Major components of tax expense (income) [abstract]

Total income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are allocated as follows:


	2022			2021			2020
Current:
- Domestic		(838	)		(2,116	)		(2,221	)
- Foreign		(1,582	)		(3,170	)		(1,545	)
Total (a)		(2,420	)		(5,286	)		(3,766	)
Deferred:
- Domestic		—			—			430
- Foreign		147			897			(1,005	)
Total (b)		147			897			(575	)
Total (a + b)		(2,273	)		(4,389	)		(4,341	)

Reconciliation of Income Tax Expense

The effective income taxes differ from the expected income tax expense (computed by applying the IRES state tax, which is 24% for 2022, 2021 and 2020, to profit before income taxes and non-controlling interests) as follows:


	2022			2021			2020
Expected tax benefit (expense) at statutory tax rates		(855	)		(2,106	)		4,936
Effect of:
- Tax exempt income		2,618			2,320			4,806
- Aggregate effect of different tax rates in foreign jurisdictions		(79	)		191			322
- Italian regional tax		(28	)		(78	)		(24	)
- Non-deductible expenses		(1,635	)		(5,152	)		(5,575	)
- Tax effect on unremitted earnings		(755	)		(515	)		(1,024	)
- Non taxable gain from disposal of a subsidiary		—			1,057			—
- Chinese withholding tax on income not recoverable		—			(699	)		(1,396	)
- Effect of net change in deferred tax assets unrecognised		(1,539	)		593			(6,386	)
Actual tax charge		(2,273	)		(4,389	)		(4,341	)

Summary of Movements in deferred Tax Balances

Movements in deferred tax balances occurred during 2020, 2021 and 2022 are analysed as follows:


	Def. tax assets			Def. tax liabilities			Total
Balance as at December 31, 2019		1,974			(1,891	)		83
Recognised in profit or loss		49			(624	)		(575	)
Recognised in OCI		—			—			—
Recognised directly in equity		—			—			—
Balance as at December 31, 2020		2,023			(2,515	)		(492	)
Recognised in profit or loss		(728	)		1,110			382
Recognised in OCI		—			—			—
Recognised directly in equity		—			—			—
Balance as at December 31, 2021		1,295			(1,405	)		(110	)
Recognised in profit or loss		670			(524	)		146
Recognised in OCI		—			—			—
Recognised directly in equity		—			—			—
Balance as at December 31, 2022		1,965			(1,929	)		36

Summary of Unrecognised Deferred Tax Assets

As at December 31, 2022 and 2021 deferred tax assets have not been recognised in respect of the following items, because it is not probable that future taxable profit will be available against which the Group can use the benefits therefrom.


Unrecognised deferred tax assets	31/12/22				31/12/21
	Gross Amount		Tax effect		Gross Amount		Tax effect
Tax loss carry-forwards		366,175		90,713		368,779		88,328
Provision for contingent liabilities		7,673		2,207		12,231		2,888
Inventory obsolescence		8,266		2,327		11,985		2,560
Allowance for doubtful accounts		5,125		1,230		6,810		1,540
Intercompany profit on inventories		4,716		1,359		5,676		1,614
Provision for warranties		3,375		973		3,117		898
Impairment of non-financial assets		3,284		870		3,989		1,018
IAS 19 adjustment - employees’ leaving entitlement		—		—		1,807		434
Other temporary differences		10,868		1,925		9,734		1,455
Total unrecognised deferred tax assets		409,482		101,604		424,128		100,735