IFRS 9 “Financial Instruments” sets out requirements for recognising and measuring financial assets, financial liabilities and some contracts to buy or sell non-financial items. This standard replaced IAS 39 “Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement”.

IFRS 9 contains three principal classification categories for financial assets: measured at amortised cost, fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI) and fair value through profit and loss (FVTPL). The classification of financial assets under IFRS 9 is generally based on the business model within which a financial asset is managed and its contractual cash flow characteristics.

The Group’s principal financial assets, other than derivatives, include cash and cash equivalents, trade and other receivables that derive directly from operations. The Group’s principal financial liabilities, other than derivatives, comprise of long-term borrowings, lease liabilities, bank overdrafts and short-term borrowings, trade and other payables. The main purpose of these financial liabilities is to finance the Group’s operations. The Group also enters into derivative transactions, namely forward exchange contracts, to protect the value of its foreign currency denominated revenue, not for speculative or trading purposes (see note 32).

For an explanation of how the Group classifies and measures financial instruments and accounts for related gains and losses under IFRS 9, see notes 4(l), 4(m), 4(n), 4(o), 4(p) and 4(s).

The following tables show the classification and carrying amounts of Group’s financial assets and financial liabilities as at December 31, 2024 and 2023.


Financial assets	31/12/24		31/12/23
Financial assets measured at amortised cost
Other non-current receivables		6,124		6,396
Trade receivables		32,819		33,304
Other current receivables		10,617		12,218
Other current financial receivables		1,348		—
Cash and cash equivalents		20,322		33,610
Total (a)		71,230		85,528
Financial assets measured at fair value
Forward exchange contracts		24		147
Total (b)		24		147
Total financial assets (a+b)		71,254		85,675

Financial assets measured at amortised cost include trade receivables, other receivables (non-current and current) and cash and cash equivalents. Financial assets at fair value reflect the positive change in fair value of forward exchange contracts that are not designated as hedge relationships, but are, nevertheless, intended to reduce the level of foreign currency risk for future cash flows from accounts receivables and sale orders.

For further details on “Trade receivables”, “Other receivables”, “Cash and cash equivalents” and “Forward exchange contracts” reference should be made to notes 15, 12-16, 18 and 32, respectively.


Financial liabilities	31/12/24		31/12/23
Financial liabilities measured at amortised cost
Long-term borrowings		18,720		17,353
Lease liabilities		57,750		62,327
Other non-current debts		465		—
Bank overdrafts and short-term borrowings		23,327		22,834
Trade payables		66,477		60,888
Other payables		26,706		31,719
Other non-current liabilities		2,160		2,725
Total (a)		195,605		197,846
Financial liabilities measured at fair value
Forward exchange contracts		268		36
Total (b)		268		36
Total financial liabilities (a+b)		195,873		197,882

Financial liabilities measured at amortised cost include long-term borrowings (non-current and current portion), lease liabilities (non-current and current portion), bank overdrafts and short-term borrowings, trade payables and other payables. Financial liabilities measured at fair value reflect the negative change in fair value of forward exchange contracts that are not designated as hedge relationships, but are, nevertheless, intended to reduce the level of foreign currency risk for expected future cash flows from trade receivables and sale orders.

For further details on “Long-term borrowings”, “Lease liabilities”, “Other non-current liabilities", “Bank overdrafts and short-term borrowings”, “Trade payables”, “Other payables” and “Forward exchange contracts” reference should be made to notes 20, 21, 22, 23, 28, 29, 30 and 32, respectively.

B. Fair value and measurement of fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities

Management has assessed that the fair values of cash and cash equivalents, trade and other receivables, trade and other payables, bank overdrafts and short-term borrowings approximate their carrying amounts largely due to the short-term maturities of these instruments.

The following tables show the carrying amount and fair value of Group’s financial assets and financial liabilities as at December 31, 2024 and 2023, other than those with carrying amount that are reasonable approximation of fair value.


	31/12/24				31/12/23
	Carrying amount		Fair value		Carrying amount		Fair value
Financial assets
Forward exchange contracts		24		24		147		147
Financial liabilities
Floating-rate borrowings		7,274		7,552		7,898		8,200
Fixed rate borrowings		11,446		14,078		9,455		12,459
Total long-term borrowings		18,720		21,630		17,353		20,659
Forward exchange contracts		268		268		36		36

As at December 31, 2024 and 2023, the fair value measurement hierarchy of the forward exchange contracts and long-term borrowings is “significant observable inputs” (level 2).

There were no transfers between level 1 (quoted prices in active markets) and level 2 during 2024 and 2023. There were no level 3 (significant unobservable inputs) fair values estimated as at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Forward exchange contracts are valued using valuation techniques, which employ the use of market observable inputs. The most frequently applied valuation techniques include forward pricing using present value calculations. The models incorporate various inputs, including the credit quality of counterparties, foreign exchange spot and forward rates, yield curves of the respective currencies, currency basis spreads between the respective currencies, interest rate curves and forward rate curves of the underlying commodity.

The fair values of the Group’s interest-bearing borrowings are determined using the discounted cash flow method. The discount rate used reflects the issuer’s borrowing rate as at the end of the reporting period. The own non-performance risk as at December 31, 2024 and 2023 is determined to be insignificant.

The Group has exposure to the following risks arising from financial instruments:

The management of the Group’s risks arising from financial instruments is performed on the basis of guidelines set by the Company’s Board of Directors. The main purpose of these guidelines is to balance the Group’s liabilities and assets, in

order to ensure an adequate capital viability. The main financial sources of the Group are represented by a mix of equity and financial liabilities, including long-term borrowings used to finance investments, bank overdrafts and short-term borrowings used to finance the Group’s working capital.

Credit risk is the risk of financial loss to the Group if a customer or counterparty to a financial instrument fails to meet its contractual obligations and arises principally from the Group’s receivables from customers. The maximum exposure to credit risk at the reporting date is the carrying value of each class of financial assets disclosed in this note.

The Group’s exposure to credit risk is influenced mainly by the individual characteristics of each customer. However, management also considers the factors that may influence the credit risk of its customer base, including the default risk associated with the industry and country in which customers operate. Details of concentration of revenue are included in note 34.

Customer credit risk is managed on the basis of the Group’s established policies, procedures and controls relating to customer credit risk management.

In particular, the Group has established a credit policy under which each customer is analysed individually for creditworthiness before the Group’s standard payment and delivery terms and conditions are offered. The Group’s review includes external ratings, if they are available, financial statements, credit agency information, industry information and in some cases bank references. After such review, sale limits are established for each customer and reviewed periodically. Any sales exceeding those limits require approval from senior management.

Furthermore, the Group limits its exposure to credit risk from trade receivables by establishing a maximum payment period in the range of 30-90 days for individual customers. During 2022, the Group extended the credit terms to up to 120 days for certain customers who placed orders concerning the fitting out of the point of sale (so-called "sampling" orders). All extensions were granted within current sales limits after careful consideration of the creditworthiness of the customer and each customer that was granted an extension is closely monitored for credit deterioration. In order to mitigate credit risk, sales to distributors or retailers for which no payment extensions are granted due to an uncertain creditworthiness assessment, are required to be settled in cash (“cash against documents”, “cash on delivery”, “payment in advance”). Furthermore, sales to the end consumers are also required to be settled in cash or using major credit cards, thus mitigating the credit risk.

More than 80% of the Group’s distributors and retailers have been transacting with the Group for at least five years, and none of these customers’ balances have been written off or are credit‑impaired at the reporting date. In monitoring customer credit risk, customers are grouped according to their credit characteristics, including whether they are an individual or a legal entity, whether they are a distributor or retailer, their geographic location, industry, trading history with the Group and the existence of previous financial difficulties.

The Group does not require collateral to be given for trade receivables. The Group does not have trade receivables for which no loss allowance is recognised because of collateral provided.

Management closely monitors the outstanding trade receivables to prevent losses.

Finally, in order to significantly reduce its exposure to credit risk, the Group insures the non-collection risk related to a significant portion of its trade receivables with a third party insurer and, in the case of customer insolvency, the insurance company refunds about 85% of the uncollected outstanding balances. Accordingly, the credit risk is entirely borne by the Group for non-insured trade receivables while it is only exposed to approximately 15% for insured trade receivables.

The Group evaluates the concentration of risk with respect to trade receivables and revenue as low, as its customers are located in several jurisdictions and operate in largely independent markets (see notes 15 and 34). Furthermore, as at December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Group had one customer, the joint venture Natuzzi Trading Shanghai, whose purchases exceeded 5% of revenue and trade receivables (see note 45).

The movements in the provision for doubtful accounts in respect of trade receivables for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are reported in note 15.

The provision for doubtful accounts is estimated by the Group based on the insurance in place, the credit worthiness of its customers, historical trends, as well as current and future general economic conditions.

Specifically, for receivables subject to collective valuation an impairment analysis is performed at each reporting date using a provision matrix to measure expected credit losses. The impairment allowance rates (default rates) are based on days past due for groupings of various customer segments with similar loss patterns (i.e., by customer type and rating, and coverage by credit insurance). The calculation reflects the probability-weighted outcome based on reasonable and supportable information available at the reporting date about past events, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions.

Instead, for individual receivables which are known to be difficult to collect an impairment analysis is performed at each reporting date to measure expected credit losses. The impairment allowance is estimated by the Group based on the financial difficulties of the debtor, probability that the debtor will enter bankruptcy or financial reorganisation and default or late payments.

Set out below is the information about the credit risk exposure on the Group’s trade receivables using a provision matrix as at December 31, 2024 and 2023, further to the adoption of IFRS 9.

December 31, 2024


	Days past due
	<30 days			30-60 days			61-90 days			> 90 days			Total
Trade receivables subject to collective valuation		1,279			—			79			—			1,358
Trade receivables subject to specific valuation														35,122
Total gross carrying amount														36,480
Default rate		0.65	%		9.60	%		26.31	%		58.83	%
Expected credit loss		8			—			21			—			29

December 31, 2023


	Days past due
	<30 days			30-60 days			61-90 days			> 90 days			Total
Trade receivables subject to collective valuation		1,798			83			78			36			1,995
Trade receivables subject to specific valuation														35,572
Total gross carrying amount														37,567
Default rate		0.86	%		13.06	%		37.78	%		95.31	%
Expected credit loss		15			11			29			34			89

As at December 31, 2024, and 2023 other receivables current and non-current amount to 18,089 and 18,164, respectively. Such receivables are considered to have a low credit risk and the impairment loss has been measured on a 12-months expected credit loss basis. Management considers its other receivables to have a low credit risk as they have a low risk of default and their counterparties are able to meet their contractual cash flow obligations in the short-term. As at December 31, 2024 and 2023 the identified impairment loss of other receivables is immaterial.

As at December 31, 2024 and 2023 the Group has cash and cash equivalents of 20,322 and 33,610, respectively. Indeed, the Group considers its cash and cash equivalents to have a low credit risk based on the external credit ratings of the financial institutions. Indeed, the Group’s cash and cash equivalents are held with financial institutions, which have external credit risk ratings that are equivalent to the understood definition of “investment grade”. Impairment of cash and cash equivalents has been measured on a 12-months expected credit loss basis and reflects the short-term nature of the exposures. As at December 31, 2024 and 2023 the identified impairment loss of cash and cash equivalents is immaterial.

Domestic currency swaps (see note 32) are entered into with financial institutions that have outstanding external credit ratings (“investment grade”). As at December 31, 2024 and 2023 the identified impairment loss of the favourable domestic currency swaps is immaterial.

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Group will encounter difficulty in meeting the obligations associated with its financial liabilities that are settled by delivering cash or another financial asset. The Group’s approach to managing liquidity is to ensure, as far as possible, that it will have sufficient liquidity to meet its liabilities when they are due, under both normal and stressed conditions, without incurring unacceptable losses or risking damage to the Group’s reputation.

The Group aims to maintain the level of its cash and cash equivalents at an amount in excess of expected cash outflows on financial liabilities over the next 60 days. The Group also monitors the level of expected cash inflows on trade and other receivables together with expected cash outflows on trade and other payables. As at December 31, 2024, the expected cash flows from trade and other receivables maturing within two months were in excess of the expected cash outflows for trade and other payables due within two months. This excludes the potential impact of extreme circumstances that cannot reasonably be predicted.

Therefore, the Group’s objective is to maintain a balance between continuity of funding and flexibility through the use of bank overdrafts, short-term borrowings and long-term borrowings.

The steps taken by the Group in 2024, 2023 and 2022 to respond to possible future liquidity constraints, together with the impact of those steps on the consolidated financial statements, include the following.

The tables below summarize the remaining contractual maturities of financial liabilities as at December 31, 2024 and 2023. The amounts are gross and undiscounted, and include contractual interest payments and exclude the impact of netting agreements.

December 31, 2024


	Less than 2 months		2 to 12 months		1 to 2 years		2 to 5 years		More than 5 years		Total
Long-term borrowings		626		4,459		2,568		8,034		5,943		21,630
Lease liabilities		2,379		11,250		12,513		26,781		17,970		70,893
Bank overdrafts and short-term borrowings		23,327		—		—		—		—		23,327
Trade and other payables		26,706		66,942		—		—		—		93,648
Losses on derivative financial instruments		268		—		—		—		—		268
Total financial liabilities		53,306		82,651		15,081		34,815		23,913		209,766

December 31, 2023


	Less than 2 months		2 to 12 months		1 to 2 years		2 to 5 years		More than 5 years		Total
Long-term borrowings		674		3,986		4,567		5,341		6,855		21,423
Lease liabilities		2,198		10,856		12,277		30,032		22,706		78,069
Bank overdrafts and short-term borrowings		22,834		—		—		—		—		22,834
Trade and other payables		31,719		63,613		—		—		—		95,332
Losses on derivative financial instruments		36		—		—		—		—		36
Total financial liabilities		57,461		78,455		16,844		35,373		29,561		217,694

In addition, the following is to be considered: (a) as at December 31, 2024, the Group has unused credit lines of 30,640 (see note 28); (b) the Company can use the credit facilities of its subsidiaries adhering to the cash pooling contract in place; from time to time, the Company evaluates the adequacy of such credit facilities, requesting additional facilities as needed; (c) the Group holds cash at foreign subsidiaries, that can be withdrawn by the Company subject to the approval of a dividend distribution; some of these dividends are subject to withholding taxes; (d) the Company can apply for long-term borrowings to sustain long-term investments; (e) there are no significant liquidity risk concentrations, both on financial assets and on financial liabilities.

Market risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market prices (e.g., interest rates, foreign exchange rates). Market risk, mainly, depends on the trend of the demand for furniture and other finished products, the trend in prices of raw materials and the fluctuation of interest rates and foreign currencies.

The market demand risk is managed by way of a constant monitoring of markets, performed by the commercial division of the Group, market diversification in the different geographical locations of customers and a product diversification in the different brands and models.

In order to manage the prices of raw materials risk, the Group constantly monitors procurement policies and attempts to diversify suppliers while respecting the quality standards expected by the market.

Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. The Group’s exposure to the risk of changes in market interest rates relates primarily to the Group’s long-term borrowings obligations with floating interest rates. The Group manages its interest rate risk by having a portfolio of fixed and variable rate borrowings. As at December 31, 2024, approximately 61.1% of the Group’s borrowings were at a fixed rate of interest (2023: 45.5%). No derivative financial instruments were entered into by the Group to manage the cash flow risk on floating interest-rate borrowings.

Foreign currency risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of an exposure will fluctuate because of changes in foreign exchange rates. The Group’s exposure to the risk of changes in foreign exchange rates relates primarily to the Group’s operating activities (when revenue or expense is denominated in a foreign currency) and the Group’s net investments in foreign subsidiaries. In particular, a significant portion of the Group’s revenue and costs are denominated in currencies other than the Euro. Consequently, a significant portion of its revenue and costs is exposed to fluctuations in the exchange rates between the Euro and other currencies. The Group uses forward exchange contracts (known in Italy as domestic currency swaps) to reduce its exposure to the risks of short-term decreases in the value of its foreign currency denominated revenue. For further details, see note 32.

When a derivative is entered into for the purpose of being a hedge, the Group negotiates the terms of the derivative to match the terms of the hedged exposure. For hedges of forecast transactions, the derivative covers the period of exposure from the point the cash flows of the transactions are forecasted up to the point of settlement of the resulting receivable that is denominated in the foreign currency.

As at December 31, 2024 and 2023, the summary quantitative data about Group’s exposure to currency risk as reported to the management of the Group is as follows:

December 31, 2024


	Financial Assets (a)		Financial liabilities (b)		Net Exposure (c) = (a)-(b)
U.S. dollars		21,705		42,212		(20,507	)
Chinese Yuan		5,173		10,005		(4,832	)
British pounds		4,453		7,722		(3,269	)
Brazilian Reais		4,089		2,497		1,592
Canadian dollars		62		4		58
Romanian Leu		810		6,772		(5,962	)
Mexican pesos		1,229		1,415		(186	)
Other		2,087		2,884		(797	)
Total		39,608		73,511		(33,903	)

December 31, 2023


	Financial Assets (a)		Financial liabilities (b)		Net Exposure (c) = (a)-(b)
U.S. dollars		29,865		47,648		(17,783	)
Chinese Yuan		10,280		5,820		4,460
British pounds		3,873		8,126		(4,253	)
Brazilian Reais		4,288		1,596		2,692
Romanian Leu		482		6,583		(6,101	)
Mexican pesos		1,906		1,674		232
Canadian dollars		198		99		99
Other		1,932		4,003		(2,071	)
Total		52,824		75,549		(22,725	)

(v) Reconciliation of movements of liabilities to cash flows arising from financing activities

The following tables show the reconciliation of movements of financial liabilities to cash flows arising from financing activities for the three years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

December 31, 2024


	Jan. 1, 2024		Cash outflows			Cash inflows		Changes in fair value		Other changes		Dec. 31, 2024
Long-term borrowings		17,353		(4,839	)		3,314		—		2,892		18,720
Lease liabilities		62,327		(10,288	)		—		—		5,711		57,750
Short-term borrowings		20,797		(798	)		—		—		—		19,999
Bank overdrafts		2,037		—			1,291		—		—		3,328
Non-controlling interests		4,343		(149	)		—		—		8		4,202
Total liabilities from financing activities		106,857		(16,074	)		4,605		—		8,611		103,999

Bank overdrafts are used only for cash management purposes.

December 31, 2023


	Jan. 1, 2023		Cash outflows			Cash inflows		Changes in fair value		Other changes			Dec. 31, 2023
Long-term borrowings		17,290		(8,715	)		10,912		—		(2,134	)		17,353
Lease liabilities		51,849		(11,057	)		—		—		21,535			62,327
Short-term borrowings		27,500		(6,703	)		—		—		—			20,797
Bank overdrafts		1,754		—			283		—		—			2,037
Non-controlling interests		4,698		(135	)		—		—		(220	)		4,343
Total liabilities from financing activities		103,091		(26,610	)		11,195		—		19,181			106,857

Bank overdrafts are used only for cash management purposes.

December 31, 2022


	Jan. 1, 2022		Cash outflows			Cash inflows		Changes in fair value		Other changes		Dec. 31, 2022
Long-term borrowings		17,439		(4,473	)		4,038		—		286		17,290
Lease liabilities		57,138		(10,049	)		—		—		4,760		51,849
Short-term borrowings		34,924		(7,424	)		—		—		—		27,500
Bank overdrafts		1,223		—			531		—		—		1,754
Non-controlling interests		1,511		(551	)		1,739		—		1,999		4,698
Total liabilities from financing activities		112,235		(22,497	)		6,308		—		7,045		103,091

Bank overdrafts are used only for cash management purposes.