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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

Or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 001-14053

Milestone Scientific Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 13-3545623
State or other jurisdiction of Incorporation or organization |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

425 Eagle Rock Avenue, Roseland, NJ 07068

(Address of principal executive offices)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: 973-535-2717.

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Symbol | Name of each exchange on which registered.
Common Stock, par value $.001 per share | MLSS | NYSE American

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act: NONE.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☐ Yes ☑ No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. ☐ Yes ☑ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☑ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☑ Yes ☐No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large, accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large, accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large, accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☑ | Smaller reporting company | ☑
Emerging Growth Company | ☐ |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

As of June 30, 2024, the last business day of the registrants most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of the common stock held by non- affiliates of the issuer was $58,221,401, This amount is based on the closing price of $0.68 per share of the registrant's common stock as of such date, as reported on the NYSE American.

As of April 15, 2025, the registrant has a total of 78,379,633 shares of Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

None

MILESTONE SCIENTIFIC INC.

Form 10-K Annual Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I |  |
Item 1. | Business | 3
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 10
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 21
Item 1C | Cybersecurity | 22
Item 2. | Description of Property | 22
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 22
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosure | 21
PART II |  |
Item 5. | Market for Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Small Business Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 23
Item 6. | Reserved | 23
Item 7. | Management's Discussion and Analysis or Plan of Operations | 24
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk | 30
Item 8. | Financial Statements | 30
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 30
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 31
Item 9B. | Other Information | 31
Item 9C. | Disclosure regarding Foreign Jurisdiction that Prevent inspections | 31
PART III |  |
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers, Promoters and Control Persons and Corporate Governance; Compliance with Section 16 (a) of the Exchange Act | 32
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 37
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 42
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 43
Item 14. | Principal Accounting Fees and Services | 44
PART IV |  |
Item 15. | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 46
Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary | 47
SIGNATURES |  | 48
EXHIBITS |

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

When used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the words “may”, “will”, “should”, “expect”, “believe”, “anticipate”, “continue”, “estimate”, “project”, “intend” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) regarding events, conditions and financial trends that may affect Milestone Scientific’s future plans of operations, business strategy, results of operations and financial condition. Milestone Scientific wishes to ensure that such statements are accompanied by meaningful cautionary statements pursuant to the safe harbor established in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The forward-looking statements included herein are based on current expectations that involve numerous risks and uncertainties. Milestone Scientific’s plans and objectives are based, in part, on assumptions involving the continued expansion of its business. Assumptions relating to the foregoing involve judgments with respect to, among other things, future economic, competitive and market conditions and future business decisions, all of which are difficult or impossible to predict accurately and many of which are beyond the control of Milestone Scientific. Although Milestone Scientific believes that its assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements are reasonable, any of the assumptions could prove inaccurate. Considering the significant uncertainties inherent in the forward-looking statements included herein, our history of operating losses that are expected to continue, requiring additional funding which we may be unable to raise capital when needed (which may force us to delay, curtail or eliminate commercialization efforts of our CompuFlo Epidural Computer Controlled Anesthesia System), the early stage operations of and relative lack of acceptance of our medical products, relying exclusively on two third parties to manufacture our products, changes to our distribution arrangements exposes us to risks of interruption of marketing efforts and building new marketing channels, changes in our informal manufacturing arrangements made by the manufacturer of our products and disruptions at the manufacturing facility of our manufacturers, including shortages of or delays in obtaining chips and other components, exposes us to risks that may harm our business, raising additional funds by issuing securities or through licensing or lending arrangements may cause dilution to our existing stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish proprietary rights, if physicians do not accept nor use our CompuFlo Epidural Computer Controlled Anesthesia System, our ability to generate revenue from sales will be materially impaired, exposure to the risks inherent in international sales and operations, including China, and developments by competitors may render our products or technologies obsolete or non-competitive, changes in United States policy regarding international trade, including the imposition of tariff and export controls on certain goods and products imported from China and other countries, which has resulted in retaliatory tariffs and other trade measures by China, the United States and other countries that will result in an increase in costs that we may not be able to offset or that otherwise adversely impact our results of operations, the inclusion of such information should not be regarded as a representation by Milestone Scientific or any other person that the objectives and plans of Milestone Scientific will be achieved. Prospective investors are cautioned that any forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks and uncertainties and the actual results may differ materially from those included within the forward-looking statements because of various factors. Except as required by the federal securities laws, Milestone Scientific undertakes no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, to reflect events or circumstances occurring after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Milestone Scientific is the owner of the following registered U.S. trademarks: CompuDent®; CompuMed®; CompuFlo®; DPS Dynamic Pressure Sensing technology®; Milestone Scientific ®; CathCheck®; the Milestone logo ®; SafetyWand®; STA Single Tooth Anesthesia Device®; and The Wand ®.

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PART I

All references in this report to “Milestone Scientific,” the “Company” or “Milestone” refer to Milestone Scientific Inc., and its consolidated subsidiaries, Wand Dental, Inc., and Milestone Innovation Inc., unless the context otherwise indicates. Milestone Scientific is the owner of the following registered U.S. trademarks: CompuDent®; CompuFlo®; DPS Dynamic Pressure Sensing technology®; Milestone Scientific ®; CathCheck®; the Milestone logo ®; SafetyWand®; STA Single Tooth Anesthesia System®; and The Wand ®.

Item 1. Business

Overview

Milestone Scientific was incorporated in the State of Delaware in August 1989. Milestone Scientific has developed a proprietary, revolutionary, computer-controlled anesthetic delivery device, its DPS Dynamic Pressure Sensing Technology® System, to meet the needs of various subcutaneous drug delivery injections and fluid aspiration – enabling healthcare practitioners to achieve multiple unique benefits that cannot currently be accomplished with the 160-year-old manual syringe. The Company’s proprietary DPS Dynamic Pressure Sensing Technology is the Company’s technology platform that advances the development of next-generation devices. It regulates flow rate and monitoring pressure from the tip of the needle, through platform extensions for local anesthesia for subcutaneous drug delivery, used in various dental and medical injections. It has specific medical applications for epidural space identification in regional anesthesia procedures and intra-articular joint injections.

The Company’s device, using The Wand®, a single use disposable handpiece, is marketed in dentistry under the trademarks CompuDent® and STA Single Tooth Anesthesia System®, and is suitable for all dental procedures that require local anesthetic. The dental devices are currently sold in the United States, Canada and in over 41 other countries. Milestone Scientific also has 510(k) marketing clearance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on the CompuFlo® Epidural Computer Controlled Anesthesia System in the lumbar thoracic and cervical thoracic junction of the spinal region.

The Company’s current marketing focus is distribution using its E-Commerce platform; however, it is also in the process of meeting with medical facilities and device distributors within the United States, Middle East and Europe so as to develop other channels of distribution. Certain of our medical instruments have obtained European CE mark approval and can be marketed and sold in most European countries.

DPS Dynamic Pressure Sensing Technology; Our Proprietary Core Technology Platform

Given our experience and established brand awareness within the dental industry beginning with our first commercial product, the first computer-controlled local anesthesia delivery (C-CLAD) system marketed as the Wand® and re-branded as the CompuDent® System, now the market leader in dental injection technology, we elected to focus our product development efforts on improving the patient experience and making the device more versatile and precise for the practitioner.

Our next significant intellectual property advancement was an improvement over our CompuDent® System – the development of our proprietary CompuFlo® Computer-Controlled Drug Delivery System with DPS Dynamic Pressure Sensing Technology, an advanced and FDA-approved technology for the painless and accurate delivery of drugs, anesthetics, and other medicaments into all tissue types, as well as for the aspiration of bodily fluids or previously injected substances. Its regulation and control of the flow rate continues to provide painless delivery benefits, while its innovative dynamic pressure sensing capability provides visual and audible in-tissue pressure feedback, identifying tissue types to the healthcare provider. This pressure feedback extends the benefit of painlessness from anesthetics with known viscosities to a wide range of liquid drugs and other medicaments with varying viscosities and flow rates. Such pressure feedback, part of our DPS Dynamic Pressure Sensing Technology, also allows the healthcare provider to know when certain types of tissues have been penetrated and permits the healthcare provider to inject medicaments precisely at the desired location. Thus, real-time continuous pressure feedback can prevent the injection of tissue outside the intended target area, an important characteristic in the injection of chemotherapeutics and other toxic substances. In addition to the ability to determine exit pressure in-situ (in the injection site tissue) at the tip of the needle, minimizing tissue damage (and eliminating the pain of the injection) because the flow rate and pressure of the injection are precisely controlled, CompuFlo® computer-controlled Drug Delivery Systems features a proprietary algorithm, which allow for the measurement of the exit pressure. CompuFlo® technology also enables devices to provide a digital record of the time and volume of anesthetic or medicament injected.

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Each Wand/STA System also includes a disposable injection handpiece that is extremely comfortable, light, and easy to use, providing for precise tactile control during the injection, an electro-mechanical (computer-controlled) fluid delivery instrument and the ability to record data from the injection event. The pencil grip used with the handpieces provides the practitioner with enhanced tactile sense and accurate control and allows bi-directional rotation, eliminating needle deflection, resulting in greater accuracy and success. The handpiece is vibration-free because it does not have a motor or electrical component in it and, since the handpiece does not look like a typical syringe, we believe it also reduces patient anxiety and offers the possibility of curing dental phobia of which an estimated 40 million Americans suffer.

As confirmed by numerous noted medical and dental experts within academia and the clinical practice arenas, CompuFlo Systems using DPS Dynamic Pressure Sensing technology have the potential to greatly increase the safety and efficacy of many drug delivery procedures that currently rely upon the over 160-year-old hypodermic syringe technology and the tactile senses and delivery expertise of the administrator.

Devices using DPS Dynamic Pressure Sensing Technology such as the CompuFlo System can be used to inject a wide variety of liquid medicaments as well as anesthetics. We believe our CompuFlo System avoids the negative side effects from the use of traditional hypodermic drug delivery injection devices, which are well documented in dental and medical literature and include risk of death, transient or permanent paralysis, pain, tissue damage and post-operative complications. Pain and tissue damage often result from uncontrolled flow rates and pressure created during the administration of drug solutions into human tissue. While several technologies can control the flow rate, we believe our patented DPS Dynamic Pressure Sensing technology and CompuFlo Systems provide the control of pressure during the injection as well accurately and precisely delivery the drug.

CompuFlo Epidural Computer Controlled Anesthesia System

The CompuFlo Epidural Computer Controlled Anesthesia System (or the CompuFlo Epidural System) is one such platform extension of our DPS Dynamic Pressure Sensing Technology platform, providing anesthesiologists and other healthcare providers the ability, for the first time, to quantitatively determine and document the pressure at the needle tip in real-time for proper needle placement in epidural procedures used for labor/delivery and back pain management. Our proprietary DPS Dynamic Pressure Sensing Technology allows the CompuFlo Epidural System to provide objective visual and audible in-tissue pressure feedback that allows anesthesiologists to identify and confirm placement in the epidural space.

Our CompuFlo Epidural System provides an objective tool that we believe consistently and accurately identifies the epidural space by detecting the difference in pressure between the ligamentum flavum and the intrafilamentary tissue. In studies, the CompuFlo Epidural System with DPS Dynamic Pressure Sensing Technology has been shown to be effective in correctly identifying the epidural space. Knowing the precise location of a needle tip during an epidural injection procedure provides a measure of safety not presently available to doctors using conventional syringes. In the absence of fluoroscopy, identifying the epidural space by relying on the subjective perception of loss of resistance to saline requires a very long education period and learning curve and could result in morbidity and lack of efficacy. During back pain management epidural procedures, where fluoroscopy is commonly used, the CompuFlo Epidural System allows the clinician to locate the epidural space, without using fluoroscopy, thereby protecting the patient and clinician from unnecessary exposure to radiation along with significantly reducing capital and operating costs.

Wand/STA Dental Product

Since its market introduction in early 2007, the STA Single Tooth Anesthesia System and prior C-CLAD devices have been used to deliver over 95 million safe, effective, and comfortable injections. The instrument has also been favorably evaluated in numerous peer-reviewed, published clinical studies and associated articles. Moreover, there appears to be a growing consensus among users that the STA Instrument is proving to be a valuable and beneficial instrument that is positively impacting the practice of dentistry worldwide.

Medical Market Product

In June 2017, we received FDA regulatory clearance to sell the CompuFlo Epidural Computer Controlled Anesthesia System in the United States for epidural injections.

In May, 2022, the Company received a chronology-specific CPT Code for the Company’s technology by the American Medical Association, which marks an important milestone that could increase the potential number of anesthesia pain management clinics adopting the CompuFlo instrument. Effective January 1, 2023, this temporary tracking code allows clinicians to submit claims to healthcare insurance providers using the Company’s technology for Epidural Sterile Injections in the lumbar, thoracic, and cervical thoracic junction of the spinal region for reimbursement. A CPT code expands the potential for reimbursement of epidural procedures in pain management utilizing the CompuFlo Epidural System, which should help accelerate the commercial roll-out of CompuFlo in the United States.

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On February 27, 2023, the Company announced that its CompuFlo® Epidural System has received 510(k) FDA clearance for use in the thoracic region of the spine, including the cervical thoracic junction. This approval expands upon the Company’s prior approval of CompuFlo for use within the lumbar region of the spine, where the focus has been epidural analgesia during labor and delivery procedures.

On June 18, 2024, the Company announced that it has received regulatory approval from Brazil's National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) to market and sell its CompuFlo® Epidural System in Brazil. The approval includes the lumbar, thoracic, and cervical-thoracic junction of the spine.

On July 10, 2024, the Company announced that First Coast Service Options Inc. (FCSO), a Jurisdictional Medicare Administrative Contractor (“JMAC”), has granted favorable Medicare Part B physician price assignment across Florida for use of the Company’s CompuFlo® Epidural System under the American Medical Association’s (AMA) technology-specific Category III CPT® code CPT0777T (real-time pressure-sensing epidural guidance system when used in conjunction with a primary ESI procedure).

On July 23, 2024, the Company announced that Novitas Solutions, Inc. (Novitas), a Jurisdictional Medicare Administrative Contractor (JMAC), had granted a Medicare Part B Physician payment rate for the Company’s CompuFlo® Epidural System under the American Medical Association’s (AMA) technology-specific Category III CPT® code CPT0777T (real-time pressure-sensing epidural guidance system when used in conjunction with a primary ESI procedure).This new price assignment applies to two Medicare regions: Jurisdiction L (JL) and Jurisdiction H (JH). JL includes Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. JH includes Arkansas, Colorado, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas.

On July 30, 2024, the Company announced receipt of multiple Notices of Allowance (NOA) for essential patent applications in both the U.S. and Europe. One NOAs was granted by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and one NOA was granted by the European Patent Office for a new patent titled “Device and Method for Needle/Catheter Location Utilizing Correlation Analysis.” These patent applications cover Milestone Scientific’s next-generation Dynamic Pressure Sensing® (DPS) technology for real-time pressure-sensing guidance in manual injection systems

On August 7, 2024, the Company announced a strategic partnership with Axial Biologics, a premier medical device company with a vast distribution network. Under the agreement, Axial Biologics will serve as the distributor of Milestone Scientific's CompuFlo® Epidural System in New Jersey, Texas, and Florida jurisdictions.

On October 3, 2024, the Company announced that iHeal Pain Center had adopted the CompuFlo® Epidural System following successful epidural steroid injection (ESI) procedure.

On November 26,2024, the Company announced its approval on contract for the Federal Supply Schedule (FSS), also known as the GSA Schedule, for the CompuFlo® Epidural System.

Other Possible Product Applications

The Company is reviewing the use of CompuFlo’s DPS Dynamic Pressure Sensing Technology for less painful injections for use in rhinoplasty, colorectal surgery, podiatry, and other disciplines. In the self-injectable market, there are many injectable drugs routinely self-administered in a home or office setting using spring loaded automatic injection devices by people who suffer from long-term chronic conditions such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and other diseases of the auto immune system. We believe CompuFlo’s DPS Dynamic Pressure Sensing Technology, using pressure sensing capabilities, can serve as a less painless subcutaneous injection method for these self-administered drugs. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully develop any such products, or that if developed, that we will be able to obtain FDA approval to market any such products, or even if we do obtain such FDA approval, that any such products will generate any revenue for us or be a commercial success.

Patents and Intellectual Property

Milestone Scientific and its subsidiaries currently hold approximately 317 U.S. and foreign patents, and many patent applications. The Company’s patents and patent applications relate to drug delivery methodologies, drug flow rate measurement, pressure/force computer-controlled drug delivery with exit pressure, dynamic pressure sensing, automated rate control, automated charging, drug profiles, audible and visual pressure/force feedback, tissue identification, drug delivery injection unit, drug drive unit for anesthetic, handpiece, and injection device. Milestone Scientific and its subsidiaries also currently hold approximately 21 registered U.S. and foreign trademarks, including CompuDent®, CompuFlo®, DPS Dynamic Pressure Sensing technology®, Safety Wand®, STA Single Tooth Anesthesia System®, and The Wand®

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Milestone Scientific relies on a combination of patent, copyright, trade secret and trademark laws and employee and third-party non-disclosure agreements to protect its intellectual property rights. Despite the precautions taken by Milestone Scientific to protect its IP rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to reverse engineer, copy, or obtain and use products and information that Milestone Scientific regards as proprietary, or may design products serving similar purposes that do not infringe on Milestone Scientific’s patents. Milestone Scientific’s failure to protect its proprietary information and the expenses of doing so could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If Milestone Scientific’s products infringe upon patent or proprietary rights of others, we may be required to modify processes or to obtain licenses. There can be no assurance that Milestone Scientific would be able to do so in a timely manner, on acceptable terms and conditions, or at all. The failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Manufacturing

Milestone Scientific has informal arrangements with an U.S. manufacturer of the Wand/STA System, and epidural devices. Pursuant to these informal arrangements, our third-party manufacturer manufactures the Wand/STA System under specific purchase orders without minimum purchase commitments, and at prices to be agreed upon in each such purchase order.

Our agreement with the principal manufacturer of dental handpieces includes pricing terms. Milestone Scientific has been supplied by the manufacturer of the Wand/STA System and its predecessor, the CompuDent System, since the commencement of production in 1998, and by the manufacturer of its dental handpieces since 2003. The manufacturer of our dental handpieces is in the People’s Republic of China and the manufacturer of the Wand/STA System is in the United States. Refer to Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Changes to pricing of the Wand/STA System instruments by the manufacturer could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, business, and results of operations. Termination of the manufacturing relationship with any of these third-party manufacturers could significantly and adversely affect our ability to produce and sell the products.

Though other alternate sources of supply for dental handpieces exist, Milestone Scientific would need to establish relationships with new suppliers, and with respect to the Wand/STA System recover its existing tools or have new tools produced and “burn in” and other manufacturing and quality control software re-produced. Establishing new manufacturing relationships could involve significant expense and delay. Any curtailment or interruptions of supply, whether because of the inability of a supplier to meet our product delivery needs or termination of the relationship, would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, business, and results of operations.

Distribution and Marketing

Dental Products

The Company uses a combination of exclusive and non-exclusive distributors to sell its dental products throughout the world.

The Company sells its STA Single Tooth Anesthesia Systems® (STA) and handpieces directly to dental offices and dental groups within the United States via an online portal. The Company's E-Commerce portal accepts online payments via credit and debit cards. The cost of delivery is charged to the customer along with the collection of sales tax for appropriate state and local taxing jurisdictions. The Company recognizes revenue from product sales at the time the product ships to a customer via a third party carrier.

On the global front, we have granted exclusive marketing and distribution rights for the Wand STA System to select dental suppliers in various regions within Asia, Africa, South America, and Europe. Additionally, the Company is in the process of evaluating its current international distributors and adding new distributors globally as required based on the economics of the region.

Medical Products

The Company markets and sells its medical products in the international markets, including Italy, Switzerland, Greece, Canada and the Middle East, through exclusive distributors. In the United States the medical products are sold by a direct sales team of one full time employee and a partnership with distributor.

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Competition

Milestone Scientific, Inc. was the first to market a product that performed a virtually painless subcutaneous injection back in 1997. The company defined a new category of drug delivery systems with the introduction of its technology. Over the years there have been competing products that have come to market but none to them to date have been studied and accepted as widely as the products from Milestone Scientific. Inc. This understanding is based on the sheer number of scientific studies performed with our technologies. A simple internet search proves this point. Milestone Scientific, Inc. continues to be the leader in this category.

Milestone’s has developed the first subcutaneous drug delivery platform that utilizes a novel approach to drug delivery by regulating and monitoring both the flow rate and exit-pressure in real-time when performing a subcutaneous injection. This has enabled an injection to be performed as a virtually painless injection. In addition, this same technology is capable of identifying a specific target when performed, this patented technology is called DPS technology or Dynamic Pressure Sensing technology.

Milestone Scientific’s devices compete based on their performance characteristics and the benefits provided to the patient, practitioner, and their business operations. Numerous clinical studies have shown that our devices reduce fear, pain and anxiety for many patients, and Milestone Scientific believes that they can reduce practitioner stress levels, as well. Other computer-controlled local anesthesia delivery (C-CLAD) options are the Quicksleeper and SleeperOne, from Dental Hi Tec, Dentapen from Septodant, Anaeject from Septodont, the Calajet from Aseptico, and the Comfort Control Syringe by Dentsply.

The Quicksleeper was invented in France by Dr. Alain Villette in 1991. It is marketed as the only local anesthetic delivery device in France that allows the ability to perform all intraoral local anesthetic injection techniques, including osteocentral anesthesia, quickly and without failure. The extra feature that gives the Quicksleeper this ability is a built-in motor in the syringe/handpiece that renders the syringe both an injector and a perforator of bone. That is, the handpiece of the Quicksleeper can perform an intraosseous injection via a motor driven perforation of the cortical plate of bone. A standard dental needle that attaches to the syringe spins as the motor rotates the handpiece thus acting as a perforator. However, the handpiece is relatively heavy, weighing 240 g. as compared to a standard syringe that weighs 80 g. Injection speed increases during the injection, but the operator cannot control when the injection speed increases.

The Calajet instrument, manufactured in Europe, has been very slow to grow market acceptance. It recently began marketing in the United States with similar slow acceptance. The instrument is a does not provide dynamic pressure sensing technology to identify a specific target by providing real-time audible feedback when the actual target is identified . Although a competitor, we believe that without a substantial distribution network this instrument will have a difficult time to be successful in the United States.

The Dentapen from Septodent is one of the more recent competitor in the market. This device is manufactured in Europe and began marketing in the United States in 2018. This device is priced like the Wand/STA device, but currently, to our knowledge, it has been slow to attract viable distribution in the United States.

In the medical segment, for needle verification and placement the EpiFaith Syringe made its market entry in 2023. The EpiFaith syringe and Episure syringe both claim to assist physicians in entering epidural space. The instrument is introduced at a lower price. Another competitor to assist in the identification of the epidural space is the Epidrum (Exmoor Innovations Ltd., Somerset, UK). Although potential competitors, we believe that our technology is well documented and is the only real-time audible and visual pressure sensor guidance system for epidural analgesia assisting the physician over the entire trajectory of epidural needle placement and catheter verification.

Milestone Scientific’s proprietary, patented devices with its DPS Dynamic Pressure Sensing Technology platform also compete with disposable and reusable syringes that generally sell at lower prices and that use established and well-understood methodologies in both the dental and medical marketplaces.

Technological change and research in the future may affect the market acceptance of our products. Current or new competitors could, at any time, introduce new or enhanced products with features that render our products less marketable or even obsolete. Therefore, Milestone Scientific devoted substantial efforts and financial resources to improve existing products, bring products to market quickly, and develop new products for related markets. In addition, the ability to compete successfully requires that Milestone Scientific maintain an effective distribution network with a strong marketing plan. Any new products must comply with applicable regulatory authorities before they may be marketed. Milestone Scientific cannot assure that it can compete successfully, that competitors will not develop technologies or products that render our products less marketable or obsolete, or, that Milestone Scientific will succeed in improving its existing products, effectively develop new products, or obtain required regulatory approval.

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Government Regulation

The manufacture and sale of medical devices and other medical products are subject to extensive regulation by the Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") pursuant to the U.S. Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (“FD&C Act”), and by other federal, state, and foreign authorities. Under the FD&C Act, medical devices must receive FDA clearance before they can be marketed commercially in the United States. Some medical products must undergo rigorous pre-clinical and clinical testing and an extensive FDA approval process before they can be marketed.

These processes can take many years and require the expenditure of substantial resources. The time required for completing such testing and obtaining such approvals is uncertain, and FDA clearance may never be obtained. Delays or rejections may be encountered based upon changes in FDA policy during the period of product development and FDA regulatory review of each product submitted. Similar delays also may be encountered in other countries. Following the enactment of the Medical Device Amendments to the U.S. Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act in May 1976, the FDA classified medical devices in commercial distribution into one of three classes. This classification is based on the controls necessary to reasonably ensure the safety and effectiveness of medical devices. Class I devices are those devices whose safety and effectiveness can reasonably be ensured through general controls, such as adequate labeling, pre-market notification, and adherence to the FDA’s Quality System Regulation (“QSR”), also referred to as “Good Manufacturing Practices” (“GMP”) regulations. Some Class I devices are further exempt from some of the general controls. Class II devices are those devices whose safety and effectiveness reasonably can be ensured using special controls, such as performance standards, post-market surveillance, patient registries, and FDA guidelines. Class III devices are those which must receive pre-market approval by the FDA to ensure their safety and effectiveness. Generally, Class III devices are limited to life-sustaining, life-supporting or implantable devices.

Prior to Pre-market Notification clearance, the manufacturer or distributor may not place the device into commercial distribution until an order is issued by the FDA. By regulation, the FDA has no specific time limit by which it must respond to a 510(k) Pre-market Notification. Currently, the FDA typically responds to the submission of a 510(k) Pre-market Notification within 180 days. The FDA response may declare that the device is substantially equivalent to another legally marketed device and allow the proposed device to be marketed in the United States. However, the FDA may determine that the proposed device is not substantially equivalent or may require further information, such as additional test data, before the FDA is able to decide regarding substantial equivalence. Such a determination or request for additional information could delay market introduction of products. If a device that has obtained 510(k) Pre-market Notification clearance is changed or modified in design, components, method of manufacture, or intended use, such that the safety or effectiveness of the device could be significantly affected, separate 510(k) Pre-market notification clearance must be obtained before the modified device can be marketed in the United States. If a manufacturer or distributor cannot establish that a proposed device is substantially equivalent to a legally marketed device, the manufacturer or distributor will have to seek pre-market approval of the proposed device, a more difficult procedure requiring extensive data, including pre-clinical and human clinical trial data, as well as extensive literature to prove the safety and efficacy of the device.

The FDA cleared the Wand, our CompuDent System, and its disposable handpieces, for marketing in the United States for dental applications in July 1996; the CompuMed® System for marketing in the United States for medical applications in May 2001; the Safety Wand® for marketing in the United States for dental applications in September 2003; the Wand/STA System for dental applications in August 2006; and our CompuFlo Epidural System in June 2017.

For us to commercialize other products in the United States, Milestone Scientific would have to submit and have cleared additional 510(k) applications to the FDA. In 2017, the FDA reduced the barrier to marketing clearance for certain dental devices. As a result, other manufacturers of injection devices could more easily enter the dental market. However, we believe that any new device will be very limited in sales volume without a significant distributor in the dental market.

Though certain dental and medical devices have received FDA marketing clearance, there can be no assurance that any of the other medical devices under development will obtain the required regulatory clearance in a timely manner, or at all. If regulatory clearance of a product is granted, such clearance may entail limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed. In addition, modifications may be made to the products to incorporate and enhance their functionality and performance based upon new data and design review. There can be no assurance that the FDA will not request additional information relating to product improvements; that any such improvements would not require further regulatory review, thereby delaying the testing, approval, and commercialization of product improvements; or that ultimately any such improvements will receive FDA clearance.

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Compliance with applicable regulatory requirements is subject to continual review and is monitored through periodic inspections by the FDA. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, manufacturer or facility may result in restrictions on such product or manufacturer, including fines, delays or suspensions of regulatory clearances, seizures or recalls of products, operating restrictions, and criminal prosecution.

Milestone Scientific is subject to pervasive and continuing regulation by the FDA, whose regulations require manufacturers of medical devices to adhere to certain QSR requirements as defined by the FD&C Act. QSR compliance requires testing, quality control and documentation procedures. Failure to comply with QSR requirements can result in the suspension or termination of production, product recall or fines and penalties. Products also must be manufactured in registered establishments. In addition, labeling and promotional activities are subject to scrutiny by the FDA and, in certain circumstances, by the Federal Trade Commission. The export of devices is also subject to regulation in certain instances.

Human Capital

The Company has a total of 17 full-time employees, including one executive officer. Milestone Scientific also has a consultant who serves as a Director of Clinical Affairs. None of our employees are subject to a collective bargaining agreement and we believe our employee relations are good.

Corporate Information

We were organized in August 1989 under the laws of the State of Delaware. Our principal executive office is located at 425 Eagle Rock Avenue, Roseland, New Jersey 07068. Our telephone number is (973) 535-2717.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

You should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. If any of the following risks are realized, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. The risks described below are not the only risks facing us. Risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or prospects.

Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Need for Additional Capital

We have incurred significant losses since our inception. These operating losses are expected to continue, and we are unable to predict the extent of future losses, whether we will generate significant revenues or whether we will achieve or sustain profitability.

We are a small, non-diversified medical device company with a history of limited revenue and significant operating losses, and our prospects must be evaluated considering the uncertainties, risks, expenses, and difficulties frequently encountered by similarly situated companies. The Company has generated net losses in all periods since the commencement of our operations. The operating losses were $6.8 million and $7.1 million, for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

Our losses have had, and are expected to continue to have, an adverse impact on our working capital, total assets, and stockholders' equity. Because of the risks and uncertainties associated with product acceptance and sales expansion, we are unable to predict the extent of any future losses, whether we will ever generate significant revenues or if we will ever achieve or sustain profitability. Even if we do generate profits from operations, we may not be able to achieve, sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to generate substantive profits from operations and to become and remain profitable could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, and maintain our commercial efforts or continue our operations. A decline in the value of our company could also cause our shareholders to lose all or part of their investment.

We anticipate that we will need additional funding for our operations and may be unable to raise capital when needed, which may force us to delay, curtail or eliminate parts of the Company’s operations.

Our operations have consumed substantial amounts of cash since inception. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, net cash flow used in operations was approximately $2.9 million and approximately $5.3 million, respectively. We believe that our immediate future viability is dependent on our ability to raise additional capital to finance our operations through public or private equity offerings, collaborations and licensing arrangements or other sources. Although management plans to pursue additional funding, there is no assurance that we will be successful in obtaining sufficient funding on terms acceptable to us to fund continuing operations, or at all. If we are unable to raise this capital when needed, we may be forced to delay, or eliminate our research and development programs or other operations.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock, or the perception that such sales may occur, may adversely impact on the price of our common stock.

Almost all our 78,047,798 outstanding shares of common stock on December 31, 2024, are available for sale in the public market, either freely or pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock, or the perception that such sales may occur, may adversely impact on the price of our common stock.

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Raising additional capital by issuing securities or through licensing or lending arrangements may cause dilution to our existing stockholders, restrict our operations, or require us to relinquish proprietary rights.

To the extent that we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, the share ownership of existing stockholders will be diluted. Any future debt financing may involve covenants that restrict our operations, including limitations on our ability to incur liens or additional debt, pay dividends, redeem our stock, make certain investments, and engage in certain merger, consolidation, or asset sale transactions, among other restrictions. In addition, if we raise additional funds through licensing arrangements or the disposition of any of our assets, it may be necessary to relinquish potentially valuable rights to our product candidates or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us.

Changes in financial institutions could adversely affect our current and projected business operations, financial condition and results of operations.

The Company currently keeps more than $250,000, the maximum amount insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”), in its current bank depositary. The Company may experience delayed access or a loss of its uninsured deposits or other financial assets should its existing financial institution experience financial distress. While the U.S. Department of Treasury, FDIC and Federal Reserve Board have provided access to uninsured funds in connection with the Silicon Valley Bank crisis, there is no guarantee that these institutions will provide access to uninsured funds in the future in the event of the closure of other banks or financial institutions, or that they would do so in a timely fashion. The Company is currently evaluating its banking relationships with the intent of increasing the amount of deposits that are fully insured or invested in risk-free instruments.

The results of events or concerns that involve non-performance by financial institutions could include a variety of material and adverse impacts on our current and projected business operations and our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, any further deterioration in the macroeconomic economy or financial services industry, or delayed access or loss of uninsured deposits or loss of the ability to draw on existing credit facilities involving a troubled or failed financial institution by our customers or vendors, could lead to losses or defaults by companies with whom we do business, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our current and/or projected business operations, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, other companies could be adversely affected by any of the liquidity or other risks that are described above as factors that could result in material adverse impacts on us, including but not limited to delayed access or loss of uninsured deposits or loss of the ability to draw on existing credit facilities involving a troubled or failed financial institution.

Risks Related to Sales and Distribution of Milestone Scientific Products

Milestone Scientific’s sales and marketing efforts in the United Stated rely upon its E-Commerce platform.

Milestone Scientific believes that a significant portion of its sales will continue to be from its E-Commerce platform launched in January 2023, for the foreseeable future. Currently, sales of the STA Single Tooth Anesthesia Systems® (STA) and handpieces in the United States are reliant on E-Commerce sales. We have exposure to risks of operating in an E-commerce platform:

● | Refunds and customer disputes due to issues like wrong product delivery or defective items can impact on our business;
● | Online security breaches and cyberattacks;
● | Poor search engine visibility affects traffic and sales; and
● | Unexpected changes in political or regulatory environments.

If Milestone Scientific is unable to maintain or expand its E-Commerce platform its sales will be negatively affected.

We are exposed to the risks inherent in international sales.

In 2024, export sales outside of the United States made up approximately 40% of our total sales, and we sell our products to customers in approximately 41 countries and U.S. territories. We have exposure to risks of operating in many foreign countries, including:

● | fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, could increase the end user cost for instruments;
● | restrictions on, or difficulties and costs associated with, the currency exchange from foreign countries to obtain U.S. dollars;
● | difficulties and costs associated with complying with a wide variety of complex laws, treaties, and regulations;
● | unexpected changes in political or regulatory environments;
● | political and economic instability;
● | import and export control restrictions and other trade barriers such as tariffs; and
● | difficulties in obtaining approval for significant transactions.

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If physicians neither accept nor use our CompuFlo Epidural System, our ability to generate revenue from sales will be materially impaired.

There is no assurance that physicians, hospitals, clinics, and other health care providers will accept and use the CompuFlo Epidural System. Acceptance and use of the CompuFlo Epidural System will depend on many factors including:

● | perceptions by members of the health care community, including physicians, about the safety and effectiveness of our product.
● | cost-effectiveness of our product relative to competing products and systems;
● | convenience, ease of use and reliability of our product relative to competing products and systems
● | patient satisfaction;
● | product availability as well as, manufacturer warranty, maintenance, and customer and technical support;
● | availability of reimbursement for our product from government or other healthcare payers; and
● | effectiveness of marketing and distribution efforts by us and our licensees and distributors.

Because we expect sales of the CompuFlo Epidural Computer Controlled Anesthesia System to generate substantially all our medical product revenues in the near-term, the failure of this product to find market acceptance would harm our business and could require us to seek additional financing or make such financing difficult to obtain on favorable terms, if at all.

Developments by competitors may render our products or technologies obsolete or non-competitive.

The medical device industry is intensely competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological change. We expect that other companies (or individuals), whether located in the United States or abroad, will pursue the development of alternative injection-based or imaging-based systems that will compete with our products. Many of these potential competitors have substantially greater capital resources, larger research and development staffs and facilities, longer product development history in obtaining regulatory approvals and greater manufacturing and marketing capabilities than we do. These companies also compete with us to attract qualified personnel and parties for acquisitions, joint ventures, or other collaborations. As a result, we may not be able to compete effectively against these companies or their products.

Our ability to commercialize our products will depend in part on the extent to which reimbursement will be available from governmental agencies, health administration authorities, private health maintenance organizations and health insurers and other healthcare payers.

Our ability to generate revenues from our products will be diminished if the products sell for inadequate prices or hospitals or physicians are unable to obtain adequate levels of reimbursement for the cost they incur in connection with the use of the product. Significant uncertainty exists as to the reimbursement status of newly approved healthcare products. Healthcare payers, including Medicare, are challenging the prices charged for medical products and services. Government and other healthcare payers increasingly attempt to contain healthcare costs by limiting both coverage and the level of reimbursement for products. Insurance coverage may not be available, or reimbursement levels may be inadequate to cover the charges for the use of such a product. If the government and other healthcare payers do not provide adequate coverage and reimbursement for any of our products, market acceptance of such products could be reduced.

Prices in many countries, including many in Europe, are subject to local regulation and price controls. In the United States, where pricing levels for medical products, procedures and services are substantially established by third-party payors, including Medicare, if payors reduce the amount of reimbursement for a product, it may cause groups or individuals dispensing the product to discontinue use of the product, to substitute lower cost products even if the alternatives are less effective or to seek additional price-related concessions. These actions could have a negative effect on our financial results. The existence of direct and indirect price controls and pressures on our products could seriously affect our financial prospects and performance.

We could lose our market advantage earlier than expected.

We believe that our products represent a significant improvement over any existing drug delivery injection system in use today. However, this competitive advantage can evaporate quickly if we are not able to commercialize our products quickly. In the medical device industry, most of an innovative product’s commercial value is realized during the early stages of commercialization, before competing products are developed. Our market advantage is based, in part, on patent rights and the need for new competing products and systems to obtain regulatory approval before they can be commercialized. The scope of our patent rights may be limited and may also depend on the availability of meaningful legal remedies.

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Our failure to adequately protect our intellectual property rights, through patents or otherwise, or limitations on the use or loss of such rights, could have a material adverse effect on our ability to prevent the commercialization of competing anesthetic delivery systems. In some countries, basic patent protections for our products may not exist because certain countries did not historically offer the right to obtain specific types of patents and/or we (or our licensors) did not file in those markets. In addition, the patent environment can be unpredictable, and the validity and enforceability of patents cannot be predicted with certainty.

Risks Related to Employee Matters

We may not be able to attract and retain qualified employees.

Our future success depends upon the services of a executive officer. The Company is currently looking for a new chief executive officer to replace Mr. Haverhals, who retired at the end of 2024. Currently one of our directors, Mr. Goldman, is the Interim Chief Executive Officer. We also rely on other key management and technical personnel, and on our ability to continue to identify, attract, retain, and motivate them. Implementing our business strategy requires specialized territory managers and other talent, as our revenues are highly dependent on technological and product innovations. The market for employees in our industry is extremely competitive, several such competitors are significantly larger than us and can offer compensation more than what we are able to offer. If we are unable to attract and retain a new chief executive officer and other qualified employees, as needed, our business may be harmed.

Risk Related to Our Dependence on Third Parties

Relying exclusively on third parties to manufacture our products, changes in our informal manufacturing arrangements made by the manufacturer of our products and disruptions at the manufacturing facility of our manufacturers and failure to maintain existing supply relationships exposes us to risks that may harm our business.

We have limited internal experience in manufacturing operations and have not historically established our own manufacturing facilities. We currently lack the internal resources to manufacture any of our products, including our CompuFlo® Epidural Computer Controlled Anesthesia System.

Milestone Scientific has been supplied by the manufacturer of the Wand/STA System and its predecessor, the CompuDent System, since the commencement of production in 1998, and by the manufacturer of its handpieces since 2003. The manufacturer of our handpieces is in the People’s Republic of China and the manufacturer of the Wand/STA System is in the United States. At present, we have an informal arrangement with the manufacturers of our products. Our current arrangement with our manufacturers is on a purchase order-by-purchase order basis. As a result, we do not have price protection or a supply commitment for our devices or handpieces. If either manufacturer insists on a material change in terms or determines to discontinue manufacture of our products, it could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operation.

An operational disruption in the facility of the manufacturer of, or their ability to ship, our handpieces or devices could negatively impact our financial results. The occurrence of a natural disaster, such as a hurricane, tropical storm, earthquake, tornado, severe weather, flood, fire, or epidemic, pandemic, or other health emergency, or other unanticipated problems such as labor difficulties, equipment failure or unscheduled maintenance, in each case could cause operational disruptions of varied duration.

These types of disruptions could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations to varying degrees dependent upon the facility, the duration of the disruption, our ability to shift business to another facility or find alternative sources of supply. Any losses due to these events may not be covered by our existing insurance policies or may be subject to certain deductibles. Given our current manufacturing relationships, it is possible that our manufacturing requirements may exceed the available supply allotments under our existing agreements. Our anticipated future reliance on third-party manufacturers exposes us to the following additional risks:

● | We may be unable to identify manufacturers on acceptable terms or at all because the number of potential manufacturers is limited, and the FDA must approve any replacement contractor. This approval would require new testing and compliance inspections. In addition, a new manufacturer would have to develop substantially equivalent processes for production of our products.
● | Contract manufacturers may not perform as agreed or may not remain in the contract manufacturing business for the time required to successfully produce, store, and distribute our products.
● | Contract manufacturers are subject to ongoing periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and corresponding state agencies to ensure strict compliance with current good manufacturing practice and other government regulations and corresponding foreign standards. We do not have control over third-party manufacturers' compliance with these regulations and standards and our manufacturers may be found to be in noncompliance with certain regulations, which may impact their ability to manufacture our products.

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● | If any third-party manufacturer makes improvements in the manufacturing process for our products, we may not own, or may have to share, the intellectual property rights to the innovation. We may be required to pay fees or other costs for access to such improvements.

Though alternate sources of supply for dental handpieces exist, Milestone Scientific would need to establish relationships with new suppliers, and with respect to the Wand/STA System recover its existing tools or have new tools produced and “burned in” and other manufacturing and quality control software re-produced. Establishing new manufacturing relationships could involve significant expense and delay.

Each of these risks could delay the commercialization of our CompuFlo Epidural Computer Controlled Anesthesia System, limit our available supply of The Wand/ STA for dental applications, cause damage to our reputation, result in higher costs and/or deprive us of potential product revenues. Any curtailment or interruptions of the supply, whether because of termination of the relationship or otherwise, would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, business, and results of operations.

Our business is exposed to risks associated with the economic, environmental, and political conditions in China because the sole manufacturer of our handpieces is in China.

Because the sole manufacturer of our dental handpieces is in China, our business is disproportionately exposed to the economic, environmental, and political conditions of the region. China’s political and economic systems are very different from most developed countries in many respects, including, the amount of government involvement, the level of development, the control of foreign exchange and the allocation of resources. The increase in United States tariffs on products from China will impact the price of our goods sold. Uncertainties may arise with changing governmental policies and measures. China also faces many social, economic, and political challenges that may produce instabilities in both its domestic arena and in its relationship with other countries.

These instabilities may significantly and adversely affect our supply of dental handpieces and our ability to delivery reasonably priced products, which would in turn adversely affect our financial performance. In addition, as the Chinese legal system develops, there can be no assurance that changes in laws and regulations and their interpretation or their enforcement will not have a material adverse effect on our business relationship with the sole manufacturer of our dental handpieces. Any adverse change in the economic, environmental, and political conditions in China could have a material adverse effect on economic growth and the level of investments and availability of capital in China, which in turn could lead to a reduction in the supply of our dental handpieces and consequently have a material adverse effect on our businesses.

Issues with product quality could have a material adverse effect upon our business, subject us to regulatory actions and cause a loss of customer confidence in us or our products.

In general, our success depends upon the quality of our products. Quality management plays an essential role in meeting customer requirements, preventing defects, improving our products and services, and assuring the safety and efficacy of our products. Our future success depends on our ability to maintain and continuously improve our quality management program. A quality or safety issue may result in adverse inspection reports, warning letters, product recalls or seizures, monetary sanctions, injunctions to halt manufacture and distribution of products, civil or criminal sanctions, costly litigation, refusal of a government to grant approvals and licenses, restrictions on operations or withdrawal of existing approvals and licenses. An inability to address a quality or safety issue in an effective and timely manner may also cause negative publicity, a loss of customer confidence in us or our current or future products, which may result in the loss of sales and difficulty in successfully launching new products.

The use of third parties to manufacture our products may increase the risk that we will not have enough of our products or such quantities at acceptable levels of cost and quality, which could impair our commercialization efforts.

Milestone Scientific relies on several third parties to supply and manufacture the components and raw materials for its products and its does not have long-term supply agreements with suppliers of these component parts and raw materials, and its arrangements with these suppliers are on a purchase-order basis. These products we obtain from suppliers are subject to fluctuations in price and availability attributable to several factors, including general economic conditions, commodity price fluctuations, the demand by other companies for the same raw materials and the availability of complementary and substitute materials.

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While Milestone Scientific works with suppliers to ensure continuity of supply, no assurance can be given that these efforts will be successful. In the event that any of its existing supply arrangements are terminated or there is a reduction or interruption of supply under these existing arrangements, Milestone Scientific expects that it will be able to enter into new arrangements with alternative suppliers, but these new arrangements may be on terms that are less favorable, including with respect to price and volume, and it may be costly or cause delays in our manufacturing process to transition to a new supplier, particularly in cases in which we must comply with regulatory requirements relating to qualification of new suppliers. The termination, reduction or interruption in supply of these raw materials and components could adversely impact Milestone Scientific Scientific’s ability to manufacture and sell certain of its products.

Third-party suppliers may encounter problems during manufacturing for a variety of reasons, including failure to follow specific protocols and procedures, failure to comply with applicable regulations, equipment malfunction, component part supply constraints, and environmental factors, any of which could delay or impede their ability to supply the components and raw materials for Milestone Scientific’s products. Any such failure to perform or a reduction or interruption in supply could have a material adverse effect on Milestone Scientific’s business and operations.

Risks Related to Regulatory Compliance and Other Legal Matters

We are subject to substantial domestic and international government regulation, including regulatory quality standards applicable to our manufacturing and quality processes. Failure by us to comply with these standards could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

The FDA regulates the product approvals manufacturing, and sales and marketing of many of our products in the United States. Significant government regulations also exist in other countries in which we conduct business. As a device manufacturer, we are required to register with the FDA and are subject to periodic inspection by the FDA for compliance with the FDA’s Quality System Regulation requirements, which require manufacturers of medical devices to adhere to good manufacturing practices . In addition, the federal Medical Device Reporting regulations require us to provide information to the FDA whenever there is evidence that reasonably suggests that a device may have caused or contributed to a death or serious injury or, if a malfunction were to occur, could cause or contribute to a death or serious injury. Compliance with applicable regulatory requirements is subject to continual review and is rigorously monitored through periodic inspections by the FDA.

In the European community, we are required to maintain compliance to ISO, CE marking standards to sell our products and must undergo periodic inspections by notified bodies to obtain and maintain compliance. Failure to comply with current governmental regulations and quality assurance guidelines could lead to temporary manufacturing shutdowns, product recalls or related field actions, product shortages or delays in product manufacturing. Efficacy or safety concerns, an increase in trends of adverse events in the marketplace, and/or manufacturing quality issues with respect to our products could lead to product recalls or related field actions, withdrawals, and/or declining sales.

We may be subject, directly, or indirectly, to U.S. federal and state health care fraud and abuse and false claims laws and regulations. Prosecutions under such laws have increased in recent years and we may become subject to such litigation. If we are unable to comply or have not fully complied with such laws, we could face substantial penalties.

Our operations are and will continue to be directly, or indirectly through our distributors, customers, and health care professionals, subject to various U.S. federal and state fraud and abuse laws, including, without limitation, the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, federal False Claims Act, and the Foreign Corrupt Practice Act of 1977. These laws may impact, among other things, our proposed sales, and marketing and education programs. The federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving, or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, in exchange for or to induce either the referral of an individual, or the furnishing or arranging for a good or service, for which payment may be made under a federal health care program such as Medicare or Medicaid. Several courts have interpreted the statute’s intent requirement to mean that if any one purpose of an arrangement involving remuneration is to induce referrals of federal health care covered business, the statute has been violated. The Anti-Kickback Statute is broad and, despite a series of narrow safe harbors, prohibits many arrangements and practices that are lawful in businesses outside of the health care industry. Penalties for violations of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute include criminal penalties and civil and administrative sanctions such as fines, imprisonment, and possible exclusion from Medicare, Medicaid, and other federal health care programs. An alleged violation of the Anti-Kickback Statute may be used as a predicate offense to establish liability pursuant to other federal laws and regulations such as the federal False Claims Act. Many states have also adopted laws like the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, some of which apply to the referral of patients for health care items or services reimbursed by any source, not only the Medicare and Medicaid programs.

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The federal False Claims Act prohibits persons from knowingly filing, or causing to be filed, a false claim to, or the knowing use of false statements to obtain payment from, the federal government. Suits filed under the False Claims Act, known as “qui tam” actions, can be brought by any individual on behalf of the government and such individuals, commonly known as “relators” or “whistleblowers,” may share in any amounts paid by the entity to the government in fines or settlement. The frequency of filing qui tam actions has increased significantly in recent years, causing greater numbers of medical device, pharmaceutical and health care companies to have to defend False Claim Act actions. The Affordable Care Act includes provisions expanding the ability of certain relators to bring actions that would have been previously dismissed under prior law. When an entity is determined to have violated the federal False Claims Act, it may be required to pay up to three times the actual damages sustained by the government, plus civil penalties for each separate false claim. The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 encouraged states to enact or modify their state false claims act to be at least as effective as the federal False Claims Act by granting states a portion of any federal Medicaid funds recovered through Medicaid-related actions. Most states have enacted state false claims laws, and many of those states included laws with qui tam provisions.

The Affordable Care Act includes provisions known as the Physician Payments Sunshine Act (section 6002), which require manufacturers of drugs, biologics, devices, and medical supplies covered under Medicare and Medicaid to disclose to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services any transfers of value to physicians and teaching hospitals.

Manufacturers must also disclose investment interests held by physicians and their family members. Failure to submit the required information may result in civil monetary penalties of up to $1 million per year for knowing violations and may result in liability under other federal laws or regulations. Similar reporting requirements have also been enacted on the state level in the United States, and an increasing number of countries worldwide either have adopted or are considering similar laws requiring transparency of interactions with health care professionals. In addition, some states, such as Massachusetts and Vermont, impose an outright ban on certain gifts to physicians. These laws could affect our promotional activities by limiting the kinds of interactions we could have with hospitals, physicians or other potential purchasers or users of our products. Both the disclosure laws and gift bans will impose administrative, cost and compliance burdens on us. If we are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above and other applicable state and federal fraud and abuse laws, we may be subject to penalties, including civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, or an administrative action of suspension or exclusion from government health care reimbursement programs and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations.

In addition, we are subject to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”) and other countries’ anti-corruption/anti-bribery regimes, such as the U.K. Bribery Act. The FCPA prohibits improper payments or offers of payments to foreign governments and their officials for obtaining or retaining business. Safeguards we implement to discourage improper payments or offers of payments by our employees, consultants, sales agents, or distributors may be ineffective, and violations of the FCPA and similar laws may result in severe criminal or civil sanctions, or other liabilities or proceedings against us, any of which would likely harm our reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition.

Safeguards we implement to discourage improper payments or offers of payments by our employees, consultants, sales agents, or distributors may be ineffective, and violations of the FCPA and similar laws may result in severe criminal or civil sanctions, or other liabilities or proceedings against us, any of which would likely harm our reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition.

Certain modifications to Milestone Scientific’s products may require new 510(k) clearances or other marketing authorizations and may require Milestone Scientific to recall or cease marketing its products.

Once a medical device is permitted to be legally marketed in the United States pursuant to a 510(k) clearance, a manufacturer may be required to notify the FDA of certain modifications to the device.

Manufacturers determine in the first instance whether a change to a product requires a new 510(k) clearance or premarket submission, but the FDA may review any manufacturer’s decision. The FDA may not agree with Milestone Scientific’s decisions regarding whether new clearances are necessary. Milestone Scientific has made modifications to its products in the past and has determined based on its review of the applicable FDA regulations and guidance that in certain instances new 510(k) clearances or other premarket submissions were not required. Milestone Scientific may make similar modifications or add additional features in the future that it believes do not require a new 510(k) clearance. If the FDA disagrees with Milestone Scientific’s determinations and requires it to submit new 510(k) notifications, Milestone Scientific may be required to cease marketing or to recall the modified product until it obtains clearance, and it may be subject to significant regulatory fines or penalties.

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Changes to United States federal and state regulatory agencies may cause disruptions and delays in approval of the government approval processes and regulation relating to our products.

It is possible that the Trump administration could institute significant changes to certain regulatory agencies and seek to institute the "Department of Government Efficiency," or "DOGE," tasked with making changes to eliminate regulations, cut expenditures, and restructure federal agencies, some of which could impact public companies. For example, the incoming administration has discussed several changes to the reach and oversight of the Food and Drug Administration, which could affect its relationship with the pharmaceutical industry, transparency in decision making and ultimately the cost and availability of prescription drugs, as well as oversight over clinical trials and pharmaceutical development, all of which could pose risks (or opportunities) for companies in related industries. Similarly, there have been discussions of "reigning in" regulatory agencies such as the Federal Trade Commission, the Federal Communications Commission and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, all of which could impact how companies do business and could pose risks related to business operations and financial outlook.

Milestone Scientific may be subject to enforcement actions if it engages in improper marketing or promotion of its products.

Milestone Scientific’s promotional materials and training methods must comply with applicable laws, regulations and regulatory authority’s rules and guidelines, including the FDA and the Federal Trade Commission (the “FTC”). If the FDA, the FTC or another regulatory agency determines that Milestone Scientific’s promotional or training material constitutes off-label, false or misleading, unfair or deceptive promotion of its products, it could request that Milestone Scientific modify its training or promotional materials or subject Milestone Scientific to regulatory or enforcement actions, including the issuance of an untitled letter, a warning letter, injunction, seizure, civil fine or criminal penalties.

It is also possible that other federal, state or foreign enforcement authorities might act if they consider Milestone Scientific’s promotional or training materials to constitute off-label, false or misleading, unfair or deceptive promotion of its products, which could result in significant fines or penalties under other statutory authorities, such as laws prohibiting false claims for reimbursement, and reputational harm.

Changes in laws and regulations over which we have no control can significantly affect our business and results of operations.

Any governmental entity that regulates our operations in the country in which they are located may enact new legislation or adopt new laws and regulations or policies at any time, and new judicial decisions may change the interpretation of existing legislation or regulations at any time in any of the countries in which our operations or projects are located. We have no control over any such changes. Any new laws or regulations governing our operations could have an adverse impact on our business, results of operations and prospects.

Changes to trade policy, including tariff and import/export regulations, may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

Changes in United States policy regarding international trade, including import and export regulation and international trade agreements, could adversely affect our business. The U.S. government has instituted and proposed further changes in trade policies that include the imposition of higher tariffs on imports into the U.S., the negotiation or termination of trade agreements, economic sanctions on individuals, corporations or countries, and other government regulations affecting trade between the U.S. and other countries where we conduct our business. It may be time-consuming and expensive for us to alter our operations in order to adapt to or comply with any such changes. Tariffs and other changes in U.S. trade policy have triggered retaliatory actions by the affected countries, and certain foreign governments, including China, have instituted or are considering imposing retaliatory measures on certain U.S. goods. We do a significant amount of business that will be impacted by changes to the trade policies of the U.S. and foreign countries (including governmental action related to tariffs, international trade agreements, or economic sanctions). Tariffs and other retaliatory measures imposed by the United States on imports, and other retaliatory trade measures taken by the United States, China and other countries, and successive rounds of retaliatory trade measures as part of a trade war or otherwise, will result in an increase in supply chain costs and limit availability of products that Milestone Scientific may not be able to offset or that otherwise adversely impact its operations. Such changes have the potential to adversely impact the U.S. economy or certain sectors thereof, our industry and the global demand for our products, and as a result, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

In addition, political tensions between the United States and China have escalated in recent years. Rising political tensions could reduce trade, investment and other economic activities between the two major economies. Any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on Milestone Scientific’s business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations.

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Turnover at U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, including the FDA, is expected to lead to different enforcement objectives. In addition, on June 28, 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled on Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo, thereby overturning the Chevron Doctrine, a Supreme Court ruling from 1984 that provided for deference to U.S. regulatory agency regulations adopted pursuant to general federal statutory authority. This decision and other related decisions may create new legal avenues to challenge federal regulations, which may create unforeseen uncertainty, especially for businesses that have relied on a settled regulatory environment in their industry. Our historical reliance on an established regulatory environment may be subject to the potential risks of challenges to agency rules that regulate our industry.

International conflict has affected commerce worldwide, and may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

The Ukraine/Russia conflict and various Middle East conflicts have received significant media coverage. Geopolitical instability can lead to significant disruption in supply chain efficiency, adding cost and delays. Russia-related sanctions have been instituted by the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) are likely to have unpredictable and wide-ranging effects on the domestic and global economy and financial markets, which could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations. As a direct impact from the conflict, we have experienced a decrease in international sales to Ukraine and halted all sales to Russia. We will continue to monitor the situation carefully and, if necessary, take action to protect our business, operations, and financial condition.

Risks Related to Milestone Scientific Common Stock

Milestone Scientific is effectively controlled by a limited number of stockholders.

Milestone Scientific Scientific’s principal stockholders, Leonard Osser and BP4, Srl, control approximately 20% of the issued and outstanding shares of common stock. As a result, they can exercise substantial control over our affairs and corporate actions requiring stockholder approval, including electing directors, selling all or substantially all our assets, merging with another entity, or amending our certificate of incorporation. This control could delay, deter, or prevent a change in control and could adversely affect the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for Milestone Scientific’s securities. In addition, because of the concentration of ownership of our shares of common stock, our stockholders may from time to time observe instances where there may be less liquidity in the public markets for our securities.

Failure to implement effective internal controls required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 could result in material misstatements in our financial statements, cause investors to lose confidence in the Company’s reported financial information and have a negative effect on the trading price of our common stock.

Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires the management of public companies to develop and implement internal controls over financial reporting and evaluate the effectiveness thereof. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company’s annual and interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Any failure to complete the Company’s assessment of its internal controls over financial reporting or to remediate any material weaknesses that management may identify could harm the Company’s operating results, cause the Company to fail to meet its reporting obligations or result in material misstatements in the Company’s financial statements. Inadequate disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting could also cause investors to lose confidence in the Company’s public disclosures and reported financial information, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our common stock.

The market price of our common stock may be volatile and may fluctuate significantly, and stockholders could lose all or part of their investment in Milestone Scientific

Our stock price may experience substantial volatility because of many factors, including:

● | our failure to meet analysts’ expectations;

● | sales or potential sales of substantial amounts of our common stock;

● | delay or failure in initiating our strategy to commercialize our CompuFlo Epidural System;

● | the success of our strategy to commercialize our CompuFlo Epidural System;

● | announcements about us or about our competitors, including clinical trial results, regulatory approvals or new product introductions that could adversely impact the market acceptance or competitive advantages of our CompuFlo Epidural System;

● | developments concerning our licensors or product manufacturers;

● | litigation and other developments relating to our patents or other proprietary rights or those of our competitors;

● | our ability to successfully develop and commercialize products and services for the healthcare industry;

● | conditions in the medical device industry;

● | variations in our anticipated or actual operating results; and

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● | change in securities analysts’ estimates of our performance, or our failure to meet analysts’ expectations.

Many of these factors are beyond our control. The stock markets in general, and the market for small, medical device companies have historically experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations. These fluctuations often have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. These broad market and industry factors could reduce the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance.

We have never paid and do not intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, will be your sole source of gain.

We have never paid cash dividends on any of our capital stock, and we currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business. In addition, the terms of existing and future debt agreements may preclude us from paying dividends. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.

Provisions in our certificate of incorporation, our by-laws and Delaware law might discourage, delay, or prevent a change in control of our company or changes in our management and, therefore, depress the trading price of our common stock.

Provisions of our certificate of incorporation, our by-laws and Delaware law may have the effect of deterring unsolicited takeovers or delaying or preventing a change in control of our company or changes in our management, including transactions in which our stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares over then current market prices. In addition, these provisions may limit the ability of stockholders to approve transactions that they may deem to be in their best interests. These provisions include:

● | the inability of stockholders to call special meetings;
● | the ability of our Board of Directors to designate the terms of and issue new series of preferred stock without stockholder approval, which could include the right to approve an acquisition or other change in our control or could be used to institute a rights plan, also known as a poison pill, that would work to dilute the stock ownership of a potential hostile acquirer, likely preventing acquisitions that have not been approved by our Board of Directors; and

● | limitations on filling of vacancies.

All of which could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire, or discourage a third party from seeking to acquire, control of our company.

In addition, Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law prohibits a publicly held Delaware corporation from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder, generally a person which together with its affiliates owns, or within the last three years, has owned 15% of our voting stock, for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder, unless the business combination is approved in a prescribed manner. The existence of the forgoing provisions and anti-takeover measures could limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock. They could also deter potential acquirers of our Company, thereby reducing the likelihood that you could receive a premium for your common stock in an acquisition.

If we fail to adhere to the strict listing requirements of NYSE American, we may be subject to delisting. As a result, our stock price may decline, and our common stock may be de-listed. If our stock were no longer listed on NYSE American, the liquidity of our securities likely would be impaired.

Our common stock currently trades on the NYSE American under the symbol “MLSS”. If we fail to adhere to NYSE American's strict listing criteria, including with respect to stock price, our market capitalization and stockholders’ equity, our stock may be de-listed. This could potentially impair the liquidity of our securities not only in the number of shares that could be bought and sold at a given price, which may be depressed by the relative illiquidity, but also through delays in the timing of transactions and the potential reduction in media coverage. As a result, an investor might find it more difficult to dispose of our common stock. Any failure at any time to meet the continuing NYSE American listing requirements could have an adverse impact on the value of and trading activity in our common stock.

Your percentage of ownership in Milestone Scientific may be diluted in the future.

In the future, your percentage ownership in Milestone Scientific may be diluted because of equity issuances for acquisitions, capital market transactions or otherwise, including any equity awards that Milestone Scientific will grant to its directors, officers, employees and consultants. Such awards will have a dilutive effect on outstanding share count which could adversely affect the market price of Milestone Scientific’s common stock.

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Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

If we are unable to adequately protect our patents, trade secrets and other proprietary rights, if our patents are challenged or if our provisional patent applications do not get approved, our competitiveness and business prospects may be materially damaged.

Intellectual property rights, including patents, trade secrets, confidential information, trademarks, trade names and trade address, are important to our business. We will endeavor to protect our intellectual property rights in key jurisdictions in which our products are produced or used and in jurisdictions into which our products are imported. Our success will depend to a significant degree upon our ability to protect and preserve our intellectual property rights. However, we may be unable to obtain or maintain protection for our intellectual property in key jurisdictions.

Although we own and have applied for patents and trademarks throughout the world, we may have to rely on judicial enforcement of our patents and other proprietary rights. Our patents and other intellectual property rights may be challenged, invalidated, circumvented, and rendered unenforceable or otherwise compromised. A failure to protect, defend or enforce our intellectual property could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Similarly, third parties may assert claims against us and our customers and distributors alleging our products infringe upon third party intellectual property rights.

We believe that the intellectual property underlying our products is a competitive advantage. We rely on a combination of patent rights, trade secrets and nondisclosure and non-competition agreements to protect our proprietary intellectual property, and we will continue to do so. There can be no assurance that our patents, trade secret policies and practices or other agreements will adequately protect our intellectual property. Our issued patents may be challenged, found to be over-broad or otherwise invalidated in subsequent proceedings before courts or the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Even if enforceable, we cannot provide any assurances that they will provide significant protection from competition. The processes, systems, and/or security measures we use to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our data and trade secrets may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies resulting from such breaches. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors. There can be no assurance that the confidentiality, nondisclosure and non-competition agreements with employees, consultants and other parties with access to our proprietary information to protect our trade secrets, proprietary technology, processes and other proprietary rights, or any other security measures relating to such trade secrets, proprietary technology, processes and proprietary rights, will be adequate, will not be breached, that we will have adequate remedies for any breach, that others will not independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information or that third parties will not otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or proprietary knowledge. To the extent that our consultants, contractors, or collaborators use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions.

If we must take legal action to protect, defend or enforce our intellectual property rights, any suits or proceedings could result in significant costs and diversion of our resources and our management’s attention, and we may not prevail in any such suits or proceedings. A failure to protect, defend or enforce our intellectual property rights could have an adverse effect on the results of operations.

Third parties could obtain patents that may require us to negotiate licenses to commercialize our technologies, and we cannot assure you that the required licenses would be available on reasonable terms or at all.

Third parties may claim that one or more aspects of our technologies or products may infringe on their intellectual property rights.

Our computer-controlled anesthesia systems are complex systems and numerous U.S. and foreign patents and pending patent applications owned by third parties exist in fields that relate to the development and commercialization of drug delivery systems. In addition, many companies have employed intellectual property litigation as a strategy to gain a competitive advantage. It is possible that infringement claims may occur as the number of products and competitors in our market increases. In addition, to the extent that we gain greater visibility and market exposure as a public company, we face a greater risk of being the subject of intellectual property infringement claims. We cannot be certain that the conduct of our business does not and will not infringe intellectual property or other proprietary rights of others in the U.S. and in foreign jurisdictions. If any of our computer-controlled anesthesia systems are found to infringe third party patent rights, we could be prohibited from manufacturing and commercializing the infringing technology unless we obtain a license under the applicable third-party patent and pay royalties or are able to design around such patent.

We may be unable to obtain a license on terms acceptable to us, or at all, and we may not be able to redesign the system to avoid infringement. Even if we can redesign our products or processes to avoid an infringement claim, our efforts to design around the patent could require significant time, effort and expense and ultimately may lead to an inferior or costlier product. Any claim of infringement by a third party, even those without merit, could cause us to incur substantial costs defending against the claim and could distract our management from our business.

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Furthermore, if any such claim is successful, a court could order us to pay substantial damages, including compensatory damages for any infringement, plus prejudgment interest and could, in certain circumstances, treble the compensatory damages and award attorney fees. This damage could be substantial and could harm our reputation, business, financial condition, and operating results. A court also could enter orders that temporarily, preliminary, or permanently prohibit us, our licensees, if any, and our customers from making, using, selling, offering to sell, or importing one or more of our products or using our proprietary technologies or processes, or could enter an order mandating that we undertake certain remedial activities.

Any of these events could seriously harm our business, operating results, and financial condition.

General Business Risks

Our business and operations would suffer in the event of cybersecurity or other system failures.

Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems, and those of any third parties with which we partner are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. While we have not experienced any cybersecurity or system failure, accident or breach to date, if an event were to occur, it could result in a material disruption of our operations, substantial costs to rectify or correct the failure, if possible, and potentially violation of HIPAA and other privacy laws applicable to our operations. If any disruption or security breach resulted in a loss of or damage to our data or applications or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or protected information, we could incur liability, further development of our products could be delayed, and our operations could be disrupted, any of which could severely harm our business and financial condition.

Issues with product quality could have a material adverse effect upon our business, subject us to regulatory actions and cause a loss of customer confidence in us or our products.

In general, our success depends upon the quality of our products. Quality management plays an essential role in meeting customer requirements, preventing defects, improving our products and services, and assuring the safety and efficacy of our products. Our future success depends on our ability to maintain and continuously improve our quality management program. A quality or safety issue may result in adverse inspection reports, warning letters, product recalls or seizures, monetary sanctions, injunctions to halt manufacture and distribution of products, civil or criminal sanctions, costly litigation, refusal of a government to grant approvals and licenses, restrictions on operations or withdrawal of existing approvals and licenses. An inability to address a quality or safety issue in an effective and timely manner may also cause negative publicity, a loss of customer confidence in us or our current or future products, which may result in the loss of sales and difficulty in successfully launching new products.

Insurance coverage may be inadequate or unavailable to cover any product liability losses we incur.

Our business exposes us to potential product liability claims that are inherent in the design, manufacture, testing, inspection, and sale of dental and medical devices. We are subject to product liability lawsuits alleging that component failures, manufacturing flaws, manufacturing defects, negligence in manufacturing, design defects, negligence in design, or inadequate disclosure of product-related risks, warnings, or product-related information resulted in an unsafe condition, injury, or death to customers. The risk of one or more product liability claims or lawsuits may be even greater after we launch new products with new features or enter new markets where we have no prior experience selling our products and rely on newly hired staff or new independent distributors or contractors to provide new customer training and customer support. In addition, the misuse of our products or the failure of customers to adhere to operating guidelines could cause significant harm to customers, including death, which could result in product liability claims. Product liability lawsuits and claims, safety alerts or product recalls, with or without merit, regardless of any available insurance coverage, could cause us to incur substantial costs, and could place a significant strain on our financial resources, divert the attention of management from our core business, harm our reputation and adversely affect our ability to attract and retain customers, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.

Item1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

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Item 1C. Cybersecurity.

Governance Related to Cybersecurity Risks

Our board of directors, as a whole and through its committees, holds overall oversight responsibility for our risk management processes, including in relation to risks from cybersecurity threats. Our board of directors exercises its oversight function through the audit committee, which oversees the management of risk exposure across various areas, including cybersecurity risks, in accordance with its charter. The audit committee receives quarterly reports from our Management on the status of our cybersecurity program. The Chair of the audit committee provides a quarterly report to the board of directors, which includes any key updates on cybersecurity matters, as applicable.

Our management team is responsible for the day-to-day administration and management of our cybersecurity program, under the direct supervision of our Chief Executive Officer currently we also work with external security service providers to support our security monitoring and threat detection capabilities and have implemented a process to report relevant findings to the Chair of audit committee where appropriate.

Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy

We maintain a cybersecurity program, which includes processes for identification, assessment, and management of cybersecurity risks. We conduct periodic risk assessments, including with support from external vendors, to assess our cyber program, identify potential areas of enhancement, and develop strategies for the mitigation of cyber risks. We have implemented a process to periodically conduct security awareness training for employees.

Our team is informed about and monitor the prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity risks through various means, including by leveraging a managed security service provider and other third-party security software and technology services. In addition, we use third-party security solutions, monitoring, and alerting tools and resources, designed to monitor, identify, and address risks from cybersecurity threats. We also have implemented processes and technologies for network monitoring and data loss prevention procedures, and from time to time review such processes and technologies.

We have not identified any cybersecurity incidents or threats that have materially affected us or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition; however, like other companies in our industry, we and our third-party vendors may, from time to time, experience threats and security incidents relating to our and our third-party vendors’ information systems. See Item 1A “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10 K for more information.

Item 2. Description of Property

The headquarters for Milestone Scientific is located at 425 Eagle Rock Avenue, Roseland, New Jersey 07068, and our telephone number is (973) 535-2717. In August 2019, the Company signed a seven-year lease for a facility in Roseland, New Jersey (the “Roseland Facility”). The Roseland Facility carries monthly lease payments of $9,275, commencing April 1, 2021. The Company is also responsible for electric charges equal to $2.00 per square foot, which is equal to $11,130 annually, payable in equal monthly installments of $928. The Company will also be required to pay its proportionate share of certain operating costs and property taxes applicable to the leased premises more than the new base year amounts. A third-party distribution and logistics center in Pennsylvania handles shipping and order fulfillment on a month-to-month basis.

Milestone Scientific does not own or intend to invest in any real property. Milestone Scientific currently has no policy with respect to investments or interests in real estate, real estate mortgages or securities of, or interests in, persons primarily engaged in real estate activities.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Milestone Scientific is not involved in any material litigation.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosure

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Common Equity, and Related Stockholder Matters and Small Business Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information

Since June 1, 2015, our common stock has been listed on the NYSE American under the symbol “MLSS”. The following table sets forth the high and low sales prices of Milestone’s common stock for the periods presented.

2024 |  | High |  |  | Low |  | 2023 |  | High |  |  | Low |
First Quarter |  | $ | 0.78 |  |  | $ | 0.52 |  | First Quarter |  | $ | 1.00 |  |  | $ | 0.46 |
Second Quarter |  | $ | 0.85 |  |  | $ | 0.54 |  | Second Quarter |  | $ | 1.22 |  |  | $ | 0.72 |
Third Quarter |  | $ | 1.10 |  |  | $ | 0.58 |  | Third Quarter |  | $ | 1.35 |  |  | $ | 0.81 |
Fourth Quarter |  | $ | 1.05 |  |  | $ | 0.60 |  | Fourth Quarter |  | $ | 1.00 |  |  | $ | 0.56 |

Holders

As of March 27, 2024, we had approximately 97 stockholders of record of our common stock. We believe that, in addition to the record owners, we have approximately 3,488 beneficial owners of our common stock.

Dividends

The holders of common stock are entitled to receive such dividends as may be declared by Milestone Scientific’s Board of Directors. Milestone Scientific has not paid and does not expect to declare or pay any dividends in the foreseeable future.

Sales of Unregistered Securities

Not applicable.

Item 6. Selected Financial Data

Milestone Scientific is a “smaller reporting company” as defined by Regulations S-K and as such, is not required to provide the information contained in this item pursuant to Regulation S-K.

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussions of the financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and the notes to those statements included elsewhere in this annual report. Certain statements in this discussion and elsewhere in this report constitute forward-looking statements, within the meaning of section 21E of the Exchange Act, which involve risks and uncertainties. The actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements. See "Risk Factors" elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

OVERVIEW

Milestone Scientific is a biomedical technology company that patents, designs, develops and commercializes innovative diagnostic and therapeutic injection technologies and devices for medical and dental use. Since our inception, we have engaged in pioneering proprietary, innovative, computer-controlled injection technologies, and solutions for the medical and dental markets. We believe our technologies are proven and well established. Our common stock was initially listed on the NYSE American on June 1, 2015, and trades under the symbol “MLSS".

We have focused our resources on redefining the worldwide standard of care for injection techniques by making the experience more comfortable for the patient by reducing the anxiety and stress of receiving injections from the healthcare provider. Our computer-controlled injection devices make injections precise, efficient, and virtually painless.

We have developed a proprietary, revolutionary, computer-controlled anesthetic delivery device, our DPS Dynamic Pressure Sensing Technology® System, to meet the needs of various subcutaneous drug delivery injections and fluid aspiration – enabling healthcare practitioners to achieve multiple unique benefits that cannot currently be accomplished with the 160-year-old manual syringe. Our proprietary DPS Dynamic Pressure Sensing technology is our technology platform that advances the development of next-generation devices. It regulates flow rate and monitoring pressure from the tip of the needle, through platform extensions for local anesthesia for subcutaneous drug delivery, used in various dental and medical injections. It has specific medical applications for epidural space identification in regional anesthesia procedures.

Our device, The Wand®, a single use disposable handpiece, is marketed in dentistry under the trademark CompuDent®, and STA Single Tooth Anesthesia System® and is suitable for all dental procedures that require local anesthetic. The dental devices currently are sold in the United States, Canada and in over 41 other countries. Milestone Scientific also has 510(k) marketing clearance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on the CompuFlo® Epidural Computer Controlled Anesthesia System in the lumbar, thoracic and cervical thoracic junction of the spine region. In addition, Milestone Scientific has obtained CE mark approval and can be marketed and sold in most European countries.

Our recent receipt of chronology-Specific CPT Code for the Company's technology by the American Medical Association marks an important milestone, that could increase the potential number of anesthesia pain management clinics adopting the CompuFlo instrument. A CPT code expands the potential for reimbursement of epidural procedures in pain management utilizing the CompuFlo Epidural System., which should help accelerate the commercial roll-out of CompuFlo in the U.S

Milestone Scientific and its subsidiaries currently hold over 317 U.S. and foreign patents, and many patents pending and patent applications. The Company’s patents and patent applications relate to drug delivery methodologies, Peripheral Nerve Block, drug flow rate measurement, pressure/force computer-controlled drug delivery with exit pressure, dynamic pressure sensing, automated rate control, automated charging, drug profiles, audible and visual pressure/force feedback, tissue identification, identification of a target region drug delivery injection unit, drug drive unit for anesthetic, handpiece, and injection device.

Milestone Scientific remains focused on advancing efforts to achieve the following three primary objectives:

● | Establishing Milestone’s DPS Dynamic Pressure Sensing technology platform as the standard-of-care in painless and precise drug delivery, providing for the first time, objective visual and audible in-tissue pressure feedback, and continuing to expand platform applications;

● | Following obtaining successful FDA clearance of our first medical device, Milestone Scientific is transitioning from a research and development organization to a commercially focused medical device company; and

● | Expanding our global footprint of our CompuFlo Epidural and CathCheck System by utilizing a targeted field sales force and partnering with distribution companies worldwide.

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Our dental devices have been used to administer over 95 million injections worldwide. Each of our devices has a related single use disposable handpiece, leading to a continuing revenue stream following the sale of the device. At present, we sell disposable handpieces unique to our legacy product (the Wand and CompuDent) to users who have not upgraded to our current dental product, the STA Single Tooth Anesthesia System.

Building on the success of our proprietary, core technology platform for dental injections, and desiring to pursue other growth opportunities, we have begun to expand the uses and applications of our proprietary, patented technologies to achieve greater operational efficiencies, enhanced patient safety and therapeutic adherence, patient satisfaction, and improved quality of care across a broad range of medical specialties.

We intend to continue to expand the uses and applications of our DPS Dynamic Pressure Sensing technology. We believe that we and our technology solutions are recognized by key opinion leaders (i.e., academics, anesthesiologists and practicing dentists whose opinions are widely respected), industry experts and medical and dental practitioners as a leader in the emerging, computer-controlled injection industry.

The Single Tooth Anesthesia System (Dental)

Since its market introduction in early 2007, the STA Single Tooth Anesthesia System and prior C-CLAD devices have been used to deliver over 95 million safe, effective, and comfortable injections. The instrument has also been favorably evaluated in numerous peer-reviewed, published clinical studies and associated articles. Moreover, there appears to be a growing consensus among users that the STA Instrument is proving to be a valuable and beneficial instrument that is positively impacting the practice of dentistry worldwide.

Medical Market Product

In June 2017, we received FDA regulatory clearance to sell the CompuFlo Epidural Computer Controlled Anesthesia System in the United States for epidural injections.

In May, 2022, the Company received a chronology-specific CPT Code for the Company’s technology by the American Medical Association, which marks an important milestone that could increase the potential number of anesthesia pain management clinics adopting the CompuFlo instrument. Effective January 1, 2023, this temporary tracking code allows clinicians to submit claims to healthcare insurance providers using the Company’s technology for Epidural Sterile Injections in the lumbar, thoracic, and cervical thoracic junction of the spinal region for reimbursement. A CPT code expands the potential for reimbursement of epidural procedures in pain management utilizing the CompuFlo Epidural System, which should help accelerate the commercial roll-out of CompuFlo in the United States.

On February 27, 2023, the Company announced that its CompuFlo® Epidural System has received 510(k) FDA clearance for use in the thoracic region of the spine, including the cervical thoracic junction. This approval expands upon the Company’s prior approval of CompuFlo for use within the lumbar region of the spine, where the focus has been epidural analgesia during labor and delivery procedures.

On June 18, 2024, the Company announced that it has received regulatory approval from Brazil's National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) to market and sell its CompuFlo® Epidural System in Brazil. The approval includes the lumbar, thoracic, and cervical-thoracic junction of the spine.

On July 10, 2024, the Company announced that First Coast Service Options Inc. (FCSO), a Jurisdictional Medicare Administrative Contractor (“JMAC”), has granted favorable Medicare Part B physician price assignment across Florida for use of the Company’s CompuFlo® Epidural System under the American Medical Association’s (AMA) technology-specific Category III CPT® code CPT0777T (real-time pressure-sensing epidural guidance system when used in conjunction with a primary ESI procedure).

On July 23, 2024 the Company announced that Novitas Solutions, Inc. (Novitas), a Jurisdictional Medicare Administrative Contractor (JMAC), had granted a Medicare Part B Physician payment rate for the Company’s CompuFlo® Epidural System under the American Medical Association’s (AMA) technology-specific Category III CPT® code CPT0777T (real-time pressure-sensing epidural guidance system when used in conjunction with a primary ESI procedure).This new price assignment applies to two Medicare regions: Jurisdiction L (JL) and Jurisdiction H (JH). JL includes Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. JH includes Arkansas, Colorado, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas.

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On July 30, 2024, the Company announced receipt of multiple Notices of Allowance (NOA) for essential patent applications in both the U.S. and Europe. One NOAs was granted by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and one NOA was granted by the European Patent Office for a new patent titled “Device and Method for Needle/Catheter Location Utilizing Correlation Analysis.” These patent applications cover Milestone Scientific’s next-generation Dynamic Pressure Sensing® (DPS) technology for real-time pressure-sensing guidance in manual injection systems

On August 7, 2024, the Company announced a strategic partnership with Axial Biologics, a premier medical device company with a vast distribution network. Under the agreement, Axial Biologics will serve as the distributor of Milestone Scientific's CompuFlo® Epidural System in New Jersey, Texas, and Florida jurisdictions.

On October 3, 2024, the Company announced that iHeal Pain Center had adopted the CompuFlo® Epidural System following successful epidural steroid injection (ESI).

On November 26,2024, the Company announced its approval on contract for the Federal Supply Schedule (FSS), also known as the GSA Schedule, for the CompuFlo® Epidural System.

The following table shows a breakdown of Milestone Scientific’s product sales (net), domestically and internationally, by business segment product category:

|  | Year Ended December 31, 2024 |  |  | Year Ended December 31, 2023 |
Domestic: US |  | Dental |  |  | Medical |  |  | Grand Total |  |  | Dental |  |  | Medical |  |  | Grand Total |
Instruments |  | $ | 806,885 |  |  | $ | 4,000 |  |  | $ | 810,885 |  |  | $ | 1,002,697 |  |  | $ | 1,000 |  |  | $ | 1,003,697 |
Handpieces |  |  | 4,284,952 |  |  |  | 55,900 |  |  |  | 4,340,852 |  |  |  | 4,270,898 |  |  |  | 12,000 |  |  |  | 4,282,898 |
Accessories |  |  | 49,112 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 49,112 |  |  |  | 75,285 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 75,285 |
Grand Total |  | $ | 5,140,949 |  |  | $ | 59,900 |  |  | $ | 5,200,849 |  |  | $ | 5,348,880 |  |  | $ | 13,000 |  |  | $ | 5,361,880 |
International: Rest of World |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Instruments |  | $ | 868,169 |  |  | $ | 39,000 |  |  | $ | 907,169 |  |  | $ | 1,251,354 |  |  | $ | 25,000 |  |  | $ | 1,276,354 |
Handpieces |  |  | 2,476,988 |  |  |  | 3,920 |  |  |  | 2,480,908 |  |  |  | 2,845,734 |  |  |  | 28,000 |  |  |  | 2,873,734 |
Accessories |  |  | 41,002 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 41,002 |  |  |  | 45,476 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 45,476 |
Grand Total |  | $ | 3,386,159 |  |  | $ | 42,920 |  |  | $ | 3,429,079 |  |  | $ | 4,142,564 |  |  | $ | 53,000 |  |  | $ | 4,195,564 |
International: China |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Instruments |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 270,000 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 270,000 |
Handpieces |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Accessories |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Grand Total |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 270,000 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 270,000 |
Total Product Sales |  | $ | 8,527,108 |  |  | $ | 102,820 |  |  | $ | 8,629,928 |  |  | $ | 9,761,444 |  |  | $ | 66,000 |  |  | $ | 9,827,444 |

Current Product Platform

See Item 1. Description of Business.

Summary of Critical Accounting Estimates

We have identified the accounting estimates below as critical to the understanding of our results of operations and our financial condition. In applying these critical accounting estimates in preparing our financial statements, management must use critical assumptions, estimates and judgments concerning future results or other developments, including the likelihood, timing or amount of one or more future events. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our assumptions, estimates and judgments based upon historical experience and various other information that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Management reviews revenue, and its cash position on regularly basis along with the company inventory needs. We believe that the following discussion addresses our most critical accounting estimates, which are those that are most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and require management’s most difficult, subjective and complex judgments.

For a detailed discussion of significant accounting policies, see Note C.

26

Going Concern and Liquidity

Management has developed and is implementing plans to increase revenues and decrease professional and consulting fees over the next twelve months. The Company has also decided to delay all research and development on the Single Tooth Anesthesia System next generation instrument. The Company believes that our existing cash and cash equivalents along with management plans, and the $800,000 in related party note financing received in April 2025 (See Note P) will be sufficient to enable the Company to fund operations for the twelve months from the issuance of these financial statements and alleviates substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

Inventories

Inventories principally consist of finished goods and component parts stated at the lower cost (first-in, first-out method) or net realizable value. Inventory quantities on hand are reviewed on a quarterly basis and a provision for excess and obsolete inventory is recorded if required based on past and expected future sales, potential technological obsolescence and product expiration requirement and regulations.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth the consolidated results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.

For the year end December 31, 2024, compared to year ended December 31, 2023.

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Operating results: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Product sales, net |  | $ | 8,629,928 |  |  | $ | 9,827,444 |
Cost of products sold |  |  | 2,195,340 |  |  |  | 3,034,832 |
Gross profit |  |  | 6,434,588 |  |  |  | 6,792,612 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 12,295,330 |  |  |  | 13,135,796 |
Research and development expenses |  |  | 858,767 |  |  |  | 701,378 |
Depreciation and amortization expense |  |  | 37,448 |  |  |  | 61,912 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 13,191,545 |  |  |  | 13,899,086 |
Loss from operations |  |  | (6,756,957 | ) |  |  | (7,106,474 | )
Interest income |  |  | 60,265 |  |  |  | 125,527 |
Gain on sale of net operating losses |  |  | 1,983,095 |  |  |  | - |
Net loss |  |  | (4,713,597 | ) |  |  | (6,980,947 | )
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  | - |  |  |  | (51,843 | )
Net loss attributable to Milestone Scientific Inc. |  | $ | (4,713,597 | ) |  | $ | (6,929,104 | )

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Net sales for year ended December 31, 2024, compared to year ended December 31, 2023

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | Change |
Dental |  | $ | 8,527,108 |  |  | $ | 9,761,444 |  |  | $ | (1,234,336 | )
Medical |  |  | 102,820 |  |  |  | 66,000 |  |  |  | 36,820 |
Total sales, net |  | $ | 8,629,928 |  |  | $ | 9,827,444 |  |  | $ | (1,197,516 | )

Consolidated revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was approximately $8.6 million and $9.8 million, respectively, a decrease of approximately $1.2 million. As of January 3, 2023, the Company launched an E-Commerce platform, selling and shipping the STA Single Tooth Anesthesia System® (STA) and handpieces directly to end users, including dental offices and dental groups, within the U.S. E-commerce revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024 was approximately $5.1 million as compared to $4.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

The Company recorded no revenue from Henry Schein for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to approximately $179,000 recorded for the year ended December 31, 2023. Revenue from other U.S. distributors was approximately $9,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024, a decrease of $476,000 compared to December 31, 2023. The Company terminated all non-exclusive agreements with other distributors in the US in September 2023. For the year ended December 31, 2024, international revenue was approximately $3.4 million, a decrease of $756,000 compared to December 31, 2023. The decrease in international revenue is due low performing markets and shipping delays. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company reported zero revenue from China, a decrease of approximately $270,000. For the year ended December 31, 2024, medical revenue increased approximately $37,000 compared to December 31, 2023.

Gross Profit for years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023 were as follows:

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | Change |
Dental |  | $ | 6,340,966 |  |  | $ | 7,030,018 |  |  | $ | (689,052 | )
Medical |  |  | 93,622 |  |  |  | (237,406 | ) |  |  | 331,028 |
Total gross profit |  | $ | 6,434,588 |  |  | $ | 6,792,612 |  |  | $ | (358,024 | )

Consolidated gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased by approximately $358,000 or 5%, compared to the same period in 2023. Dental gross profit for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 we approximately 74% and 72% respectively. The decrease was due to higher margins in sales associated with the launch of E-Commerce platform offset by lower international sales. The Company recorded approximately $258,000 allowance for medical inventory that was obsolete and or expired for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Selling, general and administrative expenses for years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023 were as follows:

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | Change |
Dental |  | $ | 3,929,073 |  |  | $ | 4,330,219 |  |  | $ | (401,146 | )
Medical |  |  | 2,128,456 |  |  |  | 3,381,551 |  |  |  | (1,253,095 | )
Corporate |  |  | 6,237,801 |  |  |  | 5,424,026 |  |  |  | 813,775 |
Total selling, general and administrative expenses |  | $ | 12,295,330 |  |  | $ | 13,135,796 |  |  | $ | (840,466 | )

Consolidated selling, general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were approximately$12.3 million and $13.1 million, respectively. The decrease of approximately $840,000 is due to several factors. Employee salaries and benefits expenses decreased approximately $654,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. The Company decreased warehousing, marketing, regulatory, royalties’ and travel expenses by approximately $324,000 compared to the same period in 2023. The Company increased professional fees, and quality control by approximately $305,000 compared to the same period in 2023. The Company recorded and decreased in other selling, general and administrative expenses of approximately $167,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the same period in 2023 due to the launch of E-Commerce.

Research and Development for years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023 were as follows:

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | Change |
Dental |  | $ | 835,851 |  |  | $ | 614,952 |  |  | $ | 220,899 |
Medical |  |  | 22,916 |  |  |  | 86,426 |  |  |  | (63,510 | )
Corporate |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total research and development |  | $ | 858,767 |  |  | $ | 701,378 |  |  | $ | 157,389 |

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Consolidated research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were approximately $859,000 and $701,000 respectively. The increase of approximately $157,000 is related to the Company's development of the next generation STA Single Tooth Anesthesia System, offset by a decrease in medical expenses relating to the epidural consumables development. The Company has also decided to delay all research and development on the STA Single Tooth Anesthesia System next generation instrument

Loss from Operations for 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | Change |
Dental |  | $ | 1,576,043 |  |  | $ | 2,128,199 |  |  | $ | (552,156 | )
Medical |  |  | (2,057,751 | ) |  |  | (3,708,170 | ) |  |  | 1,650,419 |
Corporate |  |  | (6,275,249 | ) |  |  | (5,526,503 | ) |  |  | (748,746 | )
Total loss from operations |  | $ | (6,756,957 | ) |  | $ | (7,106,474 | ) |  | $ | 349,517 |

The loss from operations was approximately $6.8 million and $7.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, a decrease of approximately $350,000. As stated above, the decrease in the loss from operations is driven by increased margins in E-Commerce dentals sales, offset by lower international dental sales and lower selling, general and administrative expenses during period.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

C ash Flows

The following table summarizes our sources and uses of cash for each of the periods presented:

Cash flow: |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | Change |
Net cash used in operating activities |  | $ | (2,919,875 | ) |  | $ | (5,326,129 | ) |  | $ | 2,406,254 |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  |  | 2,966,449 |  |  |  | (2,972,172 | ) |  |  | 5,938,621 |
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 233,771 |  |  |  | 2,560,735 |  |  |  | (2,326,964 | )
|  | $ | 280,345 |  |  | $ | (5,737,566 | ) |  | $ | 6,017,911 |

Operating Activities

Cash flows used in operating activities decreased by $2.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023. The decrease was primarily driven by our receipt of approximately $2.0 million, net of expenses, from the sale of New Jersey net operating losses ‘(NOL”), that were eligible for sale under the State of New Jersey’s Economic Development Authority’s New Jersey Technology Business Tax Certificate Transfer program (“NJEDA Program”).

Investing Activities

Cash flows provided by investing activities was $3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $3.0 million of cash flows used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $6.0 million. We sold $3.0 million of marketable securities during the year ending December 31, 2024, compared to $5.0 million sold during the year ended December 31, 2023, which increased cash and equivalents by $2.0 million. We purchased approximately $8.0 million in marketable security during the during the year ending December 31, 2023 compared to no purchases made during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Financing Activities

Cash flows provided by financing activities decreased $2.3 million to $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $2.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease in cash used in financing activities was the result of gross proceeds of approximately $3.0 million received from a public offering of common stock, offset by $0.4 million of offering costs associated with the public offering during the year ended December 31, 2023, that did not recur during the year ended December 31, 2024.

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Contractual Obligations

The impact of the consolidated contractual obligations on December 31, 2024, expected on the liquidity and cash flows in future periods, is as follows:

Payments Due by Period |
|  | Total |  |  | Less than 1 Year |  |  | 1-3 Years |  |  | 3-5 Years |
Operating lease obligations |  | $ | 379,051 |  |  |  | 150,011 |  |  |  | 215,606 |  |  |  | 13,434 |
Purchase obligations |  | $ | 2,754,160 |  |  |  | 1,350,420 |  |  |  | 1,403,740 |  |  |  | - |
Total |  | $ | 3,133,211 |  |  |  | 1,500,431 |  |  |  | 1,619,346 |  |  |  | 13,434 |

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See “Note C - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to the consolidated financial statements for explanation of recent accounting pronouncements impacting Milestone Scientific.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Milestone Scientific is a “smaller reporting company” as defined by Regulation S-K and, as such, is not required to provide the information required by this item.

Item 8. Financial Statements

The financial statements of Milestone Scientific required by this Item are set forth beginning on page F-1.

Item 9. Change in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None

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Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Interim Chief Executive Officer and Acting Principal Accounting Officer, which positions are currently carried out by the same person, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2023. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.

Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, as ours are designed to do, and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on such evaluation, our Interim Chief Executive Officer and Acting Principal Accounting Officer concluded that, As of December 31, 2024, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable assurance level.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria set forth in “Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013)” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organization of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, management concluded that, As of December 31, 2024, our internal control over financial reporting was effective.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We routinely review our internal control over financial reporting and from time to time make changes intended to enhance the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. For the year ended December 31, 2024 we made no changes to our internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act, that we believe materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information

None.

Item 9C. Disclosure regarding Foreign Jurisdiction that Prevent Inspections.

Note applicable

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PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers, Promoters and Control Persons and Corporate Governance; Compliance with Section 16 (a) of the Exchange Act

NAME | AGE | POSITION | DIRECTOR SINCE
Neal Goldman | 81 | Interim Chief Executive Officer, Chairman of the Board | 2019
Leonard Osser | 77 | Vice Chairman of the Board | 1991
Jan Adriaan (Arjan) Haverhals | 62 | Director | 2023
Benedetta Casamento (1) (2) (3) | 55 | Director | 2022
Michael McGeehan (1) (2) (3) | 58 | Director | 2017
Dr. Didier Demesmin (1) (2) (3) | 56 | Director | 2023

1. Member of the Audit Committee. Mr. Goldman ceased to be on the Audit Committee effective January 1, 2025 when he became Interim CEO upon the retirement of Arjan Haverhals effective December 31, 2024. Dr. Demesmin replaced Mr. Goldman.

2. Member of the Compensation Committee. Mr. Goldman ceased to be on the Compensation Committee effective January 1, 2025 when he became Interim CEO upon the retirement of Arjan Haverhals. Dr. Demesmin replaced Mr. Goldman.

3. Member of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Mr. Goldman ceased to be on the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee effective January 1, 2025 when he became Interim CEO upon the retirement of Arjan Haverhals. Dr. Demesmin replaced Mr. Goldman.

Neal Goldman, Interim Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board

Neal Goldman has been a director of Milestone Scientific since 2019 and has served as Chairman of the Board since January 2023. Effective January 1, 2025, he became Interim CEO upon the retirement of Arjan Haverhals effective December 31, 2024. Mr. Goldman is the President and Founder of Goldman Capital Management, Inc., a family office since 2018, which was previously an investment advisory firm founded in 1985. He was First Vice President of Research at Shearson Lehman Hutton. He has also held senior positions as a money manager and research analyst with a variety of firms including Neuberger Berman, Moseley Hallgarten Estabrook and Weeden, Bruns Nordeman, and Russ and Company. Mr. Goldman serves as Chairman of Charles & Colvard, Ltd. since 2016 and served on the board of Imageware Systems, Inc. until November 2020. He also serves on the board of Deep-Down Inc. Prior to their respective acquisitions, he served on the boards of Blyth Industries and IPASS Corporation. Mr. Goldman received his B.A. degree in Economics from The City University of New York (City College). Mr. Goldman’s professional experience and financial background have given him the expertise needed to serve as one of our directors.

Leonard Osser, Vice Chairman of the Board

Leonard Osser has been a director of Milestone Scientific since 1991 and has served as Milestone Scientific’s Vice Chairman of the Board since May 2021. Mr. Osser had been Interim Chief Executive Officer from December 2017 until May 2021. From July 2017 to December 2017, he had been Managing Director –China Operations. Prior to that, he served as Milestone Scientific’s Chairman from 1991 until September 2009, and during that time, from 1991 until 2007, was also Chief Executive Officer of Milestone Scientific. In September 2009, he resigned as Chairman of Milestone Scientific, but remained director, and assumed the position of Chief Executive Officer. From 1980 until the consummation of Milestone Scientific’s public offering in November 1995, Mr. Osser is the Managing Member of U.S. Asian Consulting Group, LLC, a New Jersey-based provider of consulting services specializing in distressed or turnaround situations in both the public and private markets. Mr. Osser also serves as a special consultant to the board of directors of Nexalin Technology, Inc. where he is also Managing Director of China Operations. Mr. Osser’s knowledge of our business and background with us since 1980 provides the Board with valuable leadership skills and insight into our business and accordingly, the expertise needed to serve as one of our directors.

Jan Adriaan (Arjan) Haverhals, Director

Arjan Haverhals was Milestone Scientific's President from September 2020 to the end December 2024 and Chief Executive Officer from May 2021 to the end of December 2024 and served as the President and Chief Executive Officer of Milestone Scientific’s Dental Division (Wand Dental Inc.) from June 2020 to the end of December 2024. Mr. Haverhals is currently a consultant to Milestone Scientific. In January 2023, Mr. Haverhals was appointed to the Board and continues as a director. He brings more than 30 years of sales, marketing, product development, and international expansion experience within the medical device, pharmaceutical, and other industries. Prior to joining Wand Dental and Milestone Scientific, Mr. Haverhals was senior vice president of sales at Xcentric Mold & Engineering from 2019 until 2020 where he was instrumental in increasing sales productivity and efficiency for the company's prototype injection molding services, which included leading healthcare company clients.

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From 2012 until 2018, Mr. Haverhals worked at Straumann, LLC, a global leader in manufacturing medical and dental devices, where he held a series of senior sales and marketing roles including vice president of customer marketing & education, where he oversaw all product franchises and led the launch of more than 30 products in the North American market. He also served as senior vice president for the Nordic Region at Straumann AB, senior vice president of global sales digital solutions, which included oversight of the strategic acquisition of Etkon; and served as vice president of the Prosthetics Business Unit, where he introduced a new implant and prosthetics product line within a new market segment.

He also served as senior vice president for the Nordic Region at Straumann AB, senior vice president of global sales digital solutions, which included oversight of the strategic acquisition of Etkon; and served as vice president of the Prosthetics Business Unit, where he introduced a new implant and prosthetics product line within a new market segment. He also served as vice president of global marketing & sales at Elkem AS, one of Norway's largest industrial companies. Previously, Mr. Haverhals served as executive vice president of marketing & sales at Cresco Ti Systems Sàrl, a global dental implant company, where he was responsible for turning around and managing global sales, marketing, international business. Mr. Haverhals holds an MS in Pharmacy from the University of Leyden in the Netherlands. Mr. Haverhals’ knowledge of Milestone Scientific’s day-to-day operations gives him the expertise needed to serve as one of our directors.

Benedetta I. Casamento, Director

Benedetta Casamento has served as a director of the Company since April 2022. Since August 2017, Ms. Casamento has served as a Retail Consultant specializing in finance, business operations, and financial planning and analysis. Ms. Casamento previously served as Chairman and President of Allyke, Inc., an artificial intelligence company creating digital imagery insights for retail and other industries, from June 2016 to August 2017. From December 2014 to April 2016, she served as Chief Executive Officer of Calypso St. Barth, a luxury boutique retailer of women’s apparel and accessories. Prior to her role as CEO at Calypso St. Barth, Ms. Casamento served as a consultant to private equity firms with portfolio interests in retail and fashion from July 2012 to December 2014. Ms. Casamento previously served as Executive Vice President, Finance & Operations of The Talbots, Inc. (“Talbots”), a specialty retailer and direct marketer of women’s apparel, accessories, and shoes, from March 2009 to July 2012. Prior to joining Talbots, Ms. Casamento served in various leadership roles within Liz Claiborne Inc. from February 1999 to November 2008, culminating in her position as President of Liz Claiborne Brands. Ms. Casamento started her career at Saks Fifth Avenue. Our Board has determined that Ms. Casamento’s extensive business experience, as well as her background in accounting and finance, qualifies her to serve on the Board.

Michael McGeehan, Director

Michael McGeehan has been a director of Milestone Scientific since October 2017. Mr. McGeehan is a business consultant with 30 years of experience in a variety of business domains, including financial services, medical and healthcare products, consumer package goods and the software technology industry. Mr. McGeehan started his career at Metaphor Computer Systems in 1988 and then went to work at Microsoft Corporation in 1991. In 1995, Mr. McGeehan left Microsoft and founded Forefront Information Strategies, an information technology consulting firm. In 2002, Mr. McGeehan returned to Microsoft where he worked until 2017, when he returned to and re-started Forefront. Mr. McGeehan was on the Board of Directors of Wand Dental. Mr. McGeehan has a master’s in business administration from Pace University and a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from Marquette University. Mr. McGeehan’s professional experience and background have given him the expertise needed to serve as one of our directors.

Dr. Didier Demesmin, Director

Dr. Demesmin is currently the Chief Executive Officer and Medical Director of University Pain Medicine Center, a position he has held since 2007. Since March 2006, Dr. Demesmin has held the position of Director of the Pain Management Department at St. Peter’s University Hospital. He is also a physician in the Departments of Pain Medicine at JFK Medical Center (since March 2007), Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital (since January 2008), Somerset Medical Center (since February 2009), Hudson Regional Hospital (since December 2010), and Saint Barnabas Hospital (since November 2013). Dr. Demesmin is also a Clinical Instructor in the Department of Medicine at Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (since August 2006), a Clinical Assistant Professor in the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (since July 2013), the Medical Director in the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine Institute at St. Peter’s University Hospital (since (December 2013), and an Assistant Fellowship Program Director in the Multidisciplinary Interventional Pain Medicine Fellowship at JFK Johnson Rehabilitation Institute (since November 2013). Dr. Demesmin has been a member of the Board of Trustees of the New Jersey Society of Interventional Pain Physicians, since September 2010, and the Middlesex County Medical Society of New Jersey, since January 2010, where he held the positions of President Elect, from June 2011 to June 2012, and President, from June 2012 to June 2014. Dr. Demesmin received a BA in Psychology from Rutgers University in 1994, a Medical Degree from the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey in 2000, and an MBA from the Kellogg School of Management of Northwestern University in 2018. Mr. Demesmin’ s medical healthcare background in the field of interventional pain management and business background has given him the expertise needed to serve as one of our directors.

33

Board Leadership Structure

The Board believes that the segregation of the roles of Board Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer ensures better overall governance of the Company and provides meaningful checks and balances regarding its overall performance. This structure allows our Chief Executive Officer to focus on developing and implementing the Company’s business plans and supervising the Company’s day-to-day business operations and allows our chairman to lead the Board in its oversight and advisory roles. Because of the many responsibilities of the Board and the significant time and effort required by each of the Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer to perform their respective duties, the Company believes that having separate persons in these roles enhances the ability of each to discharge those duties effectively and enhances the Company’s prospects for success. The Company also believes that having separate positions provides a clear delineation of responsibilities for each position and fosters greater accountability of management. For the foregoing reasons, the Board has determined that its leadership structure is appropriate and in the best interest of stockholders.

The Board’s Oversight of Risk Management

The Board recognizes that companies face a variety of risks, including China operation risk, liquidity/capital accessibility risk, medical product acceptance risk, and operational risk. The Board believes an effective risk management system will (1) timely identify the material risks that we face; (2) communicate necessary information with respect to material risks to senior executives and, as appropriate, to the Board or relevant Board committee; (3) implement appropriate and responsive risk management strategies consistent with the Company’s risk profile; and (4) integrate risk management into the Company’s decision-making. The Board encourages, and management promotes, a corporate culture that incorporates risk management into the Company’s corporate strategy and day-to-day business operations. The Board also continually works, with the input of management and executive officers, to assess and analyze the most likely areas of future risk for the Company.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, until the Board has located and approved a new Chief Executive Officer, the positions of Board Chairman and Interim Chief Executive Officer are being held by the same person. This person, Mr. Goldman, is also the acting principal accounting officer of the Company.

Committees of the Board

The Board has standing audit, compensation, and nominating and corporate governance committees (respectively, the “Audit Committee,” the “Compensation Committee,” and the “Nominating Committee.”)

Compensation Committee

The Compensation Committee reviews and recommends to the Board the compensation and benefits of all officers of the Company, reviews general policy matters relating to compensation and benefits of employees of the Company and administers the issuance of stock options to the Company’s officers, employees, directors, and consultants. It also provides recommendations to the Board with respect to non-employee director compensation. The Compensation Committee may not delegate its authority to any other person, other than to a subcommittee. The Compensation Committee is comprised of three members, Benedetta Casamento (Chairman), Dr. Didier Demesmin and Michael McGeehan. A copy of the Compensation Committee Charter has been posted on our website at www.milestonescientific.com. For additional discussion of the Compensation Committee executive compensation objectives, see Item 11, “Objective of Executive Compensation Program.”

Audit Committee

The Audit Committee meets with management and the Company’s independent accountants to determine the adequacy of internal controls and other financial reporting matters. The Audit Committee’s purpose is to: (A) assist the Board in its oversight of: (i) the integrity of our financial statements; (ii) our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements; (iii) our independent auditors’ qualifications and independence; (iv) the performance of our internal audit function and independent auditors to decide whether to appoint, retain or terminate our independent auditors; and (v) the preparation of our Annual Report on Form 10-K For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 (the “Annual Report”); and (B) to pre-approve all audit, audit-related and other services, if any, to be provided by the independent auditors. The members of the Audit Committee are comprised of Benedetta Casamento (Chairman), Dr. Didier Demesmin and Michael McGeehan, all of whom are independent as defined in the listing standards of the NYSE American and Section 10A(m)(3) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). A copy of the Audit Committee Charter has been posted on our website at www.milestonescientific.com.

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Audit Committee Financial Expert

The Board has determined that Benedetta Casamento is an “audit committee financial expert,” as that term is defined in Item 407(d)(5) of Regulation S-K, and “independent” for purposes of the listing standards of the NYSE American and Section 10A(m)(3) of the Exchange Act.

Nominating Committee

The Nominating Committee identifies potential director nominees and evaluates their suitability to serve on the Board. Based on its evaluation, it recommends to the Board the director nominees for Board membership. In addition, the Nominating Committee also evaluates each existing Board member’s suitability for continued service as a director. The members of the Nominating Committee are Michael McGeehan (Chairman), Benedetta Casamento, and Dr. Didier Demesmin. A copy of the Nominating Committee Charter has been posted on our website at www.milestonescientific.com.

The Nominating Committee believes that the minimum qualifications for service as a director of the Company are that a nominee possess an ability, as demonstrated by recognized success in his or her field, to make meaningful contributions to the Board’s oversight of the business and affairs of the Company and an impeccable reputation of integrity and competence in his or her personal or professional activities. The Nominating Committee’s criteria for evaluating potential candidates include the following: an understanding of the Company’s business environment; and the possession of such knowledge, skills, expertise and diversity of experience so as to enhance the Board’s ability to manage and direct the affairs and business of the Company including, when applicable, to enhance the ability of committees of the Board to fulfill their duties and/or satisfy any independence requirements imposed by law, regulation or listing requirements.

The Nominating Committee considers director candidates recommended by stockholders. In considering candidates submitted by stockholders, the Committee will take into consideration the needs of the Board and the qualifications of the candidate. The Nominating Committee may also take into consideration the number of shares held by the recommending stockholder and the length of time that such shares have been held. To have a candidate considered by the Nominating Committee, a stockholder must submit the recommendation in writing and must include the following information: the name of the stockholder and evidence of the person’s ownership of Company stock, including the number of shares owned and the length of time of ownership; the name of the candidate, the candidate’s resume or a listing of his or her qualifications to be a director of the Company; and, the person’s consent to be named as a director if selected by the Nominating Committee and nominated by the Board.

The Nominating Committee may also receive suggestions from current Board members, the Company’s executive officers or other sources, which may be either unsolicited or in response to requests from the Nominating Committee for such candidates. The Nominating Committee also, from time to time, may engage firms that specialize in identifying director candidates.

Once a person has been identified by the Nominating Committee as a potential candidate, it may collect and review publicly available information regarding the person to assess whether the person should be considered further. If the Nominating Committee determines that the candidate warrants further consideration, the Chairman or another member of the Nominating Committee may contact the person. Generally, if the person expresses a willingness to be considered and to serve on the Board, the Nominating Committee may request information from the candidate, review the person’s accomplishments and qualifications and may conduct one or more interviews with the candidate. The Nominating Committee may consider all such information considering information regarding any other candidates that it might be evaluating for membership on the Board. In certain instances, Nominating Committee members may contact one or more references provided by the candidate or may contact other members of the business community or other persons that may have greater first-hand knowledge of the candidate’s accomplishments. The Nominating Committee’s evaluation process does not vary based on whether a candidate is recommended by a stockholder, although, as stated above, the Board may take into consideration the number of shares held by the recommending stockholder and the length of time that such shares have been held.

Director Independence

The Board has determined that Michael McGeehan, Benedetta Casamento, and Dr. Didier Demesmin (the “Independent Directors”) are independent, as that term is defined in the listing standards of the NYSE American. In determining director independence, the Board also considered all equity awards, if any, to the Independent Directors for the year ended December 31, 2024, disclosed in “Director Compensation” below, and determined that such awards were compensation for services rendered to the Board and therefore did not impact their ability to continue to serve as Independent Directors.

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Stockholder Communication with the Board

The Board has established a process to receive communications from stockholders. Stockholders and other interested parties may contact any member (or all members) of the Board, or the non-management directors as a group, any Board committee, or any chair of any such committee by mail or electronically. To communicate with the Board, any individual director or any group or committee of directors, correspondence should be addressed to the Board or any such individual directors or group or committee of directors by either name or title. All such correspondence should be sent “c/o Corporate Secretary” at 425 Eagle Rock Ave., Suite 403, Roseland, New Jersey 07068. All communications received as set forth in the preceding paragraph will be opened by the Corporate Secretary of the Company for the sole purpose of determining whether the contents represent a message to our directors. Any contents that are not in the nature of advertising, promotions of a product or service, patently offensive material or matters deemed inappropriate for the Board will be forwarded promptly to the addressee. In the case of communications to the Board or any group or committee of directors, the Company’s Corporate Secretary will make sufficient copies of the contents to send to each director who is a member of the group or committee to which the envelope is addressed.

Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance

Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act requires our officers and directors, and person who own more than ten percent of a registered class of our equity securities, to file reports of ownership and changes in ownership with the SEC. Officers, directors and greater than ten-percent stockholders are required by SEC regulation to furnish us with copies of all Section 16(a) forms they file. Based solely on review of the copies of such forms furnish to us, or written representations that no Forms 5 were required, we believe that all Section 16(a) filing requirements applicable to our officers and director were complied with during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

Insider Trading Arrangements and Policies

We have adopted an insider trading compliance policy governing the purchase, sale, and/or other dispositions of our securities by our directors, officers, and employees that we believe is reasonably designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and the exchange listing standards applicable to us. The insider trading policy prohibits the use of material non-public information about the Company when making decisions to purchase, sell, give away or otherwise trade in the Company’s securities or to provide such information to others outside the Company. We have established black-out periods to which covered persons are subject related to the filing of our regular reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Company may impose additional black-out periods from time to time as other types of material non-public information occur when material non-public events or disclosures are pending. Covered persons are permitted to trade in the Company’s securities only when there is no black-out period in effect and such trade has been pre-cleared by the appointed Company officer, or when a qualified 10b5-1 plan has been established in accordance with federal securities laws. No covered person has adopted or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan during the last fiscal quarter of the fiscal year to which this report relates.

Code of Ethics

Milestone Scientific has adopted a code of ethics that applies to its directors, principal executive officer, principal financial officer and other people performing similar functions. This code of ethics is posted on Milestone Scientific’s web site at www.milestonescientific.com. Milestone Scientific will also provide a copy of the Code of Ethics to any person without charge, upon written request addressed to the Chairman of the Board, Neal Goldman, at the Company’s principal executive office, located at 425 Eagle Rock Avenue Roseland, NJ 07068.

Clawback Policy

Our Board has adopted a written policy to recover “excess” compensation that is granted, earned, or vested based wholly or in part upon the attainment of a financial reporting measure. The compensation includes both cash-based and equity-based incentives. The compensation covered includes incentive awards awarded to any individuals (including former employees) who served as an executive officer during the three most recently completed fiscal years preceding the date on which the preparation of an accounting restatement is required, provided that the executive officers were awarded more incentive awards than they would have received if the financial statements had been prepared correctly. The recovery will include an executive incentive award even if the executive was not involved in preparing the financial statements or did not commit misconduct that led to the restatement. Restatements attributable to an inadvertent error also will subject executive officers to the recovery of previously received incentive awards.

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Item 11. Executive Compensation

SUMMARY COMPENSATION TABLE

The following Summary Compensation Table sets forth all compensation earned, in all capacities, during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 by Milestone Scientific’s (i) chief executive officer and (ii) two most highly compensated executive officers, other than the chief executive officer, who were serving as executive officers at the end of the 2023 fiscal year and whose salary as determined by Regulation S-K, Item 402, exceeded $100,000 (the individuals falling within categories (i) and (ii) are collectively referred to as the “Named Executive Officers”).

Name and Principal Position | Year |  | Salary |  |  | Bonuses |  |  | Option Awards |  |  | Other Compensation |  |  | Total |
Jan Adriaan (Arjan) Haverhals (1) (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Chief Executive Officer - Wand Dental Inc | 2024 |  | $ | 350,000 |  |  | $ | 478,000 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 53,422 |  |  | $ | 881,422 |
President of Milestone Scientific Inc. | 2023 |  | $ | 350,000 |  |  | $ | 281,853 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 48,412 |  |  | $ | 680,265 |
Peter Milligan (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Chief Financial Officer | 2023 |  | $ | 70,000 |  |  | $ | 100,000 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 170,000 |

| 1. | During 2024 he was awarded $478,000 in a discretionary performance bonus for the year ended December 31, 2024. Other compensation represents payments made for health insurance coverage of approximately $39,000 and car allowance of approximately $14,000. Arjan Haverhals was awarded $281,000 in a discretionary performance bonus for the year ended December 31, 2023. Other compensation represents payments made for health insurance coverage of approximately $34,000 and car allowance of approximately $14,000.

| 2. | Peter Milligan was appointed as the Chief Financial Officer of the Company February 1, 2023. He was awarded a $100,000 bonus for joining the company to be paid in shares of stock. On August 24, 2023 the Company announced that Peter Milligan resigned from the Company effective September 1, 2023.
| 3. | Mr. Haverhals resigned as the Chief Executive Officer of the Company as of December 31, 2024.

Pay versus Performance Table

As required by Section 953(a) of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, and Item 402(v) of Regulation S-K, we are providing the following information about the relationship between executive compensation actually paid (as defined by SEC rules) and certain financial performance metrics of the Company. For further information concerning the Company’s compensation philosophy and how the Company aligns executive compensation with the Company’s performance, refer to “—Compensation Philosophy and Objectives” and “—Compensation Elements”.

|  | (a) |  |  | (b) |  |  | (c) |  |  | (d) |  |  | (e) |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Value of Initial Fixed $100 Investment Based on: |  |  |  |  |
Year |  | Summary Compensation Table Total for PEO($) |  |  | Compensation Actually Paid to PEO($) |  |  | Average Summary Compensation Table Total for Non-PEO NEO's($) |  |  | Average Compensation Actually Paid to Non-PEO NEO's($) |  |  | Total Shareholder Return ($) |  |  | Net Income ($) |
2024 |  |  | 881,422 |  |  |  | 881,422 |  |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | 137.14 |  |  |  | (4,713,597 | )
2023 |  |  | 680,265 |  |  |  | 680,265 |  |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | n/a |  |  |  | 150.00 |  |  |  | (6,929,104 | )

Calculation of Compensation Actually Paid to PEO (column b) |  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Total Summary Compensation Paid Table (SCT) - column (a) |  |  | 881,422 |  |  |  | 680,265 |
Less: value reported under stock awards in the SCT |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Add: FV of unvested equity awards at year end 2021 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Add: FV of vested awards as of the vesting date |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Compensation actually paid |  |  | 881,422 |  |  |  | 680,265 |

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| (a) | The amounts reported in this column are the amounts of total compensation reported for Mr. Haverhals, Chief Executive Officer, for each corresponding year in the "Total" column of the Summary Compensation Table (“SCT’) on page 12 of this proxy statement.

| (b) | The amounts reported in this column represent the amount of compensation actually paid (“CAP”) Mr. Haverhals as computed in accordance with Item 402(v) of Regulation S-K, but do not reflect the actual amount of compensation earned by or paid to Mr. Haverhals during the applicable year. The determination of CAP begins with the total compensation reported in the SCT, which is then adjusted by equity-based and other compensation as set forth in the following table. For equity-based awards made during the year, the recorded grant date value is replaced with the estimated year-end value. For equity-based awards made in prior years that remain unvested at year-end, the estimated change in value from the beginning to the end of the year is included. For equity-based awards made in prior years, but vested during the year, the estimated change in value from the beginning of the year to the date of vesting is included:

| (c) | The amounts reported in this column represent the average of the amounts reported for the Company's Non-CEO named executive officer’s (“NEOs”) as a group in the "Total" column of the SCT in each applicable year. There were no NEO’s at the company during 2024 and 2023, respectively.

| (d) | The amounts reported in this column represent the average amount of CAP to the Non-CEO NEOs as a group, as computed in accordance with Item 402(v) of Regulation S-K. Since there were no adjustments to be made for these NEO’s, the amounts actually paid are equal to the SCT amounts calculated in the previous column.

| (e) | This represents the year-end value of an initial $100 investment made at the beginning of the period.

Employment and Consulting Contracts

On March 2, 2021, the Company entered into a Royalty Sharing Agreement with Leonard Osser, pursuant to which Mr. Osser sold, transferred and assigned to the Company all of his rights in and to a certain patent application as to which he is a co-inventor with Mark Hochman, a consultant to the Company, and the Company agreed to pay to Mr. Osser, beginning May 9, 2027, half of the royalty (2.5%) on net sales that would otherwise be payable to Mark and Claudia Hochman under their existing Technology Sale Agreement, dated January 1, 2005 and amended from time to time, with the Company. In connection with the Royalty Sharing Agreement, the Hochman's agreed with the Company, pursuant to an addendum to such Technology Sale Agreement dated February 25, 2021, to reduce from 5% to 2.5% the payments due to them under their Technology Sale Agreement beginning on May 9, 2027, and thereafter with respect to dental products embodying the invention.

As part of the Succession Plan of the Company, Mr. Osser agreed, pursuant to an agreement dated April 6, 2021 (the “Succession Agreement”), to restructure certain of his existing agreements with the Company, which provide for additional and broader executive support, and at such time as he elects to step down as Interim Chief Executive Officer of the Company, to become the Vice Chairman of the Board of the Company. With respect to Mr. Osser’s July 2017 Employment Agreement and July 2017 Consulting Agreement (each as previously disclosed), the compensation under the Employment Agreement was modified to reduce the overall compensation by $100,000 to $200,000, split equally between a cash amount and an amount in shares, and the compensation under the Consulting Agreement was increased by $100,000 to $200,000, equally split between a cash amount and an amount in shares, which shares were formerly payable under the Employment Agreement. If the Company terminates Mr. Osser’s employment “Without Cause,” other than due to his death or disability, or if Mr. Osser terminates his employment for “Good Reason” (both as defined in the agreement), Mr. Osser is entitled to be paid in one lump sum payment as soon as practicable following such termination: an amount equal to the aggregate present value (as determined in accordance with Section 280G(d)(4) of the Code) of all compensation pursuant to this agreement from the effective date of termination hereunder through the remainder of the Employment Term. In connection with his acceptance of the Vice Chairman position and in consideration of his services as a member of the Board and agreement to provide certain additional general consulting services, Mr. Osser was granted options to purchase 2,000,000 shares of common stock, exercisable at the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant, vesting over the five-year period after he steps down as Interim Chief Executive Officer of the Company or ten years from the date of grant, whichever shall end first. The Company believes that the effect of such existing agreements and the Succession Agreement, all of which relate to the period after such time Mr. Osser steps down as Interim Chief Executive Officer of the Company, collectively expand Mr. Osser’s consulting to and support of the Company beyond its Chinese operations to also include its medical and other products, while enhancing the retention aspects of the Company’s relationship with Mr. Osser. On May 19, 2021, Mr. Osser resigned as Interim Chief Executive Officer of the Company and assumed the role of Vice Chairman of the Board.

Compensation under the Employment Agreement and the Consulting Agreement is payable for 9.5 years from May 19, 2021. The Company recorded expenses of $200,000 related to the Employment Agreement for each of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively . The Company recorded expenses of $200,000 and $200,000 related to the Consulting Agreement for each of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.Mr. Osser also owns 2,717,765 of the Company's stock, and 2,481,048 shares to be issued at the termination of his employment agreement

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Mr. Arjan Haverhals retired as the Chief Executive Officer and other officer positions with the Company on December 31, 2024. The Company entered into a consulting agreement with Mr. Arjan Haverhals that commenced on January 1, 2025, and continues for an indefinite period, subject to the Company having the right to terminate the Consulting Agreement on 30 days advance notice in the event of his disability to provide services and either party having the right to terminate the Consulting Agreement on 90 days’ advance notice. Mr. Haverhals will be paid an annual fee at the rate of $350,000, at the at the rate of $150,000 in respect of the first calendar quarter of 2025, and at the rate of $66,666, in respect of each subsequent calendar quarter of 2025, payable monthly in arrears, in each case in equal monthly installments on the last day of each month of such quarter. The Company will reimburse Mr. Haverhals for reasonable expenses in providing the services. Mr. Haverhals will be an independent contractor and will not be provided with health and accident insurance, life insurance, paid sick leave and/or paid vacation time. In connection with the Consulting Agreement, he has also entered into a Company-standard form of non-disclosure, non-solicitation, non-competition and invention agreement Mr. Haverhals continues as a director of Milestone Scientific. Mr. Haverhals will be issued 638,023 shares of the Company's stock ninety days after his resignation as CEO.

Objective of Executive Compensation Program

The primary objective of the executive compensation program is to attract and retain qualified, energetic managers who are enthusiastic about the mission and culture of Milestone Scientific. A further objective of the compensation program is to provide incentives and reward each manager for their contribution. In addition, Milestone Scientific strives to promote an ownership mentality among key leadership and the Board of Directors.

The Compensation Committee reviews and approves, or in some cases recommends for the approval of the full Board, the annual compensation procedures for the Named Executive Officers.

The compensation program is designed to reward teamwork, as well as each manager’s individual contribution. In measuring the Named Executive Officers’ contribution, the Compensation Committee considers numerous factors including the growth strategic business relationships and financial performance. Regarding most compensation matters, including executive and director compensation, management provides recommendations to the Compensation Committee; however, the Compensation Committee does not delegate any of its functions to others in setting compensation. Milestone Scientific does not currently engage any consultant to advise on executive and/or director compensation matters.

Stock price performance has not been a factor in determining annual compensation because the price of Milestone Scientific’s common stock is subject to a variety of factors outside of Milestone Scientific’s control. Milestone Scientific does not have an exact formula for allocating between cash and non-cash compensation.

Annual CEO compensation consists of a base salary component, a bonus component (payable in a mix of cash and stock) and periodic stock option grants. It is the Compensation Committee’s intention to set totals for the CEO for cash compensation sufficiently high enough to attract and retain a strong motivated leadership team, but not so high that it creates a negative perception with the other stakeholders. The CEO receives stock option grants under the stock option plan. The number of stock options granted to the executive officer is made on a discretionary rather than a formula basis by the Compensation Committee.

The CEO’s current and prior compensation is considered in setting future compensation. To some extent, the compensation plan is based on the market and the companies that compete for executive management. The elements of the plan (e.g., base salary, bonus, and stock options) are like the elements used by many companies. The exact base pay, stock option grant, and bonus amounts are chosen to balance the competing objectives of fairness to all stakeholders and attracting and retaining executive managers.

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Outstanding Equity Awards on December 31, 2024

Name |  | Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Exercisable (1) |  |  | Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Unexercisable (1) |  |  | Option Exercise Price ($) |  | Option Expiration Date |  | Number of Shares or Units of Stock that have not vested (#) (2) |  |  | Market Value of Number of Shares or Units of Stock that have not vested (#) (3) |
Jan Adriaan (Arjan ) Haverhals |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | 167,739 |  |  |  | 48,557 |  |  | $ | 1.52 |  | 3/30/2025 |  |  | 638,024 |  |  | $ | 612,503 |
Total |  |  | 167,739 |  |  |  | 48,557 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 638,024 |  |  | $ | 612,503 |
Leonard Osser |  |  | 703,518 |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | 1.99 |  | 12/22/2025 |  |  | 2,481,046 |  |  | $ | 2,381,804 |
|  |  | 1,200,000 |  |  |  | 800,000 |  |  |  | 2.47 |  | 4/23/2031 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | 32,175 |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | 3.11 |  | 2/9/2026 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total |  |  | 1,935,693 |  |  |  | 800,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,481,046 |  |  | $ | 2,381,804 |
Total |  |  | 2,103,432 |  |  |  | 848,557 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,119,070 |  |  |  | 2,994,307 |

The following table includes certain information with respect to all unexercised stock options and unvested shares of common stock of Milestone Scientific outstanding owned by the Named Executive Officers on December 31, 2024.

| 1. | Represents stock option grants at fair market value on the date of grant.

| 2. | Issuance of the shares of common stock have been deferred until the termination of employment with Milestone Scientific in accordance with the terms of respective employment arrangements.

| 3. | Based on the closing price per share of $0.96 as reported on the NYSE American on December 31, 2024

Director Compensation

|  | Fees Earned paid in cash$ |  |  | Stock Awards $ |  |  | Options Award $ |  |  | Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation $ |  |  | Change in pension value and nonqualified deferred compensation earnings $ |  |  | All other Compensation |  |  | Fees Earned paid in cash$ |  |  | Total $ |
Neal Goldman |  |  | - |  |  |  | 120,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 120,000 |
Benedetta Casamento |  |  | - |  |  |  | 120,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 120,000 |
Leonard Osser |  |  | - |  |  |  | 100,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 100,000 |
Dr. Didier Demesmin |  |  | - |  |  |  | 100,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 100,000 |
Michael McGeehan |  |  | - |  |  |  | 110,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 110,000 |
Gian Domenico Trombetta (1) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 100,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 100,000 |

(1) Resigned as of January 12, 2025.

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Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholders Matters

The following table, together with the accompanying footnotes, sets forth information, as March 15, 2025 regarding stock ownership of all persons known by Milestone Scientific to own beneficially more than 5% of Milestone Scientific’s outstanding common stock, Named Executives, all directors, and all directors and executive officers of Milestone Scientific as a group:

Names of Beneficial Owner (1) |  | Shares of Common Stock Beneficially Owned (2) |  |  | Percentage |
Executive Officers and Directors |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Jan Adriaan (Arjan) Haverhals (3) |  |  | 638,023 |  |  |  | 0.83 | %
Neal Goldman (4) |  |  | 2,325,856 |  |  |  | 3.01 | %
Benedetta Casamento (5) |  |  | 404,490 |  |  |  | 0.52 | %
Michael McGeehan (6) |  |  | 584,744 |  |  |  | 0.76 | %
Leonard Osser (7) |  |  | 5,198,813 |  |  |  | 6.73 | %
Dr. Didier Demesmin (8) |  |  | 112,356 |  |  |  | 0.15 | %
All directors & executive officers as group (6 persons) |  |  | 9,264,282 |  |  |  | 12.00 | %
5% and Greater Shareholders |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
BP4 S.R.L (9) |  |  | 9,672,192 |  |  |  | 12.52 | %

| 1. | The addresses of the persons named in this table are as follows: Leonard Osser, Jan Adriaan (Arjan) Haverhals, Neal Goldman, Michael McGeehan, Benedetta Casamento and Dr. Didier Demesmin are at 425 Eagle Rock Avenue, Roseland, New Jersey 07068.

| 2. | A person is deemed to be a beneficial owner of securities that can be acquired by such person within 60 days from March 15, 2025 as applicable, upon the exercise of options and warrants or conversion of convertible securities. Each beneficial owner's percentage ownership is determined by assuming that options, warrants and convertible securities that are held by such person (but not held by any other person) and that are exercisable or convertible within 60 days from March 15,2025, have been exercised or converted. Except as otherwise indicated, and subject to applicable community property and similar laws, each of the persons named has sole voting and investment power with respect to the shares shown as beneficially owned. The percentages for each beneficial owner are determined based on dividing the number of shares of common stock beneficially owned by the sum of the outstanding shares of common stock on March 15, 2025 and the number of shares underlying options exercisable and convertible securities convertible within 60 days from March 15, 2025 held by the beneficial owner.

| 3. | Includes 638,023 shares to be issued at the termination of Mr. Haverhals' employment agreement, and 119,676 vested stock options to purchase common stock of the Company.

| 4. | Includes 2,325,856 shares held by Mr. Goldman.

| 5. | Includes 404,490 shares held by Mrs. Casamento.

| 6. | Includes 584,744 shares held by Mr. McGeehan.

| 7. | Includes 2,717,765 shares held by Mr. Osser or his family, 2,481,048 shares to be issued at the termination of his employment agreement, and 1,993,279 vested stock options to purchase common stock of the Company.

| 8. | Includes 112,356 shares held by Dr. Demesmin.

| 9. | Includes 9,672,192 shares held by BP4 S.R.L. ("BP4"). Dr. Pedro Palau, Liquidator, with an address at Corso Venezia 44, Milan, Italy 20121, is deemed to have voting and investment power over the securities held by BP4. Based on information in the Schedule 13D filed by BP4 on February 7, 2025.

41

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

Equity Compensation Plan Information (as of December 31, 2024)

Equity compensation plan approved by stockholders |  | Number of Securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options and warrants |  |  | Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options and warrants |  |  | Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plan |
Grants under our 2021 Stock Option Plan (4) |  |  | 3,051,985 |  |  | $ | 2.12 |  |  |  | 7,579,778 |
Total |  |  | 3,051,985 |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | 7,579,778 |

| 1. | The 2020 plan, as amended and restated in 2021 and amended during 2024, provides for awards of restricted common stock and options to purchase up to a maximum of 11,500,000 shares of common stock and expires in December 2030. Options may be granted to employees, directors, and consultants of Milestone Scientific for the purchase of shares of common stock at a price not less than the fair market value of common stock on the date of grant. In general, options become exercisable over a three-year period from the grant date and expire five years after the date of grant. During the year ended December 31, 2024, 7,579,778 options and shares were issued.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

United Systems

Milestone Scientific has a supply agreement with United Systems the principal supplier of its handpieces, pursuant to which it procures manufactured products under specific purchase orders, but without minimum purchase commitments. Purchases from this supplier were approximately $1.7 million and $2.3 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. As December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, Milestone Scientific owed this supplier approximately $664,000 and $402,000, respectively, which is included in accounts payable and accrued expenses related party on the consolidated balance sheets. In June 2021, the Company signed a ten-year agreement with United Systems for supplier of the handpieces.

Other

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company had approximately $270,000 sales to Milestone China or agents of Milestone China, an entity in which the Company formerly had an ownership interest terminating in 2021. The Company reported no sales to Milestone China or agents of Milestone China during the year ended December 31,2024.

K. Tucker Andersen, a significant stockholder of Milestone Scientific, has an agreement with Milestone Scientific to provide financial and business strategic services. Expenses recognized on this agreement were $100,000 for year ended December 31, 2023. The agreement was not renewed for the year ending December 31, 2024.

Director of Clinical Affairs

The Director of Clinical Affairs’ royalty fee was approximately $442,000 and $485,000 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Additionally, Milestone Scientific expensed consulting fees to the Director of Clinical Affairs of $156,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, and 2023, Milestone Scientific owed the Director Clinical Affairs for royalties of approximately $110,000 and $114,000, respectively, which is included in accounts payable, related party and accrued expense, related party, in the consolidated balance sheet.

42

Employment and Consulting Contracts

On March 2, 2021, the Company entered into a Royalty Sharing Agreement with Leonard Osser, pursuant to which Mr. Osser sold, transferred and assigned to the Company all of his rights in and to a certain patent application as to which he is a co-inventor with Mark Hochman, a consultant to the Company, and the Company agreed to pay to Mr. Osser, beginning May 9, 2027, half of the royalty (2.5%) on net sales that would otherwise be payable to Mark and Claudia Hochman under their existing Technology Sale Agreement, dated January 1, 2005 and amended from time to time, with the Company. In connection with the Royalty Sharing Agreement, the Hochman's agreed with the Company, pursuant to an addendum to such Technology Sale Agreement dated February 25, 2021, to reduce from 5% to 2.5% the payments due to them under their Technology Sale Agreement beginning on May 9, 2027, and thereafter with respect to dental products embodying the invention.

As part of the Succession Plan of the Company, Mr. Osser agreed, pursuant to an agreement dated April 6, 2021 (the “Succession Agreement”), to restructure certain of his existing agreements with the Company, which provide for additional and broader executive support, and at such time as he elects to step down as Interim Chief Executive Officer of the Company, to become the Vice Chairman of the Board of the Company. With respect to Mr. Osser’s July 2017 Employment Agreement and July 2017 Consulting Agreement (each as previously disclosed), the compensation under the Employment Agreement was modified to reduce the overall compensation by $100,000 to $200,000, split equally between a cash amount and an amount in shares, and the compensation under the Consulting Agreement was increased by $100,000 to $200,000, equally split between a cash amount and an amount in shares, which shares were formerly payable under the Employment Agreement. If the Company terminates Mr. Osser’s employment “Without Cause,” other than due to his death or disability, or if Mr. Osser terminates his employment for “Good Reason” (both as defined in the agreement), Mr. Osser is entitled to be paid in one lump sum payment as soon as practicable following such termination: an amount equal to the aggregate present value (as determined in accordance with Section 280G(d)(4) of the Code) of all compensation pursuant to this agreement from the effective date of termination hereunder through the remainder of the Employment Term. In connection with his acceptance of the Vice Chairman position and in consideration of his services as a member of the Board and agreement to provide certain additional general consulting services, Mr. Osser was granted options to purchase 2,000,000 shares of common stock, exercisable at the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant, vesting over the five-year period after he steps down as Interim Chief Executive Officer of the Company or ten years from the date of grant, whichever shall end first.

The Company believes that the effect of such existing agreements and the Succession Agreement, all of which relate to the period after such time Mr. Osser steps down as Interim Chief Executive Officer of the Company, collectively expand Mr. Osser’s consulting to and support of the Company beyond its Chinese operations to also include its medical and other products, while enhancing the retention aspects of the Company’s relationship with Mr. Osser. On May 19, 2021, Mr. Osser resigned as Interim Chief Executive Officer of the Company and assumed the role of Vice Chairman of the Board. Compensation under the Employment Agreement and the Consulting Agreement is payable for 9.5 years from May 19, 2021. The Company recorded expenses of $200,000 related to the Employment Agreement for each of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively . The Company recorded expenses of $200,000 related to the Consulting Agreement for each of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Mr. Osser also owns 2,717,765 of the Company's stock, and 2,481,048 shares to be issued at the termination of his employment agreement.

As of February 2024, the University Pain Medicine Center (STEMMEE), of which Dr. D. Demesmin, a Company board member is the CEO agreed to purchases products from the Company under the same terms and conditions applying to other medical pain clinics in the United States. STEMMEE purchased medical products in the amount of $21,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024

The Company entered into a consulting agreement with Mr. Arjan Haverhals, which commenced on January 1, 2025, and continues for an indefinite period, subject to the Company having the right to terminate the Consulting Agreement on 30 days advance notice in the event of his disability to provide services and either party having the right to terminate the Consulting Agreement on 90 days’ advance notice. Mr. Haverhals will be paid an annual fee at the rate of $350,000, at the at the rate of $150,000 in respect of the first calendar quarter of 2025, and at the rate of $66,666, in respect of each subsequent calendar quarter of 2025, payable monthly in arrears, in each case in equal monthly installments on the last day of each month of such quarter. The Company will reimburse Mr. Haverhals for reasonable expenses in providing the services. Mr. Haverhals will be an independent contractor and will not be provided with health and accident insurance, life insurance, paid sick leave and/or paid vacation time. In connection with the Consulting Agreement, he has also entered into a Company-standard form of non-disclosure, non-solicitation, non-competition and invention agreement. Mr. Haverhals continues as a director of the Company. Mr. Haverhals continues as a director of Milestone Scientific. Mr. Haverhals will be issued 638,023 shares of the Company's stock ninety days after his resignation as CEO.

43

April 2025 Financing

On April 9, 2025, the Company issued a series of promissory notes in the aggregate amount of $800,000, to Mr. Neal Goldman, Ms. Benedetta Casamento, and Dr. Didier Demesmin, each of whom is a director of the Company. The notes are due April 9, 2028, and bear interest at the annual rate of prime less 2.50%, payable annually. All principal and interest shall be payable in cash and/or shares of common stock at the sole discretion of the Company. The notes are convertible into shares of common stock by the holder at any time and by the Company at maturity. If the Company sells equity securities for gross proceeds in excess of $4,000,000, the holders may request repayment of their note in either cash, shares of common stock or a combination of cash and shares; provided, that the holders would then be entitled to receive only so much cash as the net proceeds to the Company in such sale of equity securities, after payment of other indebtedness and other uses (other than working capital) specified as a use of the proceeds in the relevant offering or disclosure documentation, shall be in excess of $4,000,000. Upon a liquidation event of the Company, as defined in the notes which includes a sale of the Company or assets, a merger, reorganization or combination transaction where the shareholders before the transaction own less than 50% of the Company after the transaction and a liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company, the notes will be repaid in cash or its portion of any non-cash consideration. The conversion rate for any issuance of shares of common stock will be at the then fair value of a share of common stock, with the fair value being determined with reference to the public market price of a share of common stock, but not less than $0.50. The notes are unsecured and have typical default terms.

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

Audit Fees

Milestone Scientific incurred aggregate audit and financial statement review fees of approximately $220,000 from Marcum for 2024. Milestone Scientific incurred aggregate audit and financial statement review fees of approximately $295,200 from Marcum for 2023 These fees include fees for professional services rendered for the audit of our annual financial statements and the review of financial statements included in our report on Form 10-Q's or services that are normally provided in connection with statutory and regulatory filings and fees related to registration statements.

Tax Fees

Milestone Scientific incurred aggregate tax fees of approximately $33,000 from Marcum for 2024. Milestone Scientific incurred tax fees of approximately $42,000 from Marcum for 2023.

Audit Related Fees

Milestone Scientific did not incur audit related fees from Marcum in either 2024 or 2023.

All Other Fees

Milestone Scientific did not incur other accounting fees from Marcum in either 2024 or 2023.

Audit Committee Administration of the Engagement

The engagements with Marcum as the Company’s principal accountants and tax compliance services were approved in advance by the Board and the Audit Committee. No non-audit or non-audit related services were approved by the Audit Committee in either 2024 or 2023.

Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures

The Audit Committee charter provides that the Audit Committee will pre-approve audit services and non-audit services to be provided by the independent auditors before the accountant is engaged to render these services. The Audit Committee may consult with management in the decision-making process but may not delegate this authority to management. The Audit Committee may delegate its authority to preapprove services to one or more committee members, provided that the designers present the pre-approvals to the full committee at the next committee meeting. All audit and non-audit services performed by the independent accountants have been pre-approved by the Audit Committee to assure that such services do not impair the auditors’ independence from us.

44

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

a. | The following documents are filed as part of this Report:

| 1 | Financial Statements. See Index to Financial Statements on page F-1.
| 2 | Financial Statement Schedule
| 3 | Exhibits
|  | Certain of the following exhibits were filed as Exhibits to previous filings filed by Milestone Scientific under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or reports filed under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and are hereby incorporated by reference.

b. | The following documents are filed as exhibits to this Report:

Exhibit No |  | Description
3.1 |  | Certificate of Incorporation of Milestone as restated and amended as of March 25, 2025. *
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated By-laws filed April 1, 2019 (1)
4.1 |  | Specimen stock certificate (2)
4.5 |  | Description of Registrant’s Securities (3)
4.6 |  | Form of Promissory Note, dated April 8,2025*
10.1 |  | Lease dated November 25, 1996 between Livingston Corporate Park Associates, L.L.C. and Milestone (4)
10.2 |  | Lease amendment dated April 28, 2004 between Livingston Corporate Park Associates, L.L.C. And Milestone (5)
10.3 |  | 2011 Equity Compensation Plan (6)
10.4 |  | Agreement with Mark Hochman, dated July 2015 (7)
10.5 |  | Succession Agreement between Leonard Osser and Milestone Scientific Inc. + (8)
10.6 |  | Amended and Restated 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (9)
10.7 |  | Employment Agreement, dated and effective as of January 1, 2022, between Arjan Haverhals and Milestone Scientific Inc.+ (10)
10.8 |  | Underwriting Agreement, dated as of December 10, 2023, between the Company and Maxim Group LLC (11)
10.10 |  | Amended Employment agreement dated and effective July 5, 2023 between Arjan Haverhals and Milestone Scientific Inc. + (12)
10.11 |  | Consulting Agreement, dated December 18, 2024, between Arjan Haverhals and Milestone Scientific Inc. +* (13)
14.1 |  | Code of Ethics (14)
19.1 |  | Insider Trading Policy(15)
21.1 |  | List of Subsidiaries *
23.1 |  | Consent of Marcum LLP *
31.1 |  | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification-Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer *
32.1 |  | Section 1350 Certifications-Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer * / ***
99.1 |  | Clawback Policy, dated 2023 (16)
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document*
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document*
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document*
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document*
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document*
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document*
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

* | Filed herewith.
+ | Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

45

*** | Furnished, not filed, in accordance with item 601(32) (ii) of Regulations-S-K.

1) | Incorporated by reference to Milestone Scientific’s For 10-K filed with SEC on April 1, 2019. Exhibit 3.4.

2) | Incorporated by reference to Amendment No1 to Milestone Scientific’s Registration Statement on Form 10-KSB for the year ended May 15, 1995.

3) | Incorporated by reference to Milestone Scientific’s Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 31, 2022, Exhibit 4.6.

4) | Incorporated by reference to Milestone’s Form 10-KSB for the year ended December 31, 1996.

5) | Incorporated by reference to Milestone Scientific’s Form 10-KSB filed with the SEC on April 4, 2005, Exhibit 10.37.

6) | Filed as Appendix A to Milestone Scientific’s Proxy Statement filed with the SEC on May 2, 2011 and incorporated herein by reference.

7) | Incorporated by reference to Milestone Scientific’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, Exhibit 10.11.

8) | Incorporated by reference to Milestone Scientific’s Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 7, 2021, Exhibit 10.1.

9) | Incorporated by reference to Milestone Scientific’s Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the SEC on April 30, 2021, Appendix A.

10) | Incorporated by reference to Milestone Scientific’s Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on August 15, 2022, Exhibit 10.1.

11) | Incorporated by reference to Milestone Scientific’s Form 8-K filed with the SEC on December 12, 2023, Exhibit 1.1.

12) | Incorporated by reference to Milestone Scientific’s Form 10Q filed with the SEC on August 15, 2022, Exhibit 10.1.

13) | Incorporated by reference to Milestone Scientific Form 8K filed with SEC on December 20, 2024. Exhibit 10.1.

14) | Incorporated by reference to Milestone Scientific’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, Exhibit 10.14.

15) | Incorporated by reference to Milestone Scientific’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, Exhibit 19.1.

16) | Incorporated by reference to Milestone Scientific’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, Exhibit 99.1.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

None

46

SIGNATURES

In accordance with Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Milestone Scientific Inc.
By: | /s/Neil Goldman
| Chairman of the Board, Interim Chief Executive Officer, and Acting Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Executive and Accounting Officer)

Date: April 15, 2025

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature | Date | Title
/s/ Neal Goldman | April 15, 2025 | Chairman of the Board, Interim Chief Executive Officer and Acting Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Executive and Accounting Officer)
Neal Goldman |  |
/s/ Leonard Osser | April 15, 2025 | Vice Chairman and Director
Leonard Osser |  |
/s/ Benedetta Casamento | April 15, 2025 | Director
Benedetta Casamento |  |
/s/ Michael McGeehan | April 15, 2025 | Director
Michael McGeehan |  |
/s/ Dr. Didier Demesmin | April 15, 2025 | Director
Dr. Didier Demesmin |  |
/s/ Arjan J. Haverhals | April 15, 2025 | Director
Arjan J. Haverhals |  |

47

REPORT INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID Number 688) | F-2
Consolidated Financial Statements: |
Consolidated Balance Sheets | F-3
Consolidated Statements of Operations | F-4
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity | F-5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | F-6
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | F-7 -F-24

F-1

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of

Milestone Scientific, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Milestone Scientific, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

Critical Audit Matter Description

Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments.

F-2

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Management’s Assessment over Going Concern – Refer to Note B to the financial statements

Critical Audit Matter Description

During the course of our audit, we identified conditions and events that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. These conditions include, but are not limited to, losses from operations, negative cash flows from operating activities, and an accumulated deficit. The Company's financial statements disclose information about these conditions and management's plans to alleviate them, which include increasing revenues and reduction of expenses to improve the Company's operational efficiency and receipt of financings subsequent to the balance sheet date. We devoted significant audit attention to the aforementioned conditions, management’s plans to alleviate substantial doubt and the adequacy of the related disclosures in the financial statements.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to the going concern assessment included the following, among others:

| ● | We obtained management’s budget for the going concern assessment period and evaluated the reliability of the underlying data used to prepare the assessment.

| ● | We evaluated the reasonableness of management’s plans including their intent and ability to execute the plans to alleviate substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Our procedures included analyzing and sensitizing forecasted revenue by comparing to historical trends and evaluating the reasonableness of significant expense categories.

| ● | We performed subsequent event procedures which included examining related party loan agreements and to determine if any contradictory evidence existed subsequent to December 31, 2024.

| ● | We evaluated the adequacy of the Company’s disclosures in Note B in relation to the going concern uncertainty matter.

/s/ Marcum LLP

Marcum LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2016

Morristown, New Jersey
April 15, 2025

F-3

MILESTONE SCIENTIFIC AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

|  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 3,258,058 |  |  | $ | 2,977,713 |
Marketable securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,976,573 |
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $10,000, respectively |  |  | 475,376 |  |  |  | 312,664 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | 564,645 |  |  |  | 517,785 |
Inventories |  |  | 3,713,215 |  |  |  | 2,638,186 |
Advances on contracts |  |  | 1,275,260 |  |  |  | 1,371,548 |
Total current assets |  |  | 9,286,554 |  |  |  | 10,794,469 |
Furniture, fixtures and equipment, net |  |  | 12,921 |  |  |  | 10,024 |
Intangibles, net |  |  | 148,404 |  |  |  | 178,636 |
Right of use assets finance lease |  |  | 67,201 |  |  |  | 8,998 |
Right of use assets operating lease |  |  | 257,842 |  |  |  | 355,235 |
Other assets |  |  | 24,150 |  |  |  | 24,150 |
Total assets |  | $ | 9,797,072 |  |  | $ | 11,371,512 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 1,021,393 |  |  | $ | 689,604 |
Accounts payable, related party |  |  | 493,313 |  |  |  | 410,512 |
Accrued expenses and other payables |  |  | 1,796,319 |  |  |  | 1,511,717 |
Accrued expenses, related party |  |  | 304,293 |  |  |  | 137,189 |
Accrued liabilities noncontrolling interest |  |  | - |  |  |  | 214,000 |
Current portion of finance lease liabilities |  |  | 12,530 |  |  |  | 10,264 |
Current portion of operating lease liabilities |  |  | 116,279 |  |  |  | 103,427 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 3,744,127 |  |  |  | 3,076,713 |
Non-current portion of finance lease liabilities |  |  | 54,672 |  |  |  | 434 |
Non-current portion of operating lease liabilities |  |  | 165,573 |  |  |  | 281,853 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 3,964,372 |  |  | $ | 3,359,000 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock, par value $0.001; authorized 100,000,000 shares; 78,047,798 shares issued and 78,014,465 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2024; 75,881,840 shares issued and 75,848,507 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2023; |  |  | 78,048 |  |  |  | 75,881 |
Additional paid in capital |  |  | 134,719,274 |  |  |  | 132,187,656 |
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (128,053,106 | ) |  |  | (123,339,509 | )
Treasury stock, at cost, 33,333 shares |  |  | (911,516 | ) |  |  | (911,516 | )
Total Milestone Scientific, Inc. stockholders' equity |  |  | 5,832,700 |  |  |  | 8,012,512 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 9,797,072 |  |  | $ | 11,371,512 |

See notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

F-4

MILESTONE SCIENTIFIC AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Product sales, net |  | $ | 8,629,928 |  |  | $ | 9,827,444 |
Cost of products sold |  |  | 2,195,340 |  |  |  | 3,034,832 |
Gross profit |  |  | 6,434,588 |  |  |  | 6,792,612 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 12,295,330 |  |  |  | 13,135,796 |
Research and development expenses |  |  | 858,767 |  |  |  | 701,378 |
Depreciation and amortization expense |  |  | 37,448 |  |  |  | 61,912 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 13,191,545 |  |  |  | 13,899,086 |
Loss from operations |  |  | (6,756,957 | ) |  |  | (7,106,474 | )
Interest income |  |  | 60,265 |  |  |  | 125,527 |
Gain on sale of net operating losses |  |  | 1,983,095 |  |  |  | - |
Loss before provision for income taxes |  |  | (4,713,597 | ) |  |  | (6,980,947 | )
Net loss |  |  | (4,713,597 | ) |  |  | (6,980,947 | )
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  | - |  |  |  | (51,843 | )
Net loss attributable to Milestone Scientific Inc. |  | $ | (4,713,597 | ) |  | $ | (6,929,104 | )
Net loss per share applicable to common stockholders— |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic and Diluted |  |  | (0.06 | ) |  |  | (0.10 | )
Weighted average shares outstanding and to be issued— |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic and diluted |  |  | 79,791,188 |  |  |  | 72,775,781 |

See notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

F-5

MILESTONE SCIENTIFIC AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31 2024 AND 2023

|  | Common Stock Shares |  |  | Common Stock Amount |  |  | Additional Paid in Capital |  |  | Accumulated Deficit |  |  | Noncontrolling Interest |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  | Total Stockholder Equity |
Balance at January 1, 2023 |  |  | 69,306,497 |  |  | $ | 69,306 |  |  | $ | 127,478,325 |  |  | $ | (116,410,405 | ) |  | $ | (219,276 | ) |  | $ | (911,516 | ) |  | $ | 10,006,434 |
Stock based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,467,425 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,467,425 |
Common stock issued in public offering net of issuance cost of $431,849 |  |  | 4,765,000 |  |  |  | 4,765 |  |  |  | 2,565,336 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,570,101 |
Common stock issued for payment of consulting services |  |  | 1,051,660 |  |  |  | 1,051 |  |  |  | 744,948 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 745,999 |
Common stock to be issued to employees for compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 417,500 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 417,500 |
Common stock issued to board of directors for services |  |  | 758,683 |  |  |  | 759 |  |  |  | (759 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Repurchase of noncontrolling interest |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (485,119 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 271,119 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (214,000 | )
Net loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (6,929,104 | ) |  |  | (51,843 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (6,980,947 | )
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  |  | 75,881,840 |  |  | $ | 75,881 |  |  | $ | 132,187,656 |  |  | $ | (123,339,509 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (911,516 | ) |  | $ | 8,012,512 |
Stock based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,345,125 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,345,125 |
Common Stock issued in public offering |  |  | 372,110 |  |  |  | 372 |  |  |  | 191,784 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 192,156 |
Common Stock issued exercised warrants |  |  | 103,500 |  |  |  | 103 |  |  |  | 51,647 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 51,750 |
Common stock issued for payment of consulting services |  |  | 644,145 |  |  |  | 644 |  |  |  | 479,157 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 479,801 |
Common stock issued to employees for bonuses |  |  | 353,102 |  |  |  | 355 |  |  |  | (355 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Common stock issued to board of directors for services |  |  | 674,162 |  |  |  | 674 |  |  |  | (674 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Restricted stock issued to employees |  |  | 18,939 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | (19 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Common stock to be issued for payment of consulting services |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 100,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 100,000 |
Common stock to be issued to employees for compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 364,953 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 364,953 |
Net loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (4,713,597 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4,713,597 | )
Balance at December 31, 2024 |  |  | 78,047,798 |  |  | $ | 78,048 |  |  | $ | 134,719,274 |  |  | $ | (128,053,106 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (911,516 | ) |  | $ | 5,832,700 |

See notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

F-6

MILESTONE SCIENTIFIC AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,

|  |  | 2024 |  |  |  | 2023 |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (4,713,597 | ) |  | $ | (6,980,947 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation expense |  |  | 7,218 |  |  |  | 12,999 |
Amortization of intangibles |  |  | 30,232 |  |  |  | 49,320 |
Stock based compensation |  |  | 1,345,125 |  |  |  | 1,467,426 |
Inventory reserve |  |  | - |  |  |  | 258,011 |
Employees paid in stock |  |  | 364,953 |  |  |  | 417,500 |
Expense paid in stock |  |  | 579,801 |  |  |  | 745,999 |
Unrealized gain on marketable securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | (9,282 | )
Bad debt expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | 24,865 |
Amortization of right-of-use asset |  |  | 97,393 |  |  |  | 88,450 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Increase) decrease in accounts receivable |  |  | (162,712 | ) |  |  | 356,188 |
Increase in inventories |  |  | (1,075,029 | ) |  |  | (1,103,861 | )
Decrease (increase) in advances on contracts |  |  | 96,288 |  |  |  | (46,246 | )
Increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | (46,860 | ) |  |  | (73,912 | )
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable |  |  | 331,789 |  |  |  | (413,125 | )
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable, related party |  |  | 82,801 |  |  |  | (392,981 | )
Increase in accrued expenses |  |  | 70,610 |  |  |  | 386,882 |
Increase (decrease) in accrued expenses, related party |  |  | 167,104 |  |  |  | (30,361 | )
Decrease operating right of use lease asset |  |  | (94,991 | ) |  |  | (83,054 | )
Net cash used in operating activities |  | $ | (2,919,875 | ) |  | $ | (5,326,129 | )
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of furniture, fixtures, and equipment |  |  | (10,124 | ) |  |  | (4,881 | )
Sale of marketable securities |  |  | 2,976,573 |  |  |  | 4,966,213 |
Purchase of marketable securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | (7,933,504 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  | $ | 2,966,449 |  |  | $ | (2,972,172 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net proceeds from public placement offering |  |  | 192,156 |  |  |  | 2,570,101 |
Net Proceeds exercise of warrants |  |  | 51,751 |  |  |  | - |
Payments finance lease obligations |  |  | (10,136 | ) |  |  | (9,366 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities |  | $ | 233,771 |  |  | $ | 2,560,735 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 280,345 |  |  |  | (5,737,566 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  |  | 2,977,713 |  |  |  | 8,715,279 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 3,258,058 |  |  | $ | 2,977,713 |
Supplemental non-cash disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Declared repurchase of noncontrolling interest |  |  |  |  |  |  | 214,000 |
Initial recognition of finance lease-right of use asset |  |  | (68,340 | ) |  |  |  |
Initial recognition of finance lease-right of use liabilities |  |  | 68,340 |  |  |  |  |

See notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

F-7

MILESTONE SCIENTIFIC INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE A — ORGANIZATION AND BUSINESS

All references in this report to “Milestone Scientific,” “us,” “our,” “we,” the “Company” or “Milestone” refer to Milestone Scientific Inc., and its consolidated subsidiaries, Wand Dental, Inc., and Milestone Innovations Inc. and Milestone Education LLC (all described below), unless the context otherwise indicates. Milestone Scientific is the owner of the following registered U.S. trademarks: CompuDent®; CompuMed®; CompuFlo®; DPS Dynamic Pressure Sensing technology®; Milestone Scientific ®; the Milestone logo ®; SafetyWand®; STA Single Tooth Anesthesia System®; and The Wand ®.

Milestone Scientific was incorporated in the State of Delaware in August 1989. Milestone Scientific has developed a proprietary, computer-controlled anesthetic delivery device, using The Wand®, a single use disposable handpiece. The device is marketed in dentistry under the trademark CompuDent®, and STA Single Tooth Anesthesia System® and in medicine under the trademark CompuMed®. CompuDent® is suitable for all dental procedures that require local anesthetic. CompuMed® is suitable for many medical procedures regularly performed in plastic surgery, hair restoration surgery, podiatry, colorectal surgery, dermatology, orthopedics, and many other disciplines. The dental devices are sold in the United States, Canada and in 41 other countries. Certain medical devices have obtained CE mark approval and can be marketed and sold in most European countries. In June 2017, Milestone Scientific received 510(k) marketing clearance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on the CompuFlo® Epidural Computer Controlled Anesthesia System (“Epidural”).

NOTE B--GOING CONCERN AND LIQUIDITY

Our financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles which contemplate continuation of the Company on a going concern basis. The going concern basis assumes that assets are realized, and liabilities are extinguished in the ordinary course of business at amounts disclosed in the financial statements.

The Company has incurred total losses since inception of $128.1 million. The Company’s operating losses were $6.8 million and $7.1 million, for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively . On December 31, 2024, Milestone Scientific had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $3.3 million and working capital of approximately $5.5 million. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had cash flows used in operating activities of approximately $2.9 million and $5.3 million, respectively. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the company ability to continue as a going concern.

Management has developed and is implementing plans to increase revenues and decrease professional and consulting fees over the next twelve months. The Company has also decided to delay all research and development on the Single Tooth Anesthesia System next generation instrument. The Company believes that the existing cash and cash equivalents along with management plans, and the $800,000 in related party note financing received in April 2025 (See Note P) will be sufficient to enable the Company to fund operations for the twelve months from the issuance of these financial statements and alleviates substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

The Company is actively pursuing the generation of positive cash flows from operating activities through an increase in revenue from its dental business worldwide, the generation of revenue from its medical devices and disposables business in the United States and worldwide, and a reduction in operating expenses. However, the Company’s continued operations will depend on its ability to raise additional capital through various potential sources until it achieves profitability, if ever.

NOTE C — SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

1. Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP"), and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) include the accounts of Milestone Scientific and its wholly owned and majority owned subsidiaries, including, Wand Dental (wholly owned), and Milestone Innovations Inc. (wholly owned). All significant, intra-entity transactions and balances have been eliminated in the consolidation. Ownership interests in consolidated entities that are held by entities other than us are reported as noncontrolling interests in our consolidated balance sheets. Losses attributed to noncontrolling interests are reported separately in our consolidated statements of operations.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Board of Directors of the Company approved the merger of Milestone Medical, Inc., a 98%-owned subsidiary of the Company (“MMD”), with and into Milestone Innovation, Inc, a newly form wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company and being the surviving corporation . As a result, all of the assets of MMD automatically became assets of Milestone Innovations, Inc.

F- 8

2. Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions in determining the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The most significant estimates relate to inventory valuation and cash flow assumptions regarding evaluations of going concern considerations. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience, known trends and other market-specific or relevant factors that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates as there are changes in circumstances, facts and experience. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. Actual results could differ from those estimates

3. Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To perform revenue recognition, the Company performs the following five steps:

i. | identification of the promised goods or services in the contract;
ii. | determination of whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations including whether they are distinct in the context of the contract;
iii. | measurement of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration;
iv. | allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations based on estimated selling prices; and
v. | recognition of revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies each performance obligation. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer and is the unit of account in ASC 606.

The Company derives its revenues from the sale of its products, primarily dental and medical instruments, handpieces, and other related products. The Company sells its products directly to consumers in the United States and through a global distribution network that includes both exclusive and non-exclusive distribution agreements international.

Revenue is recognized at the point of shipment for all sales. The Company has no obligation to product sales for any installation, set-up, or maintenance, these being the responsibility of the buyer. Milestone Scientific's only obligation after sale is the normal commercial warranty against manufacturing defects if the alleged defective unit is returned within the warranty period.

E-Commerce

The Company sells its STA Single Tooth Anesthesia Systems® (STA) and handpieces directly to dental offices and dental groups within the United States via an online portal. The Company's E-Commerce portal accepts online payments via credit and debit cards. The cost of delivery is charged to the customer along with appropriate sales tax. The Company recognizes revenue from product sales at the time the product ships to a customer via a third party carrier.

Sales Returns

The Company records allowances for product returns as a reduction of revenue at the time product sales are recorded. Several factors are considered in determining whether an allowance for product returns is required, including the customers’ return rights and the Company’s historical experience with returns and the amount of product in the distribution channel not consumed by end users and subject to return. The Company relies on historical return rates to estimate returns.

Financing and Payment

The Company's payment terms differ by geography and customer, but payments from distributors are required within 90 days or less from the date of shipment. The E-Commerce portal sells directly to end users and accepts online payments via credit and debit cards via a third-party. These payments from the third party are typically settled within two business days.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The Company operates in two operating segments: Dental, and Medical. The Company evaluates each of two segments based on performance, using segment financial information compiled utilizing the accounting policies listed in Note B of this Form 10-K.

F- 9

The profitability of the segment helps the Company evaluate staffing levels, assess available cash for allocation to projects and resources, and make informed decisions on whether the segment's activities should be modified to align with the Company’s overall near- and long-term strategies. See Note K for revenues by geographical market, based on the customer’s location, and product category for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 respectively.

4. Cash and Cash Equivalents

Milestone Scientific considers all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 Milestone Scientific has approximately $3.3 million and $3.0 million, respectively, in cash. As of December 31, 2024 and, 2023 Milestone Scientific had cash that exceeded the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance limit of $250,000.

5. Marketable Securities

The Company’s marketable securities are comprised of treasury bills with an original maturity greater than three months from date of purchase. The Company’s marketable securities are measured at fair value and are accounted for in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 825, “Financial Instruments – Overall”. Unrealized holding gains and losses on treasury bills are recorded in interest income on the consolidated statements of operations. Dividend and interest income are recognized when earned. Realized gains and losses are included in earnings and are derived using the specific identification method for determining the cost of the marketable securities.

The appropriate classification of marketable securities is determined at the time of purchase and evaluated as of each reporting balance sheet date. Investments in marketable debt and equity securities classified as available-for-sale are reported at fair value. Fair value is determined using quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities or quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Declines in the fair values of equity securities that are considered other-than-temporary, are charged to other income (expense), net. The Company considers available evidence in evaluating potential impairments of its investments, including the duration and extent to which fair value is less than cost. As of December 31, 2023 the Company held approximately $3.0 million in U.S. treasury securities, with maturity dates within 3 and 6 months. The Company did not own any marketable securities as of December 31, 2024.

6. Accounts Receivable

Milestone Scientific sells a significant amount of its product on credit terms to its major distributors. Milestone Scientific estimates losses from the ability or inability of its customers to make payments on amounts billed. Most credit sales are due within 90 days from invoicing. There have not been any significant credit losses incurred to date. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, accounts receivable was recorded, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $10,000.

7. Inventories

Inventories principally consist of finished goods and component parts stated at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out method) or net realizable value. Inventory quantities on hand are reviewed on a quarterly basis and a provision for excess, slow moving, defective, and obsolete inventory is recorded if required based on past and expected future sales, potential technological obsolescence, and product expiration requirements.

The valuation allowance creates a new cost basis for the inventory, and it is not subsequently marked up through a reduction in the valuation allowance based on any changes in the underlying facts and circumstances. When the valuation allowance is initially recorded, the increase to the allowance is recognized as an increase in cost of sales. The valuation allowance is only reduced if or when the underlying inventory is sold or destroyed, at which time cost of sales recognized would include the previous adjusted cost basis.

8. Furniture, Fixture and Equipment

Equipment is recorded at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation expense is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from three to seven years. The costs of maintenance and repairs are charged to operations as incurred.

F- 10

9. Intangible Assets – Patents and Developed Technology

Patents are recorded at cost to prepare and file the applicable documents with the United States Patent Office, or internationally with the applicable governmental office in the respective country. The costs related to these patents are being amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the patent. Patents and other developed technology acquired from another business entity are recorded at acquisition cost and be amortized at the estimated useful life. Patent defense costs, to the extent applicable, are expensed as incurred.

10. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets with finite lives are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The Company’s impairment review process is based upon an estimate of future undiscounted cash flow. Factors the Company considers that could trigger an impairment review include the following:

• | significant under performance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results;
• | significant changes in the manner of our use of the acquired assets or the strategy for our overall business;
• | significant negative industry or economic trends; and
• | significant technological changes, which would render the technology obsolete.

Recoverability of assets that will continue to be used in the Company's operations is measured by comparing the carrying value to the future net undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or asset group. Future undiscounted cash flows include estimates of future revenues, driven by market growth rates, and estimated future costs.

11. Research and Development

Research and development costs, which consist principally of new product development costs payable to third parties, are expensed as incurred.

12. Income Taxes

Milestone Scientific accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method which requires deferred tax assets and liabilities to be computed for temporary differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities that will result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future based on enacted tax laws and rates applicable to the periods in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had no uncertain tax positions that required recognition in the consolidated financial statements. Milestone Scientific's policy is to recognize interest and penalties on unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. No interest and penalties are present for periods open. Tax returns for the 2021, 2022, and 2023 years are subject to audit by federal and state jurisdictions.

In April 2024, we received approximately $2.0 million, net of expenses, from the sale of New Jersey net operating losses (“NOL”), that were eligible for sale under the State of New Jersey’s Economic Development Authority’s New Jersey Technology Business Tax Certificate Transfer Program (”NJEDA Program”). The Company recorded this amount within Gain on sale of net operating losses within the consolidated statement of operations.

Pursuant to the NJEDA program, the Company must retain a physical presence in the state of New Jersey for a period of 5 years after the sale of the of the NOLs. If the Company does not retain a physical presence during the 5 years after the sale of the NOLs, the Company can be liable to pay the state of New Jersey up to $2.2 million of the surrendered NOLs.

13. Basic and Diluted Net Loss Per Common Share

Milestone Scientific presents “basic” loss per common share applicable to common stockholders and, if applicable, “diluted” loss per common share applicable to common stockholders pursuant to the provisions of ASC 260, “Earnings per Share”. Basic loss per common share is calculated by dividing net income or loss applicable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding and to be issued common shares of 79,791,188 and 72,775,781 during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The calculation of diluted earnings per common share is like that of basic earnings per common share, except that the denominator is increased to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if all potentially dilutive common shares, such as those issuable upon the exercise of stock options and warrants were issued during the period.

F- 11

Since Milestone Scientific had net losses in the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the assumed effects of the exercise of potentially dilutive outstanding stock options, unissued restricted stock awards (“RSA”) and warrants, were not included in the calculation as their effect would have been anti-dilutive. Such outstanding options, RSA and warrants 3,417,154 and 3,771,151 on December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

14. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants in the principal market at the measurement date (exit price). The Company required us to classify fair value measurements in one of the following categories.

● | Level 1 inputs which are defined as quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company can access at the measurement date.
● | Level 2 inputs which are defined as inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the assets or liabilities, either directly or indirectly.
● | Level 3 inputs are defined as unobservable inputs for the assets or liabilities.

Financial assets and liabilities are classified based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of an input to the fair value measurement requires judgment and may affect the valuation of the fair value of assets and liabilities and their placement within the fair value hierarchy levels. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has the following assets that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Marketable Securities December 31, 2023 |  |  | 2,976,573 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,976,573 |

Marketable Securities included US Treasury securities totaling $2,976,573 that are considered to be highly liquid and easily transferable at December 31, 2023. US Treasury securities are valued using inputs observable in active markets for identical securities and are therefore classified at Level 1 within the Company fair value hierarchy.

The Company had no assets or liabilities that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2024.

15. Stock-Based Compensation

Milestone Scientific accounts for stock-based compensation under ASC 718, “Share-Based Payment” (“ASC 718”). ASC 718 requires all share-based payments to employees, non-employees, directors, and officers, including grants of employee stock options, to be recognized in the consolidated statements of operations over the service period, as an operating expense, based on the grant-date fair values. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

16. Warrants

The Company accounts for warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the warrant’s specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance in Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) ASC 480, “Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity” (“ASC 480”) and ASC 815, “Derivatives and Hedging” (“ASC 815”).

The assessment considers whether the warrants are freestanding financial instruments pursuant to ASC 480, whether they meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480, and whether the warrants meet all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the warrants are indexed to the Company’s own common stock and whether the warrant holders could potentially require “net cash settlement” in a circumstance outside of the Company’s control, among other conditions for equity classification. This assessment, which requires the use of professional judgment, is conducted at the time of warrant issuance and as of each subsequent quarterly period end date while the warrants are outstanding. For issued or modified warrants that meet all of the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded as a component of equity at the time of issuance. For issued or modified warrants that do not meet all the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded as liabilities at their initial fair value on the date of issuance, and each balance sheet date thereafter. Changes in the estimated fair value of the warrants are recognized as a non-cash gain or loss on the statements of operations. Management concluded that its warrants qualify for equity accounting treatment.

F- 12

17. Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncement

In November 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, “FASB”, issued Accounting Standards Update “ASU” 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40), to improve the disaggregation of expenses within the consolidated statement of operations. The amendments in ASU 2024-03 require disclosures, in the notes to the consolidated financial statements, specified information about certain costs and expenses. The amendments require that at each interim and annual reporting period an entity disclose (a) employee compensation, (b) depreciation, and (c) intangible asset amortization included in each relevant expense caption; include certain amounts that are already required to be disclosed under current generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) in the same disclosure as the other disaggregation requirements; and disclose a qualitative description of the amounts remaining in relevant expense captions that are not separately disaggregated quantitatively. The amendments in ASU 2024-03 are effective January 1, 2027, and effective for interim periods beginning January 1, 2028. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The Company will evaluate the impact of ASU 2024-03 on its financial statements.

In December 2023, FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. The amendments in ASU 2023-09 provide improvements primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information included in income tax disclosures. The Company would be required to disclose additional information regarding reconciling items equal to or greater than five percent of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income (loss) by the applicable statutory tax rate. Similarly, the Company would be required to disclose income taxes paid (net of refunds received) equal to or greater than five percent of total income taxes paid (net of refunds received). Additionally, the Company would be required to disclose income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense disaggregated by foreign and domestic jurisdictions, as well as income tax expense disaggregated by federal, state, and foreign jurisdictions. The amendments in ASU 2023-09 are effective January 1, 2025, including interim periods. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The Company will evaluate the impact of ASU 2023-09 on our financial statements.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncement

In November 2023, FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280), Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which provides improvements to reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures around segment expenses. ASU 2023-07 requires us to disclose significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss. ASU 2023-07 also requires that the Company disclose an amount for other segment items by reportable segment, a description of their composition and provide all annual disclosures about a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets pursuant to Topic 280 during interim periods. The Company must also disclose the CODM’s title and position, as well as certain information around the measures used by the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measures in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. For public entities with a single reportable segment, the entity must provide all the disclosures required pursuant to ASU 2023-07 and all existing segment disclosures under Topic 280. The amendments of ASU 2023-07 are effective for us for annual periods beginning January 1, 2024, and effective for interim periods beginning January 1, 2025. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. As of January 1, 2024, the Company adopted ASU 2023-07 on within consolidated financial statements. See Note K for more information.

NOTE D — INVENTORIES

|  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
Dental finished goods |  | $ | 3,640,391 |  |  | $ | 2,404,970 |
Medical finished goods |  |  | - |  |  |  | 14,730 |
Component parts and other materials |  |  | 72,824 |  |  |  | 218,486 |
Total inventories |  | $ | 3,713,215 |  |  | $ | 2,638,186 |

The Company has recorded an allowance on slow moving Medical finished goods due to the slow adoption of the epidural instruments and handpieces for approximately zero and $258,000 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

F-13

NOTE E — ADVANCES ON CONTRACTS

The advances on contracts represent funding of future dental STA "Single Tooth Anesthesia System" and epidural inventory purchases and epidural replacements parts. The balance of the advances as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was approximately $1.3 million and $1.4 million respectively.

NOTE F— FURNITURE, FIXTURES AND EQUIPMENT

|  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
Leasehold improvements |  | $ | 24,734 |  |  | $ | 24,734 |
Office furniture and equipment |  |  | 178,700 |  |  |  | 181,745 |
Molds |  |  | 7,200 |  |  |  | 7,200 |
Trade show displays |  |  | 151,464 |  |  |  | 151,462 |
Computers and software |  |  | 294,416 |  |  |  | 281,256 |
Tooling Safety Wand |  |  | 125,022 |  |  |  | 125,022 |
Tooling equipment-STA & Wand |  |  | 11,100 |  |  |  | 11,100 |
EPI and IA Instruments |  |  | 82,363 |  |  |  | 82,363 |
STA Trials Instruments |  |  | 63,752 |  |  |  | 63,752 |
Total |  |  | 938,751 |  |  |  | 928,634 |
Less accumulated depreciation |  |  | (925,830 | ) |  |  | (918,610 | )
Total |  | $ | 12,921 |  |  | $ | 10,024 |

Depreciation expense was $7,218 and $12,999 for the year ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

NOTE G —INTANGIBLES, NET

|  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
Patents-foundation intellectual property at cost |  | $ | 1,377,863 |  |  | $ | 1,377,863 |
Less: Accumulated Amortization |  |  | (1,229,459 | ) |  |  | (1,199,227 | )
Total |  | $ | 148,404 |  |  | $ | 178,636 |

Patents are amortized utilizing the straight-line method over estimated useful lives ranging from 3 to 20 years. Amortization expense was approximately $30,000 and $49,000 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively . The annual amortization expense expected to be recorded for existing intangibles assets for the years 2025 through 2027 is approximately $69,000, $62,000 and $17,000, respectively.

NOTE H — STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

PUBLIC OFFERING

On December 10, 2023, the Company completed a public offering for sale of 4,765,000 common stock, at $0.63 per share which generated net proceeds of approximately $2.6 million. In addition, the Company granted the Underwriter a 45-day option to purchase up to an additional 714,750 shares of Common Stock at the same price to cover over-allotments.

On January 12, 2024 the underwriter exercised its over-allotment option as to 372,110 shares of common stock for net proceeds after discounts and commission of $192,156.

F- 14

NONCONTROLLING INTEREST

During December 2023, the Board of Directors of the Company approved a resolution to merge Milestone Medical, Inc. with and into a newly created, wholly owned subsidiary, Milestone Innovations, Inc., a Delaware corporation, with Milestone Innovations, Inc. as the surviving entity. As a result of such merger, the public stockholders are entitled to receive for their shares traded on the Warsaw Stock Exchange an aggregate of approximately $205,000, and Milestone Medical, Inc. has been de-listed, no longer requiring reports and other filings in Poland. The Company accounted for the transaction as a transfer between entities under common control pursuant to ASC 805, Business Combinations ("ASC 805"). Due to the nature of the transaction, the Company did not remeasure the transferred assets at fair value but recorded them at their carrying basis at the time of transfer pursuant to ASC 805. As the Company acquired an additional interest in Milestone Medical, the Company accounted for the transaction as a capital transaction pursuant to ASC 810, Consolidation, as the Company retained control of both Milestone Medical, Inc. and Milestone, Innovations, Inc prior to and subsequent to the transaction. As of December 31, 2023, the Company recorded a liability due to the minority shareholder of Milestone Medical for $214,000. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded a charge to additional paid in capital of approximately $485,000 which includes the reclassification of accumulated deficit attributed to the non-controlling interest on the date. Subsequent to December 31, 2023, the Company satisfied its liabilities to the non-controlling shareholders.

WARRANTS

The following table summarizes information about shares issuable under warrants outstanding on December 31, 2024:

|  | Warrant shares outstanding |  |  | Weighted Average exercise price $ |  |  | Weighted Average remaining life |  |  | Intrinsic value $ |
Outstanding at January 1, 2024 |  |  | 314,572 |  |  |  | 0.50 |  |  |  | 0.10 |  |  | $ | 59,737 |
Issued |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Exercised |  |  | (103,500 | ) |  |  | 0.50 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Expired or cancelled |  |  | (211,072 | ) |  |  | 0.50 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2024 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company issued 103,500 shares of common stock for warrants issued in 2019. The warrants were exercised at $0.50 for proceeds of $51,751.

SHARES TO BE ISSUED

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were 2,761,225 and 2,571,292, respectively shares to be issued whose issuance has been deferred under the terms of an employment agreements with Executive Officer, and other employees of Milestone Scientific. Such shares will be issued to each party upon termination of their employment.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were 631,792 and 527,625 respectively shares to be issued to non-employees, that will be issued to non-employees for services rendered. The number of shares was fixed at the date of grant and were fully vested upon grant date.

The following table summarizes information about shares to be issued through December 31, 2024 and 2023.

|  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
Shares-to-be-issued, outstanding January 1, 2024 and 2023, respectively |  |  | 3,098,917 |  |  |  | 2,440,673 |
Granted in current period |  |  | 647,202 |  |  |  | 658,244 |
Issued in current period |  |  | (353,102 | ) |  |  | - |
Shares-to be issued outstanding December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively |  |  | 3,393,017 |  |  |  | 3,098,917 |

F- 15

NOTE I — STOCK OPTION PLANS

The Milestone Scientific Inc., Amended and Restated 2020 Equity Incentive Plan, provides for awards of restricted common, stock restricted stock units, options to purchase and other awards. On June 28, 2023 the plan was amended and restated (the "2020 Plan") to increase the maximum shares that can be issued thereunder to 11,500,000 shares of common stock. The plan expires in June 2031. Options may be granted to employees, directors, and consultants of Milestone Scientific for the purchase of shares of common stock at a price not less than the fair market value of common stock on the date of grant. Generally, options become exercisable over a three-year period from the grant date and expire five years after the date of grant. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had 7,579,778 and 9,174,520, respectively, remaining options available for grants under the Plan.

Milestone Scientific recognizes compensation expenses over the requisite service period and in the case of performance-based options over the period of the expected performance. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, Milestone Scientific recognized approximately $0.7 million and $0.9 million of total employee compensation cost, respectively, recorded in general and administrative expenses on the statement of operations.

As of December 31, 2024, there was $0.9 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested options. Milestone Scientific expects to recognize these costs over a weighted average period of 1.3 years.

A summary of option activity for employees under the plans and changes the year ended December 31, 2024 is presented below:

|  | Number of Options |  |  | Weighted Averaged Exercise Price $ |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Options Value $ |
Options outstanding at January 1, 2024 |  |  | 3,036,989 |  |  |  | 2.29 |  |  |  | 5.41 |  |  |  | - |
Granted during 2024 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | - |
Exercised during 2024 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Forfeited or expired during 2024 |  |  | (85,000 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Options outstanding December 31, 2024 |  |  | 2,951,989 |  |  |  | 2.29 |  |  |  | 4.54 |  |  |  | - |
Exercisable, December 31, 2024 |  |  | 2,103,433 |  |  |  | 2.24 |  |  |  | 3.96 |  |  |  | - |

There were no options granted to employees during the year ended December 31, 2024.

A summary of option activity for non-employees under the plans and changes during the year ended December 31, 2024 is presented below:

|  | Number of Options |  |  | Weighted Averaged Exercise Price $ |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Options Value $ |
Options outstanding at January 1, 2024 |  |  | 91,663 |  |  |  | 1.76 |  |  |  | 2.25 |  |  |  | 2,833 |
Granted during 2024 |  |  | 24,999 |  |  |  | 0.84 |  |  |  | 4.71 |  |  |  | - |
Exercised during 2024 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Forfeited or expired during 2024 |  |  | (16,666 | ) |  |  | 0.55 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Options outstanding December 31, 2024 |  |  | 99,996 |  |  |  | 1.74 |  |  |  | 2.12 |  |  |  | 5,750 |
Exercisable, December 31, 2024 |  |  | 80,551 |  |  |  | 1.95 |  |  |  | 1.60 |  |  |  | 3,389 |

The fair value of the non-employee options was estimated on the date of grant using the Black Scholes option-pricing model at the date of grant. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, Milestone Scientific recognized approximately $9,800 and $19,700 expense related to non-employee options, respectively.

F- 16

A summary of restricted stock under the plans and changes during the year ended December 31, 2024 is presented below:

|  | Number of Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value per Award |
Non-vested as January 1, 2024 |  |  | 327,937 |  |  |  | 0.91 |
Granted |  |  | 730,340 |  |  |  | 0.89 |
Vested |  |  | (693,106 | ) |  |  | 0.90 |
Cancelled |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Non-vested as December 31, 2024 |  |  | 365,171 |  |  |  | 0.89 |

As of December 31, 2024, all restricted shares granted and deferred under the terms of employment agreements with each Territory Manager of Milestone Scientific are fully vested. Such shares will be issued to each party upon completion of 2 years of employment. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized stock compensation expense of approximately $0 and $(15,000), respectively. As of December 31, 2024, there was no unrecognized compensation expense.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company entered into restricted stock agreements with members of the Board of Directors of the Company. The Company granted 730,340 restricted stock awards with a fair market value of $0.89 per share. Such restricted stock vests as follows: 25% on the grant date in June 2024, and 25% quarterly, on the first day of the following months: October 2024, January 2025, and April 2025. These awards vest immediately upon a change of control as defined in the agreements. For the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized approximately $638,000 and $576,000 for restricted stock expenses recorded in general and administrative expenses on the statement of operation. As of December 31, 2024, the total unrecognized stock compensation expense was approximately $171,000 related to non-vested restricted stock awards with the members of the Board of Directors, which the Company expects to recognize over an estimated weighted average period of 0.25 years.

NOTE J — INCOME TAXES

Milestone Scientific accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method which requires deferred tax assets and liabilities to be computed for temporary differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities that will result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future based on enacted tax laws and rates applicable to the periods in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had no uncertain tax positions that required recognition in the consolidated financial statements. Milestone Scientific's policy is to recognize interest and penalties on unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. No Interest and penalties are present for periods open. Tax returns for the 2021, 2022, and 2023 years are subject to audit by federal and state jurisdictions.

Due to Milestone Scientific's history of operating losses, a full valuation allowances have been provided for all of Milestone Scientific's deferred tax assets. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, no recognition was given to the utilization of the remaining net operating loss carry forwards in each of these periods.

F- 17

Deferred tax attributes resulting from differences between financial accounting amounts and tax bases of assets and liabilities at December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (amounts rounded to nearest thousand):

|  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts |  |  | 2,000 |  |  | $ | 2,000 |
Capitalized Sec. 174 R&D |  |  | 413,000 |  |  |  | 346,000 |
Inventory Reserve |  |  | 253,000 |  |  |  | 300,000 |
Deferred Officer's Compensation |  |  | 688,000 |  |  |  | 689,000 |
Depreciation and Amortization |  |  | (35,000 | ) |  |  | (44,000 | )
Right of Use Asset |  |  | (72,000 | ) |  |  | (86,000 | )
Lease Liability |  |  | 78,000 |  |  |  | 93,000 |
Net Operating Loss Carryforwards |  |  | 15,416,000 |  |  |  | 19,920,000 |
Tax Credits |  |  | 562,000 |  |  |  | 558,000 |
Other |  |  | 423,000 |  |  |  | 302,000 |
Subtotal |  |  | 17,728,000 |  |  |  | 22,080,000 |
Valuation allowance |  |  | (17,728,000 | ) |  |  | (22,080,000 | )
Non-current deferred tax asset |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, federal net operating loss carry-forwards are approximately $65,000,000 and $74,500,000, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, Milestone Scientific has approximately $26,000,000 net operating losses generated before December 31, 2017 that will be available to offset future income, if any, through December 2037. Additionally, as of December 31, 2024, Milestone Scientific has approximately $39,000,000 of net operating losses generated in 2018 or after that can be carried forward indefinitely.

State net operating losses were approximately $29,400,000 and $63,300,000 for the periods ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, $600,000 of the Company's state net operating losses can be carried forward indefinitely to offset future income, and the remaining $28,800,000 of state net operating losses begin to expire in 2031.

The utilization of Milestone Scientific's net operating losses may be subject to a substantial limitation due to the "change of ownership provisions" under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code and similar state provisions. Such limitation may result in the expiration of the net operating loss carry forwards before their utilization. Milestone Scientific has established a 100% valuation allowance for all of its deferred tax assets due to uncertainty as to their future realization.

Accounting for uncertainties in income taxes prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return, and provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, disclosure, and transition. No interest and penalties are present for periods open. Tax returns for the 2021, 2022, and 2023 years are subject to audit by federal and state jurisdictions.

A reconciliation of the statutory tax rates for the years ended December 31, is as follows:

|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Statutory Rate |  |  | 21.00 | % |  |  | 21.00 | %
State income tax - all states |  |  | -55.10 | % |  |  | 0.88 | %
Stock compensation |  |  | -2.51 | % |  |  | 0.58 | %
NOL Expiration |  |  | -54.08 | % |  |  | -5.05 | %
Return to Provision |  |  | -1.98 | % |  |  | -2.21 | %
Other |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | 0.03 | %
Subtotal |  |  | -92.67 | % |  |  | 15.23 | %
Valuation Allowance |  |  | 92.67 | % |  |  | -15.23 | %

F- 18

NOTE K — SEGMENT AND GEOGRAPHIC DATA

Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision maker. The chief operating decision maker, who is responsible for allocating resources and assessing performance of the operating segments, has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer (the “CODM”). The Company conducts its business through two reportable segments: Dental and Medical. These segments offer different products and services to different customer base. The CODM assesses the financial performance of the segment and decides how to allocate resources based on Product sales, net, and Operating income (loss). The Company provides general corporate services to its segments; however, these services are not considered when making operating decisions and assessing segment performance. These services are reported under “Corporate Services” below and these include costs associated with executive management, investor relations, patents, trademarks, licensing agreements, new instruments developments, financing activities and public company compliance.

The following tables present information about our reportable and operating segments:

|  | 2024 |
|  | Dental |  |  | Medical |  |  | Corporate |  |  | Total |
Product sales, net |  | $ | 8,527,108 |  |  | $ | 102,820 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 8,629,928 |
Cost of products sold |  |  | 2,186,142 |  |  |  | 9,198 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,195,340 |
Gross Margin |  |  | 6,340,966 |  |  |  | 93,622 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,434,588 |
Salaries & employee benefits |  |  | 1,559,933 |  |  |  | 828,269 |  |  |  | 1,353,193 |  |  |  | 3,741,395 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,078 |  |  |  | 1,343,044 |  |  |  | 1,345,122 |
Royalty expense |  |  | 436,828 |  |  |  | 5,231 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 442,059 |
Marketing |  |  | 439,830 |  |  |  | 89,539 |  |  |  | 31,526 |  |  |  | 560,895 |
Rent & occupancy costs |  |  | 48,973 |  |  |  | 30,608 |  |  |  | 74,847 |  |  |  | 154,428 |
Consultants and professional services fees |  |  | 252,136 |  |  |  | 818,052 |  |  |  | 2,284,403 |  |  |  | 3,354,591 |
Insurance |  |  | 203,648 |  |  |  | 189,343 |  |  |  | 178,185 |  |  |  | 571,176 |
Warehousing expense |  |  | 448,190 |  |  |  | 34,058 |  |  |  | 14,589 |  |  |  | 496,837 |
Regulatory expense |  |  | 24,614 |  |  |  | 16,359 |  |  |  | 441,892 |  |  |  | 482,865 |
Travel expense |  |  | 98,334 |  |  |  | 95,348 |  |  |  | 65,773 |  |  |  | 259,455 |
Research and development expense |  |  | 835,851 |  |  |  | 22,916 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 858,767 |
Depreciation and amortization expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 37,448 |  |  |  | 37,448 |
Other segment items |  |  | 416,587 |  |  |  | 19,571 |  |  |  | 450,349 |  |  |  | 886,507 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 4,764,924 |  |  |  | 2,151,372 |  |  |  | 6,275,249 |  |  |  | 13,191,545 |
Operating income (loss) |  |  | 1,576,042 |  |  |  | (2,057,750 | ) |  |  | (6,275,249 | ) |  |  | (6,756,957 | )

|  | 2023 |
|  | Dental |  |  | Medical |  |  | Corporate |  |  | Total |
Product sales, net |  | $ | 9,761,444 |  |  | $ | 66,000 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 9,827,444 |
Cost of products sold |  |  | 2,731,426 |  |  |  | 303,406 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,034,832 |
Gross Margin |  |  | 7,030,018 |  |  |  | (237,406 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,792,612 |
Salaries & employee benefits |  |  | 1,790,678 |  |  |  | 1,161,886 |  |  |  | 1,320,900 |  |  |  | 4,273,464 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | 15,723 |  |  |  | 7,158 |  |  |  | 1,444,545 |  |  |  | 1,467,426 |
Royalty expense |  |  | 482,034 |  |  |  | 3,300 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 485,334 |
Marketing |  |  | 505,428 |  |  |  | 145,974 |  |  |  | 103,768 |  |  |  | 755,170 |
Rent & occupancy costs |  |  | 65,793 |  |  |  | 61,093 |  |  |  | 29,763 |  |  |  | 156,649 |
Consultants and professional services fees |  |  | 169,366 |  |  |  | 1,199,221 |  |  |  | 1,741,528 |  |  |  | 3,110,115 |
Insurance |  |  | 287,253 |  |  |  | 266,735 |  |  |  | 129,948 |  |  |  | 683,936 |
Warehousing expense |  |  | 470,079 |  |  |  | 52,107 |  |  |  | 14,055 |  |  |  | 536,241 |
Regulatory expense |  |  | 68,338 |  |  |  | 33,286 |  |  |  | 321,244 |  |  |  | 422,868 |
Travel expense |  |  | 127,787 |  |  |  | 119,976 |  |  |  | 58,263 |  |  |  | 306,026 |
Research and development expense |  |  | 614,952 |  |  |  | 86,426 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 701,378 |
Depreciation and amortization expense |  |  | 4,243 |  |  |  | 2,787 |  |  |  | 54,882 |  |  |  | 61,912 |
Other segment items |  |  | 347,740 |  |  |  | 330,816 |  |  |  | 260,011 |  |  |  | 938,567 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 4,949,414 |  |  |  | 3,470,765 |  |  |  | 5,478,907 |  |  |  | 13,899,086 |
Operating income (loss) |  |  | 2,080,604 |  |  |  | (3,708,171 | ) |  |  | (5,478,907 | ) |  |  | (7,106,474 | )

F- 19

December 31,2024 |
|  | Dental |  |  | Medical |  |  | Corporate |  |  | Total |
Total Assets |  | $ | 5,359,734 |  |  | $ | 444,513 |  |  | $ | 3,992,825 |  |  | $ | 9,797,072 |
|  |  | 5,359,734 |  |  |  | 444,513 |  |  |  | 3,992,825 |  |  |  | 9,797,072 |
December 31,2023 |
|  | Dental |  |  | Medical |  |  | Corporate |  |  | Total |
Total Assets |  | $ | 4,866,786 |  |  | $ | 345,194 |  |  | $ | 6,159,532 |  |  | $ | 11,371,512 |
|  |  | 4,866,786 |  |  |  | 345,194 |  |  |  | 6,159,532 |  |  |  | 11,371,512 |

The following table presents information about our operations by geographic area As of December 31, 2024 and 2023. Net sales by geographic area are based on the respective locations of our subsidiaries.

|  | Year Ended December 31, 2024 |  |  | Year Ended December 31, 2023 |
Domestic: US |  | Dental |  |  | Medical |  |  | Grand Total |  |  | Dental |  |  | Medical |  |  | Grand Total |
Instruments |  | $ | 806,885 |  |  | $ | 4,000 |  |  | $ | 810,885 |  |  | $ | 1,002,697 |  |  | $ | 1,000 |  |  | $ | 1,003,697 |
Handpieces |  |  | 4,284,952 |  |  |  | 55,900 |  |  |  | 4,340,852 |  |  |  | 4,270,898 |  |  |  | 12,000 |  |  |  | 4,282,898 |
Accessories |  |  | 49,112 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 49,112 |  |  |  | 75,285 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 75,285 |
Grand Total |  | $ | 5,140,949 |  |  | $ | 59,900 |  |  | $ | 5,200,849 |  |  | $ | 5,348,880 |  |  | $ | 13,000 |  |  | $ | 5,361,880 |
International: Rest of World |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Instruments |  | $ | 868,169 |  |  | $ | 39,000 |  |  | $ | 907,169 |  |  | $ | 1,251,354 |  |  | $ | 25,000 |  |  | $ | 1,276,354 |
Handpieces |  |  | 2,476,988 |  |  |  | 3,920 |  |  |  | 2,480,908 |  |  |  | 2,845,734 |  |  |  | 28,000 |  |  |  | 2,873,734 |
Accessories |  |  | 41,002 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 41,002 |  |  |  | 45,476 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 45,476 |
Grand Total |  | $ | 3,386,159 |  |  | $ | 42,920 |  |  | $ | 3,429,079 |  |  | $ | 4,142,564 |  |  | $ | 53,000 |  |  | $ | 4,195,564 |
International: China |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Instruments |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 270,000 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 270,000 |
Handpieces |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Accessories |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Grand Total |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 270,000 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 270,000 |
Total Product Sales |  | $ | 8,527,108 |  |  | $ | 102,820 |  |  | $ | 8,629,928 |  |  | $ | 9,761,444 |  |  | $ | 66,000 |  |  | $ | 9,827,444 |

NOTE L— CONCENTRATION

Milestone Scientific has informal arrangements with third-party U.S. manufacturers of the STA devices, and epidural instruments pursuant to which they manufacture these products under specific purchase orders which contains advance payments for long lead items for production. Advances on contracts have been classified as current at December 31, 2024 and 2023. The termination of the manufacturing relationship with any of these manufacturers could have a material adverse effect on Milestone Scientific’s ability to produce and sell its products. Although alternate sources of supply exist, and new manufacturing relationships could be established, Milestone Scientific would need to recover its existing tools or have new tools produced. Establishment of new manufacturing relationships could involve significant expense and delay. Any curtailment or interruption of the supply, because of termination of such a relationship, would have a material adverse effect on Milestone Scientific’s financial condition, business, and results of operations.

On January 3, 2023, the Company launched an E-Commerce platform selling and shipping STA Single Tooth Anesthesia System® (STA) and handpieces directly to dental offices and dental groups within the U.S. For the year ended December 31, 2024, E-Commerce accounted for 60% of net product sales. For the year ended December 31, 2023, E-Commerce accounted for 48% of net product sales.

The Company had three distributors that accounted for 22%, 13% and 11% of accounts receivable, respectively, as of December 31, 2024. The Company had three distributors that accounted for 39%, 38%, and 15% of accounts receivable, respectively as of December 31, 2023.

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As of December 31, 2024, the Company had two suppliers that accounted for 31% and 30%, respectively, of accounts payable and accounts payable, related party. The Company had three vendors that accounted for 37%, 17% and 12%, respectively of accounts payable and accounts payable, related party as of December 31, 2023.

NOTE M — RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

United Systems

Milestone Scientific has a supply agreement with United Systems the principal supplier of its handpieces, pursuant to which it procures manufactured products under specific purchase orders, but without minimum purchase commitments. Purchases from this supplier were approximately $1.7 million and $2.3 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. As December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, Milestone Scientific owed this supplier approximately $663,000 and $402,000, respectively, which is included in accounts payable and accrued expenses related party on the consolidated balance sheets. In June 2021, the Company signed a ten-year agreement with United Systems for supplier of the handpieces.

Other

In December 31, 2023 the Company had approximately $270,000 sales to Milestone China or agents of Milestone China, an entity in which the Company formerly had an ownership interest terminating in 2021. The Company reported no sales to Milestone China or agents of Milestone China during the year ended December 31, 2024.

K. Tucker Andersen, has an agreement with Milestone Scientific to provide financial and business strategic services. Expenses recognized on this agreement were $100,000 for year ended December 31, 2023. The agreement was not renewed for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Director of Clinical Affairs

The Director of Clinical Affairs’ royalty fee was approximately $442,000 and $485,000 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively . Additionally, Milestone Scientific expensed consulting fees to the Director of Clinical Affairs of $156,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, and 2023, Milestone Scientific owed the Director Clinical Affairs for royalties of approximately $110,000 and $114,000, respectively, which is included in accounts payable, related party and accrued expense, related party, in the consolidated balance sheet.

Directors

Leonard Osser

On March 2, 2021, the Company entered into a Royalty Sharing Agreement with Leonard Osser, pursuant to which Mr. Osser sold, transferred and assigned to the Company all of his rights in and to a certain patent application as to which he is a co-inventor with Mark Hochman, a consultant to the Company, and the Company agreed to pay to Mr. Osser, beginning May 9, 2027, half of the royalty (2.5%) on net sales that would otherwise be payable to Mark and Claudia Hochman under their existing Technology Sale Agreement, dated January 1, 2005 and amended from time to time, with the Company. In connection with the Royalty Sharing Agreement, the Hochman's agreed with the Company, pursuant to an addendum to such Technology Sale Agreement dated February 25, 2021, to reduce from 5% to 2.5% the payments due to them under their Technology Sale Agreement beginning on May 9, 2027, and thereafter with respect to dental products embodying the invention.

As part of the Succession Plan of the Company, Mr. Osser agreed, pursuant to an agreement dated April 6, 2021 (the “Succession Agreement”), to restructure certain of his existing agreements with the Company, which provide for additional and broader executive support, and at such time as he elects to step down as Interim Chief Executive Officer of the Company, to become the Vice Chairman of the Board of the Company.

With respect to Mr. Osser’s July 2017 Employment Agreement and July 2017 Consulting Agreement (each as previously disclosed), the compensation under the Employment Agreement was modified to reduce the overall compensation by $100,000 to $200,000, split equally between a cash amount and an amount in shares, and the compensation under the Consulting Agreement was increased by $100,000 to $200,000, equally split between a cash amount and an amount in shares, which shares were formerly payable under the Employment Agreement. If the Company terminates Mr. Osser’s employment “Without Cause,” other than due to his death or disability, or if Mr. Osser terminates his employment for “Good Reason” (both as defined in the agreement), Mr. Osser is entitled to be paid in one lump sum payment as soon as practicable following such termination: an amount equal to the aggregate present value (as determined in accordance with Section 280G(d)(4) of the Code) of all compensation pursuant to this agreement from the effective date of termination hereunder through the remainder of the Employment Term.

F- 21

In connection with his acceptance of the Vice Chairman position and in consideration of his services as a member of the Board and agreement to provide certain additional general consulting services, Mr. Osser was granted options to purchase 2,000,000 shares of common stock, exercisable at the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant, vesting over the five-year period after he steps down as Interim Chief Executive Officer of the Company or ten years from the date of grant, whichever shall end first. The Company believes that the effect of such existing agreements and the Succession Agreement, all of which relate to the period after such time Mr. Osser steps down as Interim Chief Executive Officer of the Company, collectively expand Mr. Osser’s consulting to and support of the Company beyond its Chinese operations to also include its medical and other products, while enhancing the retention aspects of the Company’s relationship with Mr. Osser. On May 19, 2021, Mr. Osser resigned as Interim Chief Executive Officer of the Company and assumed the role of Vice Chairman of the Board.

Compensation under the Employment Agreement and the Consulting Agreement is payable for 9.5 years from May 19, 2021. The Company recorded expenses of $200,000 related to the Employment Agreement for each of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company recorded expenses of $200,000 related to the Consulting Agreement for each of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Mr. Osser also owns 2,717,765 of the Company's stock, and 2,481,048 shares to be issued at the termination of his employment agreement

Dr. D. Demesmin, Director

As of February 2024, the University Pain Medicine Center (STEMMEE), of which Dr. D. Demesmin, a Company board member is the CEO agreed to purchases products from the Company under the same terms and conditions applying to other medical pain clinics in the United States. STEMMEE purchased medical products in the amount of $21,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Arjan J. Haverhals, Director

The Company entered into a consulting agreement with Mr. Arjan Haverhals, which commenced on January 1, 2025, and continues for an indefinite period, subject to the Company having the right to terminate the Consulting Agreement on 30 days advance notice in the event of his disability to provide services and either party having the right to terminate the Consulting Agreement on 90 days’ advance notice. Mr. Haverhals will be paid an annual fee at the rate of $350,000, at the at the rate of $150,000 in respect of the first calendar quarter of 2025, and at the rate of $66,666, in respect of each subsequent calendar quarter of 2025, payable monthly in arrears, in each case in equal monthly installments on the last day of each month of such quarter. The Company will reimburse Mr. Haverhals for reasonable expenses in providing the services. Mr. Haverhals will be an independent contractor and will not be provided with health and accident insurance, life insurance, paid sick leave and/or paid vacation time. In connection with the Consulting Agreement, he has also entered into a Company-standard form of non-disclosure, non-solicitation, non-competition and invention agreement. Mr. Haverhals continues as a director of the Company. Mr. Haverhals continues as a director of Milestone Scientific. Mr. Haverhals will be issued 638,023 shares of the Company's stock ninety days after his resignation as CEO.

April 2025 Financing

On April 9, 2025, the Company issued a series of promissory notes in the aggregate amount of $800,000, to Mr. Neal Goldman, Ms. Benedetta Casamento, and Dr. Didier Demesmin, each of whom is a director of the Company. The notes are due April 9, 2028, and bear interest at the annual rate of prime less 2.50%, payable annually. All principal and interest shall be payable in cash and/or shares of common stock at the sole discretion of the Company. The notes are convertible into shares of common stock by the holder at any time and by the Company at maturity. If the Company sells equity securities for gross proceeds in excess of $4,000,000, the holders may request repayment of their note in either cash, shares of common stock or a combination of cash and shares; provided, that the holders would then be entitled to receive only so much cash as the net proceeds to the Company in such sale of equity securities, after payment of other indebtedness and other uses (other than working capital) specified as a use of the proceeds in the relevant offering or disclosure documentation, shall be in excess of $4,000,000. Upon a liquidation event of the Company, as defined in the notes which includes a sale of the Company or assets, a merger, reorganization or combination transaction where the shareholders before the transaction own less than 50% of the Company after the transaction and a liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company, the notes will be repaid in cash or its portion of any non-cash consideration. The conversion rate for any issuance of shares of common stock will be at the then fair value of a share of common stock, with the fair value being determined with reference to the public market price of a share of common stock, but not less than $0.50. The notes are unsecured and have typical default terms.

NOTE N — COMMITMENTS

(1) Contract Manufacturing Agreement

Milestone Scientific has informal arrangements with third-party manufacturers of the STA, CompuDent® and CompuMed® devices, pursuant to which they manufacture these products under specific purchase orders but without any long-term contract or minimum purchase commitment.

F- 22

The company entered into a new purchase commitment for the delivery of 2,700 STA CompuDent® instruments. As of December 31, 2024, the purchase order commitment was approximately $3.2 million, and approximately $1.3 million was paid and reported in advance on contracts in the consolidated balance sheet.As of December 31, 2023, the purchase order commitment was approximately $2.3 million, and approximately $1.3 million was paid and reported in advance on contracts in the consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 the company also has advances on an open purchase order for long lead items for a future purchase order for the manufacturing of Epidural instrument of approximately $168,000 and $76,000, respectively.

(2) Leases

Operating Leases

The Company signed a seven-year lease in a new facility located in Roseland, New Jersey (the “Roseland Facility”), which commenced of January 8, 2021. Under the Roseland Facility lease, rent payments commence on April 1, 2021, and the monthly lease payments escalate annually on January 1 of each year, and range from $9,275 to $10,898 per month over the lease term. The Company is also required to pay a fixed electric charge equal to $2.00 per square foot which is paid in equal monthly installments over the lease term or $11,130 annually. These fixed monthly payments have been included in the measurement of the operating lease liability and related operating lease right-of-use asset as the Company has elected the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components for all leases. The Company is also required to pay its proportionate share of certain operating costs and property taxes applicable to the leased premises more than new base year amounts, which are accounted for as variable lease expenses.

As of December 31, 2024, total finance right-of-use assets were $67,201 and total finance liabilities were $67,202 of which $12,530 and $54,672 were classified as current and non-current, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 total operating right-of use assets were $257,842 and total operating lease liabilities were $281,852, of which $116,279 and $165,573 were classified as current and non-current, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, total finance right-of-use assets were $8,998 and total finance liabilities were $10,698 of which $10,264 and $434 were classified as current and non-current, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, total operating right-of use assets were $355,235 and total operating lease liabilities were $385,280, of which $103,427 and $281,853 were classified as current and non-current, respectively.

The Company identified and assessed the following significant assumptions in recognizing its right-of-use assets and corresponding lease liabilities:

● | As the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company estimated the incremental borrowing rate in calculating the present value of the lease payments. The Company has utilized its incremental borrowing rate based on the long-term borrowing costs of comparable companies in the Medical Device industry.
● | Since the Company elected to account for each lease component and its associated non-lease components as a single combined lease component, all contract consideration was allocated to the combined lease component.
● | The expected lease terms include non-cancellable lease periods. Renewal option periods are not included in the determination of the lease terms as they were not reasonably certain to be exercised.

The components of lease expense were as follows:

|  | Twelve months ended |
|  | December 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
Cash paid for operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 127,526 |  |  | $ | 127,526 |
Cash paid for finance lease liabilities |  |  | 11,172 |  |  |  | 10,740 |
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Finance leases (years) |  | 4.97 years |  |  | 1.04 years |
Operating leases (years) |  | 2.25 years |  |  | 3.25 years |
Weighted-average discount rate – operating leases |  |  | 9.20 | % |  |  |  |
Weighted-average discount rate – finance leases |  |  | 9.20 | % |  |  |  |
Maturity of lease liabilities as December 31, 2024 |  | Operating Lease |  |  | Finance Lease |
2025 |  |  | 136,343 |  |  |  | 13,668 |
2026 |  |  | 139,125 |  |  |  | 13,668 |
2027 |  |  | 35,477 |  |  |  | 13,668 |
2028 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13,668 |
2029 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13,668 |
Less: Interest |  |  | 310,945 |  |  |  | 68,340 |
Present Value of lease liabilities |  |  | (29,093 | ) |  |  | (1,138 | )
|  |  | 281,852 |  |  |  | 67,202 |

F- 23

NOTE O — BENEFIT PLAN

Milestone Scientific has a Defined Contribution Plan that allows eligible employees to contribute part of their salary through payroll deductions. Milestone Scientific does not contribute to this plan, but does pay the administrative costs of the plan, which were not significant.

NOTE P —SUBSEQUENT EVENT

On April 9, 2025, the Company issued a series of promissory notes in the aggregate amount of $800,000, to Mr. Neal Goldman, Ms. Benedetta Casamento, and Dr. Didier Demesmin, each of whom is a director of the Company. The notes are due April 9, 2028, and bear interest at the annual rate of prime less 2.50%, payable annually. All principal and interest shall be payable in cash and/or shares of common stock at the sole discretion of the Company. The notes are convertible into shares of common stock by the holder at any time and by the Company at maturity. If the Company sells equity securities for gross proceeds in excess of $4,000,000, the holders may request repayment of their note in either cash, shares of common stock or a combination of cash and shares; provided, that the holders would then be entitled to receive only so much cash as the net proceeds to the Company in such sale of equity securities, after payment of other indebtedness and other uses (other than working capital) specified as a use of the proceeds in the relevant offering or disclosure documentation, shall be in excess of $4,000,000. Upon a liquidation event of the Company, as defined in the notes which includes a sale of the Company or assets, a merger, reorganization or combination transaction where the shareholders before the transaction own less than 50% of the Company after the transaction and a liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company, the notes will be repaid in cash or its portion of any non-cash consideration. The conversion rate for any issuance of shares of common stock will be at the then fair value of a share of common stock, with the fair value being determined with reference to the public market price of a share of common stock, but not less than $0.50. The notes are unsecured and have typical default terms.

F-24