	As of December 31,
	2019						2018
	Current		Non-current		Total		Current		Non-current		Total
	US$’000		US$’000		US$’000		US$’000		US$’000		US$’000
Employee benefit liabilities
Pension-Defined benefit plans		1,436		10,306		11,742		855		8,161		9,016
Long service leave		452		128		580		427		112		539
Total		1,888		10,434		12,322		1,282		8,273		9,555

The Company has several defined contribution plans covering its employees in Australia, PRC, Singapore, Thailand, and Taiwan. Contributions to the plan are made monthly. Total charges for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, were $1,160, $1,264, and $1,280, respectively.

The defined benefit liability recognized in the consolidated balance sheet in respect to defined benefit plans is the present value of the defined benefit obligation at the end of the reporting period, together with adjustments for past service costs and actuarial gains or losses. The defined benefit obligation is calculated annually by independent actuaries using the projected unit credit method. The present value of the defined benefit obligation is determined by discounting the estimated future cash outflows using future actuarial assumptions about demographic and financial variables that affect the determination of the amount of such benefits.

In accordance with the Thailand labor law, Charoong Thai and its subsidiaries are obliged to make payment to retiring employees, at rates of 1 to 13 times of their final month’s salary rate, depending on the length of service. In addition, Charoong Thai also has the extra benefit plan to make payment to qualified retiring employees, at rates of 1 to 26 times of final month's salary. The plan is not funded. The Company pays to settle the obligations as and when employees retire.

The following tables summaries the components of net benefit expense recognized in the income statement and the funded status and amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet for the plan:

	For the year ended December 31,
Net benefit cost	2019		2018		2017
	US$’000		US$’000		US$’000
Current service cost		546		419		360
Past service cost		121		—		—
Interest cost on benefit obligation		254		202		210
Net benefit cost		921		621		570

	For the year ended December 31,
Other comprehensive income	2019		2018		2017
	US$’000		US$’000		US$’000
Actuarial (gain) / loss – experience		494		396		251
Actuarial (gain) / loss – demographic assumption		18		1		184
Actuarial (gain) / loss – financial assumption		1,215		13		337
Actuarial loss		1,727		410		772

	For the year ended December 31,
Change in the defined obligation	2019			2018			2017
	US$’000			US$’000			US$’000
Defined benefit obligation at January 1		9,016			8,293			6,652
Current service cost		546			419			360
Past service cost		121			—			—
Interest cost on benefit obligation		254			202			210
Benefits paid directly by the Company		(535	)		(352	)		(274	)
Actuarial loss in other comprehensive income		1,727			410			772
Exchange differences		613			44			573
Defined benefit obligation at December 31		11,742			9,016			8,293

The significant assumptions used in determining the actuarial present value of the defined benefit obligations for the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:

	2019		2018
	%		%
Discount rate		1.5		2.6 ~ 2.7
Rate of salary increase	5.0~6.0		5.0 ~ 6.0
Pre-retirement mortality	* Thailand TMO17 Tables		* Thailand TMO17 Tables
* TMO represented as Thailand Mortality Ordinary Tables

The following pension benefit payments are expected payments to be made in the future years out of the defined benefit plan obligation:

	As of December 31,
	2019		2018
	US$’000		US$’000
Within the next 12 months (next annual reporting period)		1,340		855
Between 2 and 5 years		2,489		2,374
Between 6 and 10 years		4,391		4,187
Beyond 10 years		16,917		17,084
Total expected payments		25,137		24,500

Weighted average duration of defined benefit obligation	9 years		10 - 11 years

A one-percentage point change in the assumed rates would have yielded the following effects:

	2019			2018
	US$’000			US$’000
Discount rate – 1% increase		(1,003	)		(777	)
Discount rate – 1% decrease		1,178			908
Rate of salary increase – 1% increase		1,115			869
Rate of salary increase – 1% decrease		(973	)		(762	)

The sensitivity result above determines their individual impact on the plan’s year-end defined benefit obligation. In reality, the plan is subject to multiple external experience items which may move the defined benefit obligation in similar or opposite directions, while the plan’s sensitivity to such changes can vary over time.

The liability for long service leave is recognized in the provision for employee benefits and measured as present value of expected future payments to be made in respect of services provided by employees up to the reporting date using the projected unit credit method. Consideration is given to expected future wage and salary levels, experience of employee departures, and periods of service. Expected future payments are discounted using market yields at the reporting date on high quality corporate bond with terms to maturity and currencies that match, as closely as possible, the estimated future cash outflows. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the amount of long service leave obligation was $580 and $539, respectively.