<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001683168-24-002622.txt : 20240424
<SEC-HEADER>0001683168-24-002622.hdr.sgml : 20240424
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20240423181155
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001683168-24-002622
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		17
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20240419
ITEM INFORMATION:		Other Events
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20240424
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20240423

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			Kartoon Studios, Inc.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001355848
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	SERVICES-MOTION PICTURE & VIDEO TAPE PRODUCTION [7812]
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	07 Trade & Services
		IRS NUMBER:				204118216
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			NV
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-37950
		FILM NUMBER:		24866233

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		190 N. CANON
		STREET 2:		4TH FLOOR
		CITY:			BEVERLY HILLS
		STATE:			CA
		ZIP:			90210
		BUSINESS PHONE:		310-273-4222

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		190 N. CANON
		STREET 2:		4TH FLOOR
		CITY:			BEVERLY HILLS
		STATE:			CA
		ZIP:			90210

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	Genius Brands International, Inc.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20111109

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	PACIFIC ENTERTAINMENT CORP
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20060310
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>UNITED STATES</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>WASHINGTON, DC 20549</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>&#160;</b></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>CURRENT REPORT</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>&#160;</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>&#160;</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"> Date of Report (Date of earliest event
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">(Address of principal executive
offices) (Zip Code)</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&#160;</p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">Registrant&#8217;s telephone number, including area code</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended
to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions (see General Instruction A.2 below):</p>

<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0"/><td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_90F_edei--WrittenCommunications_c20240419__20240419_zJbGfH4V8Ku7"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2024-04-19" format="ixt:booleanfalse" id="Fact000021" name="dei:WrittenCommunications">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></td><td>Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)</td></tr></table>

<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0"/><td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_90F_edei--SolicitingMaterial_c20240419__20240419_zKurR8BDblb9"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2024-04-19" format="ixt:booleanfalse" id="Fact000022" name="dei:SolicitingMaterial">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></td><td>Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)</td></tr></table>

<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0"/><td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_90D_edei--PreCommencementTenderOffer_c20240419__20240419_z0ZUG57gOJfi"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2024-04-19" format="ixt:booleanfalse" id="Fact000023" name="dei:PreCommencementTenderOffer">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></td><td>Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))</td></tr></table>

<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0"/><td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_90A_edei--PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_c20240419__20240419_znUg3jPx3AX2"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2024-04-19" format="ixt:booleanfalse" id="Fact000024" name="dei:PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></td><td>Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

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    <td style="width: 20%; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Trading Symbol(s)</span></td>
    <td style="width: 40%; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Name of each exchange on which registered</span></td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth
company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (&#167;230.405 of this chapter) or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934 (&#167;240.12b-2 of this chapter).</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Emerging growth company <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_901_edei--EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_c20240419__20240419_zZTVaETfSvk6"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2024-04-19" format="ixt:booleanfalse" id="Fact000028" name="dei:EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant
has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant
to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9744;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

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<td style="width: 10%; text-align: left"><b>ITEM 8.01</b></td><td style="text-align: justify; width: 90%"><b>OTHER EVENTS</b></td>
</tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">On April 23, 2024, Kartoon Studios, Inc. (the
&#8220;Company&#8221;) announced the initial closing of its registered direct offering of up to $7,000,000 (the &#8220;Offering&#8221;).
In the initial closing on April 23, 2024, the Company sold 3,900,000 shares of its common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the &#8220;Common
Stock&#8221;), and pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 100,000 shares of Common Stock (the &#8220;Pre-funded Warrants&#8221;) to an
institutional investor (the "Investor"), at $1.00 per share of Common Stock and $0.99 per Pre-funded Warrant, for aggregate
gross proceeds of approximately $4,000,000, prior to deducing placement agent fees and other offering expenses, pursuant to a securities
purchase agreement, dated April 18, 2024 (the &#8220;SPA&#8221;). Pursuant to the terms of the SPA, the Investor has the sole option to
purchase up to an additional 3,000,000 shares of Common Stock and/or Pre-funded Warrants as part of the Offering, at $1.00 per share of
Common Stock and $0.99 per Pre-Funded Warrant, in up to three subsequent closings during the&#160;180-day period following the date of
the SPA in which each subsequent closing is equal to no less than $1,000,000, whereby&#160;the Company would receive additional aggregate
gross proceeds of up to $3,000,000 (together with the gross proceeds from the initial closing, up to a total of $7,000,000), prior to
deducting placement agent fees and other offering expenses. The total expenses of the Offering, including registration, filing and listing
fees, the placement agent&#8217;s accountable expense, printing fees and legal and accounting expenses, but excluding placement agent
fees, are approximately $670,000.00, all of which are payable by the Company.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">A copy of the press release announcing the initial closing of the Offering
is attached hereto as Exhibit 99.1 along with a copy of the press release announcing the pricing as Exhibit 99.2, as issued on April 18,
2024.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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    <td style="width: 10%; font-size: 10pt"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>ITEM 9.01</b></span></td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></p>

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    <td style="border-bottom: black 1pt solid"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Description</b></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>10.1*</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><a href="toon_ex1001.htm">Securities Purchase Agreement, dated April 18, 2024, by and between
    Kartoon Studios, Inc. and each purchaser identified therein</a></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">99.1</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><a href="toon_ex9901.htm">Press Release of Kartoon Studios, Inc., dated April 23, 2024</a></span></td></tr>
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    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>99.2</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><a href="toon_ex9902.htm">Press Release of Kartoon Studios, Inc., dated April 18, 2024</a></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">104</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">The cover page from this Current Report on Form 8-K, formatted in Inline XBRL</span></td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">*&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Exhibit is being refiled
hereto due to a formatting error made in the version as filed in the Form 8-K on April 19, 2024.</p>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b></b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Forward Looking Statements</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>&#160;</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">This Current Report on Form 8-K contains certain
statements which constitute "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the federal securities laws. Words such as "may,"
"might," "will," "should," "believe," "expect," "anticipate," "estimate,"
"continue," "predict," "forecast," "project," "plan," "intend" or similar
expressions, or statements regarding intent, belief, or current expectations, are forward-looking statements. While the Company believes
these forward-looking statements are reasonable, undue reliance should not be placed on any such forward-looking statements, which are
based on information available to us on the date of this release. These forward looking statements are based upon current estimates and
assumptions and are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including without limitation, our ability to generate revenue or achieve
profitability; our ability to obtain additional financing on acceptable terms, if at all; the potential issuance of a significant number
of shares, which will dilute our equity holders; fluctuations in the results of our operations from period to period; general economic
and financial conditions; our ability to anticipate changes in popular culture, media and movies, fashion and technology; competitive
pressure from other distributors of content and within the retail market; our reliance on and relationships with third-party production
and animation studios; our ability to market and advertise our products; our reliance on third-parties to promote our products; our ability
to keep pace with technological advances; our ability to protect our intellectual property and those other risk factors set forth in the
&#8220;Risk Factors&#8221; section of the Company&#8217;s most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and in the Company's subsequent filings
with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Thus, actual results could be materially different. The Company expressly disclaims any obligation
to update or alter statements whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>SIGNATURES</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>&#160;</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934,
the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.</p>

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    <td colspan="2">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; width: 50%"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Date:  April 23, 2024</span></td>
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    <td style="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; vertical-align: top; width: 45%"><span style="font-size: 10pt">/s/ Andy Heyward</span></td></tr>
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    <td colspan="2"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Name:&#160;&#160;Andy Heyward</span></td></tr>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-10.1
<SEQUENCE>2
<FILENAME>toon_ex1001.htm
<DESCRIPTION>SECURITIES PURCHASE AGREEMENT
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
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<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="margin: 0"><B>Exhibit 10.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.5in"><B>SECURITIES
PURCHASE AGREEMENT</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This Securities Purchase Agreement
(this &ldquo;<U>Agreement</U>&rdquo;) is dated as of April 18, 2024, between Kartoon Studios, Inc., a Nevada corporation (the &ldquo;<U>Company</U>&rdquo;),
and each purchaser identified on the signature pages hereto (each, including its successors and assigns, a &ldquo;<U>Purchaser</U>&rdquo;
and collectively the &ldquo;<U>Purchasers</U>&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">WHEREAS, subject to the terms
and conditions set forth in this Agreement and pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended
(the &ldquo;<U>Securities Act</U>&rdquo;) as to the Shares, the Pre-Funded Warrants, and the Pre-Funded Warrant Shares (each term as defined
below), the Company desires to issue and sell to each Purchaser, and each Purchaser, severally and not jointly, desires to purchase from
the Company, securities of the Company as more fully described in this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">NOW, THEREFORE, IN CONSIDERATION
of the mutual covenants contained in this Agreement, and for other good and valuable consideration the receipt and adequacy of which are
hereby acknowledged, the Company and each Purchaser agree as follows:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in"><B>ARTICLE I.</B><BR>
DEFINITIONS</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">1.1</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT> <U>Definitions</U>. In addition to the terms defined elsewhere in this Agreement, for all purposes of this Agreement, the following
terms have the meanings set forth in this Section 1.1:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&ldquo;<U>Acquiring Person</U>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 4.2.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Action</U>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(j).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Affiliate</U>&rdquo;
means any Person that, directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls or is controlled by or is under common control
with a Person as such terms are used in and construed under Rule 405 under the Securities Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;Base <U>Prospectus</U>&rdquo;
means the base prospectus, dated January 5, 2024 in the form in which was filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) on January
5, 2024, in connection with the Registration Statement. Any reference herein to the Base Prospectus shall be deemed to refer to and include
the documents incorporated by reference therein pursuant to Item 12 of Form S-3 under the Securities Act as of the date of such prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Board
of Directors</U>&rdquo; means the board of directors of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Business
Day</U>&rdquo; means any day other than Saturday, Sunday or other day on which commercial banks in The City of New York are authorized
or required by law to remain closed; <U>provided</U>, <U>however</U>, for clarification, commercial banks shall not be deemed to be authorized
or required by law to remain closed due to &ldquo;stay at home&rdquo;, &ldquo;shelter-in-place&rdquo;, &ldquo;non-essential employee&rdquo;&nbsp;
or any other similar orders or restrictions or the closure of any physical branch locations at the direction of any governmental authority
so long as the electronic funds transfer systems (including for wire transfers) of commercial banks in The City of New York generally
are open for use by customers on such day.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Closing</U>&rdquo;
means a closing of the purchase and sale of the Securities pursuant to Section 2.1(a).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Closing
Date</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 2.1(a).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Commission</U>&rdquo;
means the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Common
Stock</U>&rdquo; means the common stock of the Company, par value $0.001 per share, and any other class of securities into which such
securities may hereafter be reclassified or changed.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Common
Stock Equivalents</U>&rdquo; means any securities of the Company or the Subsidiaries which would entitle the holder thereof to acquire
at any time Common Stock, including, without limitation, any debt, preferred stock, right, option, warrant or other instrument that is
at any time convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for, or otherwise entitles the holder thereof to receive, shares of Common
Stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Company
Counsel</U>&rdquo; means Reed Smith LLP, with offices located at 599 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10022.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Disclosure
Schedules</U>&rdquo; means the Disclosure Schedules of the Company delivered concurrently herewith.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Evaluation
Date</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(s).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Exchange
Act</U>&rdquo; means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>FCPA</U>&rdquo;
means the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>GAAP</U>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(h).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Intellectual
Property Rights</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(p).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Liens</U>&rdquo;
means a lien, charge, pledge, security interest, encumbrance, right of first refusal, preemptive right or other restriction.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Lock-Up
Agreements</U>&rdquo; means the Lock-Up Agreements, dated as of the date hereof, by and among the Company and directors and officers of
the Company, in the form of <U>Exhibit B</U> attached hereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Loeb&rdquo;</U>
means Loeb &amp; Loeb LLP, with offices located at 345 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10154.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Material
Adverse Effect</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section 3.1(b).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Material
Permits</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(n).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Per Share
Purchase Price</U>&rdquo; equals $1.00, subject to adjustment for reverse and forward stock splits, stock dividends, stock combinations
and other similar transactions of the Common Stock that occur after the date of this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Person</U>&rdquo;
means an individual or corporation, partnership, trust, incorporated or unincorporated association, joint venture, limited liability company,
joint stock company, government (or an agency or subdivision thereof) or other entity of any kind.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Placement
Agent</U>&rdquo; means EF Hutton LLC.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Placement
Agency Agreement</U>&rdquo; means the Placement Agency Agreement by and between the Company and the Placement Agent dated the date hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Pre-Funded
Warrants</U>&rdquo; means, collectively, the Pre-Funded Common Stock purchase warrants delivered to the Purchasers at the Closing in accordance
with Section 2.2(a) hereof, which Pre-Funded Warrants shall be issued pursuant to the Registration Statement, exercisable immediately
and shall expire when exercised in full, the form of <U>Exhibit B</U> attached hereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Pre-Funded Warrant Shares</U>&rdquo;
means the shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Proceeding</U>&rdquo;
means an action, claim, suit, investigation or proceeding (including, without limitation, an informal investigation or partial proceeding,
such as a deposition), whether commenced or threatened.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Prospectus
Supplement</U>&rdquo; means the final prospectus, including the Base Prospectus as so supplemented, complying with Rule 424(b) of the
Securities Act that is filed with the Commission and delivered by the Company to each Purchaser at the Closing. Any reference herein to
the Prospectus Supplement shall be deemed to refer to and include the documents incorporated by reference therein pursuant to Item 12
of Form S-3 under the Securities Act as of the date of such prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Purchaser
Party</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 4.8.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Registration
Statement</U>&rdquo; means the registration statement on Form S-3 (file No. 333-276259), on file with, and declared effective on January
5, 2024 by, the Commission, including any related prospectus or prospectuses, for the registration of the Shares, the Pre-Funded Warrants
and the Pre-Funded Warrant Shares under the Securities Act, at any given time, including any amendments thereto to such time, exhibits
and schedules thereto at such time, documents filed as a part thereof or incorporated pursuant to Item 12 of Form S-3 under the Securities
Act at such time and the documents and information otherwise deemed to be a part thereof or included therein pursuant to Rule 430B of
the Securities Act Regulations or otherwise pursuant to the Securities Act Regulations at such time. If the Company files any registration
statement pursuant to Rule 462(b) of the Securities Act Regulations, then after such filing, the term &ldquo;<U>Registration Statement</U>&rdquo;
shall include such registration statement filed pursuant to Rule 462(b).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Required
Approvals</U>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(e).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Rule 144</U>&rdquo;
means Rule 144 promulgated by the Commission pursuant to the Securities Act, as such Rule may be amended or interpreted from time to time,
or any similar rule or regulation hereafter adopted by the Commission having substantially the same purpose and effect as such Rule.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Rule 424</U>&rdquo;
means Rule 424 promulgated by the Commission pursuant to the Securities Act, as such Rule may be amended or interpreted from time to time,
or any similar rule or regulation hereafter adopted by the Commission having substantially the same purpose and effect as such Rule.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>SEC Reports</U>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section 3.1(h).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Securities</U>&rdquo;
means, collectively, the Shares, the Pre-Funded Warrants, and the Pre-Funded Warrant Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Securities
Act</U>&rdquo; means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Shares</U>&rdquo;
means the shares of Common Stock issued or issuable to each Purchaser pursuant to this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Short
Sales</U>&rdquo; means all &ldquo;short sales&rdquo; as defined in Rule 200 of Regulation SHO under the Exchange Act (but shall not be
deemed to include locating and/or borrowing shares of Common Stock).&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Subscription
Amount</U>&rdquo; means, as to each Purchaser, the aggregate amount to be paid for Shares and Pre-Funded Warrants purchased hereunder
as specified below such Purchaser&rsquo;s name on the signature page of this Agreement and next to the heading &ldquo;Subscription Amount,&rdquo;
in United States dollars and in immediately available funds.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Subsidiary</U>&rdquo;
means the material subsidiary of the Company as disclosed or described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus Supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Trading
Day</U>&rdquo; means a day on which the principal Trading Market is open for trading.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Trading
Market</U>&rdquo; means any of the following markets or exchanges on which the Common Stock is listed or quoted for trading on the date
in question: the NYSE American, the Nasdaq Capital Market, the Nasdaq Global Market, the Nasdaq Global Select Market, the New York Stock
Exchange, OTCQB or OTCQX (or any successors to any of the foregoing).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Transaction
Documents</U>&rdquo; means this Agreement, the Pre-Funded Warrants the Lock-Up Agreement, and the Placement Agency Agreement, all exhibits
and schedules thereto and hereto and any other documents or agreements executed in connection with the transactions contemplated hereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Transfer
Agent</U>&rdquo; means VStock Transfer, LLC, the current transfer agent of the Company, with a mailing address of 18 Lafayette Place,
Woodmere, New York 11598, and any successor transfer agent of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in"><B>ARTICLE II.</B><BR>
PURCHASE AND SALE</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">2.1</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Closings</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(a)</FONT>Upon
the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein, the Company agrees to sell, and the Purchasers, severally and not jointly, agree
to purchase <FONT STYLE="color: windowtext">an aggregate of $4,000,000 of Shares on the Initial Closing Date (as defined below) and an
aggregate of up to $3,000,000 of Shares on one or more Subsequent Closing Dates (as defined below); <U>provided, however</U>, that, to
the extent a Purchaser determines, in its sole discretion, that such Purchaser (together with such Purchaser&rsquo;s Affiliates) would
beneficially own in excess of the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, or as such Purchaser may otherwise choose, in lieu of purchasing Shares
such Purchaser may elect to purchase Pre-Funded Warrants in lieu of Shares in such manner to result in the same aggregate purchase price
being paid by such Purchaser to the Company. The &ldquo;<U>Beneficial Ownership Limitation</U>&rdquo; shall be 4.99% (or, at the election
of the Purchaser at the Closing, 9.99%) of the number of shares of the Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the
issuance of the Securities on the Closing Date. The initial closing (the &ldquo;<U>Initial Closing</U>&rdquo;) of the purchase and sale
of the Shares (or Pre-Funded Warrant) shall take place within two Business Days of the date hereof at such time that is mutually agreed
upon by the Company and the Purchasers (the &ldquo;<U>Initial Closing Date</U>&rdquo;). Subsequent closings (each, a &ldquo;<U>Subsequent
Closing</U>&rdquo; and, together with the Initial Closing, the &ldquo;<U>Closing</U>&rdquo;) of the purchase and sale of the Shares (or
Pre-Funded Warrant) may take place at the sole option of the Purchasers no later than one hundred and eighty (180) days following the
date hereof at such time that is mutually agreed upon by the Company and the Purchasers (each, a &ldquo;<U>Subsequent Closing Date</U>&rdquo;
and, together with the Initial Closing Date, the &ldquo;<U>Closing Date</U>&rdquo;), provided that the aggregate purchase price funded
by the Purchasers at each Subsequent Closing is equal to at least $1,000,000. </FONT>Each Purchaser&rsquo;s Subscription Amount as set
forth on the signature page hereto executed by such Purchaser shall be made available for &ldquo;Delivery Versus Payment&rdquo; (&ldquo;<U>DVP</U>&rdquo;)
settlement with the Company or its designee. The Company shall deliver to each Purchaser its respective Shares <FONT STYLE="color: windowtext">(or
Pre-Funded Warrants) as determined pursuant to Section 2.2(a)</FONT>, and the Company and each Purchaser shall deliver the other items
set forth in Section 2.2 deliverable at the applicable Closing.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(b)</FONT>Upon
satisfaction of the covenants and conditions set forth in Sections 2.2 and 2.3, the Closing shall occur at the offices of Loeb or such
other location as the parties shall mutually agree. Unless otherwise directed by the Placement Agent, settlement of the Shares shall occur
via DVP (i.e., on the Closing Date, the Company shall issue the Shares registered in the Purchasers&rsquo; names and addresses and released
by the Transfer Agent directly to the account(s) at the Placement Agent identified by each Purchaser; upon receipt of such Shares, the
Placement Agent shall promptly electronically deliver such Shares to the applicable Purchaser, and payment therefor shall be made by the
Placement Agent (or its clearing firm) by wire transfer to the Company). <FONT STYLE="color: windowtext">Notwithstanding the foregoing,
with respect to any Notice(s) of Exercise (as defined in the Pre-Funded Warrants) delivered on or prior to 4:00 p.m. (New York City time)
on the Trading Day prior to the Closing Date, which may be delivered at any time after the time of execution of this Agreement, the Company
agrees to deliver the applicable Pre-Funded Warrant Shares subject to such notice(s) by 4:00 p.m. (New York City time) on the Closing
Date and the Closing Date shall be the Warrant Share Delivery Date (as defined in the Pre-Funded Warrants) for purposes hereunder. </FONT>Notwithstanding
anything to the contrary herein and a Purchaser&rsquo;s Subscription Amount set forth on the signature pages attached hereto, the number
of Shares purchased by a Purchaser (and its Affiliates) hereunder shall not, when aggregated with all other shares of Common Stock owned
by such Purchaser (and its Affiliates) at such time, result in such Purchaser beneficially owning (as determined in accordance with Section
13(d) of the Exchange Act) in excess of 9.99% of the then issued and outstanding Common Stock outstanding at the Closing (the &ldquo;<U>Beneficial
Ownership Maximum</U>&rdquo;), and such Purchaser&rsquo;s Subscription Amount, to the extent it would otherwise exceed the Beneficial
Ownership Maximum immediately prior to the Closing, shall be conditioned upon the issuance of Shares at the Closing to the other Purchasers
signatory hereto. To the extent that a Purchaser&rsquo;s beneficial ownership of the Shares would otherwise be deemed to exceed the Beneficial
Ownership Maximum, such Purchaser&rsquo;s Subscription Amount shall automatically be reduced as necessary in order to comply with this
paragraph.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">2.2</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Deliveries</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(a)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT>On or prior to each Closing Date, the Company shall deliver or cause to be delivered to each Purchaser and the Placement Agent
the following:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(i)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT>this Agreement duly executed by the Company;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(ii)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT>a legal opinion of Company Counsel, substantially in the form of acceptable to the Placement Agent and each of the Purchasers;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(iii)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT>a cold comfort letter addressed to the Placement Agent, from each of Baker Tilly US, LLP and WithumSmith+Brown, PC (&ldquo;<U>Withum</U>&rdquo;),
in a form and substance reasonably satisfactory in all respects to the Placement Agent;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(iv)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT>executed Lock-Up Agreements;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(v)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT> the Company shall have provided each Purchaser with the Company&rsquo;s wire instructions, on Company letterhead and executed
by the Chief Executive Officer or Chief Financial Officer;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(vi)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT> a copy of the irrevocable instructions to the Transfer Agent instructing the Transfer Agent to deliver on an expedited basis via
The Depository Trust Company Deposit or Withdrawal at Custodian system (&ldquo;<U>DWAC</U>&rdquo;) Shares equal to such Purchaser&rsquo;s
Subscription Amount divided by the Per Share Purchase Price, registered in the name of such Purchaser;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(vii)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT>for each Purchaser of Pre-Funded Warrants pursuant to Section 2.1, a Pre-Funded Warrant registered in the name of such Purchaser
to purchase up to a number of shares of Common Stock equal to the portion of such Purchaser&rsquo;s Subscription Amount applicable to
the Pre-Funded Warrant divided by the Per Share Purchase Price minus $0.01, with an exercise price equal to $0.01, subject to adjustment
therein; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(viii)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT>the Prospectus Supplement (which may be delivered in accordance with Rule 172 under the Securities Act).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(b)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>On or prior to each Closing Date, each Purchaser shall deliver or cause to be delivered to the Company, the following:</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(ix)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT>this Agreement duly executed by such Purchaser; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(x)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT>such Purchaser&rsquo;s Subscription Amount, which shall be made available for &ldquo;Delivery Versus Payment&rdquo; settlement
with the Company or its designee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">2.3</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Closing Conditions</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(a)</FONT>The
obligations of the Company hereunder in connection with each Closing are subject to the following conditions being met:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(i)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT>the accuracy in all material respects (or, to the extent representations or warranties are qualified by materiality or Material
Adverse Effect, in all respects) on the Closing Date of the representations and warranties of the Purchasers contained herein (unless
as of a specific date therein in which case they shall be accurate as of such date);</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(ii)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT>all obligations, covenants and agreements of each Purchaser required to be performed at or prior to the Closing Date shall have
been performed; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(iii)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT>the delivery by each Purchaser of the items set forth in Section 2.2(b) of this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><U>The respective
obligations of the Purchasers hereunder in connection with each Closing are subject to the following conditions being met:</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(i)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT>the accuracy in all material respects (or, to the extent representations or warranties are qualified by materiality or Material
Adverse Effect, in all respects) when made and on the Closing Date of the representations and warranties of the Company contained herein
(unless as of a specific date therein in which case they shall be accurate as of such date);</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(ii)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT>all obligations, covenants and agreements of the Company required to be performed at or prior to the Closing Date shall have been
performed;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(iii)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT>the delivery by the Company of the items set forth in Section 2.2(a) of this Agreement;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(iv)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT>there shall have been no Material Adverse Effect with respect to the Company since the date hereof; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(v)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT>from the date hereof to the Closing Date, trading in the Common Stock shall not have been suspended by the Commission or the Company&rsquo;s
principal Trading Market, and, at any time prior to the Closing Date, trading in securities generally as reported by Bloomberg L.P. shall
not have been suspended or limited, or minimum prices shall not have been established on securities whose trades are reported by such
service, or on any Trading Market, nor shall a banking moratorium have been declared either by the United States or New York State authorities
nor shall there have occurred any material outbreak or escalation of hostilities or other national or international calamity of such magnitude
in its effect on, or any material adverse change in, any financial market which, in each case, in the reasonable judgment of such Purchaser,
makes it impracticable or inadvisable to purchase the Securities at the Closing.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in"><B>ARTICLE III.</B><BR>
REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">3.1</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Representations and Warranties of the Company</U>. Except as set forth in the Disclosure Schedules, which Disclosure Schedules
shall be deemed a part hereof and shall qualify any representation or otherwise made herein to the extent of the disclosure contained
in the corresponding section of the Disclosure Schedules, the Company hereby makes the following representations and warranties to each
Purchaser:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 67.5pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 67.5pt"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(a)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Subsidiaries</U>. All of the Subsidiaries of the Company are disclosed or described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus
Supplement. The Company owns, directly or indirectly, all of the capital stock or other equity interests of each Subsidiary free and clear
of any Liens, and all of the issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of each Subsidiary are validly issued and are fully paid,
non-assessable and free of preemptive and similar rights to subscribe for or purchase securities. If the Company has no subsidiaries,
all other references to the Subsidiaries or any of them in the Transaction Documents shall be disregarded.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(b)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Organization and Qualification</U>. The Company and each of the Subsidiaries is an entity duly incorporated or otherwise organized,
validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation or organization, with the requisite power
and authority to own and use its properties and assets and to carry on its business as currently conducted. Neither the Company nor any
Subsidiary is in violation nor default of any of the provisions of its respective certificate or articles of incorporation, bylaws or
other organizational or charter documents. Each of the Company and the Subsidiaries is duly qualified to conduct business and is in good
standing as a foreign corporation or other entity in each jurisdiction in which the nature of the business conducted or property owned
by it makes such qualification necessary, except where the failure to be so qualified or in good standing, as the case may be, would not
have or reasonably be expected to result in: (i) a material adverse effect on the legality, validity or enforceability of any Transaction
Document, (ii) a material adverse effect on the results of operations, assets, business, prospects or condition (financial or otherwise)
of the Company and the Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, or (iii) a material adverse effect on the Company&rsquo;s ability to perform in
any material respect on a timely basis its obligations under any Transaction Document (any of (i), (ii) or (iii), a &ldquo;<U>Material
Adverse Effect</U>&rdquo;) and no Proceeding has been instituted in any such jurisdiction revoking, limiting or curtailing or seeking
to revoke, limit or curtail such power and authority or qualification.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(c)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Authorization; Enforcement</U>. The Company has the requisite corporate power and authority to enter into and to consummate
the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and each of the other Transaction Documents and otherwise to carry out its obligations
hereunder and thereunder. The execution and delivery of this Agreement and each of the other Transaction Documents by the Company and
the consummation by it of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby have been duly authorized by all necessary action on the part
of the Company and no further action is required by the Company, the Board of Directors or the Company&rsquo;s stockholders in connection
herewith or therewith other than in connection with the Required Approvals. This Agreement and each other Transaction Document to which
it is a party has been (or upon delivery will have been) duly executed by the Company and, when delivered in accordance with the terms
hereof and thereof, will constitute the valid and binding obligation of the Company enforceable against the Company in accordance with
its terms, except (i) as limited by general equitable principles and applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium and
other laws of general application affecting enforcement of creditors&rsquo; rights generally, (ii) as limited by laws relating to the
availability of specific performance, injunctive relief or other equitable remedies and (iii) insofar as indemnification and contribution
provisions may be limited by applicable law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(d)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>No Conflicts</U>. The execution, delivery and performance by the Company of this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents
to which it is a party, the issuance and sale of the Securities and the consummation by it of the transactions contemplated hereby and
thereby do not and will not (i) conflict with or violate any provision of the Company&rsquo;s or any Subsidiary&rsquo;s certificate or
articles of incorporation, bylaws or other organizational or charter documents, or (ii) conflict with, or constitute a default (or an
event that with notice or lapse of time or both would become a default) under, result in the creation of any Lien upon any of the properties
or assets of the Company or any Subsidiary, or give to others any rights of termination, amendment, anti-dilution or similar adjustments,
acceleration or cancellation (with or without notice, lapse of time or both) of, any agreement, credit facility, debt or other instrument
(evidencing a Company or Subsidiary debt or otherwise) or other understanding to which the Company or any Subsidiary is a party or by
which any property or asset of the Company or any Subsidiary is bound or affected, or (iii) subject to the Required Approvals, conflict
with or result in a violation of any law, rule, regulation, order, judgment, injunction, decree or other restriction of any court or governmental
authority to which the Company or a Subsidiary is subject (including federal and state securities laws and regulations), or by which any
property or asset of the Company or a Subsidiary is bound or affected; except in the case of each of clauses (ii) and (iii), such as would
not have or reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(e)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Filings, Consents and Approvals</U>. The Company is not required to obtain any consent, waiver, authorization or order of, give
any notice to, or make any filing or registration with, any court or other federal, state, local or other governmental authority or other
Person in connection with the execution, delivery and performance by the Company of the Transaction Documents, other than: (i) the filings
required pursuant to Section 4.1 of this Agreement, (ii) the filing with the Commission of the Prospectus Supplement, (iii) application(s)
to each applicable Trading Market for the listing of the Shares and Pre-Funded Warrant Shares for trading thereon in the time and manner
required thereby, and (iv) such filings as are required to be made under applicable federal and state securities laws <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">and
the rules and regulations of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.</FONT> (&ldquo;<U>FINRA</U>&rdquo;) (collectively, the
&ldquo;<U>Required Approvals</U>&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(f)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Issuance of the Securities; Registration</U>. The Securities are duly authorized and, when issued and paid for in accordance
with the applicable Transaction Documents, will be duly and validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable, free and clear of all Liens
imposed by the Company. The Pre-Funded Warrant Shares, when issued in accordance with the terms of the Pre-Funded Warrants, will be validly
issued, fully paid and nonassessable, free and clear of all Liens imposed by the Company. The Company has reserved from its duly authorized
capital stock the maximum number of shares of Common Stock issuable pursuant to this Agreement the Pre-Funded Warrants. The Company has
prepared and filed the Registration Statement in conformity with the requirements of the Securities Act, which became effective on&nbsp;January
5, 2024 (the &ldquo;<U>Effective Date</U>&rdquo;), including the Base Prospectus and any such amendments and supplements thereto as may
have been required to the date of this Agreement. The Registration Statement is effective under the Securities Act and no stop order preventing
or suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or suspending or preventing the use of the Prospectus Supplement has been
issued by the Commission and no proceedings for that purpose have been instituted or, to the knowledge of the Company, are threatened
by the Commission. The Company, if required by the rules and regulations of the Commission, shall file the Prospectus Supplement with
the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b). At the time the Registration Statement and any amendments thereto became effective, at the date
of this Agreement and at the Closing Date, the Registration Statement and any amendments thereto conformed and will conform in all material
respects to the requirements of the Securities Act and did not and will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to
state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading; and the Base Prospectus
and any amendments or supplements thereto, including the Prospectus Supplement, at the time the Base Prospectus or any such amendment
or supplement thereto was issued and at the Closing Date, conformed and will conform in all material respects to the requirements of the
Securities Act and did not and will not contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order
to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The Company was at the time
of the filing of the Registration Statement eligible to use Form S-3. The Company is eligible to use Form S-3 and the transactions contemplated
by this Agreement meet the requirements for, and comply with the conditions for the use of, Form S-3 under the Securities Act , including
but not limited to General Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(g)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Capitalization</U>. The authorized, issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company are as set forth in the Registration
Statement and the Prospectus Supplement (except for subsequent issuances, if any, pursuant to this Agreement, pursuant to reservations,
agreements or employee benefit plans referred to in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus Supplement or pursuant to the exercise
or conversion of convertible securities or options referred to in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus Supplement). The outstanding
shares of capital stock of the Company have been duly authorized and validly issued and are fully paid and non-assessable. None of the
outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company was issued in violation of the preemptive or other similar rights of any securityholder
of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(h)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>SEC Reports; Financial Statements</U>. The Company has filed all reports, schedules, forms, statements and other documents required
to be filed by the Company under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, including pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) thereof, for the
two years preceding the date hereof (or such shorter period as the Company was required by law or regulation to file such material) (the
foregoing materials, including the exhibits thereto and documents incorporated by reference therein, together with the Registration Statement,
the Prospectus Supplement, being collectively referred to herein as the &ldquo;<U>SEC Reports</U>&rdquo;) on a timely basis or has received
a valid extension of such time of filing and has filed any such SEC Reports prior to the expiration of any such extension. As of their
respective dates, the SEC Reports complied in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act,
as applicable, and none of the SEC Reports, when filed, contained any untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material
fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which
they were made, not misleading. The Company has never been an issuer subject to Rule 144(i) under the Securities Act. Except as disclosed
in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus Supplement and except as a direct or indirect result of, or due to, the Company&rsquo;s
recent restatement of its financial statements as disclosed in the Company&rsquo;s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December
31, 2023, filed with the Commission on April 9, 2024, and the Company&rsquo;s current report on Form 8-K, dated April 3, 2024, filed with
the Commission on April 9, 2024, the financial statements of the Company included in the SEC Reports comply in all material respects with
applicable accounting requirements and the rules and regulations of the Commission with respect thereto as in effect at the time of filing.
Such financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles applied on a consistent
basis during the periods involved (&ldquo;<U>GAAP</U>&rdquo;), except as may be otherwise specified in such financial statements or the
notes thereto, except that unaudited financial statements may not contain all footnotes required by GAAP and except as a direct or indirect
result of, or due to, the Company&rsquo;s recent restatement of its financial statements as disclosed in the Company&rsquo;s annual report
on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the Commission on April 9, 2024, and the Company&rsquo;s current report
on Form 8-K, dated April 3, 2024, filed with the Commission on April 9, 2024, and fairly present in all material respects the financial
position of the Company and its consolidated Subsidiaries as of and for the dates thereof and the results of operations and cash flows
for the periods then ended, subject, in the case of unaudited statements, to normal, immaterial, year-end audit adjustments.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(i)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Material Changes; Undisclosed Events, Liabilities or Developments</U>. Since the date of the latest audited financial statements
included within the SEC Reports, except as set forth in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus Supplement, (i) there has been no
event, occurrence or development that has had or that would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect, (ii) the Company
has not incurred any liabilities (contingent or otherwise) other than (A) trade payables and accrued expenses incurred in the ordinary
course of business consistent with past practice and (B) liabilities not required to be reflected in the Company&rsquo;s financial statements
pursuant to GAAP or disclosed in filings made with the Commission, (iii) the Company has not altered its method of accounting, (iv) the
Company has not declared or made any dividend or distribution of cash or other property to its stockholders or purchased, redeemed or
made any agreements to purchase or redeem any shares of its capital stock and (v) the Company has not issued any equity securities to
any officer, director or Affiliate, except pursuant to existing Company stock option plans. The Company does not have pending before the
Commission any request for confidential treatment of information. Except for the issuance of the Securities contemplated by this Agreement,
no event, liability, fact, circumstance, occurrence or development has occurred or exists or is reasonably expected to occur or exist
with respect to the Company or its Subsidiaries or their respective businesses, prospects, properties, operations, assets or financial
condition that would be required to be disclosed by the Company under applicable securities laws at the time this representation is made
or deemed made that has not been publicly disclosed at least 1 Trading Day prior to the date that this representation is made.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(j)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Litigation</U>. There is no action, suit, inquiry, notice of violation, proceeding or investigation pending or, to the knowledge
of the Company, threatened against or affecting the Company, any Subsidiary or any of their respective properties before or by any court,
arbitrator, governmental or administrative agency or regulatory authority (federal, state, county, local or foreign) (collectively, an
&ldquo;<U>Action</U>&rdquo;), which is required to be disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus Supplement that has not
been disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus Supplement which is required to be disclosed, and would, if there were
an unfavorable decision, have or reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. Except as disclosed in the Registration
Statement or the Prospectus Supplement, neither the Company nor any Subsidiary, nor any director or officer thereof, is or has been the
subject of any Action involving a claim of violation of or liability under federal or state securities laws or a claim of breach of fiduciary
duty. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus Supplement, there has not been, and to the knowledge of the
Company, there is not pending or contemplated, any investigation by the Commission involving the Company or any current or former director
or officer of the Company. The Commission has not issued any stop order or other order suspending the effectiveness of any registration
statement filed by the Company or any Subsidiary under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(k)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Labor Relations</U>. No labor dispute with the employees of the Company exists or, to the knowledge of the Company, is imminent.
The Company is not aware that any key employee or significant group of employees of the Company plans to terminate employment with the
Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(l)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Compliance</U>. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary: (i) is in default under or in violation of (and no event has occurred
that has not been waived that, with notice or lapse of time or both, would result in a default by the Company or any Subsidiary under),
nor has the Company or any Subsidiary received notice of a claim that it is in default under or that it is in violation of, any indenture,
loan or credit agreement or any other agreement or instrument to which it is a party or by which it or any of its properties is bound
(whether or not such default or violation has been waived), (ii) is in violation of any judgment, decree or order of any court, arbitrator
or other governmental authority or (iii) is or has been in violation of any statute, rule, ordinance or regulation of any governmental
authority, including without limitation all foreign, federal, state and local laws relating to taxes, environmental protection, occupational
health and safety, product quality and safety and employment and labor matters, except in each case as would not have or reasonably be
expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(m)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Environmental Laws</U>.&#9;Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus Supplement, the Company and its
Subsidiaries (i) are in compliance with all federal, state, local and foreign laws relating to pollution or protection of human health
or the environment (including ambient air, surface water, groundwater, land surface or subsurface strata), including laws relating to
emissions, discharges, releases or threatened releases of chemicals, pollutants, contaminants, or toxic or hazardous substances or wastes
(collectively, &ldquo;<U>Hazardous Materials</U>&rdquo;) into the environment, or otherwise relating to the manufacture, processing, distribution,
use, treatment, storage, disposal, transport or handling of Hazardous Materials, as well as all authorizations, codes, decrees, demands,
or demand letters, injunctions, judgments, licenses, notices or notice letters, orders, permits, plans or regulations, issued, entered,
promulgated or approved thereunder (&ldquo;<U>Environmental Laws</U>&rdquo;); (ii) have received all permits licenses or other approvals
required of them under applicable Environmental Laws to conduct their respective businesses; and (iii) are in compliance with all terms
and conditions of any such permit, license or approval where in each clause (i), (ii) and (iii), the failure to so comply would be reasonably
expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(n)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Regulatory Permits</U>. The Company and the Subsidiaries possess all certificates, authorizations and permits issued by the
appropriate federal, state, local or foreign regulatory authorities necessary to conduct their respective businesses as described in the
SEC Reports, except where the failure to possess such permits would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect
(&ldquo;<U>Material Permits</U>&rdquo;), and neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has received any notice of proceedings relating to
the revocation or modification of any Material Permit.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(o)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Title to Assets</U>. Except as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, the Company and the Subsidiaries
have good and marketable title in fee simple to all real property owned by them and good and marketable title in all personal property
owned by them that is material to the business of the Company and the Subsidiaries, in each case free and clear of all Liens, except for
(i) Liens as do not materially affect the value of such property and do not materially interfere with the use made and proposed to be
made of such property by the Company and the Subsidiaries and (ii) Liens for the payment of federal, state or other taxes, for which appropriate
reserves have been made therefor in accordance with GAAP and, the payment of which is neither delinquent nor subject to penalties. Any
real property and facilities held under lease by the Company and the Subsidiaries are held by them under valid, subsisting and enforceable
leases with which the Company and the Subsidiaries are in compliance.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(p)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Intellectual Property</U>. Except as would not reasonably be expected to result, individually or in the aggregate, in a Material
Adverse Effect or as otherwise as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus Supplement, the Company and the Subsidiaries
have, or have rights to use, all patents, patent applications, trademarks, trademark applications, service marks, trade names, trade secrets,
inventions, copyrights, licenses and other intellectual property rights and similar rights necessary or required for use in connection
with their respective businesses as described in the SEC Reports and which the failure to so have would have a Material Adverse Effect
(collectively, the &ldquo;<U>Intellectual Property Rights</U>&rdquo;). Except as would not reasonably be expected to result, individually
or in the aggregate, in a Material Adverse Effect or as otherwise as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus Supplement,
none of, and neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has received a notice (written or otherwise) that any of, the Intellectual Property
Rights has expired, terminated or been abandoned, or is expected to expire or terminate or be abandoned, within two (2) years from the
date of this Agreement. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus Supplement, neither the Company nor any Subsidiary
has received, since the date of the latest audited financial statements included within the SEC Reports, a written notice of a claim or
otherwise has any knowledge that the Intellectual Property Rights violate or infringe upon the rights of any Person, except as would not
have or reasonably be expected to not have a Material Adverse Effect. To the knowledge of the Company, all such Intellectual Property
Rights are enforceable and there is no existing infringement by another Person of any of the Intellectual Property Rights, except as would
not have or reasonably be expected to not have a Material Adverse Effect. The Company and its Subsidiaries have taken reasonable security
measures to protect the secrecy, confidentiality and value of all of their intellectual properties, except where failure to do so would
not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(q)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Insurance</U>. The Company and the Subsidiaries are insured by insurers of recognized financial responsibility against such
losses and risks and in such amounts as are prudent and customary in the businesses in which the Company and the Subsidiaries are engaged,
including, but not limited to, directors and officers insurance coverage at least equal to the aggregate Subscription Amount. Neither
the Company nor any Subsidiary has any reason to believe that it will not be able to renew its existing insurance coverage as and when
such coverage expires or to obtain similar coverage from similar insurers as may be necessary to continue its business without a significant
increase in cost and would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Change.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(r)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Transactions With Affiliates and Employees</U>. Except as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus Supplement
and as so required to be described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus Supplement, none of the officers or directors of the
Company or any Subsidiary and, to the knowledge of the Company, none of the employees of the Company or any Subsidiary is presently a
party to any transaction with the Company or any Subsidiary (other than for services as employees, officers and directors), including
any contract, agreement or other arrangement providing for the furnishing of services to or by, providing for rental of real or personal
property to or from, providing for the borrowing of money from or lending of money to or otherwise requiring payments to or from any officer,
director or such employee or, to the knowledge of the Company, any entity in which any officer, director, or any such employee has a substantial
interest or is an officer, director, trustee, stockholder, member or partner, in each case in excess of $120,000 other than for (i) payment
of salary or consulting fees for services rendered, (ii) reimbursement for expenses incurred on behalf of the Company and (iii) other
employee benefits, including stock option agreements under any stock option plan of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(s)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Sarbanes-Oxley; Internal Accounting Controls</U>. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus Supplement
and except as a direct or indirect result of, or due to, the Company&rsquo;s recent restatement of its financial statements as disclosed
in the Company&rsquo;s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the Commission on April 9, 2024, and
the Company&rsquo;s current report on Form 8-K, dated April 3, 2024, filed with the Commission on April 9, 2024, the Company and the Subsidiaries
are in compliance with any and all applicable requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 that are effective as of the date hereof,
and any and all applicable rules and regulations promulgated by the Commission thereunder that are effective as of the date hereof and
as of the Closing Date. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus Supplement and except as a direct or indirect
result of, or due to, the Company&rsquo;s recent restatement of its financial statements as disclosed in the Company&rsquo;s annual report
on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the Commission on April 9, 2024, and the Company&rsquo;s current report
on Form 8-K, dated April 3, 2024, filed with the Commission on April 9, 2024, the Company and the Subsidiaries maintain a system of internal
accounting controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurance that: (i) transactions are executed in accordance with management&rsquo;s
general or specific authorizations, (ii) transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity
with GAAP and to maintain asset accountability, (iii) access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management&rsquo;s general
or specific authorization, and (iv) the recorded accountability for assets is compared with the existing assets at reasonable intervals
and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus
Supplement and except as a direct or indirect result of, or due to, the Company&rsquo;s recent restatement of its financial statements
as disclosed in the Company&rsquo;s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the Commission on April
9, 2024, and the Company&rsquo;s current report on Form 8-K, dated April 3, 2024, filed with the Commission on April 9, 2024, the Company
and the Subsidiaries have established disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15&euro; and 15d-15(e))
for the Company and the Subsidiaries and designed such disclosure controls and procedures to ensure that information required to be disclosed
by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time
periods specified in the Commission&rsquo;s rules and forms. The Company&rsquo;s certifying officers have evaluated the effectiveness
of the disclosure controls and procedures of the Company and the Subsidiaries as of the end of the period covered by the most recently
filed periodic report under the Exchange Act (such date, the &ldquo;<U>Evaluation Date</U>&rdquo;). The Company presented in its most
recently filed periodic report under the Exchange Act the conclusions of the certifying officers about the effectiveness of the disclosure
controls and procedures based on their evaluations as of the Evaluation Date. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement and the
Prospectus Supplement and except as a direct or indirect result of, or due to, the Company&rsquo;s recent restatement of its financial
statements as disclosed in the Company&rsquo;s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the Commission
on April 9, 2024, and the Company&rsquo;s current report on Form 8-K, dated April 3, 2024, filed with the Commission on April 9, 2024,
since the Evaluation Date, there have been no changes in the internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in the
Exchange Act) of the Company and its Subsidiaries that have materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the internal
control over financial reporting of the Company and its Subsidiaries.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(t)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Certain Fees</U>. Except as set forth in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus Supplement, no brokerage or finder&rsquo;s
fees or commissions are or will be payable by the Company or any Subsidiary to any broker, financial advisor or consultant, finder, placement
agent, investment banker, bank or other Person with respect to the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents. The Purchasers
shall have no obligation with respect to any fees or with respect to any claims made by or on behalf of other Persons for fees of a type
contemplated in this Section that may be due in connection with the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(u)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Investment Company</U>. The Company is not, and immediately after receipt of payment for the Securities, an &ldquo;investment
company&rdquo; within the meaning of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. The Company shall conduct its business in a manner
so that it will not become an &ldquo;investment company&rdquo; subject to registration under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(v)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Registration Rights</U>. Except as provided the Registration Statement or the Prospectus Supplement, no Person has any right
to cause the Company or any Subsidiary to effect the registration under the Securities Act of any securities of the Company or any Subsidiary.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(w)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Listing and Maintenance Requirements</U>. The Common Stock is registered pursuant to Section 12(b) or 12(g) of the Exchange
Act, and the Company has taken no action designed to, or which to its knowledge is likely to have the effect of, terminating the registration
of the Common Stock under the Exchange Act nor has the Company received any notification that the Commission is contemplating terminating
such registration. The Company has not, in the 12 months preceding the date hereof, received notice from any Trading Market on which the
Common Stock is or has been listed or quoted to the effect that the Company is not in compliance with the listing or maintenance requirements
of such Trading Market. The Common Stock is currently eligible for electronic transfer through the Depository Trust Company or another
established clearing corporation and the Company is current in payment of the fees to the Depository Trust Company (or such other established
clearing corporation) in connection with such electronic transfer.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(x)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Application of Takeover Protections</U>. The Company and the Board of Directors have taken all necessary action, if any, in
order to render inapplicable any control share acquisition, business combination, poison pill (including any distribution under a rights
agreement) or other similar anti-takeover provision under the Company&rsquo;s articles of incorporation, as amended (or similar charter
documents) or the laws of its state of incorporation that is or could become applicable to the Purchasers as a result of the Purchasers
and the Company fulfilling their obligations or exercising their rights under the Transaction Documents, including without limitation
as a result of the Company&rsquo;s issuance of the Securities and the Purchasers&rsquo; ownership of the Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(y)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Disclosure</U>. Except with respect to the material terms and conditions of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction
Documents, the Company confirms that neither it nor any other Person acting on its behalf has provided any of the Purchasers or their
agents or counsel with any information that it believes constitutes or might constitute material, non-public information which is not
otherwise disclosed in the Prospectus Supplement. The Company understands and confirms that the Purchasers will rely on the foregoing
representation in effecting transactions in securities of the Company. All of the disclosure furnished by or on behalf of the Company
to the Purchasers regarding the Company and its Subsidiaries, their respective businesses and the transactions contemplated hereby, including
the Disclosure Schedules to this Agreement, is true and correct and does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to
state any material fact necessary in order to make the statements made therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were
made, not misleading. The press releases disseminated by the Company during the twelve months preceding the date of this Agreement taken
as a whole do not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary
in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made and when made, not misleading. The
Company acknowledges and agrees that no Purchaser makes or has made any representations or warranties with respect to the transactions
contemplated hereby other than those specifically set forth in Section 3.2 hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(z)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Tax Status</U>. Except for matters that would not, individually or in the aggregate, have or reasonably be expected to result
in a Material Adverse Effect, the Company and its Subsidiaries each (i) has made or filed all United States federal, state and local income
and all foreign income and franchise tax returns, reports and declarations required by any jurisdiction to which it is subject, (ii) has
paid all taxes and other governmental assessments and charges that are material in amount, shown or determined to be due on such returns,
reports and declarations and (iii) has set aside on its books provision reasonably adequate for the payment of all material taxes for
periods subsequent to the periods to which such returns, reports or declarations apply. There are no unpaid taxes in any material amount
claimed to be due by the taxing authority of any jurisdiction, and the officers of the Company or of any Subsidiary know of no basis for
any such claim.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(aa)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Foreign Corrupt Practices</U>. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary, nor to the knowledge of the Company or any Subsidiary,
any agent or other person acting on behalf of the Company or any Subsidiary, has (i) directly or indirectly, used any funds for unlawful
contributions, gifts, entertainment or other unlawful expenses related to foreign or domestic political activity, (ii) made any unlawful
payment to foreign or domestic government officials or employees or to any foreign or domestic political parties or campaigns from corporate
funds, (iii) failed to disclose fully any contribution made by the Company or any Subsidiary (or made by any person acting on its behalf
of which the Company is aware) which is in violation of law, or (iv) violated in any material respect any provision of FCPA, such that
such action in clauses (i), (ii), (iii) would subject the Company to any material damage or penalty in any civil, criminal or governmental
litigation or proceeding; if not given in the past, would have had a Material Adverse Effect; or if not continued in the future, would
have a Material Adverse Effect.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(bb)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Accountants</U>. The Company&rsquo;s registered independent accounting firm is Withum. To the knowledge and belief of the Company,
such accounting firm (i) is a registered public accounting firm as required by the Exchange Act and (ii) shall express its opinion with
respect to the financial statements to be included in the Company&rsquo;s Annual Report for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024.&#9;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(cc)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT> <U>Acknowledgment Regarding Purchasers&rsquo; Purchase of Securities</U>. The Company acknowledges and agrees that each of the
Purchasers is acting solely in the capacity of an arm&rsquo;s length purchaser with respect to the Transaction Documents and the transactions
contemplated thereby. The Company further acknowledges that no Purchaser is acting as a financial advisor or fiduciary of the Company
(or in any similar capacity) with respect to the Transaction Documents and the transactions contemplated thereby and any advice given
by any Purchaser or any of their respective representatives or agents in connection with the Transaction Documents and the transactions
contemplated thereby is merely incidental to the Purchasers&rsquo; purchase of the Securities. The Company further represents to each
Purchaser that the Company&rsquo;s decision to enter into this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents has been based solely on
the independent evaluation of the transactions contemplated hereby by the Company and its representatives.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(dd)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><FONT STYLE="text-decoration: double">Acknowledgment Regarding Purchaser&rsquo;s Trading Activity. Anything
in this Agreement or elsewhere herein to the contrary notwithstanding (except for Sections 3.2(f) and 4.11 hereof), it is understood and
acknowledged by the Company that: (i) none of the Purchasers has been asked by the Company to agree, nor has any Purchaser agreed, to
desist from purchasing or selling, long and/or short, securities of the Company, or &ldquo;derivative&rdquo; securities based on securities
issued by the Company or to hold the Securities for any specified term; (ii) past or future open market or other transactions by any Purchaser,
specifically including, without limitation, Short Sales or &ldquo;derivative&rdquo; transactions, before or after the closing of this
or future private placement transactions, may negatively impact the market price of the Company&rsquo;s publicly-traded securities; (iii)
any Purchaser, and counter-parties in &ldquo;derivative&rdquo; transactions to which any such Purchaser is a party, directly or indirectly,
presently may have a &ldquo;short&rdquo; position in the Common Stock, and (iv) each Purchaser shall not be deemed to have any affiliation
with or control over any arm&rsquo;s length counter-party in any &ldquo;derivative&rdquo; transaction. </FONT>The Company further understands
and acknowledges that (y) one or more Purchasers may engage in hedging activities at various times during the period that the Securities
are outstanding, including, without limitation, during the periods that the value of the Pre-Funded Warrant Shares deliverable with respect
to Securities are being determined, and (z) such hedging activities (if any) could reduce the value of the existing stockholders' equity
interests in the Company at and after the time that the hedging activities are being conducted.&nbsp; The Company acknowledges that such
aforementioned hedging activities do not constitute a breach of any of the Transaction Documents.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(ee)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Regulation M Compliance</U>.&nbsp; The Company has not, and to its knowledge no one acting on its behalf has, (i) taken, directly
or indirectly, any action designed to cause or to result in the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company
to facilitate the sale or resale of any of the Securities in violation of Regulation M of the Exchange Act, (ii) sold, bid for, purchased,
or, paid any compensation for soliciting purchases of, any of the Securities, or (iii) paid or agreed to pay to any Person any compensation
for soliciting another to purchase any other securities of the Company, other than, in the case of clauses (ii) and (iii), compensation
paid to the Company&rsquo;s placement agent in connection with the placement of the Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(ff)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Reserved.</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(gg)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Stock Option Plans</U>. Each stock option granted by the Company under the Company&rsquo;s stock option plan was granted (i)
in accordance with the terms of the Company&rsquo;s stock option plan and (ii) with an exercise price at least equal to the fair market
value of the Common Stock on the date such stock option would be considered granted under GAAP and applicable law. No stock option granted
under the Company&rsquo;s stock option plan has been backdated. The Company has not knowingly granted, and there is no and has been no
Company policy or practice to knowingly grant, stock options prior to, or otherwise knowingly coordinate the grant of stock options with,
the release or other public announcement of material information regarding the Company or its Subsidiaries or their financial results
or prospects.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(hh)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Office of Foreign Assets Control</U>. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary nor, to the Company's knowledge, any director,
officer, agent, employee or Affiliate of the Company or any Subsidiary is currently subject to any U.S. sanctions administered by the
Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Treasury Department (&ldquo;<U>OFAC</U>&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>



<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(ii)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>U.S. Real Property Holding Corporation</U>. The Company is not and has never been a U.S. real property holding corporation within
the meaning of Section 897 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and the Company shall so certify upon Purchaser&rsquo;s request.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(jj)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Bank Holding Company Act</U>. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries or Affiliates is subject to the Bank Holding Company
Act of 1956, as amended (the &ldquo;<U>BHCA</U>&rdquo;) and to regulation by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the
&ldquo;<U>Federal Reserve</U>&rdquo;). Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries or Affiliates owns or controls, directly or indirectly,
five percent (5%) or more of the outstanding shares of any class of voting securities or twenty-five percent or more of the total equity
of a bank or any entity that is subject to the BHCA and to regulation by the Federal Reserve. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries
or Affiliates exercises a controlling influence over the management or policies of a bank or any entity that is subject to the BHCA and
to regulation by the Federal Reserve.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(kk)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Money Laundering</U>. The operations of the Company and its Subsidiaries are and have been conducted at all times in compliance
with applicable financial record-keeping and reporting requirements of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970, as
amended, applicable money laundering statutes and applicable rules and regulations thereunder (collectively, the &ldquo;<U>Money Laundering
Laws</U>&rdquo;), and no Action or Proceeding by or before any court or governmental agency, authority or body or any arbitrator involving
the Company or any Subsidiary with respect to the Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to the knowledge of the Company or any Subsidiary,
threatened.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">3.2</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Representations and Warranties of the Purchasers</U>. Each Purchaser, for itself and for no other Purchaser, hereby represents
and warrants as of the date hereof and as of the Closing Date to the Company as follows (unless as of a specific date therein, in which
case they shall be accurate as of such date):</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(a)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Organization; Authority</U>. Such Purchaser is either an individual or an entity duly incorporated or formed, validly existing
and in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation or formation with full right, corporate, partnership, limited
liability company or similar power and authority to enter into and to consummate the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents
and otherwise to carry out its obligations hereunder and thereunder. The execution and delivery of the Transaction Documents and performance
by such Purchaser of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents have been duly authorized by all necessary corporate,
partnership, limited liability company or similar action, as applicable, on the part of such Purchaser. Each Transaction Document to which
it is a party has been duly executed by such Purchaser, and when delivered by such Purchaser in accordance with the terms hereof, will
constitute the valid and legally binding obligation of such Purchaser, enforceable against it in accordance with its terms, except: (i)
as limited by general equitable principles and applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium and other laws of general
application affecting enforcement of creditors&rsquo; rights generally, (ii) as limited by laws relating to the availability of specific
performance, injunctive relief or other equitable remedies and (iii) insofar as indemnification and contribution provisions may be limited
by applicable law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(b)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Understandings or Arrangements</U>. Such Purchaser is acquiring the Securities as principal for its own account and has no direct
or indirect arrangement or understandings with any other persons to distribute or regarding the distribution of such Securities (this
representation and warranty not limiting such Purchaser&rsquo;s right to sell the Securities pursuant to the Registration Statement, Prospectus
Supplement or otherwise in compliance with applicable federal and state securities laws). Such Purchaser is acquiring the Securities hereunder
in the ordinary course of its business.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(c)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Access to Information</U>. Such Purchaser acknowledges that it has had the opportunity to review the Transaction Documents (including
all exhibits and schedules thereto) and the SEC Reports and has been afforded, (i) the opportunity to ask such questions as it has deemed
necessary of, and to receive answers from, representatives of the Company concerning the terms and conditions of the offering of the Securities
and the merits and risks of investing in the Securities; (ii) access to information about the Company and its financial condition, results
of operations, business, properties, management and prospects sufficient to enable it to evaluate its investment; and (iii) the opportunity
to obtain such additional information that the Company possesses or can acquire without unreasonable effort or expense that is necessary
to make an informed investment decision with respect to the investment.&nbsp; Such Purchaser acknowledges and agrees that neither the
Placement Agent nor any Affiliate of the Placement Agent has provided such Purchaser with any information or advice with respect to the
Securities nor is such information or advice necessary or desired.&nbsp; Neither the Placement Agent nor any Affiliate has made or makes
any representation as to the Company or the quality of the Securities and the Placement Agent and any Affiliate may have acquired non-public
information with respect to the Company which such Purchaser agrees need not be provided to it.&nbsp; In connection with the issuance
of the Securities to such Purchaser, neither the Placement Agent nor any of its Affiliates has acted as a financial advisor or fiduciary
to such Purchaser.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>



<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">(d)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Certain Transactions and Confidentiality</U>. Other than consummating the transactions contemplated hereunder, such Purchaser
has not, nor has any Person acting on behalf of or pursuant to any understanding with such Purchaser, directly or indirectly executed
any purchases or sales, including Short Sales,&nbsp;of the securities of the Company during the period commencing as of the time that
the Company or any other Person representing the Company first contacted the Purchaser regarding the material pricing terms of the transactions
contemplated hereunder and ending immediately prior to the execution hereof. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the case of a Purchaser
that is a multi-managed investment vehicle whereby separate portfolio managers manage separate portions of such Purchaser&rsquo;s assets
and the portfolio managers have no direct knowledge of the investment decisions made by the portfolio managers managing other portions
of such Purchaser&rsquo;s assets, the representation set forth above shall only apply with respect to the portion of assets managed by
the portfolio manager that made the investment decision to purchase the Securities covered by this Agreement. Other than to other Persons
party to this Agreement or to such Purchaser&rsquo;s representatives, including, without limitation, its officers, directors, partners,
legal and other advisors, employees, agents and Affiliates, such Purchaser has maintained the confidentiality of all disclosures made
to it in connection with this transaction (including the existence and terms of this transaction). Notwithstanding the foregoing, for
the avoidance of doubt, nothing contained herein shall constitute a representation or warranty, or preclude any actions, with respect
to locating or borrowing shares in order to effect Short Sales or similar transactions in the future.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in">The Company acknowledges and
agrees that the representations contained in this Section 3.2 shall not modify, amend or affect such Purchaser&rsquo;s right to rely on
the Company&rsquo;s representations and warranties contained in this Agreement or any representations and warranties contained in any
other Transaction Document or any other document or instrument executed and/or delivered in connection with this Agreement or the consummation
of the transactions contemplated hereby. Notwithstanding the foregoing, for the avoidance of doubt, nothing contained herein shall constitute
a representation or warranty, or preclude any actions, with respect to locating or borrowing shares in order to effect Short Sales or
similar transactions in the future.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in"><B>ARTICLE IV.</B><BR>
OTHER AGREEMENTS OF THE PARTIES</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">4.1</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Securities Laws Disclosure; Publicity</U>. The Company shall (a) by 5:30 pm New York Time on April 18, 2024, issue a press release
disclosing the material terms of the transactions contemplated hereby, and (b) file a Current Report on Form 8-K, including the Transaction
Documents as exhibits thereto, with the Commission within the time required by the Exchange Act. From and after the issuance of such press
release, the Company represents to the Purchasers that it shall have publicly disclosed all material, non-public information delivered
to any of the Purchasers by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or any of their respective officers, directors, employees or agents
in connection with the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents. In addition, effective upon the issuance of such press
release, the Company acknowledges and agrees that any and all confidentiality or similar obligations under any agreement, whether written
or oral, between the Company, any of its Subsidiaries or any of their respective officers, directors, agents, employees or Affiliates
on the one hand, and any of the Purchasers or any of their Affiliates on the other hand, shall terminate. The Company and each Purchaser
shall consult with each other in issuing any other press releases with respect to the transactions contemplated hereby, and neither the
Company nor any Purchaser shall issue any such press release nor otherwise make any such public statement without the prior consent of
the Company, with respect to any press release of any Purchaser, or without the prior consent of each Purchaser, with respect to any press
release of the Company, which consent shall not unreasonably be withheld or delayed, except if such disclosure is required by law, in
which case the disclosing party shall promptly provide the other party with prior notice of such public statement or communication. Notwithstanding
the foregoing, the Company shall not publicly disclose the name of any Purchaser, or include the name of any Purchaser in any filing with
the Commission or any regulatory agency or Trading Market, without the prior written consent of such Purchaser, except (a) as required
by federal securities law in connection with the filing of final Transaction Documents with the Commission and (b) to the extent such
disclosure is required by law or regulation, Trading Market or FINRA rules or regulations, in which case the Company shall provide the
Purchasers with prior notice of such disclosure permitted under this clause (b).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">4.2</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Shareholder Rights Plan</U>. No claim will be made or enforced by the Company or, with the consent of the Company, any other
Person, that any Purchaser is an &ldquo;<U>Acquiring Person</U>&rdquo; under any control share acquisition, business combination, poison
pill (including any distribution under a rights agreement) or similar anti-takeover plan or arrangement in effect or hereafter adopted
by the Company, or that any Purchaser could be deemed to trigger the provisions of any such plan or arrangement, by virtue of receiving
Securities under the Transaction Documents or under any other agreement between the Company and the Purchasers.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>



<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">4.3</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Non-Public Information</U>. Except with respect to the material terms and conditions of the transactions contemplated by the
Transaction Documents, which shall be disclosed pursuant to Section 4.1, the Company covenants and agrees that neither it, nor any other
Person acting on its behalf will provide any Purchaser or its agents or counsel with any information that constitutes, or the Company
reasonably believes constitutes, material non-public information, unless prior thereto such Purchaser shall have consented to the receipt
of such information and agreed with the Company to keep such information confidential. The Company understands and confirms that each
Purchaser shall be relying on the foregoing covenant in effecting transactions in securities of the Company. To the extent that the Company,
any of its Subsidiaries, or any of their respective officers, directors, agents, employees or Affiliates delivers any material, non-public
information to a Purchaser without such Purchaser&rsquo;s consent, the Company hereby covenants and agrees that such Purchaser shall not
have any duty of confidentiality to the Company, any of its Subsidiaries, or any of their respective officers, directors, agents, employees
or Affiliates, or a duty to the Company, any of its Subsidiaries or any of their respective officers, directors, agents, employees or
Affiliates not to trade on the basis of, such material, non-public information, provided that the Purchaser shall remain subject to applicable
law. To the extent that any notice provided pursuant to any Transaction Document constitutes, or contains, material, non-public information
regarding the Company or any Subsidiaries, the Company shall simultaneously file such notice with the Commission pursuant to a Current
Report on Form 8-K. The Company understands and confirms that each Purchaser shall be relying on the foregoing covenant in effecting transactions
in securities of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">4.4</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Use of Proceeds</U>. The Company shall use the net proceeds from the sale of the Securities hereunder for working capital purposes
and shall not use such proceeds: (a) for the satisfaction of any portion of the Company&rsquo;s debt (other than payment of trade payables
in the ordinary course of the Company&rsquo;s business and prior practices), (b) for the redemption of any Common Stock or Common Stock
Equivalents, (c) for the settlement of any outstanding litigation or (d) in violation of FCPA or OFAC regulations.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">4.5</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Indemnification of Purchasers</U>. Subject to the provisions of this Section 4.8, the Company will indemnify and hold each Purchaser
and its directors, officers, shareholders, members, partners, employees and agents (and any other Persons with a functionally equivalent
role of a Person holding such titles notwithstanding a lack of such title or any other title), each Person who controls such Purchaser
(within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act and Section 20 of the Exchange Act), and the directors, officers, shareholders,
agents, members, partners or employees (and any other Persons with a functionally equivalent role of a Person holding such titles notwithstanding
a lack of such title or any other title) of such controlling persons (each, a &ldquo;<U>Purchaser Party</U>&rdquo;) harmless from any
and all losses, liabilities, obligations, claims, contingencies, damages, costs and expenses, including all judgments, amounts paid in
settlements, court costs and reasonable attorneys&rsquo; fees and costs of investigation that any such Purchaser Party may suffer or incur
as a result of or relating to (a) any breach of any of the representations, warranties, covenants or agreements made by the Company in
this Agreement or in the other Transaction Documents or (b) any action instituted against the Purchaser Parties in any capacity, or any
of them or their respective Affiliates, by any stockholder of the Company who is not an Affiliate of such Purchaser Party, with respect
to any of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents (unless such action is solely based upon a material breach of such
Purchaser Party&rsquo;s representations, warranties or covenants under the Transaction Documents or any agreements or understandings such
Purchaser Party may have with any such stockholder or any violations by such Purchaser Party of state or federal securities laws or any
conduct by such Purchaser Party which is finally judicially determined to constitute fraud, gross negligence or willful misconduct<FONT STYLE="color: windowtext">),
the Company will indemnify each Purchaser Party, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, from and against any and all losses,
claims, damages, liabilities, costs (including, without limitation, reasonable attorneys&rsquo; fees) and expenses, as incurred, arising
out of or relating to (i) any untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in such registration statement, any prospectus
or any form of prospectus or in any amendment or supplement thereto or in any preliminary prospectus, or arising out of or relating to
any omission or alleged omission of a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein (in the
case of any prospectus or supplement thereto, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made) not misleading, except to
the extent, but only to the extent, that such untrue statements or omissions are based solely upon information regarding such Purchaser
Party furnished in writing to the Company by such Purchaser Party expressly for use therein, or (ii) any violation or alleged violation
by the Company of the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or any state securities law, or any rule or regulation thereunder in connection
therewith.</FONT> If any action shall be brought against any Purchaser Party in respect of which indemnity may be sought pursuant to this
Agreement, such Purchaser Party shall promptly notify the Company in writing, and the Company shall have the right to assume the defense
thereof with counsel of its own choosing reasonably acceptable to the Purchaser Party. Any Purchaser Party shall have the right to employ
separate counsel in any such action and participate in the defense thereof, but the fees and expenses of such counsel shall be at the
expense of such Purchaser Party except to the extent that (x) the employment thereof has been specifically authorized by the Company in
writing, (y) the Company has failed after a reasonable period of time to assume such defense and to employ counsel or (z) in such action
there is, in the reasonable opinion of counsel, a material conflict on any material issue between the position of the Company and the
position of such Purchaser Party, in which case the Company shall be responsible for the reasonable fees and expenses of no more than
one such separate counsel. The Company will not be liable to any Purchaser Party under this Agreement (1) for any settlement by a Purchaser
Party effected without the Company&rsquo;s prior written consent, which shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed; or (2) to the extent,
but only to the extent that a loss, claim, damage or liability is attributable to any Purchaser Party&rsquo;s breach of any of the representations,
warranties, covenants or agreements made by such Purchaser Party in this Agreement or in the other Transaction Documents. The indemnification
required by this Section 4.8 shall be made by periodic payments of the amount thereof during the course of the investigation or defense,
as and when bills are received or are incurred. The indemnity agreements contained herein shall be in addition to any cause of action
or similar right of any Purchaser Party against the Company or others and any liabilities the Company may be subject to pursuant to law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">4.6</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Reservation of Common Stock</U>. As of the date hereof, the Company has reserved and the Company shall continue to reserve and
keep available at all times, free of preemptive rights, a sufficient number of shares of Common Stock for the purpose of enabling the
Company to issue Shares pursuant to this Agreement and <FONT STYLE="color: windowtext">Pre-Funded Warrant Shares pursuant to any exercise
of the Pre-Funded Warrants</FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">4.7</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Listing of Common Stock</U>. The Company hereby agrees to use commercially reasonable efforts to maintain the listing or quotation
of the Common Stock on the Trading Market on which it is currently listed, and concurrently with the Closing, the Company shall apply
to list or quote all of the Shares and <FONT STYLE="color: windowtext">Pre-Funded Warrant Shares pursuant to any exercise of the Pre-Funded
Warrants </FONT>on such Trading Market and promptly secure the listing of all of the Shares and Pre-Funded Warrant Shares on such Trading
Market. The Company further agrees, if the Company applies to have the Common Stock traded on any other Trading Market, it will then include
in such application all of the Shares and <FONT STYLE="color: windowtext">Pre-Funded Warrant Shares</FONT>, and will take such other action
as is necessary to cause all of the Shares and Pre-Funded Warrant Shares to be listed or quoted on such other Trading Market as promptly
as possible. The Company will then take all action reasonably necessary to continue the listing and trading of its Common Stock on a Trading
Market and will comply in all respects with the Company&rsquo;s reporting, filing and other obligations under the bylaws or rules of the
Trading Market. The Company agrees to maintain the eligibility of the Common Stock for electronic transfer through the Depository Trust
Company or another established clearing corporation, including, without limitation, by timely payment of fees to the Depository Trust
Company or such other established clearing corporation in connection with such electronic transfer.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">4.8</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Company Lock-Up Agreement</U>. The Company, on behalf of itself and any successor entity, agrees that, without the prior written
consent of the Placement Agent, it will not, during the period from the date of this Agreement to the date that is ninety (90) days from
the date of this Agreement (the &ldquo;<U>Lock-Up Period</U>&rdquo;), (i) offer, pledge, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract
to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, lend, or otherwise transfer or dispose
of, directly or indirectly, any shares of capital stock of the Company or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable
for shares of capital stock of the Company; (ii) file or caused to be filed any registration statement with the Commission relating to
the offering of any shares of capital stock of the Company or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for shares
of capital stock of the Company other than a registration statement on Form S-8; (iii) complete any offering of debt securities of the
Company, other than entering into a line of credit with a traditional bank or (iv) enter into any swap or other arrangement that transfers
to another ,in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of capital stock of the Company, whether any such transaction
described in clause (i), (ii), (iii) or (iv) above is to be settled by delivery of shares of capital stock of the Company in cash or otherwise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">The restrictions contained in
this Section 4.11 shall not apply to (i) the Securities to be sold hereunder, (ii) the issuance by the Company of shares of Common Stock
upon the exercise of a stock option or warrant or the conversion of a security, in each case outstanding on the date hereof, provided
that such options, warrants, securities are disclosed in the Registration Statement and Prospectus Supplement and have not been amended
since the date of this Agreement to increase the number of such securities or to decrease the exercise price, exchange price or conversion
price of such securities, excluding adjustments resulting from any price protection or antidilution rights or provisions, or to extend
the term of such securities, (iii) the issuance of Common Stock as part of the purchase price in connection with acquisitions or strategic
transactions provided that such securities are issued as &ldquo;restricted securities&rdquo; (as defined in Rule 144) and carry no registration
rights that require or permit the filing of any registration statement in connection therewith within 90 days following the date of this
Agreement, (iv) the issuance by the Company of any Common Stock, options to purchase Common Stock, or any securities convertible into
or exercisable or exchangeable for any Common Stock or other awards to directors, officers, employees, or independent contractors of the
Company in their capacity as such pursuant to an Approved Stock Plan (as defined below), (v) the issuance of restricted securities as
long as such restricted securities are not registered during the Lock-Up Period or (vi) the issuance by the Company of any Common Stock,
options to purchase Common Stock or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for any Common Stock or other awards
as compensation to any legal, accounting or other third-party advisor for services rendered to the Company by such legal, accounting or
other third-party advisor. &ldquo;<U>Approved Stock Plan</U>&rdquo; means any employee benefit plan, qualified stock option plan or other
employee compensation plan which has been approved by the board of directors of the Company prior to or subsequent to the date hereof
pursuant to which Common Stock, restricted stock, restricted stock units, options to purchase Common Stock or units, stock appreciation
rights, performance awards, cash awards, or other-stock based awards may be issued to any employee, officer, director or independent contractors
for services provided to the Company in their capacity as such.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">4.9</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Equal Treatment of Purchasers</U>. No consideration (including any modification of any Transaction Document) shall be offered
or paid to any Person to amend or consent to a waiver or modification of any provision of the Transaction Documents unless the same consideration
is also offered to all of the parties to the Transaction Documents. For clarification purposes, this provision constitutes a separate
right granted to each Purchaser by the Company and negotiated separately by each Purchaser, and is intended for the Company to treat the
Purchasers as a class and shall not in any way be construed as the Purchasers acting in concert or as a group with respect to the purchase,
disposition or voting of Securities or otherwise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">4.10</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Certain Transactions and Confidentiality</U>. Each Purchaser, severally and not jointly with the other Purchasers, covenants
that neither it nor any Affiliate acting on its behalf or pursuant to any understanding with it will execute any purchases or sales, including
Short Sales of any of the Company&rsquo;s securities during the period commencing with the execution of this Agreement and ending at such
time that the transactions contemplated by this Agreement are first publicly announced pursuant to the initial press release as described
in Section 4.4.<FONT STYLE="color: windowtext">&nbsp; </FONT>Each Purchaser, severally and not jointly with the other Purchasers, covenants
that until such time as the transactions contemplated by this Agreement are publicly disclosed by the Company pursuant to the initial
press release as described in Section 4.4, such Purchaser will maintain the confidentiality of the existence and terms of this transaction
and the information included in the Disclosure Schedules.&nbsp; N<FONT STYLE="color: windowtext">otwithstanding the foregoing and notwithstanding
anything contained in this Agreement to the contrary, the Company expressly acknowledges and agrees that (i) no Purchaser makes any representation,
warranty or covenant hereby that it will not engage in effecting transactions in any securities of the Company after the time that the
transactions contemplated by this Agreement are first publicly announced pursuant to the initial press release as described in Section
4.4, (ii) no Purchaser shall be restricted or prohibited from effecting any transactions in any securities of the Company in accordance
with applicable securities laws from and after the time that the transactions contemplated by this Agreement are first publicly announced
pursuant to the initial press release as described in Section 4.4 and (iii) no Purchaser shall have any duty of confidentiality or duty
not to trade in the securities of the Company to the Company or its Subsidiaries after the issuance of the initial press release as described
in Section 4.4.&nbsp; </FONT>Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the case of a Purchaser that is a multi-managed investment vehicle whereby
separate portfolio managers manage separate portions of such Purchaser&rsquo;s assets and the portfolio managers have no direct knowledge
of the investment decisions made by the portfolio managers managing other portions of such Purchaser&rsquo;s assets, the covenant set
forth above shall only apply with respect to the portion of assets managed by the portfolio manager that made the investment decision
to purchase the Securities covered by this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">4.11</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><FONT STYLE="color: windowtext"><U>Lock-Up Agreements</U>. The Company shall not amend, modify, waive or terminate any provision
of any of the Lock-Up Agreements except to extend the term of the lock-up period and shall enforce the provisions of each Lock-Up Agreement
in accordance with its terms. If any party to a Lock-Up Agreement breaches any provision of a Lock-Up Agreement, the Company shall promptly
use its commercially reasonable efforts to seek specific performance of the terms of such Lock-Up Agreement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="color: windowtext">&nbsp;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in"><B>ARTICLE V.</B><BR>
MISCELLANEOUS</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">5.1</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Termination</U>.&nbsp; This Agreement may be terminated by any Purchaser, as to such Purchaser&rsquo;s obligations hereunder
only and without any effect whatsoever on the obligations between the Company and the other Purchasers, by written notice to the other
parties, if the Closing has not been consummated on or before the fifth (5<SUP>th</SUP>) Trading Day following the date hereof; <U>provided</U>,
<U>however</U>, that no such termination will affect the right of any party to sue for any breach by any other party (or parties).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">5.2</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Fees and Expenses</U>. At the Closing, the Company has agreed to reimburse EF Hutton LLC (&ldquo;<U>EF Hutton</U>&rdquo;) the
accountable sum of $75,000 for its legal fees and expenses. Except as expressly set forth in the Transaction Documents to the contrary,
each party shall pay the fees and expenses of its advisers, counsel, accountants and other experts, if any, and all other expenses incurred
by such party incident to the negotiation, preparation, execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement. The Company shall pay all
Transfer Agent fees (including, without limitation, any fees required for same-day processing of any instruction letter delivered by the
Company and any exercise notice delivered by a Purchaser), stamp taxes and other taxes and duties levied in connection with the delivery
of any Securities to the Purchasers.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">5.3</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Entire Agreement</U>. The Transaction Documents, together with the exhibits and schedules thereto, the Prospectus Supplement,
contain the entire understanding of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and thereof and supersede all prior agreements
and understandings, oral or written, with respect to such matters, which the parties acknowledge have been merged into such documents,
exhibits and schedules.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">5.4</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Notices</U>. Any and all notices or other communications or deliveries required or permitted to be provided hereunder shall
be in writing and shall be deemed given and effective on the earliest of: (a) the time of transmission, if such notice or communication
is delivered via facsimile at the facsimile number or email attachment at the email address as set forth on the signature pages attached
hereto at or prior to 5:30 p.m. (New York City time) on a Trading Day, (b) the next Trading Day after the time of transmission, if such
notice or communication is delivered via facsimile at the facsimile number or email attachment at the email address as set forth on the
signature pages attached hereto on a day that is not a Trading Day or later than 5:30 p.m. (New York City time) on any Trading Day, (c)
the second (2<SUP>nd</SUP>) Trading Day following the date of mailing, if sent by U.S. nationally recognized overnight courier service
or (d) upon actual receipt by the party to whom such notice is required to be given. The address for such notices and communications shall
be as set forth on the signature pages attached hereto. To the extent that any notice provided pursuant to any Transaction Document constitutes,
or contains, material, non-public information regarding the Company or any Subsidiaries, the Company shall simultaneously file such notice
with the Commission pursuant to a Current Report on Form 8-K.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">5.5</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Amendments; Waivers</U>. No provision of this Agreement may be waived, modified, supplemented or amended except in a written
instrument signed, in the case of an amendment, by the Company and Purchasers which purchased at least 50.1% in interest of the Shares
based on the initial Subscription Amounts hereunder or, in the case of a waiver, by the party against whom enforcement of any such waived
provision is sought, provided that if any amendment, modification or waiver disproportionately and adversely impacts a Purchaser (or group
of Purchasers), the consent of such disproportionately impacted Purchaser (or group of Purchasers) shall also be required. No waiver of
any default with respect to any provision, condition or requirement of this Agreement shall be deemed to be a continuing waiver in the
future or a waiver of any subsequent default or a waiver of any other provision, condition or requirement hereof, nor shall any delay
or omission of any party to exercise any right hereunder in any manner impair the exercise of any such right. Any proposed amendment or
waiver that disproportionately, materially and adversely affects the rights and obligations of any Purchaser relative to the comparable
rights and obligations of the other Purchasers shall require the prior written consent of such adversely affected Purchaser. Any amendment
effected in accordance with this Section 5.5 shall be binding upon each Purchaser and holder of Securities and the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">5.6</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Headings</U>. The headings herein are for convenience only, do not constitute a part of this Agreement and shall not be deemed
to limit or affect any of the provisions hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">5.7</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Successors and Assigns</U>. This Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties and their successors
and permitted assigns. The Company may not assign this Agreement or any rights or obligations hereunder without the prior written consent
of each Purchaser (other than by merger). Any Purchaser may assign any or all of its rights under this Agreement to any Person to whom
such Purchaser assigns or transfers any Securities, provided that such transferee agrees in writing to be bound, with respect to the transferred
Securities, by the provisions of the Transaction Documents that apply to the &ldquo;Purchasers.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">5.8</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>No Third-Party Beneficiaries</U>. The Placement Agent shall be a third party beneficiary of the representations and warranties
of the Company in Section 3.1 and the representations and warranties of the Purchasers in Section 3.2. This Agreement is intended for
the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors and permitted assigns and is not for the benefit of, nor may any provision
hereof be enforced by, any other Person, except as otherwise set forth in Section 4.5 and this Section 5.8.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">5.9</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Governing Law</U>. All questions concerning the construction, validity, enforcement and interpretation of the Transaction Documents
shall be governed by and construed and enforced in accordance with the internal laws of the State of New York, without regard to the principles
of conflicts of law thereof. Each party agrees that all legal Proceedings concerning the interpretations, enforcement and defense of the
transactions contemplated by this Agreement and any other Transaction Documents (whether brought against a party hereto or its respective
affiliates, directors, officers, shareholders, partners, members, employees or agents) shall be commenced exclusively in the state and
federal courts sitting in the City of New York. Each party hereby irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state and federal
courts sitting in the City of New York, Borough of Manhattan for the adjudication of any dispute hereunder or in connection herewith or
with any transaction contemplated hereby or discussed herein (including with respect to the enforcement of any of the Transaction Documents),
and hereby irrevocably waives, and agrees not to assert in any Action or Proceeding, any claim that it is not personally subject to the
jurisdiction of any such court, that such Action or Proceeding is improper or is an inconvenient venue for such Proceeding. Each party
hereby irrevocably waives personal service of process and consents to process being served in any such Action or Proceeding by mailing
a copy thereof via registered or certified mail or overnight delivery (with evidence of delivery) to such party at the address in effect
for notices to it under this Agreement and agrees that such service shall constitute good and sufficient service of process and notice
thereof. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to limit in any way any right to serve process in any other manner permitted by law.
If any party shall commence an Action or Proceeding to enforce any provisions of the Transaction Documents, then, in addition to the obligations
of the Company under Section 4.8, the prevailing party in such Action or Proceeding shall be reimbursed by the non-prevailing party for
its reasonable attorneys&rsquo; fees and other costs and expenses incurred with the investigation, preparation and prosecution of such
Action or Proceeding.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">5.10</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Survival</U>. The representations and warranties contained herein shall survive the Closing and the delivery of the Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">5.11</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Execution</U>. This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, all of which when taken together shall be considered
one and the same agreement and shall become effective when counterparts have been signed by each party and delivered to each other party,
it being understood that the parties need not sign the same counterpart. In the event that any signature is delivered by facsimile transmission
or by e-mail delivery of a &ldquo;.pdf&rdquo; format data file, or by electronic signature such signature shall create a valid and binding
obligation of the party executing (or on whose behalf such signature is executed) with the same force and effect as if such facsimile
or &ldquo;.pdf&rdquo; signature page or electronic signature were an original thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">5.12</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Severability</U>. If any term, provision, covenant or restriction of this Agreement is held by a court of competent jurisdiction
to be invalid, illegal, void or unenforceable, the remainder of the terms, provisions, covenants and restrictions set forth herein shall
remain in full force and effect and shall in no way be affected, impaired or invalidated, and the parties hereto shall use their commercially
reasonable efforts to find and employ an alternative means to achieve the same or substantially the same result as that contemplated by
such term, provision, covenant or restriction. It is hereby stipulated and declared to be the intention of the parties that they would
have executed the remaining terms, provisions, covenants and restrictions without including any of such that may be hereafter declared
invalid, illegal, void or unenforceable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">5.13</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Rescission and Withdrawal Right</U>. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in (and without limiting any similar
provisions of) any of the other Transaction Documents, whenever any Purchaser exercises a right, election, demand or option under a Transaction
Document and the Company does not timely perform its related obligations within the periods therein provided, then such Purchaser may
rescind or withdraw, in its sole discretion from time to time upon written notice to the Company, any relevant notice, demand or election
in whole or in part without prejudice to its future actions and rights; <U>provided</U>, <U>however</U>, that, in the case of a rescission
of an exercise of a Pre-Funded Warrant, the applicable Purchaser shall be required to return any shares of Common Stock subject to any
such rescinded exercise notice concurrently with the return to such Purchaser of the aggregate exercise price paid to the Company for
such shares and the restoration of such Purchaser&rsquo;s right to acquire such shares pursuant to such Purchaser&rsquo;s Pre-Funded Warrant
(including, issuance of a replacement warrant certificate evidencing such restored right).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">5.14</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Replacement of Securities</U>. If any certificate or instrument evidencing any Securities is mutilated, lost, stolen or destroyed,
the Company shall issue or cause to be issued in exchange and substitution for and upon cancellation thereof (in the case of mutilation),
or in lieu of and substitution therefor, a new certificate or instrument, but only upon receipt of evidence reasonably satisfactory to
the Company of such loss, theft or destruction. The applicant for a new certificate or instrument under such circumstances shall also
pay any reasonable third-party costs (including customary indemnity) associated with the issuance of such replacement Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">5.15</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Remedies</U>. In addition to being entitled to exercise all rights provided herein or granted by law, including recovery of
damages, each of the Purchasers and the Company will be entitled to specific performance under the Transaction Documents. The parties
agree that monetary damages may not be adequate compensation for any loss incurred by reason of any breach of obligations contained in
the Transaction Documents and hereby agree to waive and not to assert in any Action for specific performance of any such obligation the
defense that a remedy at law would be adequate.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">5.16</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Payment Set Aside</U>. To the extent that the Company makes a payment or payments to any Purchaser pursuant to any Transaction
Document or a Purchaser enforces or exercises its rights thereunder, and such payment or payments or the proceeds of such enforcement
or exercise or any part thereof are subsequently invalidated, declared to be fraudulent or preferential, set aside, recovered from, disgorged
by or are required to be refunded, repaid or otherwise restored to the Company, a trustee, receiver or any other Person under any law
(including, without limitation, any bankruptcy law, state or federal law, common law or equitable cause of action), then to the extent
of any such restoration the obligation or part thereof originally intended to be satisfied shall be revived and continued in full force
and effect as if such payment had not been made or such enforcement or setoff had not occurred.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">5.17</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Independent Nature of Purchasers&rsquo; Obligations and Rights</U>. The obligations of each Purchaser under any Transaction
Document are several and not joint with the obligations of any other Purchaser, and no Purchaser shall be responsible in any way for the
performance or non-performance of the obligations of any other Purchaser under any Transaction Document. Nothing contained herein or in
any other Transaction Document, and no action taken by any Purchaser pursuant hereto or thereto, shall be deemed to constitute the Purchasers
as a partnership, an association, a joint venture or any other kind of entity, or create a presumption that the Purchasers are in any
way acting in concert or as a group with respect to such obligations or the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents. Each
Purchaser shall be entitled to independently protect and enforce its rights including, without limitation, the rights arising out of this
Agreement or out of the other Transaction Documents, and it shall not be necessary for any other Purchaser to be joined as an additional
party in any Proceeding for such purpose. Each Purchaser has been represented by its own separate legal counsel in its review and negotiation
of the Transaction Documents. For reasons of administrative convenience only, each Purchaser and its respective counsel have chosen to
communicate with the Company through Loeb &amp; Loeb LLP (&ldquo;<U>Loeb</U>&rdquo;), with offices located at 345 Park Avenue, New York,
New York 10154. Loeb does not represent any of the Purchasers and only represents the Placement Agent. The Company has elected to provide
all Purchasers with the same terms and Transaction Documents for the convenience of the Company and not because it was required or requested
to do so by any of the Purchasers. It is expressly understood and agreed that each provision contained in this Agreement and in each other
Transaction Document is between the Company and a Purchaser, solely, and not between the Company and the Purchasers collectively and not
between and among the Purchasers.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">5.18</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Liquidated Damages</U>. The Company&rsquo;s obligations to pay any partial liquidated damages or other amounts owing under the
Transaction Documents is a continuing obligation of the Company and shall not terminate until all unpaid partial liquidated damages and
other amounts have been paid notwithstanding the fact that the instrument or security pursuant to which such partial liquidated damages
or other amounts are due and payable shall have been canceled.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">5.19</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Saturdays, Sundays, Holidays, etc.</U>&#9;If the last or appointed day for the taking of any action or the expiration of any
right required or granted herein shall not be a Business Day, then such action may be taken or such right may be exercised on the next
succeeding Business Day.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">5.20</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><U>Construction</U>. The parties agree that each of them and/or their respective counsel have reviewed and had an opportunity to
revise the Transaction Documents and, therefore, the normal rule of construction to the effect that any ambiguities are to be resolved
against the drafting party shall not be employed in the interpretation of the Transaction Documents or any amendments thereto. In addition,
each and every reference to share prices and shares of Common Stock in any Transaction Document shall be subject to adjustment for reverse
and forward stock splits, stock dividends, stock combinations and other similar transactions of the Common Stock that occur after the
date of this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="display: inline-block; width: 0.5in; float: left; white-space:nowrap">5.21</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">
</FONT><B><U>WAIVER OF JURY TRIAL</U>. <U>IN ANY ACTION, SUIT, OR PROCEEDING IN ANY JURISDICTION BROUGHT BY ANY PARTY AGAINST ANY OTHER
PARTY, THE PARTIES EACH KNOWINGLY AND INTENTIONALLY, TO THE GREATEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, HEREBY ABSOLUTELY, UNCONDITIONALLY,
IRREVOCABLY AND EXPRESSLY WAIVES FOREVER TRIAL BY JURY. </U></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>(Signature Pages Follow)</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>&nbsp;</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>&nbsp;</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>&nbsp;</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I></I></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>&nbsp;</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the
parties hereto have caused this Securities Purchase Agreement to be duly executed by their respective authorized signatories as of the
date first indicated above.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 64%">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>KARTOON STUDIOS, INC.</B></FONT></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt; layout-grid-mode: line; width: 36%"><U>Address for Notice</U>:
</TD>
    </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt; layout-grid-mode: line">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt; layout-grid-mode: line">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">By:<U>/s/ Andy Heyward&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</U></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">Name: Andy Heyward</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">Title: Chief Executive Officer</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">With a copy to (which shall not constitute notice):</P></TD>
    <TD>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Kartoon Studios, Inc.</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">190 N. Canon Drive, 4th Fl.</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Beverly Hills, CA 90210</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Attention: Chief Executive Officer</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Email: aheyward@kartoonstudios.com</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Reed Smith LLP<BR>
    599 Lexington Avenue<BR>
    New York, New York 10022</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Attention: Mark G. Pedretti, Esq.</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.75in">Anthony J. Marsico, Esq.</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Email: mpedretti@reedsmith.com;</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">amarsico@reedsmith.com</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; font-size: 10pt; layout-grid-mode: line">&nbsp;</TD>
    </TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">[REMAINDER OF PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">SIGNATURE PAGE FOR PURCHASER FOLLOWS]</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">[PURCHASER SIGNATURE PAGES TO KARTOON STUDIOS,
INC. SECURITIES PURCHASE AGREEMENT]</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned
have caused this Securities Purchase Agreement to be duly executed by their respective authorized signatories as of the date first indicated
above.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Name of Purchaser: ________________________________________________________</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>Signature of Authorized Signatory of Purchaser</I>:
_________________________________</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Name of Authorized Signatory: _______________________________________________</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Title of Authorized Signatory: ________________________________________________</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Email Address of Authorized Signatory:_________________________________________</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Facsimile Number of Authorized Signatory: __________________________________________</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Address for Notice to Purchaser:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Address for Delivery of Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants to Purchaser
(if not same as address for notice):</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">DWAC for Shares:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Subscription Amount: $_________________</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Shares: _________________</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Pre-Funded Warrant Shares:  _________________</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Warrant Shares:  _________________</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 104.25pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">EIN Number: _______________________</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">o</FONT>
Notwithstanding anything contained in this Agreement to the contrary, by checking this box (i) the obligations of the above-signed to
purchase the securities set forth in this Agreement to be purchased from the Company by the above-signed, and the obligations of the Company
to sell such securities to the above-signed, shall be unconditional and all conditions to Closing shall be disregarded, (ii) the Closing
shall occur on the second (2<SUP>nd</SUP>) Trading Day following the date of this Agreement and (iii) any condition to Closing contemplated
by this Agreement (but prior to being disregarded by clause (i) above) that required delivery by the Company or the above-signed of any
agreement, instrument, certificate or the like or purchase price (as applicable) shall no longer be a condition and shall instead be an
unconditional obligation of the Company or the above-signed (as applicable) to deliver such agreement, instrument, certificate or the
like or purchase price (as applicable) to such other party on the Closing Date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><U>Exhibit A</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><U>Form of Pre-Funded Warrant</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="margin: 0"><B>Exhibit 99.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white; color: #1D2228"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12pt"><B>Kartoon
Studios Inc. Completes First Tranche of Registered Direct Offering of Common Stock and Pre-Funded Warrants for up to $7.0 Million; Closes
Initial Purchase of $4.0 Million of Common Stock and Pre-Funded Warrants</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white; color: #1D2228"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>BEVERLY HILLS, Calif., April 23, 2024 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) &ndash; Kartoon
Studios Inc. (NYSE American: TOON) (&ldquo;Kartoon Studios&rdquo; or the &ldquo;Company&rdquo;)</B>, a global end-to-end creator, producer,
distributor, marketer, and licensor of entertainment brands, today announced the consummation of the initial closing of a registered direct
offering (the &ldquo;Offering&rdquo;) to a certain institutional investor (the &ldquo;Investor&rdquo;) pursuant to a securities purchase
agreement, dated April 18, 2024, of up to 7,000,000 shares of its common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the &ldquo;Common Stock&rdquo;),
and/or pre-funded warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock (the &ldquo;Pre-funded Warrants&rdquo;), of which 3,900,000 shares and 100,000
Pre-Funded Warrants were issued and sold on April 23, 2024. An additional 3,000,000 shares and/or Pre-Funded Warrants may be issued and
sold to the Investor at the sole option of the Investor, at $1.00 per share of Common Stock and $0.99 per Pre-funded Warrant, in up to
three additional closings of at least $1,000,000 in gross proceeds each, and to occur no later than one hundred eighty (180) days following
April 18, 2024. The Company received aggregate gross proceeds of $4,000,000 from the initial closing, prior to deducting placement agent
fees and other offering expenses and may receive up to an additional $3 million in gross proceeds pursuant to the subsequent closings,
prior to deducting placement agent fees and other offering expenses.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">EF Hutton LLC acted as the sole placement agent for the Offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The securities were offered by the Company pursuant to a &quot;shelf&quot;
registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-276259), which was filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (&ldquo;SEC&rdquo;)
on December 22, 2023, and declared effective by the SEC on January 5, 2024, and the accompanying prospectus contained therein (the &ldquo;Registration
Statement&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The offering was made only by means of a prospectus supplement and
accompanying prospectus. A prospectus supplement describing the terms of the public offering was filed with the SEC on April 19, 2024,
and formed a part of the effective Registration Statement. Copies of the prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus relating
to this offering may be obtained on the SEC&rsquo;s website at http://www.sec.gov or by contacting EF Hutton LLC, Attention: Syndicate
Department, 590 Madison Avenue, 39th Floor, New York, NY 10022, by email at syndicate@efhutton.com, or by telephone at (212) 404-7002.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">This press release shall not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation
of an offer to buy any of the securities described herein, nor shall there be any sale of these securities in any state or jurisdiction
in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to registration or qualification under the securities laws of any such
state or jurisdiction. Any offer, if at all, will be made only by means of the prospectus supplement and accompanying prospectus forming
a part of the effective registration statement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>About Kartoon Studios Inc.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Kartoon Studios is a global end-to-end creator, producer, distributor,
marketer, and licensor of entertainment brands. The Company&rsquo;s IP portfolio includes original animated content, including the Stan
Lee brand, Stan Lee&rsquo;s Superhero Kindergarten, starring Arnold Schwarzenegger, on Kartoon Channel!; Shaq&rsquo;s Garage, starring
Shaquille O&rsquo;Neal, on Kartoon Channel!; Rainbow Rangers on Kartoon Channel! and Netflix; the Netflix Original, Llama Llama, starring
Jennifer Garner, and more.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">In 2022, Kartoon Studios acquired Canada&rsquo;s WOW! Unlimited Media
and made a strategic investment becoming the largest shareholder in Germany&rsquo;s Your Family Entertainment AG (FRA:RTV), one of Europe&rsquo;s
leading distributors and broadcasters of high-quality programs for children and families.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Toon Media Networks, the company&rsquo;s wholly owned digital distribution
network, consists of Kartoon Channel!, Frederator Network, and Ameba. Kartoon Channel! is a globally distributed entertainment platform
with near full penetration of the U.S. television market and international expansion underway with launches in key markets around the
world, including Germany, Malaysia, India, Africa and Sub-Sahara Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, and Maldives. Kartoon Channel!
and Ameba are available across multiple platforms, including iOS, Android Mobile, Web, Amazon Prime Video, Apple TV, Amazon Fire, Roku,
Pluto TV, Comcast, Cox, Dish, Sling TV, Android TV, Tubi, Xumo, Samsung and LG Smart TVs. Frederator Network owns and operates the largest
global animation network on YouTube, with channels featuring over 2,000 exclusive creators and influencers, garnering billions of views
annually.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">For additional information, please visit www.kartoonstudios.com</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Notice Regarding Forward-Looking Statements</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The information contained herein includes forward-looking statements
within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as
amended. These statements include, among others, statements regarding the proposed registered direct offering, and the timing and the
use of the proceeds from the offering. Forward-looking statements generally include statements that are predictive in nature and depend
upon or refer to future events or conditions, and include words such as &quot;may,&quot; &quot;will,&quot; &quot;should,&quot; &quot;would,&quot;
&quot;expect,&quot; &quot;plan,&quot; &quot;believe,&quot; &quot;intend,&quot; &quot;look forward,&quot; and other similar expressions
among others. These statements relate to future events or to the Company&rsquo;s future financial performance, and involve known and unknown
risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause the Company&rsquo;s actual results to be materially different from any future results,
levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. You should not place undue reliance
on forward-looking statements since they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which are, in some cases, beyond
the Company&rsquo;s control and which could, and likely will, materially affect actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements.
Any forward-looking statement reflects the Company&rsquo;s current views with respect to future events and is subject to these and other
risks, uncertainties and assumptions relating to the Company&rsquo;s operations, results of operations, growth strategy and liquidity.
More detailed information about the Company and the risk factors that may affect the realization of forward-looking statements is set
forth in the Company&rsquo;s most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Investors
and security holders are urged to read these documents free of charge on the SEC&rsquo;s website at http://www.sec.gov. Except as may
be required by applicable law, The Company assumes no obligation to publicly update or revise these forward-looking statements for any
reason, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, whether
as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>MEDIA CONTACT</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">pr@kartoonstudios.com</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>INVESTOR RELATIONS CONTACT</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">ir@kartoonstudios.com</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-99.2
<SEQUENCE>4
<FILENAME>toon_ex9902.htm
<DESCRIPTION>PRESS RELEASE OF KARTOON STUDIOS, INC., DATED APRIL 18, 2024
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="margin: 0"><B>Exhibit 99.2</B></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0"><B><IMG SRC="image_001.jpg" ALT=""></B></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Kartoon Studios Inc. Announces Pricing of up
to $7 Million Registered Direct Offering of Common Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>BEVERLY HILLS, CA, April 18, 2024 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE)
&ndash; Kartoon Studios Inc. (NYSE American: TOON) (&ldquo;Kartoon Studios&rdquo; or the &ldquo;Company&rdquo;), </B>a global end-to-end
creator, producer, distributor, marketer, and licensor of entertainment brands, today announced the pricing of a registered direct offering
of up to 7,000,000 shares of its common stock and/or pre-funded warrants to purchase shares of common stock (the &ldquo;Pre-funded Warrants&rdquo;)
(the &ldquo;offering&rdquo;) to certain institutional investors at $1.00 per share of common stock and $0.99 per Pre-funded Warrant, for
aggregate gross proceeds of up to approximately $7,000,000, prior to deducting placement agent fees and other offering expenses, pursuant
to a securities purchase agreement (the &ldquo;SPA&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The first tranche of the offering consists of
4,000,000 shares of common stock and/or Pre-funded Warrants for aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of approximately $4,000,000, and
is expected to close on or about Monday, April 22, 2024, subject to the satisfaction of customary closing conditions. Up to 180 days following
the date of the SPA, the investors have the option to purchase up to an additional 3,000,000 shares of common stock and/or Pre-funded
Warrants, whereby the Company will receive aggregate gross proceeds of up to approximately $3,000,000, prior to deducting placement agent
fees and other offering expenses.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">EF Hutton LLC is acting as the sole placement
agent for the offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The securities are being offered by the Company
pursuant to a &quot;shelf&quot; registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-276259), which was filed with the U.S. Securities and
Exchange Commission (&ldquo;SEC&rdquo;) on December 22, 2023, and declared effective by the SEC on January 5, 2024, and the accompanying
prospectus contained therein (the &ldquo;Registration Statement&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The offering is being made only by means of a
prospectus supplement and accompanying prospectus. A prospectus supplement describing the terms of the public offering will be filed with
the SEC and will form a part of the effective Registration Statement. Copies of the prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus
relating to this offering may be obtained, when available, on the SEC&rsquo;s website at http://www.sec.gov or by contacting EF Hutton
LLC, Attention: Syndicate Department, 590 Madison Avenue, 39th Floor, New York, NY 10022, by email at syndicate@efhuttongroup.com, or
by telephone at (212) 404-7002.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">This press release shall not constitute an offer
to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any of the securities described herein, nor shall there be any sale of these securities
in any state or jurisdiction in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to registration or qualification under
the securities laws of any such state or jurisdiction. <FONT STYLE="background-color: white">Any offer, if at all, will be made only by
means of the prospectus supplement and accompanying prospectus forming a part of the effective registration statement.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>About Kartoon Studios Inc. </B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Kartoon Studios is a global end-to-end creator,
producer, distributor, marketer, and licensor of entertainment brands. The Company&rsquo;s IP portfolio includes original animated content,
including the Stan Lee brand, Stan Lee&rsquo;s Superhero Kindergarten, starring Arnold Schwarzenegger, on Kartoon Channel!; Shaq&rsquo;s
Garage, starring Shaquille O&rsquo;Neal, on Kartoon Channel!; Rainbow Rangers on Kartoon Channel! and Netflix; the Netflix Original, Llama
Llama, starring Jennifer Garner, and more.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In 2022, Kartoon Studios acquired Canada&rsquo;s
WOW! Unlimited Media and made a strategic investment becoming the largest shareholder in Germany&rsquo;s Your Family Entertainment AG
(FRA:RTV), one of Europe&rsquo;s leading distributors and broadcasters of high-quality programs for children and families.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Toon Media Networks, the company&rsquo;s wholly
owned digital distribution network, consists of Kartoon Channel!, Frederator Network, and Ameba. Kartoon Channel! is a globally distributed
entertainment platform with near full penetration of the U.S. television market and international expansion underway with launches in
key markets around the world, including Germany, Malaysia, India, Africa and Sub-Sahara Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, and
Maldives. Kartoon Channel! and Ameba are available across multiple platforms, including iOS, Android Mobile, Web, Amazon Prime Video,
Apple TV, Amazon Fire, Roku, Pluto TV, Comcast, Cox, Dish, Sling TV, Android TV, Tubi, Xumo, Samsung and LG Smart TVs. Frederator Network
owns and operates the largest global animation network on YouTube, with channels featuring over 2,000 exclusive creators and influencers,
garnering billions of views annually.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">For additional information, please visit www.kartoonstudios.com</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Notice Regarding Forward-Looking Statements</B></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The information contained herein includes forward-looking statements
within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as
amended. These statements include, among others, statements regarding the proposed registered direct offering, and the timing and the
use of the proceeds from the offering. Forward-looking statements generally include statements that are predictive in nature and depend
upon or refer to future events or conditions, and include words such as &quot;may,&quot; &quot;will,&quot; &quot;should,&quot; &quot;would,&quot;
&quot;expect,&quot; &quot;plan,&quot; &quot;believe,&quot; &quot;intend,&quot; &quot;look forward,&quot; and other similar expressions
among others. These statements relate to future events or to the Company&rsquo;s future financial performance, and involve known and unknown
risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause the Company&rsquo;s actual results to be materially different from any future results,
levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. You should not place undue reliance
on forward-looking statements since they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which are, in some cases, beyond
the Company&rsquo;s control and which could, and likely will, materially affect actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements.
Any forward-looking statement reflects the Company&rsquo;s current views with respect to future events and is subject to these and other
risks, uncertainties and assumptions relating to the Company&rsquo;s operations, results of operations, growth strategy and liquidity.
More detailed information about the Company and the risk factors that may affect the realization of forward-looking statements is set
forth in the Company&rsquo;s most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Investors
and security holders are urged to read these documents free of charge on the SEC&rsquo;s website at http://www.sec.gov. Except as may
be required by applicable law, The Company assumes no obligation to publicly update or revise these forward-looking statements for any
reason, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, whether
as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>MEDIA CONTACT</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="color: Blue">pr@kartoonstudios.com</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>INVESTOR RELATIONS CONTACT</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="color: Blue">ir@kartoonstudios.com</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white"></P>

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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>7
<FILENAME>toon-20240419_pre.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL PRESENTATION FILE
<TEXT>
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    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: Status; Value: 0x00000000 -->
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<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
							function toggleNextSibling (e) {
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<span style="display: none;">v3.24.1.u1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm140483793589504">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Cover<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Apr. 19, 2024</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Cover [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Apr. 19,  2024<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">001-37950<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">KARTOON
STUDIOS, INC.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0001355848<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">20-4118216<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">NV<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">190
N. Canon Drive, 4th Fl.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Beverly
Hills<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">CA<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">90210<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">(310)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">273-4222<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">TOON<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NYSE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
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<div style="display: none;">
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period.  The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
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<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
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</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_Security12bTitle">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_Security12bTitle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:securityTitleItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SecurityExchangeName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarExchangeCodeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Section 14a<br> -Number 240<br> -Subsection 12<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SolicitingMaterial</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_TradingSymbol">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_TradingSymbol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:tradingSymbolItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_WrittenCommunications">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 425<br></p></div>
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