<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001104659-24-127439.txt : 20241211
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<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20241211061036
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001104659-24-127439
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		16
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20241211
ITEM INFORMATION:		Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20241211
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20241211

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			Annovis Bio, Inc.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001477845
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS [2834]
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	03 Life Sciences
		IRS NUMBER:				262540421
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-39202
		FILM NUMBER:		241540053

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		101 LINDENWOOD DRIVE, SUITE 225
		CITY:			MALVERN
		STATE:			PA
		ZIP:			19355
		BUSINESS PHONE:		484-875-3192

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		101 LINDENWOOD DRIVE, SUITE 225
		CITY:			MALVERN
		STATE:			PA
		ZIP:			19355

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	QR Pharma, Inc.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20091202
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<p style="font: 18pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>UNITED STATES</b></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Washington, D.C. 20549&#160;</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>CURRENT REPORT</b></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="text-transform: uppercase"><b>Securities
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Date of Report (Date of earliest event reported):<b>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Registrant&#8217;s telephone number, including
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended
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<p style="font: 8pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 8pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 8pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 8pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 8pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (17 CFR &#167;230.405) or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (17 CFR &#167;240.12b-2).</p>

<p style="font: 8pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-size: 8pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><span style="font-size: 8pt">&#160;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b)
of the Act:</p>

<p style="font: 8pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

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 registered</b></td></tr>
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<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Item 1.01 Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement.</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">On December 11, 2024, Annovis Bio, Inc. (the &#8220;<b>Company</b>&#8221;)
entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement (the &#8220;<b>Distribution Agreement</b>&#8221;) with Oppenheimer &amp; Co. Inc., serving
as agent (&#8220;<b>Oppenheimer</b>&#8221;) with respect to an at-the-market offering program under which the Company may offer and sell,
from time to time at its sole discretion, shares of its common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the &#8220;<b>Common Stock</b>&#8221;),
having an aggregate offering price <span style="background-color: white">of up to $50,000,000 (the &#8220;<b>Shares</b>&#8221;) through
Oppenheimer (the &#8220;<b>Offering</b>&#8221;). Any Shares offered and sold in the Offering will be issued pursuant</span> to the Company&#8217;s
shelf Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-276814) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#8220;<b>SEC</b>&#8221;)
on February1, 2024, which was declared effective on February 12, 2024, the related prospectus contained therein, and the prospectus supplement
relating to the Offering to be filed with the SEC on December 11, 2024.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Oppenheimer may sell the Shares by any method
permitted by law deemed to be an &#8220;at the market offering&#8221; as defined in Rule 415 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended
(the &#8220;<b>Securities Act</b>&#8221;), including, without limitation, sales made through New York Stock Exchange (&#8220;<b>NYSE</b>&#8221;)
or on any other existing trading market for the Common Stock. The Company has no obligation to sell any Shares and may at any time suspend
offers under or terminate the Distribution Agreement in accordance with its terms. Oppenheimer will use commercially reasonable efforts
to sell the Shares from time to time consistent with its normal sales practices and applicable federal rules, regulations and NYSE rules,
based upon instructions from the Company (including any price, time or size limits or other customary parameters or conditions the Company
may impose). The Company will pay Oppenheimer a commission equal to 3.0% of the gross sales proceeds of any Shares sold through Oppenheimer
under the Distribution Agreement, and also has provided Oppenheimer with customary indemnification and contribution rights, including
for liabilities under the Securities Act and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The Company also will reimburse Oppenheimer
for certain specified expenses in connection with entering into the Distribution Agreement, as well as certain specified expenses on a
quarterly basis.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Oppenheimer is not required to sell any specific
number or dollar amount of securities, but will use commercially reasonable efforts to sell, on behalf of the Company, all of the shares
of Common Stock requested to be sold by the Company, consistent with Oppenheimer&#8217;s normal trading and sales practices, on mutually
agreed terms between Oppenheimer and the Company. There is no arrangement for funds to be received in any escrow, trust or similar arrangement.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The foregoing description of the Distribution
Agreement is not complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Distribution Agreement, a copy of which
is filed herewith as Exhibit 1.1 to this Current Report on Form 8-K and is incorporated herein by reference. A copy of the opinion of
Loeb &amp; Loeb LLP relating to the legality of the issuance and sale of the Shares in the Offering is attached as Exhibit 5.1 hereto.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">This Current Report on Form 8-K shall not constitute
an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy the securities discussed herein, nor shall there be any offer, solicitation, or
sale of the securities in any state in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to registration or qualification
under the securities laws of any such state.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Item 9.01 Financial Statements and Exhibits.</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">(d) Exhibits.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: top; width: 8%"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Exhibit No.</b></span></td>
    <td style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: top; padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: bottom; width: 90%"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Description</b></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td><a href="tm2430444d2_ex1-1.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit"><span style="font-size: 10pt">1.1</span></a></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><a href="tm2430444d2_ex1-1.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Distribution Agreement, dated December 11, 2024, by and between Annovis Bio, Inc. and Oppenheimer
    &amp; Co. Inc.</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td><a href="tm2430444d2_ex5-1.htm"><span style="font-size: 10pt">5.1</span></a></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><a href="tm2430444d2_ex5-1.htm"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Opinion of Loeb &amp; Loeb LLP.</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td><a href="tm2430444d2_ex5-1.htm"><span style="font-size: 10pt">23.1</span></a></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><a href="tm2430444d2_ex5-1.htm"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Consent of Loeb &amp; Loeb LLP (contained in Exhibit 5.1).</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">104</span></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document).</span></td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>SIGNATURE</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #212529"><b>ANNOVIS BIO,&#160;INC.</b></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 50%"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Dated: December 11, 2024</span></td>
    <td style="width: 5%"><span style="font-size: 10pt">By:</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 45%"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #212529">/s/ Maria Maccecchini</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">Name: </span></td>
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #212529">Maria Maccecchini</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">Title: </span></td>
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">President and Chief Executive Officer </span></td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p>

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<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 1.1
<TEXT>
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<P STYLE="margin: 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font-weight: bold; text-align: right; margin: 0">Exhibit 1.1</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center"><B>Annovis Bio
Inc.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center"><B>$50,000,000</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center"><B>COMMON STOCK</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center"><B><U>EQUITY DISTRIBUTION
AGREEMENT</U></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right">December 11, 2024</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Oppenheimer &amp; Co. Inc.<BR>
85 Broad Street, 26<SUP>th</SUP> Floor<BR>
New York, New York 10004</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Ladies and Gentlemen:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Annovis Bio Inc., a Delaware
corporation (the &ldquo;<B><U>Company</U></B>&rdquo;), confirms its agreement (this &ldquo;<B><U>Agreement</U></B>&rdquo;) with Oppenheimer
 &amp; Co. Inc., as follows:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Issuance and Sale of Shares</U><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">. The Company agrees
that, from time to time during the term of this Agreement, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein, it may issue and
sell to or through Oppenheimer &amp; Co. Inc., acting as agent and/or principal (the &ldquo;<B><U>Sales Agent</U></B>&rdquo;), shares
of the Company&rsquo;s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the &ldquo;</FONT><B><U>Common Stock</U></B>&rdquo;), having an aggregate
offering price of up to $50,000,000 (the &ldquo;<B><U>Maximum Amount</U></B>&rdquo;), subject to the limitations set forth in <U>Section&#8239;3(b)</U>
hereof. The issuance and sale of shares of Common Stock to or through the Sales Agent will be effected pursuant to the Registration Statement
(as defined below) filed, or to be filed, by the Company and after such Registration Statement has been declared effective by the U.S.
Securities and Exchange Commission (the &ldquo;<B><U>Commission</U></B>&rdquo;), although nothing in this Agreement shall be construed
as requiring the Company to use the Registration Statement (as defined below) to issue the Common Stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">On the date of this Agreement,
the Company has filed, in accordance with the provisions of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder
(collectively, the &ldquo;<B><U>Securities Act</U></B>&rdquo;), with the Commission, a registration statement on Form S-3, including a
base prospectus, relating to certain securities, including the Common Stock, to be issued from time to time by the Company, and which
incorporates by reference documents that the Company has filed or will file in accordance with the provisions of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder (collectively, the &ldquo;<B><U>Exchange Act</U></B>&rdquo;). The Company
has prepared a prospectus supplement specifically relating to the offer and sale of Placement Shares (as defined below) pursuant to this
Agreement included as part of such registration statement (the &ldquo;<B><U>ATM Prospectus</U></B>&rdquo;).&#8239;The Company will furnish
to the Sales Agent, for use by the Sales Agent, copies of the ATM Prospectus included as part of such registration statement, relating
to the Placement Shares. Except where the context otherwise requires, such registration statement, as amended, including all documents
filed as part thereof or incorporated by reference therein, and including any information contained in a Prospectus (as defined below)
subsequently filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule&#8239;424(b)&#8239;under the Securities Act or deemed to be a part of such registration
statement pursuant to Rule&#8239;430B or Rule 462(b)&#8239;of the Securities Act, is herein called the &ldquo;<B><U>Registration Statement</U></B>.&rdquo;&#8239;
The base prospectus, including all documents incorporated therein by reference, and the ATM Prospectus, including all documents incorporated
therein by reference, each of which is included in the Registration Statement, as it or they may be supplemented by any additional prospectus
supplement, in the form in which such prospectus and/or ATM Prospectus have most recently been filed by the Company with the Commission,
is herein called the &ldquo;<B><U>Prospectus</U></B>.&rdquo; Any reference herein to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any
amendment or supplement thereto shall be deemed to refer to and include the documents incorporated by reference therein, and any reference
herein to the terms &ldquo;amend,&rdquo; &ldquo;amendment&rdquo; or &ldquo;supplement&rdquo; with respect to the Registration Statement
or the Prospectus shall be deemed to refer to and include the filing after the execution hereof of any document with the Commission deemed
to be incorporated by reference therein. For purposes of this Agreement, all references to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus
or to any amendment or supplement thereto shall be deemed to include any copy filed with the Commission pursuant to the Electronic Data
Gathering Analysis and Retrieval System or any successor thereto (collectively &ldquo;<B><U>EDGAR</U></B>&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Placements</U><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">. Each time that the Company wishes
to issue and sell the Common Stock through the Sales Agent, as agent, hereunder (each, a &ldquo;<B><U>Placement</U></B>&rdquo;), it will
notify the Sales Agent by email notice (or other method mutually agreed to in writing by the parties) (a &ldquo;<B><U>Placement Notice</U></B>&rdquo;)
containing the parameters in accordance with which it desires the Common Stock to be sold, which shall at a minimum include the number
of shares of Common Stock to be issued (the &ldquo;<B><U>Placement Shares</U></B>&rdquo;), the time period during which sales are requested
to be made, any limitation on the number of shares of Common Stock that may be sold in any one Trading Day (as defined in <U>Section&#8239;3</U>)
and any minimum price below which sales may not be made, a form of which containing such minimum sales parameters necessary is attached
hereto as <B><U>Schedule&#8239;1</U></B>. The Placement Notice shall originate from any of the individuals from the Company set forth on
<B><U>Schedule&#8239;2</U></B> (with a copy to each of the other individuals from the Company listed on such schedule), and shall be addressed
to each of the individuals from the Sales Agent set forth on <B><U>Schedule&#8239;2</U></B>, as such <B><U>Schedule&#8239;2</U></B> may
be amended from time to time. The Placement Notice shall be effective upon receipt by the Sales Agent unless and until (i)&#8239;in accordance
with the notice requirements set forth in <U>Section&#8239;4</U>, the Sales Agent declines to accept the terms contained therein for any
reason, in its sole discretion, (ii)&#8239;the entire amount of the Placement Shares has been sold pursuant to this Agreement, (iii)&#8239;in
accordance with the notice requirements set forth in <U>Section&#8239;4</U>, the Company suspends or terminates the Placement Notice, (iv)&#8239;the
Company issues a subsequent Placement Notice with parameters superseding those on the earlier dated Placement Notice, or (v)&#8239;the
Agreement has been terminated under the provisions of <U>Section&#8239;11</U>. The amount of any discount, commission or other compensation
to be paid by the Company to the Sales Agent in connection with the sale of the Placement Shares through the Sales Agent, as agent, shall
be as set forth in <B><U>Schedule&#8239;3</U></B>. It is expressly acknowledged and agreed that neither the Company nor the Sales Agent
will have any obligation whatsoever with respect to a Placement or any Placement Shares unless and until the Company delivers a Placement
Notice to the Sales Agent and the Sales Agent does not decline such Placement Notice pursuant to the terms set forth above, and then only
upon the terms specified therein and herein. In the event of a conflict between the terms of this Agreement and the terms of a Placement
Notice, the terms of the Placement Notice will control.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Sale of Placement Shares by the Sales Agent</U><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(a)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT>Subject to the terms and conditions herein set forth, upon the Company&rsquo;s issuance of a Placement Notice, and unless the sale
of the Placement Shares described therein has been declined, suspended, or otherwise terminated in accordance with the terms of this Agreement,
the Sales Agent, as agent for the Company, will use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices
and applicable state and federal laws, rules and regulations and the rules of The New York Stock Exchange (the &ldquo;<B><U>Exchange</U></B>&rdquo;),
for the period specified in the Placement Notice, to sell such Placement Shares up to the amount specified by the Company in, and otherwise
in accordance with the terms of such Placement Notice. If acting as agent hereunder, the Sales Agent will provide written confirmation
to the Company (including by email correspondence to each of the individuals of the Company set forth on <B><U>Schedule&#8239;2</U></B>,
if receipt of such correspondence is actually acknowledged by any of the individuals to whom the notice is sent, other than via auto-reply)
no later than the opening of the Trading Day (as defined below) immediately following the Trading Day on which it has made sales of Placement
Shares hereunder setting forth the number of Placement Shares sold on such day, the compensation payable by the Company to the Sales Agent
pursuant to <U>Section&#8239;2</U> with respect to such sales, and the Net Proceeds (as defined below) payable to the Company, with an
itemization of the deductions made by the Sales Agent (as set forth in <U>Section&#8239;5(a)</U>) from the gross proceeds that it receives
from such sales. Subject to the terms of the Placement Notice, the Sales Agent may sell Placement Shares by any method permitted by law
deemed to be an &ldquo;at the market&rdquo; offering as defined in Rule&#8239;415 under the Securities Act, including without limitation
sales made directly on the Exchange, on any other existing trading market for the Common Stock or to or through a market maker. If expressly
authorized by the Company in a Placement Notice, the Sales Agent may also sell Placement Shares in privately negotiated transactions.
Subject to <U>Section&#8239;3(c)</U> below, the Sales Agent shall not purchase Placement Shares for its own account as principal unless
expressly authorized to do so by the Company in a Placement Notice. The Company acknowledges and agrees that (i)&#8239;there can be no
assurance that the Sales Agent will be successful in selling Placement Shares, and (ii)&#8239;the Sales Agent will incur no liability or
obligation to the Company or any other person or entity if it does not sell Placement Shares for any reason other than a failure by the
Sales Agent to use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable law and regulations
to sell such Placement Shares as required under this <U>Section&#8239;3</U>. For the purposes hereof, &ldquo;<B><U>Trading Day</U></B>&rdquo;
means any day on which the Common Stock is purchased and sold on the principal market on which the Common Stock is listed or quoted.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(b)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT>Under no circumstances shall the Company cause or request the offer or sale of any Placement Shares if, after giving effect to
the sale of such Placement Shares, the aggregate number or gross sales proceeds of Placement Shares sold pursuant to this Agreement would
exceed the lesser of: (i)&#8239;the number or dollar amount of shares of Common Stock registered pursuant to the Registration Statement
pursuant to which the offering hereunder is being made, (ii)&#8239;the number of authorized but unissued and unreserved shares of Common
Stock, (iii)&#8239;the number or dollar amount of shares of Common Stock permitted to be offered and sold by the Company under Form S-3
(including General Instruction I.B.6. of Form S-3, if and for so long as applicable), (iv)&#8239;the number or dollar amount of shares
of Common Stock authorized from time to time to be issued and sold under this Agreement by the Company&rsquo;s board of directors, a duly
authorized committee thereof or a duly authorized executive committee, and notified to the Sales Agent in writing, or (v)&#8239;the number
or dollar amount of shares of Common Stock for which the Company has filed the ATM Prospectus or other prospectus or prospectus supplement
thereto specifically relating to the offering of the Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement. Under no circumstances shall the Company
cause or request the offer or sale of any Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement at a price lower than the minimum price authorized
from time to time by the Company&rsquo;s board of directors, a duly authorized committee thereof or a duly authorized executive committee,
and notified to the Sales Agent in writing. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, the parties hereto acknowledge
and agree that compliance with the limitations set forth in this <U>Section 3(b)</U> on the number or dollar amount of Placement Shares
that may be issued and sold under this Agreement from time to time shall be the sole responsibility of the Company, and that the Sales
Agent shall have no obligation in connection with such compliance.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(c)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT>The Company acknowledges and agrees that the Sales Agent has informed the Company that the Sales Agent may, to the extent permitted
under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act (including, without limitation, Regulation M promulgated thereunder), purchase and sell
shares of Common Stock for its own account while this Agreement is in effect, and shall be under no obligation to purchase Placement Shares
on a principal basis pursuant to this Agreement, except as otherwise agreed by the Sales Agent in a Placement Notice; <I>provided</I>,
that no such purchase or sales shall take place while a Placement Notice is in effect (except (i) as agreed by the Company and the Sales
Agent in the Placement Notice or (ii) to the extent the Sales Agent may engage in sales of Placement Shares purchased or deemed purchased
from the Company as a &ldquo;riskless principal&rdquo; or in a similar capacity); and, <I>provided, further</I>, that the Sales Agent
acknowledges and agrees that, except as expressly set forth in a Placement Notice, any such transactions are not being, and shall not
be deemed to have been, undertaken at the request or direction of, or for the account of, the Company, and that the Company has and shall
have no control over any decision by the Sales Agent to enter into any such transactions.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(d)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT>During the term of this Agreement and notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, the Sales Agent agrees that in no event
will the Sales Agent or its affiliates engage in any market making, bidding, stabilization or other trading activity with regard to the
Common Stock or related derivative securities if such activity would be prohibited under Regulation M or other anti-manipulation rules
under the Exchange Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Suspension of Sales</U><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(a)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT>The Company or the Sales Agent may, upon notice to the other party in writing (including by email correspondence to each of the
individuals of the other party set forth on <B><U>Schedule&#8239;2</U></B>, if receipt of such correspondence is actually acknowledged
by any of the individuals to whom the notice is sent, other than via auto-reply) or by telephone (confirmed immediately by verifiable
facsimile transmission or email correspondence to each of the individuals of the other party set forth on <B><U>Schedule&#8239;2</U></B>),
suspend any sale of Placement Shares for a period of time (a &ldquo;<B><U>Suspension Period</U></B>&rdquo;); <I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>,
that such suspension shall not affect or impair either party&rsquo;s obligations with respect to any Placement Shares sold hereunder prior
to the receipt of such notice. Each of the parties agrees that no such notice under this <U>Section&#8239;4</U> shall be effective against
the other unless it is made to one of the individuals named on <B><U>Schedule&#8239;2</U></B> hereto, as such schedule may be amended from
time to time. During a Suspension Period, the Company shall not issue any Placement Notices and the Sales Agent shall not sell any Placement
Shares hereunder. The party that issued a suspension notice shall notify the other party in writing of the Trading Day on which the Suspension
Period shall expire not later than twenty-four (24) hours prior to such Trading Day.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(b)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT>Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, during any period in which the Registration Statement is no longer effective
under the Securities Act or Company is in possession of material non-public information, the Company and the Sales Agent agree that (i)&#8239;no
sale of Placement Shares will take place, (ii)&#8239;the Company shall not request the sale of any Placement Shares and shall suspend or
cancel any effective Placement Notices, and (iii)&#8239;the Sales Agent shall not be obligated to sell or offer to sell any Placement Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Settlement</U><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(a)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Settlement of Placement Shares</U>. Unless otherwise specified in the applicable Placement Notice, settlement for sales of Placement
Shares will occur on the first (1st) Trading Day (or any such other settlement cycle as may be in effect pursuant to Rule 15c6-1 under
the Exchange Act from time to time) following the respective Point of Sale (as defined below) (each, a &ldquo;<B><U>Settlement Date</U></B>&rdquo;).
The amount of proceeds to be delivered to the Company on a Settlement Date against receipt of the Placement Shares sold (the &ldquo;<B><U>Net
Proceeds</U></B>&rdquo;) will be equal to the aggregate sales price received by the Sales Agent at which such Placement Shares were sold,
after deduction for (i)&#8239;the Sales Agent&rsquo;s discount, commission or other compensation for such sales payable by the Company
pursuant to <U>Section&#8239;2</U> hereof, (ii)&#8239;any other amounts due and payable by the Company to the Sales Agent hereunder pursuant
to <U>Section&#8239;7(g)</U> (Expenses) hereof and (iii)&#8239;any transaction fees imposed by any governmental or self-regulatory organization
in respect of such sales. &ldquo;<B><U>Point of Sale</U></B>&rdquo; means, for a Placement, the time at which an acquiror of Placement
Shares entered into a contract, binding upon such acquiror, to acquire such Placement Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(b)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Delivery of Placement Shares</U>. On each Settlement Date, the Company will, or will cause its transfer agent to, electronically
transfer the Placement Shares being sold by crediting the Sales Agent&rsquo;s or its designee&rsquo;s account (provided the Sales Agent
shall have given the Company written notice of such designee prior to the Settlement Date) at The Depository Trust Company through its
Deposit and Withdrawal at Custodian System or by such other means of delivery as may be mutually agreed upon by the parties hereto which
in all cases shall be freely tradable, transferable, registered shares in good deliverable form. On each Settlement Date, the Sales Agent
will deliver the related Net Proceeds in same day funds to an account designated by the Company on, or prior to, the Settlement Date.
The Company agrees that if the Company, or its transfer agent (if applicable), defaults in its obligation to deliver duly authorized Placement
Shares on a Settlement Date, in addition to and in no way limiting the rights and obligations set forth in <U>Section&#8239;9(a)</U> (Indemnification
and Contribution) hereto, the Company will (i)&#8239;hold the Sales Agent, its directors, officers, members, partners, employees and agents
of the Sales Agent, each broker dealer affiliate of the Sales Agent, and each person, if any, who (A)&#8239;controls the Sales Agent within
the meaning of Section&#8239;15 of the Securities Act or Section&#8239;20 of the Exchange Act or (B)&#8239;is controlled by or is under common
control with the Sales Agent (each, a &ldquo;<B><U>Sales Agent Affiliate</U></B>&rdquo;), harmless against any loss, claim, damage, or
expense (including reasonable legal fees and expenses), as incurred, arising out of or in connection with such default by the Company
or its transfer agent (if applicable) and (ii)&#8239;pay to the Sales Agent any commission, discount, or other compensation to which it
would otherwise have been entitled absent such default.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">6.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Representations and Warranties of the Company</U><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">.
The Company, on behalf of itself and its subsidiaries, represents and warrants to, and agrees with, the Sales Agent that as of each Applicable
Time (as defined in <U>Section&#8239;22(a)</U>):</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(a)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Compliance with Registration Requirements</U>. As of each Applicable Time the Registration Statement and any Rule&#8239;462(b)&#8239;Registration
Statement have been declared effective by the Commission under the Securities Act.&#8239; The Company has complied to the Commission&rsquo;s
satisfaction with all requests of the Commission for additional or supplemental information related to the Registration Statement and
the Prospectus.&#8239; No stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or any Rule&#8239;462(b)&#8239;Registration
Statement is in effect and no proceedings for such purpose have been instituted or are pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, are
contemplated or threatened by the Commission.&#8239; The Registration Statement and the offer and sale of the Placement Shares as contemplated
hereby meet the requirements of Rule&#8239;415 under the Securities Act and comply in all material respects with said Rule. In the section
entitled &ldquo;Plan of Distribution&rdquo; in the ATM Prospectus, the Company has named Oppenheimer &amp; Co. Inc. as an agent that the
Company has engaged in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(b)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>No Misstatement or Omission</U>. As of (i)&#8239;the time of filing of the Registration Statement and (ii)&#8239;as of each Applicable
Time, the Company was not an &ldquo;ineligible issuer&rdquo; in connection with the offering of the Placement Shares pursuant to Rules&#8239;164,
405 and 433 under the Securities Act.&#8239; The Company agrees to notify the Sales Agent promptly upon the Company becoming an &ldquo;ineligible
issuer.&rdquo; The Prospectus when filed will comply or complied and, as amended or supplemented, if applicable, will comply in all material
respects with the Securities Act.&#8239; Each of the Registration Statement, any Rule&#8239;462(b)&#8239;Registration Statement and any post-effective
amendment thereto, at the time it becomes effective, and as of each Applicable Time, if any, will comply in all material respects with
the Securities Act and did not and, as of each Applicable Time, if any, will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit
to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading. The Prospectus, as
amended or supplemented, as of its date, did not and, as of each Applicable Time, if any, will not contain any untrue statement of a material
fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which
they were made, not misleading. The representations and warranties set forth in the two immediately preceding sentences do not apply to
statements in or omissions from the Registration Statement, any Rule&#8239;462(b)&#8239;Registration Statement, or any post-effective amendment
thereto, or the Prospectus, or any amendments or supplements thereto, made in reliance upon and in conformity with information furnished
to the Company in writing by the Sale Agent expressly for use therein.&#8239; The parties hereto agree that the information provided in
writing by or on behalf of the Sales Agent expressly for use in the Registration Statement, any Rule&#8239;462(b)&#8239;Registration Statement,
or any post-effective amendment thereto, or the Prospectus, or any amendments or supplements thereto, consists solely of the material
referred to in <B><U>Schedule 4</U></B> hereto, as updated from time to time. There are no contracts or other documents required to be
described in the Prospectus or to be filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement which have not been described or filed as required.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(c)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>S-3 Eligibility</U>. At the time the Registration Statement and any Rule&#8239;462(b)&#8239;Registration Statement was or will
be filed with the Commission, at the time the Registration Statement and any Rule&#8239;462(b)&#8239;Registration Statement was or will
be declared effective by the Commission, and at the time the Company&rsquo;s most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K was filed with the
Commission, the Company met or will meet the then applicable requirements for the use of Form S-3 under the Securities Act, including,
but not limited to, General Instruction I.B.6. of Form S-3, if and for so long as applicable. As of the&#8239;close of trading on the Exchange
on December 10, 2024, the aggregate market value&#8239;of the outstanding voting and non-voting common equity (as defined in Rule 405 under
the Securities Act) of the Company held by persons other than affiliates of the Company (pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act,
those that directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, control, or are controlled by, or are under common control with,
the Company)&#8239; (the &ldquo;<B><U>Non-Affiliate Shares</U></B>&rdquo;), was approximately $64,136,828(calculated by multiplying (x)
the price at which the common equity of the Company was last sold on the Exchange on December 10, 2024 times (y) the number of Non-Affiliate
Shares). The Company is not a shell company (as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act) and has not been a shell company for at
least 12 calendar months previously and if it has been a shell company at any time previously, has filed current Form 10 information (as
defined in Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3) with the Commission at least 12 calendar months previously reflecting its status as an entity
that is not a shell company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(d)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Distribution of Offering Material by the Company</U>. The Company has not distributed and will not distribute, prior to the
completion of the Sales Agent&rsquo;s distribution of the Placement Shares, any offering material in connection with the offering and
sale of the Placement Shares other than the Prospectus or the Registration Statement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(e)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>The Equity Distribution Agreement</U>. This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company, and constitutes
a valid, legal, and binding obligation of the Company. The Company has full corporate power and authority to enter into this Agreement
and to authorize, issue and sell the Placement Shares as contemplated by this Agreement. This Agreement conforms in all material respects
to the descriptions thereof in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(f)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Authorization of the Placement Shares</U>. The Placement Shares have been duly authorized for issuance and sale pursuant to
this Agreement and, when issued and delivered by the Company against payment therefor pursuant to this Agreement, will be validly issued,
fully paid and nonassessable, free and clear of any pledge, lien, encumbrance, security interest or other claim, and the issuance and
sale of the Placement Shares as contemplated hereby is not subject to any preemptive rights, rights of first refusal or other similar
rights to subscribe for or purchase the Placement Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(g)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>No Applicable Registration or Other Similar Rights</U>. There are no persons with registration or other similar rights to have
any equity or debt securities registered for sale under the Registration Statement or included in the offering contemplated by this Agreement,
except for such rights as have been duly waived. No person has the right to act as an underwriter or as a financial advisor to the Company
in connection with the offer and sale of the Placement Shares hereunder, whether as a result of the filing or effectiveness of the Registration
Statement or the sale of the Placement Shares as contemplated hereby or otherwise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(h)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>No Material Adverse Change</U>. Except as otherwise disclosed in the Prospectus, subsequent to the respective dates as of which
information is given in the Prospectus: (i)&#8239;there has been no material adverse change in the condition (financial or otherwise),
assets, rights, operations, business, management or prospects of the Company and its subsidiaries, considered as one entity (any such
change is called a &ldquo;<B><U>Material Adverse Change</U></B>&rdquo;) or any development involving a prospective material adverse change,
which, individually or in the aggregate, has had or would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change; (ii)&#8239;the
Company and its subsidiaries, considered as one entity, have not incurred any material liability or obligation, indirect, direct or contingent,
not in the ordinary course of business nor entered into any material transaction or agreement not in the ordinary course of business;
and (iii)&#8239;there has been no dividend or distribution of any kind declared, paid or made by the Company or, except for regular quarterly
dividends publicly announced by the Company or dividends paid to the Company or other subsidiaries, by any of its subsidiaries on any
class of capital stock or repurchase or redemption by the Company or any of its subsidiaries of any class of capital stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(i)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Independent Accountants</U>. Ernst &amp; Young LLP, who have certified certain financial statements (which term as used in this
Agreement includes the related notes thereto) of the Company filed with the Commission or incorporated by reference in the Registration
Statement and included or incorporated by reference in the Prospectus, is (i) an independent registered public accounting firm as required
by the Securities Act, the Exchange Act, and the rules of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (&ldquo;<B><U>PCAOB</U></B>&rdquo;),
(ii) in compliance with the applicable requirements relating to the qualification of accountants under Rule 2-01 of Regulation S-X under
the Securities Act and (iii) a registered public accounting firm as defined by the PCAOB whose registration has not been suspended or
revoked and who has not requested such registration to be withdrawn.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(j)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Preparation of the Financial Statements</U>. The financial statements of the Company, together with related notes and schedules
as incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, present fairly the financial position and the results of
operations and cash flows of the Company, at the indicated dates and for the indicated periods. Such financial statements and related
schedules have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted principles of accounting, consistently applied throughout the
periods involved, except as disclosed therein, and all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of results for such periods have
been made. The summary financial and statistical data included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus
present fairly the information shown therein and such data has been compiled on a basis consistent with the financial statements presented
therein and the books and records of the Company. The statistical, industry-related and market-related data included or incorporated by
reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus are based on or derived from sources which the Company reasonably and in good
faith believes are reliable and accurate, and the Company has obtained the written consent to the use of such data from such sources to
the extent required. The financial data set forth or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and Prospectus fairly present
the information shown therein and such data has been compiled on a basis consistent with the financial statements presented therein and
the books and records of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(k)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>XBRL</U>. The interactive data in eXtensible Business Reporting Language included or incorporated by reference in the Registration
Statement fairly presents the information called for in all material respects and has been prepared in accordance with the Commission&rsquo;s
rules and guidelines applicable thereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(l)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Incorporation and Good Standing of the Company</U>. The Company is a corporation duly incorporated and validly existing under
the laws of the State of Delaware and is in good standing under such laws. The Company has requisite corporate power to carry on its business
as described in the Prospectus. The Company is duly qualified to transact business and is in good standing in all jurisdictions in which
the conduct of its business requires such qualification; except where the failure to be so qualified or to be in good standing would not
result in a Material Adverse Change.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(m)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Subsidiaries</U>. The Company does not currently own or control, directly or indirectly, any interest in any other corporation,
partnership, trust, joint venture, limited liability company, association, or other business entity other than the subsidiaries, if any,
listed in Exhibit 21.1 to the Company&rsquo;s most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K or otherwise disclosed to the Sales Agent.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(n)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Capital Stock Matters</U>. The Common Stock conforms in all material respects to the description thereof contained in the Prospectus.
The form of certificates for the Common Stock conforms to the corporate law of the jurisdiction of the Company&rsquo;s incorporation.
All of the issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock have been duly authorized and validly issued, are fully paid and nonassessable
and have been issued in compliance with federal and state securities laws. None of the outstanding shares of Common Stock were issued
in violation of any preemptive rights, rights of first refusal or other similar rights to subscribe for or purchase securities of the
Company. There are no authorized or outstanding options, warrants, preemptive rights, rights of first refusal or other rights to purchase,
or equity or debt securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for, any capital stock of the Company other than those disclosed
in the Prospectus or in a document filed as an exhibit to or incorporated by reference into the Registration Statement.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(o)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Non-Contravention of Existing Instruments; No Further Authorizations or Approvals Required</U>. The Company is not (i)&#8239;in
breach or violation of its certificate incorporation or, (ii)&#8239;in breach of or in default (or, with the giving of notice or lapse
of time or both, would be in default) (&ldquo;<B><U>Default</U></B>&rdquo;) under any indenture, mortgage, loan or credit agreement, deed
of trust, note, contract, franchise, lease or other agreement, obligation, condition, covenant or instrument to which the Company is a
party or by which it may be bound or to which any of the property or assets of the Company is subject (each, an &ldquo;<B><U>Existing
Instrument</U></B>&rdquo;), or (iii)&#8239;in violation of any statute, law, rule, regulation, judgment, order or decree of any court,
regulatory body, administrative agency, governmental body, arbitrator or other authority having jurisdiction over the Company or any of
its properties, except, with respect to clauses&#8239;(ii) and (iii) only, for such breaches, violations or Defaults that would not, individually
or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Change. The Company&rsquo;s execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and
consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby or by the Registration Statement and the Prospectus (including the issuance and sale
of the Placement Shares and the use of the proceeds from the sale of the Placement Shares as described in the Prospectus under the caption
 &ldquo;Use of Proceeds&rdquo;) (i)&#8239;will not result in any breach or violation of the certificate of incorporation, or bylaws, of
the Company, (ii)&#8239;will not conflict with or constitute a breach of, or Default or a Debt Repayment Triggering Event (as defined below)
under, or result in the creation or imposition of any lien, charge, claim or encumbrance upon any property or assets of the Company pursuant
to, or require the consent of any other party to, any Existing Instrument, and (iii)&#8239;will not result in any violation of any statute,
law, rule, regulation, judgment, order or decree applicable to the Company of any court, regulatory body, administrative agency, governmental
body, arbitrator or other authority having jurisdiction over the Company or any of its or their properties, as applicable, except, with
respect to clauses&#8239;(ii) and (iii) only, for such conflicts, breaches, Defaults, Debt Repayment Triggering Events or violations that
would not, individually or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Change. As used herein, a &ldquo;<B><U>Debt Repayment Triggering
Event</U></B>&rdquo; means any event or condition which gives, or with the giving of notice or lapse of time or both would give, the holder
of any note, debenture or other evidence of indebtedness (or any person acting on such holder&rsquo;s behalf), issued by the Company,
the right to require the repurchase, redemption or repayment of all or a portion of such indebtedness by the Company. Each approval, consent,
order, authorization, designation, declaration or filing by or with any regulatory, administrative or other governmental body necessary
in connection with the execution and delivery by the Company of this Agreement and the performance of the Company of the transactions
herein contemplated has been obtained or made and is in full force and effect, except (i)&#8239;such additional steps as may be required
by the bylaws and rules of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (&ldquo;<B><U>FINRA</U></B>&rdquo;) or (ii)&#8239;such additional
steps as may be necessary to qualify the Common Stock for sale by the Sales Agent under state securities or Blue Sky laws.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(p)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>No Material Actions or Proceedings; Labor Disputes</U>. There is no action, suit, claim or proceeding pending or, to the knowledge
of the Company, threatened against the Company before any court or administrative agency or otherwise (i)&#8239;that is required to be
described in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus and are not so described or (ii)&#8239;which, if determined adversely to the
Company, would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change or prevent the consummation of the transactions contemplated
hereby, except as set forth in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus. The aggregate of all pending legal or governmental proceedings
to which the Company is a party or of which any of its property or assets is the subject which are not described in the Prospectus, including
ordinary routine litigation incidental to the business, could not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change. No labor
dispute with the employees of the Company exists or, to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, is threatened or imminent, and the Company is not
aware of any existing or imminent labor dispute by the employees of any of its principal suppliers, contractors or customers, that would,
individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change. None of the employees of the Company
is represented by a union and, to the knowledge of the Company, no union organizing activities are taking place. The Company has not violated
any federal, state or local law or foreign law relating to the discrimination in hiring, promotion or pay of employees, nor any applicable
wage or hour laws, or the rules and regulations thereunder, or analogous foreign laws and regulations, which might, individually or in
the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Change.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(q)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>All Necessary Permits, etc</U>. The Company has all material licenses, certifications, permits, franchises, approvals, clearances
and other regulatory authorizations (&ldquo;<B><U>Permits</U></B>&rdquo;) from governmental authorities as are necessary to (i)&#8239;conduct
its business as currently conducted and (ii)&#8239;own, lease and operate its properties in the manner described in the Prospectus. There
is no claim or proceeding pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened, involving the status of or sanctions under any of the
Permits. The Company has fulfilled and performed all of its material obligations with respect to the Permits, and the Company is not aware
of the occurrence of any event which allows, or after notice or lapse of time would allow, the revocation, termination, or other impairment
of the rights of the Company under such Permit.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(r)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Tax Law Compliance</U>. All United States federal income tax returns of the Company required by law to be filed have been filed
or extensions thereof have been requested, and all taxes shown by such returns or otherwise assessed, which are due and payable, have
been paid, except assessments that are being contested in good faith and as to which adequate reserves have been provided. The Company
has filed all other tax returns that are required to have been filed by it pursuant to applicable foreign, state, provincial, local or
other law except insofar as the failure to file such returns would not result in a Material Adverse Change, and has paid all taxes due
pursuant to such returns or pursuant to any assessment received by the Company, except for such taxes, if any, as are being contested
in good faith and as to which adequate reserves have been provided and except for such taxes or assessments the nonpayment of which would
not, individually or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Change. The charges, accruals and reserves on the books of the Company
in respect of any income and corporation tax liability for any years not finally determined are adequate to meet any assessments or re-assessments
for additional tax for any years not finally determined, except to the extent of any inadequacy that would not result in a Material Adverse
Change. All material taxes which the Company is required by law to withhold or to collect for payment have been duly withheld and collected
and have been paid to the appropriate governmental authority or agency or have been accrued, reserved against and entered on the books
of the Company and its subsidiaries. There are no transfer taxes or other similar fees or charges under Federal law or the laws of any
state, or any political subdivision thereof, required to be paid in connection with the execution and delivery of this Agreement or the
issuance by the Company or sale by the Sales Agent of the Placement Shares, acting as agent and/or principal for the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(s)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Company Not an &ldquo;Investment Company</U>&rdquo;. The Company is not, and will not be, either after receipt of payment for
the Placement Shares or after the application of the proceeds therefrom as described under &ldquo;Use of Proceeds&rdquo; in the Registration
Statement or the Prospectus, required to register as an &ldquo;investment company&rdquo; under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as
amended (the &ldquo;<B><U>Investment Company Act</U></B>&rdquo;).</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(t)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Insurance</U>. Except as otherwise described in the Prospectus, the Company carries, or is covered by, insurance in such amounts
and covering such risks as is generally considered adequate for the conduct of its business and the value of its properties and as is
customary for companies engaged in similar industries. All policies of insurance insuring the Company or its business, assets, employees,
officers and directors are in full force and effect, and the Company is in compliance with the terms of such policies in all material
respects. There are no claims by the Company under any such policy or instrument as to which an insurance company is denying liability
or defending under a reservation of rights clause. The Company has no reason to believe that it will not be able (i)&#8239;to renew its
existing insurance coverage as and when such policies expire or (ii)&#8239;to obtain comparable coverage from similar institutions as may
be necessary or appropriate to conduct its business as now conducted and at a cost that would not result in a Material Adverse Change.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(u)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>No Price Stabilization or Manipulation</U>. Neither the Company, nor any of its subsidiaries, nor any of its or their respective
directors, officers or, to the knowledge of the Company, controlling persons has taken, directly or indirectly, any action designed to
or that might reasonably be expected to cause or result in the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company
to facilitate the sale or resale of the Common Stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(v)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Related Party Transactions</U>. There are no business relationships or related-party transactions involving the Company or any
subsidiary or any other person required to be described in the Prospectus which have not been described (or described in documents incorporated
by reference therein) as required.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(w)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Exchange Act Compliance</U>. The documents incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement,
the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto, at the time they were or hereafter are filed with the Commission under the Exchange
Act, complied and will comply in all material respects with the requirements of the Exchange Act, and, when read together with the other
information in the Prospectus, at each Point of Sale and each Settlement Date, will not contain an untrue statement of a material fact
or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the fact required to be stated therein or necessary
to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(x)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Free Writing Prospectuses</U>. The Company represents and warrants to the Sales Agent that neither it nor any of its agents
or representatives (other than the Sales Agent in its capacity as such) has made any offer relating to the Placement Shares that would
constitute a &ldquo;free writing prospectus&rdquo; as defined in Rule&#8239;405 under the Securities Act and that it agrees with the Sales
Agent that it will not make any offer relating to the Placement Shares that would constitute a &ldquo;free writing prospectus&rdquo; as
defined in Rule&#8239;405 under the Securities Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(y)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Compliance with Environmental Laws</U>. To its knowledge, the Company is not in violation of any statute, any rule, regulation,
decision or order of any governmental agency or body or any court, domestic or foreign, relating to the use, disposal or release of hazardous
chemicals, toxic substances or radioactive and biological materials or relating to the protection or restoration of the environment or
human exposure to hazardous chemicals, toxic substances or radioactive and biological materials (collectively, &ldquo;<B><U>Environmental
Laws</U></B>&rdquo;). The Company neither owns nor, to its knowledge, operates any real property contaminated with any substance that
is subject to any Environmental Laws, is not liable for any off-site disposal or contamination pursuant to any Environmental Laws, nor
is it subject to any claim relating to any Environmental Laws, which violation, contamination, liability or claim would individually or
in the aggregate result in a Material Adverse Change; and the Company is not aware of any pending investigation which might lead to such
a claim.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(z)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Intellectual Property</U>. To the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, except as otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement and
the Prospectus, the Company owns, or has obtained valid and enforceable licenses for, the patent applications, patents, trademarks, trade
names, service names, copyrights, trade secrets and other intellectual property described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus
as being owned or licensed by them (collectively, &ldquo;<B><U>Intellectual Property</U></B>&rdquo;). To the Company&rsquo;s knowledge,
except as otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, the conduct of its businesses in the manner described
in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus does not and will not infringe or misappropriate rights of a third party, except any
such infringement or misappropriation as would not, individually or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Change. To the Company&rsquo;s
knowledge, the Intellectual Property owned by the Company has not been adjudged by a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid or
unenforceable, in whole or in part. To the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, except as otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement and
the Prospectus: (i) there are no third parties who have rights to any Intellectual Property, except for rights of third-party licensors
with respect to Intellectual Property that are disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as licensed to the Company;
and (ii) there is no infringement by third parties of any Intellectual Property except any such infringement as would not, individually
or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Change. Except as otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus,
there is no pending or, to the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, threatened action, suit, proceeding or claim by others: (A) challenging the
Company&rsquo;s rights in or to any Intellectual Property; (B) challenging the validity, enforceability or scope of any Intellectual Property;
or (C) asserting that the Company infringes or otherwise violates, or would, upon the commercialization of any product or service described
in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus as under development, infringe or violate, any patent, trademark, trade name, service
name, copyright, trade secret or other proprietary intellectual property rights of others, except in each case (A), (B), and (C), any
such action, suit, proceeding or claim would not, individually or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Change. The Company is
not a party to any agreement pursuant to which Intellectual Property is licensed to the Company. To the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, except
as otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, there are no material defects in any of the patents or patent
applications included in the Intellectual Property. To the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, except as otherwise disclosed in the Registration
Statement and the Prospectus, the Company has taken all reasonable steps to protect, maintain and safeguard its Intellectual Property,
including the execution of appropriate nondisclosure, confidentiality agreements and invention assignment agreements and invention assignments
with their employees, and no employee of the Company is in or has been in violation of any term of any employment contract, patent disclosure
agreement, invention assignment agreement, nondisclosure agreement, or any restrictive covenant to or with a former employer where the
basis of such violation relates to the Company Intellectual Property and such employee&rsquo;s employment with the Company, except anything
inconsistent with the foregoing that would not, individually or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Change. To the Company&rsquo;s
knowledge, except as otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, the Company&rsquo;s patent counsel has complied
or is in the process of complying with its duty of candor and good faith as required by the United States Patent and Trademark Office
during the prosecution of the United States patents and patent applications included in the Company owned Intellectual Property. To the
Company&rsquo;s knowledge, except as otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, none of the Company owned Intellectual
Property employed by the Company has been obtained or is being used by the Company in violation of any contractual obligation binding
on the Company or any of its officers, directors or employees or otherwise in violation of the rights of any persons, except anything
inconsistent with the foregoing that would not, individually or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Change.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(aa)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Brokers</U>. Other than the Sales Agent, there is no broker, finder or other party that is entitled to receive from the Company
any brokerage or finder&rsquo;s fee or other fee or commission as a result of any transactions contemplated by this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(bb)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>No Outstanding Loans or Other Indebtedness</U>. There are no outstanding loans, advances (except normal advances for business
expenses in the ordinary course of business) or guarantees of indebtedness by the Company to or for the benefit of any of the officers
or directors of the Company or any of their respective family members, except as disclosed in the Prospectus. The Company has not directly
or indirectly extended or maintained credit, arranged for the extension of credit, or renewed an extension of credit, in the form of a
personal loan to or for any director or executive officer of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(cc)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>No Reliance</U>. The Company has not relied upon the Sales Agent or legal counsel for the Sales Agent for any legal, tax or
accounting advice in connection with the offering and sale of the Placement Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(dd)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Broker-Dealer Status</U>. Neither the Company nor any of its related entities (i)&#8239;is required to register as a &ldquo;broker&rdquo;
or &ldquo;dealer&rdquo; in accordance with the provisions of the Exchange Act or (ii)&#8239;directly or indirectly through one or more
intermediaries, controls or is a &ldquo;person associated with a member&rdquo; or &ldquo;associated person of a member&rdquo; (within
the meaning of Article I of the NASD Manual administered by FINRA). To the Company&rsquo;s knowledge, there are no affiliations or associations
between any member of FINRA and any of the Company&rsquo;s officers, directors or 10% or greater security holders, except as set forth
in the Registration Statement. All of the information (including, but not limited to, information regarding affiliations, security ownership
and trading activity) provided to the Sales Agent or its counsel by the Company, its officers and directors and the holders of any securities
(debt or equity) or warrants, options or rights to acquire any securities of the Company in connection with the filing to be made and
other supplemental information to be provided to FINRA pursuant to Rule&#8239;5110 of FINRA in connection with the transactions contemplated
by this Agreement is true, complete and correct, and&#8239;copies of any Company filings required to be filed with FINRA have been filed
with the Commission or delivered to the Sales Agent for filing with FINRA.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(ee)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Compliance with Laws</U>. The Company has not been advised, and has no reason to believe, that it is not conducting business
in compliance with all applicable laws, rules and regulations of the jurisdictions in which it is conducting business, except where failure
to be so in compliance would not result in a Material Adverse Change. The Company maintains and periodically reviews written policies
and procedures reasonably designed to keep the Company and its employees conduct in connection with the Company&rsquo;s business in compliance
with all applicable laws, rules and regulations of the jurisdictions in which it is conducting business.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(ff)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Certain Regulations</U>. The studies, tests and clinical trials conducted by or on behalf of the Company and its subsidiaries
were and, if still pending, are being conducted in compliance with experimental protocols, procedures and controls pursuant to accepted
professional scientific standards and all applicable laws and authorizations, including, without limitation, the Federal Food, Drug and
Cosmetic Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, except where the failure to be in compliance could not reasonably be
expected to result in a Material Adverse Change; the descriptions of the results of such studies, tests and clinical trials contained
in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus are accurate and complete in all material respects and fairly present the data derived
from such studies, tests and clinical trials; except to the extent disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, to the
knowledge of the Company, there are no studies, tests or clinical trials, the results of which the Company believes reasonably call into
question the study, test, or clinical trial results described or referred to in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus when viewed
in the context in which such results are described; and, except to the extent disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus,
the Company has not received any notices or correspondence from any applicable governmental authority requiring the termination, suspension
or material modification of any studies, tests or clinical trials conducted by or on behalf of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(gg)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>FDA Regulations</U>. The Company: (A) is and at all times has been in compliance with all statutes, rules, or regulations, including
but not limited to those administered by the United States Food and Drug Administration (&ldquo;<B><U>FDA</U></B>&rdquo;), the European
Medicines Agency (&ldquo;<B><U>EMA</U></B>&rdquo;) and similar governmental authorities applicable to the ownership, testing, development,
manufacture, packaging, processing, use, distribution, marketing, labeling, promotion, sale, offer for sale, storage, import, export or
disposal of any products being developed, manufactured or distributed by the Company (&ldquo;<B><U>Applicable Laws</U></B>&rdquo;), except
as could not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change; (B) has not received any
warning letter or other correspondence or notice from the FDA, EMA or any other governmental authority alleging or asserting noncompliance
with any Applicable Laws or any licenses, certificates, approvals, clearances, authorizations, permits and supplements or amendments thereto
required by any such Applicable Laws (&ldquo;<B><U>Authorization</U>s</B>&rdquo;); (C) possesses all material Authorizations and such
Authorizations are valid and in full force and effect and are not in material violation of any term of any such Authorizations; (D) has
not received notice of any claim, action, suit, proceeding, hearing, enforcement, investigation, arbitration or other action from any
governmental authority or third party alleging that any product operation or activity is in violation of any Applicable Laws or Authorizations
and has no knowledge that any such governmental authority or third party is considering any such claim, litigation, arbitration, action,
suit, investigation or proceeding; (E) has not received notice that any governmental authority has taken, is taking or intends to take
action to limit, suspend, modify or revoke any Authorizations and have no knowledge that any such governmental authority is considering
such action; (F) has filed, obtained, maintained or submitted all material reports, documents, forms, notices, applications, records,
claims, submissions and supplements or amendments as required by any Applicable Laws or Authorizations and that all such reports, documents,
forms, notices, applications, records, claims, submissions and supplements or amendments were complete and correct on the date filed (or
were corrected or supplemented by a subsequent submission); and (G) has not, either voluntarily or involuntarily, initiated, conducted,
or issued or caused to be initiated, conducted or issued, any recall, market withdrawal or replacement, safety alert, or other notice
or action relating to the alleged lack of safety or efficacy of any product or any alleged product defect or violation and, to the Company&rsquo;s
knowledge, no third party has initiated, conducted or intends to initiate any such notice or action.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(hh)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Sarbanes&ndash;Oxley Act</U>. There is and has been no failure on the part of the Company or any of the Company&rsquo;s directors
or officers, in their capacities as such, to comply in all material respects with any applicable provision of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of
2002 and the rules and regulations promulgated in connection therewith (the &ldquo;<B><U>Sarbanes-Oxley Act</U></B>&rdquo;), including
Section&#8239;402 related to loans and Sections&#8239;302 and 906 related to certifications.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(ii)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Disclosure Controls and Procedures</U>. The Company has established and maintains &ldquo;disclosure controls and procedures&rdquo;
(as defined in Rules&#8239;13a&ndash;15(e) and 15d&ndash;15(e) of the Exchange Act); the Company&rsquo;s &ldquo;disclosure controls and
procedures&rdquo; are reasonably designed to ensure that all information (both financial and non&ndash;financial) required to be disclosed
by the Company in the reports that it will file or furnish under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within
the time periods specified in the rules and regulations of the Commission, and that all such information is accumulated and communicated
to the Company&rsquo;s management as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure and to make the certifications
of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the Company required under the Exchange Act with respect to such reports.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&#8239;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(jj)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Company&rsquo;s Accounting System</U>. The Company maintains a system of internal accounting controls sufficient to provide
reasonable assurances that (i)&#8239;transactions are executed in accordance with management&rsquo;s general or specific authorization;
(ii)&#8239;transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting
principles and to maintain accountability for assets; (iii)&#8239;access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management&rsquo;s
general or specific authorization; and (iv)&#8239;the recorded accountability for assets is compared with existing assets at reasonable
intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(kk)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>ERISA</U>. The Company is in compliance in all material respects with all presently applicable provisions of the Employee Retirement
Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, including the regulations and published interpretations thereunder (&ldquo;<B><U>ERISA</U></B>&rdquo;);
no &ldquo;reportable event&rdquo; (as defined in ERISA) has occurred with respect to any &ldquo;pension plan&rdquo; (as defined in ERISA)
for which the Company would have any liability; the Company has not incurred and does not expect to incur liability under (i)&#8239;Title
IV of ERISA with respect to termination of, or withdrawal from, any &ldquo;pension plan&rdquo; or (ii)&#8239;Sections&#8239;412 or 4971
of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, including the regulations and published interpretations thereunder (the &ldquo;<B><U>Code</U></B>&rdquo;);
and each &ldquo;pension plan&rdquo; for which the Company would have any liability that is intended to be qualified under Section&#8239;401(a)
of the Code is so qualified in all material respects and nothing has occurred, whether by action or by failure to act, which would cause
the loss of such qualification.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(ll)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Contracts and Agreements</U>. There are no contracts, agreements, instruments or other documents that are required to be described
in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or to be filed as exhibits thereto which have not been so described in all material respects
and filed as required by Item 601(b) of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act. The copies of all contracts, agreements, instruments
and other documents (including governmental licenses, authorizations, permits, consents and approvals and all amendments or waivers relating
to any of the foregoing) that have been furnished to the Sales Agent or its counsel are complete and genuine and include all material
collateral and supplemental agreements thereto. All contracts and agreements between the Company and third parties expressly referenced
in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus are legal, valid and binding obligations of the Company, enforceable against the Company
in accordance with their respective terms, except as rights to indemnity thereunder (as applicable) may be limited by federal or state
securities laws and except as such enforceability may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization or similar laws affecting the
rights of creditors generally, and subject to general principles of equity.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(mm)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Title to Properties</U>. Except as set forth in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, the Company has good and marketable
title to all of the properties and assets reflected as owned in the financial statements referred to in Section&#8239;6(j) above (or elsewhere
in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus), in each case free and clear of any security interests, mortgages, liens, encumbrances,
equities, claims and other defects, except such as do not materially and adversely affect the value of such property or assets and do
not materially interfere with the use made or proposed to be made of such property by the Company. The material real property, improvements,
equipment and personal property held under lease by the Company is held under valid and enforceable leases, with such exceptions as are
not material and do not materially interfere with the use made or proposed to be made of such real property, improvements, equipment or
personal property by the Company. The Company has such consents, easements, rights-of-way or licenses from any person (&ldquo;<B><U>rights-of-way</U></B>&rdquo;)
as are necessary to enable the Company to conduct its business in the manner described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus,
and except for such rights-of-way the lack of which would not, individually or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Change.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(nn)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>No Unlawful Contributions or Other Payments</U>. No payments or inducements have been made or given, directly or indirectly,
to any federal or local official or candidate for, any federal or state office in the United States or foreign offices by the Company
or any of its officers or directors, or, to the knowledge of the Company, by any of its employees or agents or any other person in connection
with any opportunity, contract, permit, certificate, consent, order, approval, waiver or other authorization relating to the business
of the Company, except for such payments or inducements as were lawful under applicable laws, rules and regulations. Neither the Company,
nor, to the knowledge of the Company, any director, officer, agent, employee or other person associated with or acting on behalf of the
Company, (i)&#8239;has used any corporate funds for any unlawful contribution, gift, entertainment or other unlawful expense relating to
political activity; (ii)&#8239;made any direct or indirect unlawful payment to any government official or employee from corporate funds;
or (iii)&#8239;made any bribe, unlawful rebate, payoff, influence payment, kickback or other unlawful payment in connection with the business
of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(oo)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Foreign Corrupt Practices Act</U>. None of the Company, or, to the knowledge of the Company, any director, officer, agent, employee,
affiliate or other person acting on behalf of the Company, is aware of or has taken any action, directly or indirectly, that would result
in a violation by such persons of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder (collectively,
the &ldquo;<B><U>FCPA</U></B>&rdquo;), including, without limitation, making use of the mails or any means or instrumentality of interstate
commerce corruptly in furtherance of an offer, payment, promise to pay or authorization of the payment of any money, or other property,
gift, promise to give, or authorization of the giving of anything of value to any &ldquo;foreign official&rdquo; (as such term is defined
in the FCPA) or any foreign political party or official thereof or any candidate for foreign political office, in contravention of the
FCPA. The Company has conducted its business in compliance with the FCPA and has instituted and maintain policies and procedures designed
to ensure, and which are reasonably expected to continue to ensure, continued compliance therewith.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(pp)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Money Laundering Laws</U>. The operations of the Company are and have been conducted at all times in compliance with applicable
financial recordkeeping and reporting requirements of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970, as amended, the money
laundering statutes of all jurisdictions, the rules and regulations thereunder and any related or similar rules, regulations or guidelines,
issued, administered or enforced by any governmental agency (collectively, the &ldquo;<B><U>Money Laundering Laws</U></B>&rdquo;) and
no action, suit or proceeding by or before any court or governmental agency, authority or body or any arbitrator involving the Company
with respect to the Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(qq)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>OFAC</U>. None of the Company, or, to the knowledge of the Company, any director, officer, agent, employee, affiliate or person
acting on behalf of the Company is currently subject to any U.S. sanctions administered by the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the
U.S. Treasury Department (&ldquo;<B><U>OFAC</U></B>&rdquo;); and the Company will not directly or indirectly use the proceeds of the offering,
or lend, contribute or otherwise make available such proceeds to any subsidiary, joint venture partner or other person or entity, for
the purpose of financing the activities of any person currently subject to any U.S. sanctions administered by OFAC.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(rr)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Exchange Listing</U>. The Common Stock is currently listed on the Exchange under the trading symbol &ldquo;ANVS&rdquo;. Except
as disclosed in the Prospectus, the Company has not, in the twelve (12) months preceding the date the first Placement Notice is given
hereunder, received notice from the Exchange to the effect that the Company is not in compliance with the listing or maintenance requirements.
Except as disclosed in the Prospectus, the Company has no reason to believe that it will not in the foreseeable future continue to be
in compliance with all such listing and maintenance requirements.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(ss)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Margin Rules</U>. Neither the issuance, sale and delivery of the Placement Shares nor the application of the proceeds thereof
by the Company as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus will violate Regulation T, U or X of the Board of Governors
of the Federal Reserve System or any other regulation of such Board of Governors.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(tt)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Continuous Offering Agreements</U>. Except for this Agreement, the Company is not party to any other equity distribution or
sales agency agreement with any other agent or any other representative in respect of any &ldquo;at the market offering&rdquo;; provided,
that, during the term of this Agreement, the Company may establish an equity line of credit (or a so called &ldquo;ELOC&rdquo;) if the
Company first gives prior written notice to the Sales Agent of such proposed facility and provides the Sales Agent with a reasonable opportunity
to comment on any proposed public disclosure of such facility and will include the Sales Agent&rsquo;s comments in such public disclosure
to the extent reasonable and nothing herein prohibits the Company from making any non-continuous offering or private placement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(uu)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>No Material Defaults</U>. The Company has not defaulted on any installment on indebtedness for borrowed money or on any rental
on one or more long-term leases, which defaults, individually or in the aggregate, could reasonably be expected to result in a Material
Adverse Change.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(vv)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Cybersecurity</U>. Except as otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus or would not, individually
or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change, the Company&rsquo;s information technology assets
and equipment, computers, systems, networks, hardware, software, websites, applications, and databases (collectively, &ldquo;<B><U>IT
Systems</U></B>&rdquo;) are adequate for, and operate and perform as required in connection with the operation of the business of the
Company as currently conducted, free and clear of all material bugs, errors, defects, Trojan horses, time bombs, malware and other corruptants.
The Company has implemented and maintained commercially reasonable physical, technical and administrative controls, policies, procedures,
and safeguards to maintain and protect their material confidential information and the integrity, continuous operation, redundancy and
security of all IT Systems and data, including &ldquo;Personal Data,&rdquo; used in connection with their businesses. &ldquo;<B><U>Personal
Data</U></B>&rdquo; means (i) a natural person&rsquo;s name, street address, telephone number, e-mail address, photograph, social security
number or tax identification number, driver&rsquo;s license number, passport number, credit card number, bank information, or customer
or account number; (ii) any information which would qualify as &ldquo;personally identifying information&rdquo; under the Federal Trade
Commission Act, as amended; (iii) &ldquo;personal data&rdquo; as defined by GDPR; (iv) any information which would qualify as &ldquo;protected
health information&rdquo; under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended by the Health Information
Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (collectively, &ldquo;<B><U>HIPAA</U></B>&rdquo;); and (v) any other piece of information
that allows the identification of such natural person, or his or her family, or permits the collection or analysis of any data related
to an identified person&rsquo;s health or sexual orientation. Except as otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus,
there have been no breaches, violations, outages or unauthorized uses of or accesses to same, except for those that have been remedied
without material cost or liability or the duty to notify any other person, nor any incidents under internal review or investigations relating
to the same.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(ww)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Compliance with Privacy Data</U>. Except as otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, the Company
is, and since June 1, 2018 has been, in material compliance with applicable state, federal and foreign data privacy and security laws
and regulations, including, to the extent applicable, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended (collectively,
 &ldquo;<B><U>HIPAA</U></B>&rdquo;), and the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (EU 2016/679) (collectively, the &ldquo;<B>Privacy
Laws</B>&rdquo;). To the extent required by the Privacy Laws, the Company has in place, complies in all material respects with, and takes
commercially reasonable steps reasonably designed to ensure compliance in all material respects with their policies and procedures relating
to data privacy and security and the collection, storage, use, disclosure, and handling of Personal Data (the &ldquo;<B><U>Policies</U></B>&rdquo;).
The Company has made all disclosures to users or customers required by the Privacy Laws, and none of such disclosures made or contained
in any Policy have, to the knowledge of the Company, been inaccurate or in violation of any Privacy Laws. Except as otherwise disclosed
in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, the Company has not: (i) has received written notice of any actual or potential liability
under or relating to, or actual or potential violation of, any of the Privacy Laws, and has no knowledge of any event or condition that
would reasonably be expected to result in any such notice; (ii) is currently conducting or paying for, in whole or in part, any investigation,
remediation, or other corrective action pursuant to any Privacy Law; or (iii) is a party to any order, decree, or agreement that imposes
any obligation or liability by any governmental or regulatory authority under any Privacy Law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Any certificate signed by an officer of the Company
and delivered to the Sales Agent or to counsel for the Sales Agent pursuant to or in connection with this Agreement shall be deemed to
be a representation and warranty by the Company to the Sales Agent as to the matters set forth therein.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Company acknowledges that the Sales Agent
and, for purposes of the opinions to be delivered pursuant to <U>Section&#8239;7</U> hereof, counsel to the Company and counsel to the
Sales Agent, will rely upon the accuracy and truthfulness of the foregoing representations and hereby consents to such reliance.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">7.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Covenants of the Company</U><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">. The Company covenants
and agrees with the Sales Agent that:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(a)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Registration Statement Amendments</U>. After the date of this Agreement and during any period in which a Prospectus relating
to any Placement Shares is required to be delivered by the Sales Agent under the Securities Act (including in circumstances where such
requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule&#8239;172 under the Securities Act), (i)&#8239;the Company will notify the Sales Agent promptly
of the time when any subsequent amendment to the Registration Statement, other than documents incorporated by reference, has been filed
with the Commission and/or has become effective or any subsequent supplement to the Prospectus has been filed and of any request by the
Commission for any amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement or Prospectus or for additional information, (ii)&#8239;the Company
will prepare and file with the Commission, promptly upon the Sales Agent&rsquo;s request, any amendments or supplements to the Registration
Statement or Prospectus that, in the Sales Agent&rsquo;s reasonable opinion, may be necessary or advisable in connection with the distribution
of the Placement Shares by the Sales Agent (<I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>, that the failure of the Sales Agent to make such request
shall not relieve the Company of any obligation or liability hereunder, or affect the Sales Agent&rsquo;s right to rely on the representations
and warranties made by the Company in this Agreement, and <I>provided</I>, <I>further</I>, that the only remedy the Sales Agent shall
have with respect to the failure to make such filing shall be to cease making sales under this Agreement until such amendment or supplement
is filed); (iii)&#8239;the Company will not file any amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement or Prospectus, other than documents
incorporated by reference, relating to the Placement Shares or a security convertible or exchangeable or exercisable into the Placement
Shares unless a copy thereof has been submitted to the Sales Agent within a reasonable period of time before the filing and the Sales
Agent has not reasonably objected thereto (<I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>, that the failure of the Sales Agent to make such objection
shall not relieve the Company of any obligation or liability hereunder, or affect the Sales Agent&rsquo;s right to rely on the representations
and warranties made by the Company in this Agreement, and <I>provided</I>, <I>further</I>, that the only remedy the Sales Agent shall
have with respect to the failure by the Company to obtain such consent shall be to cease making sales under this Agreement); (iv)&#8239;the
Company will furnish to the Sales Agent at the time of filing thereof a copy of any document that upon filing is deemed to be incorporated
by reference into the Registration Statement or Prospectus, except for those documents available via EDGAR; (v)&#8239;the Company will
cause each amendment or supplement to the Prospectus, other than documents incorporated by reference, to be filed with the Commission
as required pursuant to the applicable paragraph of Rule&#8239;424(b) of the Securities Act (without reliance on Rule&#8239;424(b)(8) of
the Securities Act) or, in the case of any documents incorporated by reference, to be filed with the Commission as required pursuant to
the Exchange Act, within the time period prescribed.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(b)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Notice of Commission Stop Orders</U>. The Company will advise the Sales Agent, promptly after it receives notice or obtains
knowledge thereof, of the issuance by the Commission of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or any
notice objecting to, or other order preventing or suspending the use of, the Prospectus, of the suspension of the qualification of the
Placement Shares for offering or sale in any jurisdiction, or of the initiation of any proceeding for any such purpose or any examination
pursuant to Section&#8239;8(e) of the Securities Act, or if the Company becomes the subject of a proceeding under Section&#8239;8A of the
Securities Act in connection with the offering of the Placement Shares; and it will promptly use its commercially reasonable efforts to
prevent the issuance of any stop order or to obtain its withdrawal if such a stop order should be issued. Until such time as any stop
order is lifted, the Sales Agent shall cease making offers and sales under this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(c)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Delivery of Prospectus; Subsequent Changes</U>. During any period in which a Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares is
required to be delivered by the Sales Agent under the Securities Act with respect to a pending sale of the Placement Shares (including
in circumstances where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule&#8239;172 under the Securities Act), the Company will comply
with all requirements imposed upon it by the Securities Act, as from time to time in force, and to file on or before their respective
due dates all reports and any definitive proxy or information statements required to be filed by the Company with the Commission pursuant
to Sections&#8239;13(a), 13(c), 14, 15(d) or any other provision of or under the Exchange Act. If during such period any event occurs as
a result of which the Prospectus as then amended or supplemented would include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state
a material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances then existing, not misleading, or if during
such period it is necessary to amend or supplement the Registration Statement or Prospectus to comply with the Securities Act, the Company
will promptly notify the Sales Agent to suspend the offering of Placement Shares during such period and the Company will promptly amend
or supplement the Registration Statement or Prospectus (at the expense of the Company) so as to correct such statement or omission or
effect such compliance.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(d)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Listing of Placement Shares</U>. During any period in which the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares is required to be
delivered by the Sales Agent under the Securities Act with respect to a pending sale of the Placement Shares (including in circumstances
where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule&#8239;172 under the Securities Act), the Company will use its reasonable best
efforts to cause the Placement Shares to be listed on the Exchange and to qualify the Placement Shares for sale under the securities laws
of such jurisdictions as the Sales Agent reasonably designates and to continue such qualifications in effect so long as required for the
distribution of the Placement Shares; <I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>, that the Company shall not be required in connection therewith
to qualify as a foreign corporation or dealer in securities or file a general consent to service of process in any jurisdiction.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(e)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Delivery of Registration Statement and Prospectus</U>. The Company will furnish to the Sales Agent and its counsel (at the expense
of the Company) copies of (i)&#8239;the Registration Statement and the Prospectus (including all documents incorporated by reference therein)
filed with the Commission on the date of this Agreement and (ii)&#8239;all amendments and supplements to the Registration Statement or
Prospectus that are filed with the Commission during any period in which a Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares is required to
be delivered by the Sales Agent under the Securities Act (including all documents filed with the Commission during such period that are
deemed to be incorporated by reference therein), in each case as soon as reasonably practicable and in such quantities as the Sales Agent
may from time to time reasonably request and, at the Sales Agent&rsquo;s request, will also furnish copies of the Prospectus to each exchange
or market on which sales of the Placement Shares may be made; <I>provided, however,</I> that the Company shall not be required to furnish
any document (other than the Prospectus) to the Sales Agent to the extent such document is available on EDGAR.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(f)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Earnings Statement</U>. The Company will make generally available to its security holders as soon as practicable, but in any
event not later than fifteen (15) months after the end of the Company&rsquo;s current fiscal quarter, an earnings statement of the Company
and its subsidiaries (which need not be audited) covering a 12-month period that complies with Section&#8239;11(a) and Rule&#8239;158 of
the Securities Act. The terms &ldquo;earnings statement&rdquo; and &ldquo;make generally available to its security holders&rdquo; shall
have the meanings set forth in Rule&#8239;158 under the Securities Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(g)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Expenses</U>. The Company, whether or not the transactions contemplated hereunder are consummated or this Agreement is terminated
in accordance with the provisions of <U>Section&#8239;11</U> hereunder, will pay the following expenses all incident to the performance
of its obligations hereunder, including, but not limited to, expenses relating to (i)&#8239;the preparation, printing and filing of the
Registration Statement and each amendment and supplement thereto, of each Prospectus and of each amendment and supplement thereto, (ii)&#8239;the
preparation, issuance and delivery of the Placement Shares, including any stock or other transfer taxes and any stamp or other duties
payable upon the sale, issuance or delivery of the Placement Shares to the Sales Agent, (iii)&#8239;the fees and disbursements of the counsel,
accountants and other advisors to the Company in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement; (iv)&#8239;the qualification
of the Placement Shares under securities laws in accordance with the provisions of <U>Section&#8239;7(d)</U> of this Agreement, including
filing fees (<I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>, that any fees or disbursements of counsel for the Sales Agent in connection therewith shall
be paid by the Sales Agent except as set forth in (ix) below), (v)&#8239;the printing and delivery to the Sales Agent of copies of the
Prospectus and any amendments or supplements thereto, and of this Agreement, (vi)&#8239;the fees and expenses incurred in connection with
the listing or qualification of the Placement Shares for trading on the Exchange, (vii)&#8239;the fees and expenses of the transfer agent
or registrar for the Common Stock; (viii)&#8239;filing fees and expenses, if any, of the Commission and the FINRA Corporate Financing Department
(including, with respect to any required review by FINRA, the reasonable and documented fees and expenses of the Sales Agent&rsquo;s counsel);
and (ix)&#8239;the Company shall reimburse the Sales Agent for (a) all of the Company&rsquo;s costs and expenses paid by the Sales Agent
incident to the Offering, (b) all reasonable out-of-pocket costs and expenses incident to the performance of the obligations of the Sales
Agent under this Agreement (including, without limitation, the reasonable and documented fees and expenses of the Sales Agent&rsquo;s
outside counsel), <I>provided</I>, that reimbursable expenses in connection with the establishment of this at-the-market offering and
the filing of the related prospectus supplement shall be capped at $60,000, and (c) thereafter, reasonable and documented out-of-pocket
expenses for due diligence on a quarterly basis not to exceed $15,000 per quarter.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(h)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Use of Proceeds</U>. The Company will use the Net Proceeds as described in the Prospectus in the section entitled &ldquo;Use
of Proceeds.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(i)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Notice of Other Sales</U>. During the pendency of any Placement Notice given hereunder, the Company shall provide the Sales
Agent notice as promptly as reasonably possible before it offers to sell, contracts to sell, sells, grants any option to sell or otherwise
disposes of any shares of Common Stock (other than Placement Shares offered pursuant to the provisions of this Agreement) or securities
convertible into or exchangeable for Common Stock, warrants or any rights to purchase or acquire Common Stock; <I>provided</I>, that such
notice shall not be required in connection with the (i) issuance, grant or sale of Common Stock, options or other rights to purchase or
otherwise acquire Common Stock, or Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of options or other equity awards, in each case granted pursuant
to any stock option, stock bonus or other stock or compensatory plan or arrangement, whether now in effect or hereafter implemented, (ii)
issuance of securities in connection with an acquisition, merger or sale or purchase of assets which is described at the time of issuance
in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, (iii) issuance or sale of Common Stock upon conversion of securities or the exercise
of warrants, options or other rights then in effect or outstanding, and disclosed in filings by the Company available on EDGAR or otherwise
in writing to the Sales Agent, and (iv) issuance or sale of Common Stock pursuant to any dividend reinvestment and stock purchase plan
that the Company has in effect or may adopt from time to time, <I>provided</I> that the implementation of such new plan is disclosed to
the Sales Agent in advance. If the Company notifies the Sales Agent under this <U>Section 7(i)</U> of a proposed sale of shares of Common
Stock or Common Stock equivalents, the Sales Agent may suspend any offers and sales of Securities under this Agreement for a period of
time deemed appropriate by the Sales Agent.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(j)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Change of Circumstances</U>. The Company will, at any time during a fiscal quarter in which the Company intends to tender a
Placement Notice or sell Placement Shares, advise the Sales Agent promptly after it shall have received notice or obtained knowledge thereof,
of any information or fact that would alter or affect in any material respect any opinion, certificate, letter or other document provided
to the Sales Agent pursuant to this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(k)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Due Diligence Cooperation</U>. During the Term of this Agreement, the Company will cooperate with any reasonable due diligence
review conducted by the Sales Agent or its agents in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby, including, without limitation,
providing information and making available documents and senior corporate officers, during regular business hours and at the Company&rsquo;s
principal offices, as the Sales Agent may reasonably request.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(l)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Required Filings Relating to Placement of Placement Shares</U>. The Company shall set forth in each Annual Report on Form 10-K
and Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed by the Company with the Commission in respect of any quarter in which sales of Placement Shares
were made by or through the Sales Agent under this Agreement, with regard to the relevant period, the amount of Placement Shares sold
to or through the Sales Agent, the Net Proceeds to the Company and the compensation payable by the Company to the Sales Agent with respect
to such sales of Placement Shares. To the extent that the filing of a prospectus supplement to the Prospectus with the Commission with
respect to any sales of Placement Shares becomes required under Rule&#8239;424(b) under the Securities Act, the Company agrees that, on
or before such dates as the Securities Act shall require, the Company will (i)&#8239;file a prospectus supplement to the Prospectus with
the Commission under the applicable paragraph of Rule&#8239;424(b) under the Securities Act, which prospectus supplement will set forth,
with regard to the relevant period, the amount of Placement Shares sold to or through the Sales Agent, the Net Proceeds to the Company
and the compensation payable by the Company to the Sales Agent with respect to such Placement Shares, and (ii)&#8239;deliver such number
of copies of each such prospectus supplement to each exchange or market on which such sales were effected as may be required by the rules
or regulations of such exchange or market <I>provided</I>, that, unless a prospectus supplement containing such information is required
to be filed under the Securities Act, the requirement of this Section 7(l) may be satisfied by Company&rsquo;s inclusion in the Company&rsquo;s
Form 10-K or Form 10-Q, as applicable, of the number or amount of Placement Shares sold through the Agent, the Net Proceeds to the Company
and the compensation payable by the Company to the Agent with respect to such Placement Shares during the relevant period.. The Company
shall afford the Sales Agent and its counsel with a reasonable opportunity to review and comment upon, shall consult with the Sales Agent
and its counsel on the form and substance of, and shall give due consideration to all such comments from the Sales Agent or its counsel
on, any such filing prior to the issuance, filing or public disclosure thereof; provided, however, that the Company shall not be required
to submit for review (A)&#8239;any portion of any periodic reports filed with the Commission under the Exchange Act other than the specific
disclosure relating to any sales of Placement Shares and (B)&#8239;any disclosure contained in periodic reports filed with the Commission
under the Exchange Act if it shall have previously provided the same disclosure for review in connection with a previous filing.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(m)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Representation Dates; Certificate</U>. On or prior to the date the first Placement Notice is given hereunder and each time the
Company subsequently thereafter (i)&#8239;amends or supplements the Registration Statement or the Prospectus relating to the Placement
Shares (other than (A)&#8239;a prospectus supplement filed in accordance with <U>Section&#8239;7(l)</U> of this Agreement or (B)&#8239;a
supplement or amendment that relates to an offering of securities other than the Placement Shares) by means of a post-effective amendment,
sticker, or supplement but not by means of incorporation of document(s) by reference to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus relating
to the Placement Shares; (ii)&#8239;files an annual report on Form 10-K under the Exchange Act (including any Form 10-K/A containing amended
financial information or a material amendment to the previously filed Form 10-K); (iii)&#8239;files a quarterly report on Form 10-Q under
the Exchange Act; (iv)&#8239;files a current report on Form 8-K containing amended financial information (other than an earnings release,
to &ldquo;furnish&rdquo; information pursuant to Items 2.02 or 7.01 of Form 8-K or to provide disclosure pursuant to Item 8.01 of Form
8-K relating to the reclassification of certain properties as discontinued operations in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting
Standards No. 144) under the Exchange Act; or (v) sells Placement Shares to the Sales Agent as principal at the Point of Sale pursuant
to the applicable Placement Notice (each date of filing of one or more of the documents and each other date referred to in clauses&#8239;(i)
through (v) shall be a &ldquo;<B><U>Representation Date</U></B>&rdquo;), the Company shall furnish the Sales Agent within two (2) Trading
Days after each Representation Date with a certificate, in the form attached hereto as <U>Exhibit&#8239;7(m)</U>. The requirement to provide
a certificate under this <U>Section&#8239;7(m)</U> shall be waived for any Representation Date occurring at a time at which no Placement
Notice is pending, which waiver shall continue until the earlier to occur of the date the Company delivers a Placement Notice hereunder
(which for such calendar quarter shall be considered a Representation Date) and the next occurring Representation Date; <I>provided</I>,
<I>however</I>, that such waiver shall not apply for any Representation Date on which the Company files its annual report on Form 10-K.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the Company subsequently decides to sell Placement Shares following a Representation Date when the Company
relied on such waiver and did not provide the Sales Agent with a certificate under this <U>Section&#8239;7(m)</U>, then before the Company
delivers the Placement Notice or the Sales Agent sells any Placement Shares, the Company shall provide the Sales Agent with a certificate,
in the form attached hereto as <U>Exhibit&#8239;7(m)</U>, dated the date of the Placement Notice.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#8239;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(n)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Legal Opinion</U>. On or prior to the date the first Placement Notice is given hereunder, the Company shall cause to be furnished
to the Sales Agent (i) the written opinions and negative assurances of Loeb &amp; Loeb LLP, counsel to the Company, or other counsel reasonably
satisfactory to the Sales Agent (&ldquo;<B><U>Company Counsel</U></B>&rdquo;), and (ii) the written opinions and negative assurances of
Duane Morris LLP and Davidson Kappel LLC, intellectual property counsel to the Company, or other counsel reasonably satisfactory to the
Sales Agent (&ldquo;<B><U>Company IP Counsel</U></B>&rdquo;), in each case in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Sales
Agent. Thereafter, within three (3) Trading Days after each Representation Date with respect to which the Company is obligated to deliver
a certificate pursuant to <U>Section&nbsp;7(m)</U> for which no waiver is applicable pursuant to <U>Section&nbsp;7(m)</U>, and not more
than once per calendar quarter, the Company shall cause to be furnished to the Sales Agent the written opinions and negative assurance
of Company Counsel and Company IP Counsel substantially in the form previously agreed between the Company and the Sales Agent, modified,
as necessary, to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as then amended or supplemented; <I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>,
that if Company Counsel or Company IP Counsel has previously furnished to the Sales Agent such written opinions and negative assurance
substantially in the form previously agreed between the Company and the Sales Agent, such counsel may, in respect of any future Representation
Date, furnish the Sales Agent with a letter (a &ldquo;<B><U>Reliance Letter</U></B>&rdquo;) in lieu of such opinions and negative assurance
to the effect that the Sales Agent may rely on the prior opinions and negative assurance of such counsel delivered pursuant to this <U>Section&nbsp;7(n)</U>
to the same extent as if it were dated the date of such Reliance Letter (except that statements in such prior opinion shall be deemed
to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as amended or supplemented to the date of such Reliance Letter).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(o)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Comfort Letter</U>. On or prior to the date the first Placement Notice is given hereunder and within three (3) Trading Days
after each subsequent Representation Date with respect to which the Company is obligated to deliver a certificate pursuant to <U>Section&nbsp;7(m)</U>
for which no waiver is applicable pursuant to <U>Section&nbsp;7(m)</U>, the Company shall cause its independent accountants to furnish
the Sales Agent letters (the &ldquo;<B><U>Comfort Letters</U></B>&rdquo;), dated the date that the Comfort Letter is delivered, in form
and substance satisfactory to the Sales Agent, (i)&nbsp;confirming that they are an independent registered public accounting firm within
the meaning of the Securities Act, the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations of the PCAOB and are in compliance with the applicable
requirements relating to the qualification of accountants under Rule&nbsp;2-01 of Regulation S-X of the Commission, (ii)&nbsp;stating,
as of such date, the conclusions and findings of such firm with respect to the financial information and other matters ordinarily covered
by accountants&rsquo; &ldquo;comfort letters&rdquo; to the Sales Agent in connection with registered public offerings (the first such
letter, the &ldquo;<B><U>Initial Comfort Letter</U></B>&rdquo;) and (iii)&nbsp;updating the Initial Comfort Letter with any information
that would have been included in the Initial Comfort Letter had it been given on such date and modified as necessary to relate to the
Registration Statement and the Prospectus, as amended and supplemented to the date of such letter.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(p)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Market Activities</U>. The Company will not, directly or indirectly, (i)&nbsp;take any action designed to cause or result in,
or that constitutes or might reasonably be expected to constitute, the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the
Company to facilitate the sale or resale of the Common Stock or (ii)&nbsp;sell, bid for, or purchase the Placement Shares to be issued
and sold pursuant to this Agreement, or pay anyone any compensation for soliciting purchases of the Placement Shares other than the Sales
Agent.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(q)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Insurance</U>. The Company shall maintain, or cause to be maintained, insurance in such amounts and covering such risks as is
reasonable and customary for the business in which it is engaged.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(r)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Compliance with Laws</U>. The Company shall maintain, or cause to be maintained, all material environmental permits, licenses
and other authorizations required by federal, state and local law in order to conduct their businesses as described in the Prospectus,
and the Company and each of its subsidiaries shall conduct their businesses, or cause their businesses to be conducted, in substantial
compliance with such permits, licenses and authorizations and with applicable environmental laws, except where the failure to maintain
or be in compliance with such permits, licenses and authorizations could not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(s)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Investment Company Act</U>. The Company will conduct its affairs in such a manner so as to reasonably ensure that neither it
nor its subsidiaries is or, after giving effect to the offering and sale of the Placement Shares and the application of proceeds therefrom
as described in the Prospectus, will be, an &ldquo;investment company&rdquo; within the meaning of such term under the Investment Company
Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(t)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Securities Act and Exchange Act</U>. The Company will use its best efforts to comply with all requirements imposed upon it by
the Securities Act and the Exchange Act as from time to time in force, so far as necessary to permit the continuance of sales of, or dealings
in, the Placement Shares as contemplated by the provisions hereof and the Prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(u)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>No Offer to Sell</U>. Other than the Prospectus, neither the Sales Agent nor the Company (including its agents and representatives,
other than the Sales Agent in its capacity as such) will make, use, prepare, authorize, approve or refer to any written communication
(as defined in Rule&nbsp;405 under the Securities Act), required to be filed with the Commission, that constitutes an offer to sell or
solicitation of an offer to buy Placement Shares hereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(v)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Sarbanes-Oxley Act</U>. The Company and its subsidiaries will use their best efforts to comply with all effective applicable
provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(w)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>New Registration Statement</U>. If immediately prior to the third (3<SUP>rd</SUP>) anniversary of the initial effective date
of the Registration Statement, any of the Placement Shares remain unsold, the sale of the Placement Shares under this Agreement shall
automatically be suspended unless and until the Company files a new shelf registration statement relating to the Placement Shares and
such new registration statement is declared effective by the Commission. References herein to the Registration Statement shall include
such new shelf registration statement. If any such new shelf registration statement becomes effective prior to the termination date of
this Agreement, the Company agrees to notify the Sales Agent of such effective date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Conditions to the Sales Agent&rsquo;s Obligations</U><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">.
The obligations of the Sales Agent hereunder with respect to a Placement will be subject to the continuing accuracy and completeness of
the representations and warranties made by the Company herein, to the due performance by the Company of its obligations hereunder, to
the completion by the Sales Agent of a due diligence review satisfactory to the Sales Agent in its reasonable judgment, and to the continuing
satisfaction (or waiver by the Sales Agent in its sole discretion) of the following additional conditions:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(a)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Registration Statement Effective</U>. The Registration Statement shall be effective and shall be available for the sale of all
Placement Shares contemplated to be issued by any Placement Notice.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(b)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Securities Act Filings Made</U>. The Company shall have filed with the Commission the ATM Prospectus pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424(b)
under the Securities Act within the applicable time period prescribed for such filing by Rule&nbsp;424(b) (without reliance on Rule&nbsp;424(b)(8)
of the Securities Act). All other filings with the Commission required by Rule&nbsp;424 under the Securities Act to have been filed prior
to the issuance of any Placement Notice hereunder shall have been made within the applicable time period prescribed for such filing by
Rule&nbsp;424.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(c)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>No Material Notices</U>. None of the following events shall have occurred and be continuing: (i)&nbsp;receipt by the Company
or any of its subsidiaries of any request for additional information from the Commission or any other federal or state governmental authority
during the period of effectiveness of the Registration Statement, the response to which would require any post-effective amendments or
supplements to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus; (ii)&nbsp;the issuance by the Commission or any other federal or state governmental
authority of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or the initiation of any proceedings for that purpose;
(iii)&nbsp;receipt by the Company of any notification with respect to the suspension of the qualification or exemption from qualification
of any of the Placement Shares for sale in any jurisdiction or the initiation or threatening of any proceeding for such purpose; (iv)&nbsp;the
occurrence of any event that makes any material statement made in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or any material document
incorporated or deemed to be incorporated therein by reference untrue in any material respect or that requires the making of any changes
in the Registration Statement, related Prospectus or such documents so that, in the case of the Registration Statement, it will not contain
any materially untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make
the statements therein not misleading and, that in the case of the Prospectus, it will not contain any materially untrue statement of
a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in the light
of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(d)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>No Misstatement or Material Omission</U>. The Sales Agent shall not have advised the Company that the Registration Statement
or Prospectus, or any amendment or supplement thereto, contains an untrue statement of fact that in the Sales Agent&rsquo;s reasonable
opinion is material, or omits to state a fact that in the Sales Agent&rsquo;s reasonable opinion is material and is required to be stated
therein or is necessary to make the statements therein not misleading.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(e)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Material Changes</U>. Except as contemplated in the Prospectus, or disclosed in the Company&rsquo;s reports filed with the Commission,
there shall not have been any material adverse change in the authorized capital stock of the Company or any Material Adverse Change or
any development that would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change, or any downgrading in or withdrawal of the rating
assigned to any of the Company&rsquo;s securities (other than asset backed securities) by any rating organization or a public announcement
by any rating organization that it has under surveillance or review its rating of any of the Company&rsquo;s securities (other than asset
backed securities), the effect of which, in the case of any such action by a rating organization described above, in the reasonable judgment
of the Sales Agent (without relieving the Company of any obligation or liability it may otherwise have), is so material as to make it
impracticable or inadvisable to proceed with the offering of the Placement Shares on the terms and in the manner contemplated by this
Agreement and the Prospectus.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(f)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Company Counsel Legal Opinion</U>. The Sales Agent shall have received the opinions and negative assurances of Company Counsel
required to be delivered pursuant <U>Section&nbsp;7(n)</U> on or before the date on which such delivery of such opinions and negative
assurances is required pursuant to <U>Section&nbsp;7(n)</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(g)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Company IP Counsel Legal Opinion</U>. The Sales Agent shall have received the opinions and negative assurances of Company IP
Counsel required to be delivered pursuant <U>Section&nbsp;7(n)</U> on or before the date on which such delivery of such opinions and negative
assurances is required pursuant to <U>Section&nbsp;7(n)</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(h)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Sales Agent Counsel Legal Opinion. The Sales Agent</U> shall have received from Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo,
P.C., counsel to the Sales Agent, on or before the date on which the delivery of the Company Counsel legal opinion is required pursuant
to <U>Section&nbsp;7(n)</U>, such opinions and negative assurances with respect to such matters as the Sales Agent may reasonably require,
and the Company shall have furnished to such counsel such documents as they request for enabling them to pass upon such matters.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(i)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Comfort Letter</U>. The Sales Agent shall have received the Comfort Letter required to be delivered pursuant <U>Section&nbsp;7(o)</U>
on or before the date on which such delivery of such Comfort Letter is required pursuant to <U>Section&nbsp;7(o)</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(j)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Representation Certificate</U>. The Sales Agent shall have received the certificate required to be delivered pursuant to <U>Section&nbsp;7(m)</U>
on or before the date on which delivery of such certificate is required pursuant to <U>Section&nbsp;7(m)</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(k)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Secretary&rsquo;s Certificate</U>. On or prior to the date the first Placement Notice is given hereunder, the Sales Agent shall
have received a certificate, signed on behalf of the Company by its corporate Secretary, certifying as to (i)&nbsp;the Certificate of
Incorporation of the Company, (ii)&nbsp;the By-laws of the Company, (iii)&nbsp;the resolutions of the Board of Directors of the Company
(or a committee thereof) authorizing the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and the issuance of the Placement Shares
and (iv)&nbsp;the incumbency of the officers duly authorized to execute this Agreement and the other documents contemplated by this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(l)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>No Suspension</U>. The Common Stock shall be duly listed, and admitted and authorized for trading, subject to official notice
of issuance, on the Exchange. Trading in the Common Stock shall not have been suspended on the Exchange and the Common Stock shall not
have been delisted from the Exchange.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(m)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Other Materials</U>. On each date on which the Company is required to deliver a certificate pursuant to <U>Section&nbsp;7(m)</U>,
the Company shall have furnished to the Sales Agent such appropriate further opinions, certificates, letters and documents as the Sales
Agent may have reasonably requested. All such opinions, certificates, letters and other documents shall have been in compliance with the
provisions hereof. The Company will furnish the Sales Agent with such conformed copies of such opinions, certificates, letters and other
documents as the Sales Agent shall have reasonably requested.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(n)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Approval for Listing</U>. The Company shall have received approval of a Subsequent Listing Application with the Exchange to
satisfy the Company&rsquo;s obligation under Section 703.01 of the Listed Company Manual.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(o)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>No Termination Event</U>. There shall not have occurred any event that would permit the Sales Agent to terminate this Agreement
pursuant to <U>Section&nbsp;11(a)</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(p)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>FINRA</U>. The Sales Agent shall have received a letter from the Corporate Financing Department of FINRA issued in connection
with the Registration Statement and FINRA shall not have raised any objection with respect to the fairness or reasonableness of the underwriting
terms, or other arrangements of the transactions, contemplated hereby.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">9.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Indemnification and Contribution</U><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(a)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Company Indemnification</U>. The Company agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Sales Agent, the directors, officers, members,
partners, employees and agents of the Sales Agent each broker dealer affiliate of the Sales Agent, and each the Sales Agent Affiliate,
if any, from and against any and all losses, claims, liabilities, expenses and damages (including, but not limited to, any and all reasonable
investigative, legal and other expenses incurred in connection with, and any and all amounts paid in settlement (in accordance with <U>Section&nbsp;9(c)</U>)
of, any action, suit or proceeding between any of the indemnified parties and any indemnifying parties or between any indemnified party
and any third party, or otherwise, or any claim asserted), as and when incurred, to which the Sales Agent, or any such person, may become
subject under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or other federal or state statutory law or regulation, at common law or otherwise,
insofar as such losses, claims, liabilities, expenses or damages arise out of or are based, directly or indirectly, on (x)&nbsp;any untrue
statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or any amendment or
supplement thereto or in any free writing prospectus or in any application or other document executed by or on behalf of the Company or
based on written information furnished by or on behalf of the Company filed in any jurisdiction in order to qualify the Common Stock under
the securities laws thereof or filed with the Commission, (y)&nbsp;the omission or alleged omission to state in any such document a material
fact required to be stated in it or necessary to make the statements in it not misleading or (z)&nbsp;any breach by any of the indemnifying
parties of any of their respective representations, warranties and agreements contained in this Agreement; <I>provided, however</I>, that
this indemnity agreement shall not apply to the extent that such loss, claim, liability, expense or damage arises from the sale of the
Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement and is caused directly by an untrue statement or omission made in reliance upon and in strict
conformity with written information relating to the Sales Agent and furnished to the Company by the Sales Agent expressly for inclusion
in any document as described in clause&nbsp;(x) of this <U>Section&nbsp;9(a)</U>. This indemnity agreement will be in addition to any
liability that the Company might otherwise have.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(b)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>The Sales Agent Indemnification</U>. The Sales Agent agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Company and its directors and
each officer of the Company that signed the Registration Statement, and each person, if any, who (i)&nbsp;controls the Company within
the meaning of Section&nbsp;15 of the Securities Act or Section&nbsp;20 of the Exchange Act or (ii)&nbsp;is controlled by or is under
common control with the Company (each, a &ldquo;<B><U>Company Affiliate</U></B>&rdquo;) from and against any and all losses, claims, liabilities,
expenses and damages (including, but not limited to, any and all reasonable investigative, legal and other expenses incurred in connection
with, and any and all amounts paid in settlement (in accordance with <U>Section&nbsp;9(c)</U>) of, any action, suit or proceeding between
any of the indemnified parties and any indemnifying parties or between any indemnified party and any third party, or otherwise, or any
claim asserted), as and when incurred, to which any such Company Affiliate, may become subject under the Securities Act, the Exchange
Act or other federal or state statutory law or regulation, at common law or otherwise, insofar as such losses, claims, liabilities, expenses
or damages arise out of or are based, directly or indirectly, on (x)&nbsp;any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material
fact contained in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto, or (y)&nbsp;the omission or alleged
omission to state in any such document a material fact required to be stated in it or necessary to make the statements in it not misleading;
<I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>, that this indemnity agreement shall apply only to the extent that such loss, claim, liability, expense
or damage is caused directly by an untrue statement or omission made in reliance upon and in strict conformity with written information
relating to the Sales Agent and furnished to the Company by the Sales Agent expressly for inclusion in any document as described in clause&nbsp;(x)
of this <U>Section&nbsp;9(b)</U>, which the Company acknowledges consists solely of the material referred to in <B><U>Schedule 4</U></B>
hereto, as updated from time to time.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(c)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Procedure</U>. Any party that proposes to assert the right to be indemnified under this <U>Section&nbsp;9</U> will, promptly
after receipt of notice of commencement of any action against such party in respect of which a claim is to be made against an indemnifying
party or parties under this <U>Section&nbsp;9</U>, notify each such indemnifying party of the commencement of such action, enclosing a
copy of all papers served, but the omission so to notify such indemnifying party will not relieve the indemnifying party from (i)&nbsp;any
liability that it might have to any indemnified party otherwise than under this <U>Section&nbsp;9</U> and (ii)&nbsp;any liability that
it may have to any indemnified party under the foregoing provision of this <U>Section&nbsp;9</U> unless, and only to the extent that,
such omission results in the forfeiture of substantive rights or defenses by the indemnifying party. If any such action is brought against
any indemnified party and it notifies the indemnifying party of its commencement, the indemnifying party will be entitled to participate
in and, to the extent that it elects by delivering written notice to the indemnified party promptly after receiving notice of the commencement
of the action from the indemnified party, jointly with any other indemnifying party similarly notified, to assume the defense of the action,
with counsel reasonably satisfactory to the indemnified party, and after notice from the indemnifying party to the indemnified party of
its election to assume the defense, the indemnifying party will not be liable to the indemnified party for any legal or other expenses
except as provided below and except for the reasonable and documented costs of investigation subsequently incurred by the indemnified
party in connection with the defense. The indemnified party will have the right to employ its own counsel in any such action, but the
fees, expenses and other charges of such counsel will be at the expense of such indemnified party unless (1) the employment of counsel
by the indemnified party has been authorized in writing by the indemnifying party, (2) the indemnified party has reasonably concluded
(based on advice of counsel) that there may be legal defenses available to it or other indemnified parties that are different from or
in addition to those available to the indemnifying party, (3) a conflict or potential conflict exists (based on advice of counsel to the
indemnified party) between the indemnified party and the indemnifying party (in which case the indemnifying party will not have the right
to direct the defense of such action on behalf of the indemnified party) or (4) the indemnifying party has not in fact employed counsel
to assume the defense of such action within a reasonable time after receiving notice of the commencement of the action, in each of which
cases the reasonable and documented fees, disbursements and other charges of counsel will be at the expense of the indemnifying party
or parties. It is understood that the indemnifying party or parties shall not, in connection with any proceeding or related proceedings
in the same jurisdiction, be liable for the reasonable fees, disbursements and other charges of more than one separate firm admitted to
practice in such jurisdiction at any one time for all such indemnified party or parties. All such fees, disbursements and other charges
will be reimbursed by the indemnifying party promptly as they are incurred. An indemnifying party will not, in any event, be liable for
any settlement of any action or claim effected without its written consent. No indemnifying party shall, without the prior written consent
of each indemnified party, settle or compromise or consent to the entry of any judgment in any pending or threatened claim, action or
proceeding relating to the matters contemplated by this <U>Section&nbsp;9</U> (whether or not any indemnified party is a party thereto),
unless such settlement, compromise or consent includes an unconditional release of each indemnified party from all liability arising or
that may arise out of such claim, action or proceeding.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(d)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Contribution</U>. In order to provide for just and equitable contribution in circumstances in which the indemnification provided
for in the foregoing paragraphs of this <U>Section&nbsp;9</U> is applicable in accordance with its terms but for any reason is held to
be unavailable from the Company or the Sales Agent, the Company and the Sales Agent will contribute to the total losses, claims, liabilities,
expenses and damages (including any investigative, legal and other expenses reasonably incurred in connection with, and any amount paid
in settlement of, any action, suit or proceeding or any claim asserted, but after deducting any contribution received by the Company from
persons other than the Sales Agent, such as persons who control the Company within the meaning of the Securities Act, officers of the
Company who signed the Registration Statement and directors of the Company, who also may be liable for contribution) to which the Company
and the Sales Agent may be subject in such proportion as shall be appropriate to reflect the relative benefits received by the Company
on the one hand and the Sales Agent on the other. The relative benefits received by the Company on the one hand and the Sales Agent on
the other hand shall be deemed to be in the same proportion as the total Net Proceeds from the sale of the Placement Shares (before deducting
expenses) received by the Company bear to the total compensation received by the Sales Agent from the sale of Placement Shares on behalf
of the Company. If, but only if, the allocation provided by the foregoing sentence is not permitted by applicable law, the allocation
of contribution shall be made in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect not only the relative benefits referred to in the foregoing
sentence but also the relative fault of the Company, on the one hand, and the Sales Agent, on the other, with respect to the statements
or omission that resulted in such loss, claim, liability, expense or damage, or action in respect thereof, as well as any other relevant
equitable considerations with respect to such offering. Such relative fault shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether
the untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to information
supplied by the Company or the Sales Agent, the intent of the parties and their relative knowledge, access to information and opportunity
to correct or prevent such statement or omission. The Company and the Sales Agent agree that it would not be just and equitable if contributions
pursuant to this <U>Section&nbsp;9(d)</U> were to be determined by pro rata allocation or by any other method of allocation that does
not take into account the equitable considerations referred to herein. The amount paid or payable by an indemnified party as a result
of the loss, claim, liability, expense, or damage, or action in respect thereof, referred to above in this <U>Section&nbsp;9(d)</U> shall
be deemed to include, for the purpose of this <U>Section&nbsp;9(d)</U>, any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by such indemnified
party in connection with investigating or defending any such action or claim to the extent consistent with <U>Section&nbsp;9(c)</U> hereof.
Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this <U>Section&nbsp;9(d)</U>, the Sales Agent shall not be required to contribute any amount
in excess of the commissions received by it under this Agreement and no person found guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the
meaning of Section&nbsp;11(f) of the Securities Act) will be entitled to contribution from any person who was not guilty of such fraudulent
misrepresentation. For purposes of this <U>Section&nbsp;9(d)</U>, any person who controls a party to this Agreement within the meaning
of the Securities Act will have the same rights to contribution as that party (and any officers, directors, members, partners, employees
or agents of the Sales Agent and each broker dealer affiliate of the Sales Agent will have the same rights to contribution as the Sales
Agent), and each officer of the Company who signed the Registration Statement and each director of the Company will have the same rights
to contribution as the Company, subject in each case to the provisions hereof. Any party entitled to contribution, promptly after receipt
of notice of commencement of any action against such party in respect of which a claim for contribution may be made under this <U>Section&nbsp;9(d)</U>,
will notify any such party or parties from whom contribution may be sought, but the omission to so notify will not relieve that party
or parties from whom contribution may be sought from any other obligation it or they may have under this <U>Section&nbsp;9(d)</U> except
to the extent that the failure to so notify such other party materially prejudiced the substantive rights or defenses of the party from
whom contribution is sought. Except for a settlement entered into pursuant to the last sentence of <U>Section&nbsp;9(c)</U> hereof, no
party will be liable for contribution with respect to any action or claim settled without its written consent if such consent is required
pursuant to <U>Section&nbsp;9(c)</U> hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Representations and Agreements to Survive Delivery</U><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">.
The indemnity and contribution agreements contained in <U>Section&nbsp;9</U> of this Agreement and all representations and warranties
of the Company herein or in certificates delivered pursuant hereto shall survive, as of their respective dates, regardless of (i)&nbsp;any
investigation made by or on behalf of the Sales Agent, any controlling person of the Sales Agent, or the Company (or any of their respective
officers, directors, members or controlling persons), (ii)&nbsp;delivery and acceptance of the Placement Shares and payment therefor or
(iii)&nbsp;any termination of this Agreement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">11.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Termination</U><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(a)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT>The Sales Agent may terminate this Agreement, as to itself, at any time prior to the Settlement Date by written notice to the Company
as hereinafter specified at any time (1) if there has been, since the time of execution of this Agreement, or since the date as of which
information is given in the Prospectus, any Material Adverse Effect, or any development that would have a Material Adverse Effect or,
in the judgment of the Sales Agent, is material and adverse and makes it impractical or inadvisable to market the Shares or to enforce
contracts for the sale of the Shares, (2) if there has occurred any material adverse change in the financial markets in the United States
or the international financial markets, any outbreak of hostilities or act of terrorism or escalation thereof or other calamity or crisis
or any change or development involving a prospective change in national or international political, financial or economic conditions,
in each case the effect of which is such as to make it, in the judgment of the Sales Agent, impracticable or inadvisable to market the
Shares or to enforce contracts for the sale of the Shares, (3) if trading in the Common Stock has been suspended or limited by the Commission
or the Exchange, or if trading generally on the Exchange has been suspended or limited, or minimum prices for trading have been fixed
on the Exchange, (4) if any suspension of trading of any securities of the Company on any exchange or in the over-the-counter market shall
have occurred and be continuing, (5) if a major disruption of securities settlements or clearance services in the United States shall
have occurred and be continuing, or (6)&nbsp;if a banking moratorium has been declared by either U.S. Federal or New York authorities.
Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except that the provisions of <U>Section&nbsp;7(g)</U>
(Expenses), <U>Section&nbsp;9</U> (Indemnification and Contribution), <U>Section&nbsp;10</U> (Representations and Agreements to Survive
Delivery), <U>Section&nbsp;11(f)</U>, <U>Section&nbsp;16</U> (Applicable Law; Consent to Jurisdiction) and <U>Section&nbsp;17</U> (Waiver
of Jury Trial) hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination. If the Sales Agent elects to terminate this
Agreement as provided in this <U>Section&nbsp;11(a)</U>, the Sales Agent shall provide the required notice as specified in <U>Section&nbsp;12</U>
(Notices).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(b)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT>The Company shall have the right, by giving three (3) days&rsquo; notice as hereinafter specified in <U>Section&nbsp;12</U>, to
terminate this Agreement in its sole discretion at any time after the date of this Agreement. Any such termination shall be without liability
of any party to any other party except that the provisions of <U>Section&nbsp;7(g)</U>, <U>Section&nbsp;9</U>, <U>Section&nbsp;10</U>,
<U>Section&nbsp;11(f)</U>, <U>Section&nbsp;16</U> and <U>Section&nbsp;17</U> hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding
such termination.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(c)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT>The Sales Agent shall have the right, by giving ten (10) days&rsquo; notice as hereinafter specified in <U>Section&nbsp;12</U>,
to terminate this Agreement in its sole discretion at any time after the date of this Agreement. Any such termination shall be without
liability of any party to any other party except that the provisions of <U>Section&nbsp;7(g)</U>, <U>Section&nbsp;9</U>, <U>Section&nbsp;10</U>,
<U>Section&nbsp;11(f)</U>, <U>Section&nbsp;16</U> and <U>Section&nbsp;17</U> hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding
such termination.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(d)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT>Unless earlier terminated pursuant to this <U>Section&nbsp;11</U>, this Agreement shall automatically terminate upon the issuance
and sale of all of the Placement Shares to or through the Sales Agent on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein; <I>provided</I>
that the provisions of <U>Section&nbsp;7(g)</U>, <U>Section&nbsp;9</U>, <U>Section&nbsp;10</U>, <U>Section&nbsp;11(f)</U>, <U>Section&nbsp;16</U>
and <U>Section&nbsp;17</U> hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(e)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT>This Agreement shall remain in full force and effect unless terminated pursuant to <U>Sections&nbsp;11(a)</U>, <U>(b)</U>, <U>(c)</U>
or <U>(d)</U> above or otherwise by mutual agreement of the parties; <I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>, that any such termination by mutual
agreement shall in all cases be deemed to provide that <U>Section&nbsp;7(g)</U>, <U>Section&nbsp;9</U>, <U>Section&nbsp;10</U>, <U>Section&nbsp;11(f)</U>,
<U>Section&nbsp;16</U> and <U>Section&nbsp;17</U> shall remain in full force and effect. Upon termination of this Agreement, the Company
shall not have any liability to the Agent for any discount, commission, or other compensation with respect to any Placement Shares not
otherwise sold by the Agent under this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(f)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&nbsp;
</FONT>Any termination of this Agreement shall be effective on the date specified in such notice of termination; <I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>,
that such termination shall not be effective until the close of business on the date of receipt of such notice by the Sales Agent or the
Company, as the case may be. If such termination shall occur prior to the Settlement Date for any sale of Placement Shares, such termination
shall not become effective until the close of business on such Settlement Date and such Placement Shares shall settle in accordance with
the provisions of this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">12.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Notices</U><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">. All notices or other communications required
or permitted to be given by any party to any other party pursuant to the terms of this Agreement shall be in writing, unless otherwise
specified, and if sent to the Sales Agent, shall be delivered to:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">Oppenheimer &amp; Co. Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">85 Broad Street, 26th Floor</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">New York, NY 10004<BR>
Attention: Peter Vogelsang, Office of General Counsel</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">Telephone: (212) 667-8195</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">Email: peter.vogelsang@opco.com<BR></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">with a copy (which shall not constitute notice)
to:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo, P.C.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">919 Third Avenue</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">New York, New York 10017<BR>
Attention: Ivan K. Blumenthal, Esq.<BR>
Email: IKBlumenthal@mintz.com</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">and if to the Company, shall be delivered to:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">Annovis Bio Inc.<BR>
101 Lindenwood Drive, Suite 225</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Malvern,
PA 19355<BR>
Attention: Maria Maccecchini, CEO<BR>
</FONT>Email: maccecchini@annovisbio.com</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">wi</FONT>th
a copy (which shall not constitute notice) to:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">Loeb &amp; Loeb LLP</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">345 Park Avenue</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">New York, NY 10154</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">Attention: Mitchell Nussbaum<BR>
Email: mnussbaum@loeb.com</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Each party may change such
address for notices by sending to the other party to this Agreement written notice of a new address for such purpose. Each such notice
or other communication shall be deemed given (i)&nbsp;when delivered personally or by verifiable facsimile transmission (with an original
to follow) on or before 4:30 p.m., New York City time, on a Business Day or, if such day is not a Business Day, on the next succeeding
Business Day, (ii)&nbsp;on the next Business Day after timely delivery to a nationally-recognized overnight courier and (iii)&nbsp;on
the Business Day actually received if deposited in the U.S. mail (certified or registered mail, return receipt requested, postage prepaid).
For purposes of this Agreement, &ldquo;<B><U>Business Day</U></B>&rdquo; shall mean any day on which the Exchange and commercial banks
in the City of New York are open for business.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">An electronic communication
(&ldquo;<B><U>Electronic Notice</U></B>&rdquo;) shall be deemed written notice for purposes of this <U>Section&nbsp;12</U> if sent to
the electronic mail address specified by the receiving party under separate cover. Electronic Notice shall be deemed received at the time
the party sending Electronic Notice receives confirmation of receipt by the receiving party (other than pursuant to auto-reply). Any party
receiving Electronic Notice may request and shall be entitled to receive the notice on paper, in a nonelectronic form (&ldquo;<B><U>Nonelectronic
Notice</U></B>&rdquo;) which shall be sent to the requesting party within ten (10) days of receipt of the written request for Nonelectronic
Notice.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">13.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Successors and Assigns</U><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">. This Agreement shall inure
to the benefit of and be binding upon the Company and the Sales Agent and their respective successors and permitted assigns and, as to
<U>Sections&nbsp;5(b)</U> and <U>9</U>, the other indemnified parties specified therein. References to any of the parties contained in
this Agreement shall be deemed to include the successors and permitted assigns of such party. Nothing in this Agreement, express or implied,
is intended to confer upon any other person any rights, remedies, obligations or liabilities under or by reason of this Agreement, except
as expressly provided in this Agreement. Any investigation that the Sales Agent makes into the business, assets, liabilities, results
of operations, financial condition, financial statements, or management and board of directors of the company shall be for the Sales Agent&rsquo;s
and its indemnified persons own information and benefit and not for the benefit of any other third party. Neither party may assign its
rights or obligations under this Agreement without the prior written consent of the other party; <I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>, that
the Sales Agent may assign its rights and obligations hereunder to an affiliate of the Sales Agent without obtaining the Company&rsquo;s
consent.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">14.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Adjustments for Share Splits</U><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">. The parties acknowledge
and agree that all share-related numbers contained in this Agreement shall be adjusted to take into account any share split, share dividend
or similar event effected with respect to the Common Stock.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">15.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Entire Agreement; Amendment; Severability</U><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">. This
Agreement (including all schedules and exhibits attached hereto and Placement Notices issued pursuant hereto) and any other writing entered
into by the parties relating to this Agreement constitutes the entire agreement and supersedes all other prior and contemporaneous agreements
and undertakings, both written and oral, among the parties hereto with regard to the subject matter hereof. Neither this Agreement nor
any term hereof may be amended except pursuant to a written instrument executed by the Company and the Sales Agent. In the event that
any one or more of the provisions contained herein, or the application thereof in any circumstance, is held invalid, illegal or unenforceable
as written by a court of competent jurisdiction, then such provision shall be given full force and effect to the fullest possible extent
that it is valid, legal and enforceable, and the remainder of the terms and provisions herein shall be construed as if such invalid, illegal
or unenforceable term or provision was not contained herein, but only to the extent that giving effect to such provision and the remainder
of the terms and provisions hereof shall be in accordance with the intent of the parties as reflected in this Agreement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">16.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Applicable Law; Consent to Jurisdiction</U><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">. This
Agreement shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the internal laws of the State of New York, without regard to the principles
of conflicts of laws. Each party hereby irrevocably submits to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the state and federal courts sitting
in the City of New York, Borough of Manhattan, for the adjudication of any dispute hereunder or in connection with any transaction contemplated
hereby, and hereby irrevocably waives, and agrees not to assert in any suit, action or proceeding, any claim that it is not personally
subject to the jurisdiction of any such court, that such suit, action or proceeding is brought in an inconvenient forum or that the venue
of such suit, action or proceeding is improper. Each party hereby irrevocably waives personal service of process and consents to process
being served in any such suit, action or proceeding by mailing a copy thereof (certified or registered mail, return receipt requested)
to such party at the address in effect for notices to it under this Agreement and agrees that such service shall constitute good and sufficient
service of process and notice thereof. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to limit in any way any right to serve process in any
manner permitted by law.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">17.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Waiver of Jury Trial</U><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">. The Company and the Sales
Agent each hereby irrevocably waives any right it may have to a trial by jury in respect of any claim based upon or arising out of this
Agreement or any transaction contemplated hereby.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">18.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Absence of Fiduciary Relationship</U><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">. The Company
acknowledges and agrees that:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(a)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT>the Sales Agent is acting solely as agent in connection with the sale of the Placement Shares contemplated by this Agreement and
the process leading to such transactions, and no fiduciary or advisory relationship between the Company or any of its respective affiliates,
stockholders (or other equity holders), creditors or employees or any other party, on the one hand, and the Sales Agent, on the other
hand, has been or will be created in respect of any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, irrespective of whether the Sales
Agent has advised or is advising the Company on other matters, and the Sales Agent has no obligation to the Company with respect to the
transactions contemplated by this Agreement, except the obligations expressly set forth in this Agreement;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(b)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT>the Company is capable of evaluating and understanding and understands and accepts the terms, risks and conditions of the transactions
contemplated by this Agreement;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(c)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT>the Sales Agent has not provided any legal, accounting, regulatory or tax advice with respect to the transactions contemplated
by this Agreement, and the Company has consulted its own legal, accounting, regulatory and tax advisors to the extent it has deemed appropriate;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(d)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT>the Company has been advised and is aware that the Sales Agent and its affiliates are engaged in a broad range of transactions
which may involve interests that differ from those of the Company and that the Sales Agent has no obligation to disclose such interests
and transactions to the Company by virtue of any fiduciary, advisory or agency relationship; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(e)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT>the Company waives, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any claims it may have against the Sales Agent, for breach of fiduciary
duty or alleged breach of fiduciary duty and agrees that the Sales Agent shall have no liability (whether direct or indirect, in contract,
tort or otherwise) to the Company in respect of such a fiduciary claim or to any person asserting a fiduciary duty claim on behalf of
or in right of the Company, including stockholders, partners, employees or creditors of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">19.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Use of Information</U><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">. The Sales Agent may not provide
any information gained in connection with this Agreement and the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, including due diligence,
to any third party other than its legal counsel advising it on this Agreement unless expressly approved by the Company in writing.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">20.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Counterparts</U><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">. This Agreement may be executed in
two or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument.
Delivery of an executed Agreement by one party to the other may be made by facsimile or electronic transmission. Counterparts may be delivered
via facsimile, electronic mail (including any electronic signature covered by the U.S. federal ESIGN Act of 2000, Uniform Electronic Transactions
Act, the Electronic Signatures and Records Act or other applicable law, e.g.,www.docusign.com) or other transmission method and any counterpart
so delivered shall be deemed to have been duly and validly delivered and be valid and effective for all purposes.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">21.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Effect of Headings; Knowledge of the Company</U><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">.
The section and Exhibit headings herein are for convenience only and shall not affect the construction hereof. All references in this
Agreement to the &ldquo;knowledge of the Company&rdquo; or the &ldquo;Company&rsquo;s knowledge&rdquo; or similar qualifiers shall mean
the actual knowledge of the directors and officers of the Company, after due inquiry.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">22.&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT><U>Definitions</U><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">. As used in this Agreement, the following
term has the meaning set forth below:</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(a)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;
</FONT>&ldquo;<B><I><U>Applicable Tim</U></I></B><I><U>e</U></I>&rdquo; means the date of this Agreement, each Representation Date, each
date on which a Placement Notice is given, each Point of Sale, and each Settlement Date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>[Remainder of Page Intentionally Blank]</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If the foregoing correctly
sets forth the understanding between the Company and the Sales Agent, please so indicate in the space provided below for that purpose,
whereupon this letter shall constitute a binding agreement between the Company and the Sales Agent.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Very truly yours,</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">ANNOVIS BIO INC.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">/s/ Maria Maccecchini</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Name:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Maria Maccecchini</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 5%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Title:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 42%">President and Chief Executive Offier</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">ACCEPTED as of the date first-above
    written:</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">OPPENHEIMER &amp; CO. INC.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">/s/ Michael Margolis</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Name:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Michael Margolis, R. Ph</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Title:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Head of Healthcare Investment Banking</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>



<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: right; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><U>SCHEDULE 1</U></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center"><B><U>FORM OF PLACEMENT
NOTICE</U></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 1in">From:</TD><TD>Annovis Bio Inc.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 1in">To:</TD><TD>Oppenheimer &amp; Co. Inc.<BR>
Attention:</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 1in">Subject:</TD><TD>At-The-Market Offering&mdash;Placement Notice</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Gentlemen:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions
contained in the Equity Distribution Agreement between Annovis Bio Inc., a Delaware corporation (the &ldquo;<U>Company</U>&rdquo;), and
Oppenheimer &amp; Co. Inc. (the &ldquo;<U>Sales Agent</U>&rdquo;) dated [___________], 2024 (the &ldquo;<U>Agreement</U>&rdquo;), I hereby
request on behalf of the Company that the Sales Agent sell up to [___] shares of the Company&rsquo;s common stock, par value $0.0001 per
share, at a minimum market price of $[_______] per share, during the period beginning [MONTH/DAY/TIME] and ending [MONTH/DAY/TIME].</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B><U>SCHEDULE 2</U></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><U>Notice Parties</U></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><U>Annovis Bio Inc.</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">Maria Maccecchini</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">Andrew Walsh</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><U>Oppenheimer &amp; Co. Inc.</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">Email: DL-EquityATMOffering@opco.com</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">With a copy to: IKBlumenthal@mintz.com</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: right; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in"><B><U>SCHEDULE 3</U></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><U>Compensation</U></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Sales Agent shall be paid compensation equal
to 3.0% of the gross proceeds from the sales of Placement Shares pursuant to the terms of this Agreement and shall be reimbursed for certain
expenses in accordance with Section 7(g) of this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The foregoing rate of compensation shall not apply
when the Sales Agent acts as principal, in which case the Company may sell the Placement Shares to the Sales Agent as principal at a price
agreed upon at the relevant Point of Sale pursuant to the applicable Placement Notice.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B><U>SCHEDULE 4</U></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><U>Information Provided By Sales Agent</U></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The parties acknowledge and
agree that, for purposes of Sections 6(b) and 9 of this Agreement, there is no information provided by the Sales Agent.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The information in this Schedule
shall be updated from time to time in connection with the filing of a new Prospectus or otherwise as necessary.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>




<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><U>OFFICER CERTIFICATE</U></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>The
undersigned, the duly qualified and appointed _____________________ of </I></FONT><I><B>Annovis Bio Inc.</B>, a Delaware corporation (the
 &ldquo;<B><U>Company</U></B>&rdquo;), does hereby certify in such capacity and on behalf of the Company, pursuant to <U>Section&nbsp;7(m)</U>
of the Equity Distribution Agreement, dated [_________________], 2024 (the &ldquo;<B><U>Equity Distribution Agreement</U></B>&rdquo;),
between the Company and Oppenheimer &amp; Co. Inc., that:</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in">(i)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the representations and warranties of the Company in <U>Section&nbsp;6</U> of the Equity Distribution
Agreement (A)&nbsp;to the extent such representations and warranties are subject to qualifications and exceptions contained therein relating
to materiality or Material Adverse Change, are true and correct on and as of the date hereof with the same force and effect as if expressly
made on and as of the date hereof, except for those representations and warranties that speak solely as of a specific date and which were
true and correct as of such date, and (B)&nbsp;to the extent such representations and warranties are not subject to any qualifications
or exceptions, are true and correct in all material respects as of the date hereof as if made on and as of the date hereof with the same
force and effect as if expressly made on and as of the date hereof except for those representations and warranties that speak solely as
of a specific date and which were true and correct as of such date; and;</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in">(ii)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the Company has complied with all agreements and satisfied all conditions on its part to be performed
or satisfied pursuant to the Equity Distribution Agreement at or prior to the date hereof;</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in">(iii)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">as of the date hereof, (i)&nbsp;the Registration Statement does not contain any untrue statement of a
material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein not
misleading, (ii)&nbsp;the Prospectus does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required
to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not
misleading and (iii)&nbsp;no event has occurred as a result of which it is necessary to amend or supplement the Registration Statement
or the Prospectus in order to make the statements therein not untrue or misleading for clauses&nbsp;(i) and (ii) above, respectively,
to be true and correct;</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in">(iv)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">there has been no Material Adverse Change since the date as of which information is given in the Prospectus,
as amended or supplemented;</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in">(v)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the Company does not possess any material non-public information; and</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in">(vi)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the aggregate offering price of the Placement Shares that may be issued and sold pursuant to the Equity
Distribution Agreement and the maximum number or amount of Placement Shares that may be sold pursuant to the Equity Distribution Agreement
have been duly authorized by the Company&rsquo;s board of directors or a duly authorized committee thereof.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Terms used herein and not defined herein have
the meanings ascribed to them in the Equity Distribution Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
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    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 47%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Title:</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Date:<U>&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&nbsp;</U></FONT></TD>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-5.1
<SEQUENCE>3
<FILENAME>tm2430444d2_ex5-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 5.1
<TEXT>
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<P STYLE="text-align: right; margin: 0"><B>Exhibit 5.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; width: 28%"><P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>
                                                                  <P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>
                                                                  <P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">345 Park Avenue<BR>
New York, NY 10154-1895</P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; width: 26%; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top"><B><BR>
<BR>
<BR>
<BR>
Main</B>&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;212.407.4000<BR> <B>Fax</B>&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;212.407.4990<BR> www.loeb.com</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">December 11, 2024</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Annovis Bio, Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">101 Lindenwood Drive,&nbsp;Suite 225<BR>
Malvern,&nbsp;PA&nbsp;19355</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Re: Sale of Common Stock registered pursuant to Shelf Registration
Statement on Form&nbsp;S-3</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Ladies and Gentlemen:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have acted as counsel to
Annovis Bio, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the &ldquo;<B>Company</B>&rdquo;), in connection with (i)&nbsp;the offer and sale by the Company
of up to an aggregate of $50,000,000&nbsp;of shares of its common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the &ldquo;<B>Shares</B>&rdquo;),
pursuant to an Equity Distribution Agreement (the &ldquo;<B>Distribution Agreement</B>&rdquo;), dated December 11, 2024, by and between
the Company and Oppenheimer&nbsp;&amp; Co.&nbsp;Inc., as sales agent. The Shares are being offered for sale pursuant to the Company&rsquo;s
registration statement on Form&nbsp;S-3, as amended (File No.&nbsp;333-276814) (the &ldquo;<B>Registration Statement</B>&rdquo;), filed
with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the &ldquo;<B>Commission</B>&rdquo;) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the
 &ldquo;<B>Securities Act</B>&rdquo;) and the rules&nbsp;and regulations promulgated thereunder, the prospectus, dated February 12, 2024
(the &ldquo;<B>Base Prospectus</B>&rdquo;) and the prospectus supplement, dated December 11, 2024 filed pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424(b)(5)&nbsp;under
the Securities Act, (the &ldquo;<B>Prospectus Supplement</B>&rdquo; and, together with the Base Prospectus, the &ldquo;<B>Prospectus&rdquo;</B>).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We understand the Shares are
to be issued by the Company and sold by Oppenheimer&nbsp;&amp; Co.&nbsp;Inc. pursuant to the Distribution Agreement, as described in
the Prospectus Supplement, and the form of which is being filed with the Commission as Exhibit&nbsp;1.1 to the Company&rsquo;s Current
Report on Form&nbsp;8-K, filed on the date hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;In connection with the
opinions set forth below, we have examined the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and the Distribution Agreement. We have also examined
originals or copies, certified or otherwise identified to our satisfaction, of the Company&rsquo;s amended and restated certificate of
incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, and such corporate records of the Company and other certificates and documents of officials
of the Company, public officials and others as we have deemed appropriate for purposes of this letter. We have assumed the genuineness
of all signatures, the authenticity of all documents submitted to us as originals, and the conformity to authentic original documents
of all copies submitted to us as conformed and certified or reproduced copies.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Based upon the foregoing and
subject to the limitations, qualifications and assumptions set forth herein, we are of the opinion that the Shares have been duly authorized
for issuance, and when issued and paid for in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Distribution Agreement, the Shares will
be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In rendering the foregoing
opinion, we have assumed that: (i) the Company will issue and deliver the Shares in the manner contemplated by the Distribution Agreement,
the Registration Statement and the Prospectus; and (ii) the Shares will be issued in compliance with applicable federal and state securities
laws.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The opinions we express above
are based upon a review only of those laws, statutes, rules, ordinances and regulations which, in our experience, a securities lawyer
who is a member of the bar of the State of New York and practicing before the Commission exercising customary professional diligence would
reasonably recognize as being applicable to the foregoing transactions. We express no opinion herein as to the law of any state or jurisdiction
other than the laws of the State of New York and the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We
hereby consent to the filing of this opinion as Exhibit&nbsp;5.1 to the Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed by the Company on the date
hereof and which is incorporated by reference into the Prospectus and to the references to this firm under the caption &ldquo;<I>Legal
Matters</I>&rdquo; in the Prospectus Supplement. In giving these consents, we do not admit that we are &ldquo;experts&rdquo; within the
meaning of Section&nbsp;11 of the Securities Act or within the category of persons whose consent is required by Section&nbsp;7 of the
Securities Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="width: 80%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; width: 20%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Very truly yours,</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Loeb &amp; Loeb LLP</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Loeb &amp; Loeb LLP</FONT></TD></TR>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.SCH
<SEQUENCE>4
<FILENAME>anvs-20241211.xsd
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION SCHEMA
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="US-ASCII" ?>
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    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: VendorURI; Value: https://www.novaworks.com -->
    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: Status; Value: 0x00000000 -->
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<schema xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:xbrli="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" xmlns:xbrldt="http://xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt" xmlns:xbrldi="http://xbrl.org/2006/xbrldi" xmlns:dei="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023" xmlns:us-gaap="http://fasb.org/us-gaap/2023" xmlns:srt="http://fasb.org/srt/2023" xmlns:srt-types="http://fasb.org/srt-types/2023" xmlns:ANVS="http://annovisbio.com/20241211" elementFormDefault="qualified" targetNamespace="http://annovisbio.com/20241211">
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          <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
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    <import namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd" />
    <import namespace="http://fasb.org/us-gaap/2023" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2023/elts/us-gaap-2023.xsd" />
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.LAB
<SEQUENCE>5
<FILENAME>anvs-20241211_lab.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION LABEL LINKBASE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:to="dei_LocalPhoneNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_Extension_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Extension</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:to="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Written Communications</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Soliciting Material</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">No Trading Symbol Flag</link:label>
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      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:to="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Trading Symbol</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Security Exchange Name</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_Security12gTitle_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Title of 12(g) Security</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SecurityReportingObligation_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Security Reporting Obligation</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_AuditedAnnualFinancialStatements_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Audited Annual Financial Statements</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Voluntary Filers</link:label>
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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>6
<FILENAME>anvs-20241211_pre.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION PRESENTATION LINKBASE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.24.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm45520050346272">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Cover<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 11, 2024</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Cover [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Dec. 11,  2024<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">001-39202<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">ANNOVIS BIO, INC.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0001477845<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">26-2540421<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">DE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">101
Lindenwood Drive<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2', window );">Entity Address, Address Line Two</a></td>
<td class="text">Suite 225<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Malvern<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">PA<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">19355<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">484<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">875-3192<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Common Stock, par value $0.0001<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">ANVS<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NYSE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">true<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod', window );">Elected Not To Use the Extended Transition Period</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period.  The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 2 such as Street or Suite number</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<tr>
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<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if an emerging growth company has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 7A<br> -Section B<br> -Subsection 2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_Security12bTitle">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_Security12bTitle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:securityTitleItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SecurityExchangeName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarExchangeCodeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Section 14a<br> -Number 240<br> -Subsection 12<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SolicitingMaterial</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_TradingSymbol">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_TradingSymbol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:tradingSymbolItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_WrittenCommunications">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 425<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_WrittenCommunications</td>
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<tr>
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<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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