jerash Newtech, and Chinese Yuan (“CNY”) in Jiangmen Treasure Success as the functional currency of each above-mentioned entity. The assets and liabilities of the Company have been translated into US$ using the exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date, equity accounts have been translated at historical rates, and revenue and expenses have been translated into US$ using average exchange rates in effect during the reporting period. Cash flows are also translated at average translation rates for the periods. Therefore, amounts related to assets and liabilities reported on the consolidated statements of cash flows will not necessarily agree with changes in the corresponding balances on the consolidated balance sheets. Translation adjustments arising from the use of different exchange rates from period to period are included as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss. Transaction gains and losses that arise from exchange rate fluctuations on transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) as incurred, and the total amount of transaction gains and losses were immaterial for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

The value of JOD against US$ and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in Jordan’s political and economic conditions. Any significant revaluation of JOD, HKD, and CNY may materially affect the Company’s financial condition in terms of US$ reporting. The following table outlines the currency exchange rates that were used in creating the consolidated financial statements in this report:

	June 30, 2024	March 31, 2024
Period-end spot rate	US$1=JOD0.7090	US$1=JOD0.7090
	US$1=HKD7.8076	US$1=HKD7.8243
	US$1=CNY7.2651	US$1=CNY7.2190
Average rate	US$1=JOD0.7090	US$1=JOD0.7090
	US$1=HKD7.8171	US$1=HKD7.8240
	US$1=CNY7.2383	US$1=CNY7.1501

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company measures compensation expense for stock-based awards based on the awards’ initial grant-date fair value. The estimated grant-date fair value of the award is recognized as expense over the requisite service period using the straight-line method.

The Company estimates the fair value of stock options using a Black-Scholes model. This model is affected by the Company’s stock price on the date of the grant as well as assumptions regarding a number of variables. These variables include the expected term of the option, expected risk-free rates of return, the expected volatility of the Company’s common stock, and expected dividend yield, each of which is more fully described below. The assumptions for the expected term and expected volatility are the two assumptions that significantly affect the grant date fair value.

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Expected Term: the expected term of a warrant or a stock option is the period of time that the warrant or a stock option is expected to be outstanding.

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Risk-free Interest Rate: the Company bases the risk-free interest rate used in the Black-Scholes model on the implied yield at the grant date of the U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issued with an equivalent term to the stock-based award being valued. Where the expected term of a stock-based award does not correspond with the term for which a zero-coupon interest rate is quoted, the Company uses the nearest interest rate from the available maturities.

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Expected Stock Price Volatility: the Company utilizes the expected volatility of the Company’s common stock over the same period of time as the life of the warrant or stock option. When the Company’s own stock volatility information is unavailable for such period of time, the Company utilizes comparable public company volatility.

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Dividend Yield: Stock-based compensation awards granted prior to November 2018 assumed no dividend yield, while any subsequent stock-based compensation awards will be valued using the anticipated dividend yield.

Earnings or Loss per Share

The Company computes earnings per share (“EPS”) in accordance with ASC 260, “Earnings per Share” (“ASC 260”). ASC 260 requires companies with complex capital structures to present basic and diluted EPS. Basic EPS is measured as net income divided by the weighted average common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS is similar to basic EPS but presents the dilutive effect on a per share basis of potential common shares (e.g., convertible securities, options, and warrants) as if they had been converted at the beginning of the periods presented, or issuance date, if later. Potential common shares that have an anti-dilutive effect (i.e., those that increase income per share or decrease loss per share) are excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS (See “Note 14–(Loss) Earnings per Share”).

Comprehensive Income or Loss

Comprehensive income or loss consists of two components, net income or loss and other comprehensive income or loss. The foreign currency translation gain or loss resulting from translation of the financial statements expressed in JOD or HKD or CNY to US$ is reported in other comprehensive income or loss in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

ASC 825-10 requires certain disclosures regarding the fair value of financial instruments. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A three-level fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The hierarchy requires entities to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are as follows:

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Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities.

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Level 2 - Quoted prices in active markets for similar assets and liabilities, or other inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.

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Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets and liabilities. This includes certain pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques that use significant unobservable inputs.

The Company considers the recorded value of its financial assets and liabilities, which consist primarily of cash, accounts receivable, other current assets, credit facilities, accounts payable, accrued expenses, income tax payables, other payables and operating lease liabilities to approximate the fair value of the respective assets and liabilities at June 30, 2024 and March 31, 2024 based upon the short-term nature of these assets and liabilities.

Concentrations and Credit Risk

Credit risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash. As of June 30, 2024 and March 31, 2024, respectively, $4,903,479 and $6,547,090 of the Company’s cash were on deposit at financial institutions in Jordan, where there currently is no rule or regulation requiring such financial institutions to maintain insurance to cover bank deposits in the event of bank failure. As of June 30, 2024 and March 31, 2024, respectively, $5,041 and $518,485 of the Company’s cash were on deposit at financial institutions in China. Cash maintained in banks within China of less than CNY 0.5 million (equivalent to $68,822) per bank is covered by “deposit insurance regulation” promulgated by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China. As of June 30, 2024 and March 31, 2024, respectively, $7,818,484 and $6,682,404 of the Company’s cash were on deposit at financial institutions in Hong Kong, which are insured by the Hong Kong Deposit Protection Board subject to certain limitations. While management believes that these financial institutions are of high credit quality, it also continually monitors their creditworthiness. As of June 30, 2024 and March 31, 2024, respectively, $212,449 and $267,954 of the Company’s cash were on deposit in the United States and are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation up to $250,000.

Accounts receivable are typically unsecured and derived from revenue earned from customers, and therefore are exposed to credit risk. The risk is mitigated by the Company’s assessment of its customers’ creditworthiness and its ongoing monitoring of outstanding balances.

Customer and vendor concentration risk

The Company’s sales are made primarily in the United States. Its operating results could be adversely affected by U.S. government policies on importing business, foreign exchange rate fluctuations, and changes in local market conditions. The Company has a concentration of its revenue and purchases with specific customers and suppliers. For the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, two customers accounted for 73% and 10%, and 66% and 21% of the Company’s total revenue, respectively. As of June 30, 2024, three customers accounted for 46%, 22%, and 11% of the Company’s total accounts receivable balance, respectively. As of March 31, 2024, four customers accounted for 23%, 23%, 10%, and 10%, respectively, of the Company’s total accounts receivable balance.

For the three months ended June 30, 2024, the Company purchased approximately 12% and 11%, respectively, of its total purchase in garments and raw materials from two major suppliers. For the three months ended June 30, 2023, the Company purchased approximately 23%, 16%, and 10%, respectively, of its total purchase in garments and raw materials from three major suppliers. As of June 30, 2024, accounts payable to the Company’s two major suppliers accounted for 23% and 17%, respectively, of the total accounts payable balance. As of March 31, 2024, accounts payable to the Company’s two major suppliers accounted for 22% and 13%, respectively, of the total accounts payable balance.

Risks and Uncertainties

The principal operations of the Company are located in Jordan. Accordingly, the Company’s business, financial condition, and results of operations may be influenced by political, economic, and legal environments in Jordan, as well as by the general state of the Jordanian economy. The Company’s operations in Jordan are subject to special considerations and significant risks not typically associated with companies in North America. These include risks associated with, among others, the political, economic, and legal environment, foreign currency exchange, and the recent conflict between Israel and Hamas. The Company’s results may be adversely affected by changes in the political, regulatory, and social conditions in Jordan. Although the Company has not experienced losses from these situations and believes that it is in compliance with existing laws and regulations including its organization and structure disclosed in Note 1, this may not be indicative of future results.

Since the inception of the turmoil in the Middle East, the Company has been closely monitoring the situation and keeping its customers informed. Currently, production is ongoing as usual, with no changes to customer orders or commitments, and both ports that the Company uses for import and export, in Aqaba and Haifa, are operating normally. In order to provide flexibility, the Company has also begun using the Port of Jebel Ali in the United Arab Emirates as an alternative route for raw material import since December 2023. However, in the event of any potential impact on the ports, the Company has prepared a contingency plan, approved by its major customers, to temporarily relocate production to alternate regions.

Reclassification

Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. Such reclassifications had no effect on net income or cash flow as previously reported.