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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarter ended June 30, 2025

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 001-14053

Milestone Scientific Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware | 13-3545623
State or other jurisdiction of Incorporation or organization | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

425 Eagle Rock Avenue Suite 403, Roseland, NJ 07068

(Address of principal executive offices)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: 973-535-2717.

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $.001 per share | MLSS | NYSE American

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act: NONE.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☐ Yes ☑ No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. ☐ Yes ☑ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☑ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☑ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment of this Form 10-K. ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large, accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large, accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large, accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☑ | Smaller reporting company | ☑
Emerging Growth Company | ☐ |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

As of August 14 2025, the registrant has a total of 78,559,147 shares of Common Stock, $0.001 par value outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

None

1

MILESTONE SCIENTIFIC INC.

Form 10-Q

TABLE OF CONTENTS

| PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements |
| Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2025 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2024 | 4
| Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited) | 5
| Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited) | 6
| Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited) | 8
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 9
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 23
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 29
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 29
| PART II—OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 29
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 29
Item 1B | Unresolved Staff Comments | 29
Item 1C | Cybersecurity | 30
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 30
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 30
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 30
Item 5. | Other Information | 30
Item 6. | Exhibits | 31
Signatures | 32

2

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

When used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the words “may”, “will”, “should”, “expect”, “believe”, “anticipate”, “continue”, “estimate”, “project”, “intend” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) regarding events, conditions and financial trends that may affect Milestone Scientific’s future plans of operations, business strategy, results of operations and financial condition. Milestone Scientific wishes to ensure that such statements are accompanied by meaningful cautionary statements pursuant to the safe harbor established in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The forward-looking statements included herein are based on current expectations that involve numerous risks and uncertainties. Milestone Scientific’s plans and objectives are based, in part, on assumptions involving the continued expansion of its business. Assumptions relating to the foregoing involve judgments with respect to, among other things, future economic, competitive and market conditions and future business decisions, all of which are difficult or impossible to predict accurately and many of which are beyond the control of Milestone Scientific. Although Milestone Scientific believes that its assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements are reasonable, any of the assumptions could prove inaccurate. Considering the significant uncertainties inherent in the forward-looking statements included herein, our history of operating losses that are expected to continue, requiring additional funding which we may be unable to raise capital when needed (which may force us to delay, curtail or eliminate commercialization efforts of our CompuFlo Epidural Computer Controlled Anesthesia System), the early stage operations of and relative lack of acceptance of our medical products, relying exclusively on two third parties to manufacture our products, changes to our distribution arrangements exposes us to risks of interruption of marketing efforts and building new marketing channels, changes in our informal manufacturing arrangements made by the manufacturer of our products and disruptions at the manufacturing facility of our manufacturers, including shortages of or delays in obtaining chips and other components, exposes us to risks that may harm our business, raising additional funds by issuing securities or through licensing or lending arrangements may cause dilution to our existing stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish proprietary rights, if physicians do not accept or use our CompuFlo Epidural Computer Controlled Anesthesia System, our ability to generate revenue from sales will be materially impaired, exposure to the risks inherent in international sales and operations, including China, the changing tariff and trade policies of the United States and China, and developments by competitors may render our products or technologies obsolete or non-competitive, the inclusion of such information should not be regarded as a representation by Milestone Scientific or any other person that the objectives and plans of Milestone Scientific will be achieved. Prospective investors are cautioned that any forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks and uncertainties and the actual results may differ materially from those included within the forward-looking statements because of various factors. Except as required by the federal securities laws, Milestone Scientific undertakes no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, to reflect events or circumstances occurring after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Milestone Scientific is the owner of the following registered U.S. trademarks: CompuDent®; CompuMed®; CompuFlo®; DPS Dynamic Pressure Sensing technology®; Milestone Scientific ®; CathCheck®; the Milestone logo ®; SafetyWand®; STA Single Tooth Anesthesia Device®; and The Wand ®.

3

Part I- Financial Information

Item 1. Financial Statements

MILESTONE SCIENTIFIC AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(UNAUDITED)

|  | June 30, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 1,274,314 |  |  | $ | 3,258,058 |
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $10,000, respectively |  |  | 684,201 |  |  |  | 475,376 |
Accounts receivable, related party net |  |  | 6,429 |  |  |  | - |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | 637,583 |  |  |  | 564,645 |
Inventories |  |  | 3,897,017 |  |  |  | 3,713,215 |
Advances on contracts |  |  | 1,131,284 |  |  |  | 1,275,260 |
Total current assets |  |  | 7,630,828 |  |  |  | 9,286,554 |
Furniture, fixtures and equipment, net |  |  | 14,671 |  |  |  | 12,921 |
Intangibles, net |  |  | 113,494 |  |  |  | 148,404 |
Right of use assets finance lease |  |  | 53,330 |  |  |  | 67,201 |
Right of use assets operating lease |  |  | 214,357 |  |  |  | 257,842 |
Other assets |  |  | 24,150 |  |  |  | 24,150 |
Total assets |  | $ | 8,050,830 |  |  | $ | 9,797,072 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 1,450,585 |  |  | $ | 1,021,393 |
Accounts payable, related party |  |  | 505,455 |  |  |  | 493,313 |
Accrued expenses and other payables |  |  | 1,388,782 |  |  |  | 1,796,319 |
Accrued expenses, related party |  |  | 279,185 |  |  |  | 304,293 |
Current portion of finance lease liabilities |  |  | 20,502 |  |  |  | 12,530 |
Current portion of operating lease liabilities |  |  | 123,161 |  |  |  | 116,279 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 3,767,670 |  |  |  | 3,744,127 |
Non-current portion of finance lease liabilities |  |  | 41,005 |  |  |  | 54,672 |
Non-current portion of operating lease liabilities |  |  | 101,883 |  |  |  | 165,573 |
Convertible notes payable, related parties |  |  | 800,000 |  |  |  | - |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 4,710,558 |  |  | $ | 3,964,372 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock, par value $0.001; authorized 100,000,000 shares; 78,592,480 shares issued and 78,559,147 shares outstanding as of June 30, 2025; 78,047,798 shares issued and 78,014,465 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2024; |  |  | 78,592 |  |  |  | 78,048 |
Additional paid in capital |  |  | 135,703,998 |  |  |  | 134,719,274 |
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (131,530,802 | ) |  |  | (128,053,106 | )
Treasury stock, at cost, 33,333 shares |  |  | (911,516 | ) |  |  | (911,516 | )
Total Milestone Scientific, Inc. stockholders' equity |  |  | 3,340,272 |  |  |  | 5,832,700 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 8,050,830 |  |  | $ | 9,797,072 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

MILESTONE SCIENTIFIC AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(UNAUDITED)

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2025 |  |  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2024 |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 |
Product sales, net |  | $ | 2,323,466 |  |  | $ | 1,853,764 |  |  | $ | 4,555,886 |  |  | $ | 4,102,609 |
Cost of products sold |  |  | 705,860 |  |  |  | 442,560 |  |  |  | 1,290,845 |  |  |  | 1,015,302 |
Gross profit |  |  | 1,617,606 |  |  |  | 1,411,204 |  |  |  | 3,265,041 |  |  |  | 3,087,307 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 3,030,952 |  |  |  | 2,868,182 |  |  |  | 6,287,680 |  |  |  | 5,903,458 |
Research and development expenses |  |  | 51,789 |  |  |  | 314,968 |  |  |  | 420,909 |  |  |  | 409,179 |
Depreciation and amortization expense |  |  | 19,496 |  |  |  | 8,477 |  |  |  | 38,936 |  |  |  | 20,161 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 3,102,237 |  |  |  | 3,191,627 |  |  |  | 6,747,525 |  |  |  | 6,332,798 |
Loss from operations |  |  | (1,484,631 | ) |  |  | (1,780,423 | ) |  |  | (3,482,484 | ) |  |  | (3,245,491 | )
Interest income, net |  |  | 1,521 |  |  |  | 20,966 |  |  |  | 4,788 |  |  |  | 45,505 |
Gain on sale of net operating losses |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,983,095 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,983,095 |
Loss before provision for income taxes |  |  | (1,483,110 | ) |  |  | 223,638 |  |  |  | (3,477,696 | ) |  |  | (1,216,891 | )
Provision for income taxes |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Net loss |  |  | (1,483,110 | ) |  |  | 223,638 |  |  |  | (3,477,696 | ) |  |  | (1,216,891 | )
Net loss per share applicable to common stockholders— |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic and Diluted |  |  | (0.02 | ) |  |  | 0.00 |  |  |  | (0.04 | ) |  |  | (0.02 | )
Weighted average shares outstanding and to be issued— |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic and diluted |  |  | 82,049,984 |  |  |  | 79,966,833 |  |  |  | 81,903,323 |  |  |  | 80,412,397 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

MILESTONE SCIENTIFIC AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

FOR THREE AND SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2025 AND 2024

(UNAUDITED)

|  | Common Stock Shares |  |  | Common Stock Amount |  |  | Additional Paid in Capital |  |  | Accumulated Deficit |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  | Total Stockholder Equity |
Balance as of January 1, 2025 |  |  | 78,047,798 |  |  | $ | 78,048 |  |  | $ | 134,719,274 |  |  | $ | (128,053,106 | ) |  | $ | (911,516 | ) |  | $ | 5,832,700 |
Stock based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 330,787 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 330,787 |
Common stock to be issued to employees for bonuses |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 293,551 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 293,551 |
Common stock issued to board of directors for services |  |  | 182,584 |  |  |  | 182 |  |  |  | (182 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Net loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,994,586 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,994,586 | )
Balance March 31, 2025 |  |  | 78,230,382 |  |  | $ | 78,230 |  |  | $ | 135,343,430 |  |  | $ | (130,047,692 | ) |  | $ | (911,516 | ) |  | $ | 4,462,452 |
Stock based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 159,679 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 159,679 |
Common stock issued for payment of consulting services |  |  | 207,604 |  |  |  | 208 |  |  |  | 201,043 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 201,251 |
Common stock issued to board of directors for services |  |  | 154,494 |  |  |  | 154 |  |  |  | (154 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Net loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,483,110 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,483,110 | )
Balance June 30, 2025 |  |  | 78,592,480 |  |  |  | 78,592 |  |  |  | 135,703,998 |  |  |  | (131,530,802 | ) |  |  | (911,516 | ) |  |  | 3,340,272 |

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|  | Common Stock Shares |  |  | Common Stock Amount |  |  | Additional Paid in Capital |  |  | Accumulated Deficit |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  | Total Stockholder Equity |
Balance January 1, 2024 |  |  | 75,881,840 |  |  | $ | 75,881 |  |  | $ | 132,187,656 |  |  | $ | (123,339,509 | ) |  | $ | (911,516 | ) |  | $ | 8,012,512 |
Stock based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 313,505 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 313,505 |
Common stock issued in public offering net of issuance cost of $42,273 |  |  | 372,110 |  |  |  | 372 |  |  |  | 191,784 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 192,156 |
Common Stock issued exercised warrants |  |  | 103,500 |  |  |  | 104 |  |  |  | 51,647 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 51,751 |
Common stock issued for payment of consulting services |  |  | 90,170 |  |  |  | 90 |  |  |  | 65,971 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 66,061 |
Common stock to be issued to employees for bonuses |  |  | 30,165 |  |  |  | 31 |  |  |  | 264,922 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 264,953 |
Common stock issued to board of directors for services |  |  | 154,494 |  |  |  | 154 |  |  |  | (154 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Net loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,440,529 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,440,529 | )
Balance at March 31, 2024 |  |  | 76,632,279 |  |  | $ | 76,632 |  |  | $ | 133,075,331 |  |  | $ | (124,780,038 | ) |  | $ | (911,516 | ) |  | $ | 7,460,409 |
Stock based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 207,690 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 207,690 |
Common stock issued for payment of consulting services |  |  | 99,063 |  |  |  | 99 |  |  |  | 62,041 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 62,140 |
Common stock to be issued to employees for bonuses |  |  | 322,937 |  |  |  | 324 |  |  |  | (324 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Restricted common stock issued to employees |  |  | 18,939 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | (19 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Common stock issued to board of directors for services |  |  | 154,496 |  |  |  | 154 |  |  |  | (154 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Net income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 223,638 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 223,638 |
Balance at June 30, 2024 |  |  | 77,227,714 |  |  | $ | 77,228 |  |  | $ | 133,344,565 |  |  | $ | (124,556,400 | ) |  | $ | (911,516 | ) |  | $ | 7,953,877 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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MILESTONE SCIENTIFIC AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

FOR SIX MONTHS ENDED

(UNAUDITED)

|  | June 30, 2025 |  |  | June 30, 2024 |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (3,477,696 | ) |  | $ | (1,216,891 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation expense |  |  | 4,026 |  |  |  | 3,631 |
Amortization of intangibles |  |  | 34,910 |  |  |  | 16,530 |
Stock based compensation |  |  | 490,465 |  |  |  | 521,195 |
Employees paid in stock |  |  | 293,551 |  |  |  | 264,953 |
Expense paid in stock |  |  | 201,251 |  |  |  | 128,201 |
Bad debt expense |  |  | 8,525 |  |  |  | - |
Amortization of right-of-use asset |  |  | 57,356 |  |  |  | 47,511 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Increase in accounts receivable |  |  | (217,350 | ) |  |  | (74,172 | )
Increase in accounts receivable, related parties |  |  | (6,429 | ) |  |  | - |
Increase in inventories |  |  | (183,802 | ) |  |  | (690,915 | )
Decrease in advances on contracts |  |  | 143,976 |  |  |  | 120,595 |
Increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | (72,938 | ) |  |  | (256,818 | )
Increase in accounts payable |  |  | 429,192 |  |  |  | 713,533 |
Increase in accounts payable, related party |  |  | 12,142 |  |  |  | 404,317 |
Decrease in accrued expenses |  |  | (407,536 | ) |  |  | (441,437 | )
(Decrease) increase in accrued expenses, related party |  |  | (25,108 | ) |  |  | 71,493 |
Decrease operating right of use lease asset |  |  | (56,808 | ) |  |  | (46,199 | )
Net cash used in operating activities |  | $ | (2,772,273 | ) |  | $ | (434,473 | )
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of furniture, fixtures, and equipment |  |  | (5,776 | ) |  |  | (6,596 | )
Sale of marketable securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,976,573 |
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities |  | $ | (5,776 | ) |  | $ | 2,969,977 |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net proceeds from public placement offering |  |  | - |  |  |  | 192,156 |
Proceeds from issuance of convertible notes, related parties |  |  | 800,000 |  |  |  | - |
Proceeds exercise of warrants |  |  | - |  |  |  | 51,751 |
Payments finance lease obligations |  |  | (5,695 | ) |  |  | (5,018 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities |  | $ | 794,305 |  |  | $ | 238,889 |
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (1,983,744 | ) |  |  | 2,774,393 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  |  | 3,258,058 |  |  |  | 2,977,713 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 1,274,314 |  |  | $ | 5,752,106 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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MILESTONE SCIENTIFIC, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

NOTE 1 — ORGANIZATION AND BUSINESS

All references in this report to “Milestone Scientific,” “us,” “our,” “we,” the “Company” or “Milestone” refer to Milestone Scientific Inc., and its consolidated subsidiaries, Wand Dental, Inc., and Milestone Innovations Inc. and Milestone Education LLC (all described below), unless the context otherwise indicates. Milestone Scientific is the owner of the following registered U.S. trademarks: CompuDent®; CompuMed®; CompuFlo®; DPS Dynamic Pressure Sensing technology®; Milestone Scientific ®; the Milestone logo ®; SafetyWand®; STA Single Tooth Anesthesia System®; and The Wand ®.

Milestone Scientific was incorporated in the State of Delaware in August 1989. Milestone Scientific has developed a proprietary, computer-controlled anesthetic delivery device, using The Wand®, a single use disposable handpiece. The device is marketed in dentistry under the trademarks CompuDent® and STA Single Tooth Anesthesia System®, and in medicine under the trademark CompuMed®. CompuDent® is suitable for all dental procedures that require local anesthetic. CompuMed® is suitable for many medical procedures regularly performed in plastic surgery, hair restoration surgery, podiatry, colorectal surgery, dermatology, orthopedics, and many other disciplines. The dental devices are sold in the United States, Canada and in 49 other countries. Certain medical devices have obtained CE mark approval and can be marketed and sold in most European countries. In June 2017, Milestone Scientific received 510(k) marketing clearance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on the CompuFlo® Epidural Computer Controlled Anesthesia System (“Epidural”).

NOTE 2--GOING CONCERN AND LIQUIDITY

Our financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles which contemplate continuation of the Company on a going concern basis. The going concern basis assumes that assets are realized, and liabilities are extinguished in the ordinary course of business at amounts disclosed in the unaudited condensed financial statements.

The Company has incurred total losses since the inception of $131.5 million. The Company’s operating losses were approximately $1.5 million and $3.5 million, for the three and six months ending June 30 2025, respectively. On June 30, 2025, Milestone Scientific had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $1.3 million and working capital of approximately $3.9 million. For the six months ending June 30, 2025 and 2024, we had cash flows used in operating activities of approximately $2.8 million and $0.4 million, respectively.

Based on our available cash and cash equivalents, recurring losses, accumulated deficit and the need to raise additional capital to finance operations, including proceeds received from the note financing received in April 2025, as of June 30, 2025, we have concluded that there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for a period of one year from the date that these unaudited condensed financial statements are issued.

We will seek additional funding through equity financings or debt financings to support our current operating plan. Although management intends to pursue plans to obtain additional funding to finance its operations, and we have successfully raised capital in the past, we may not be able to obtain financing on acceptable terms, or at all. The terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or rights of the Company’s stockholders.

We are actively pursuing the generation of positive cash flows from operating activities through an increase in revenue from its dental business worldwide, the generation of revenue from its medical devices and disposables business in the United States and worldwide, and a reduction in operating expenses. However, our continued operations will depend on its ability to raise additional capital through various potential sources until it achieves profitability, if ever.

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NOTE 3 — SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

1. Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP"), and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) include the accounts of Milestone Scientific and its wholly owned subsidiaries, including, Wand Dental (wholly owned), and Milestone Innovations Inc. (wholly owned). All significant intra-entity transactions and balances have been eliminated in the consolidation.

2. Basis of Presentation

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of Milestone Scientific have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) for interim financial information with the instructions for Form 10-Q and Article 8 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete annual financial statements. In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring entries) necessary to fairly present such interim results. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations which may be expected for a full year or any subsequent period. These unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the unaudited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2024, included in Milestone Scientific's Annual Report on Form 10-K.

3. Use of Estimates

The preparation of unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions in determining the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The most significant estimates relate to the inventory valuation and cash flow assumptions regarding evaluations of going concern considerations. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience, known trends and other market-specific or relevant factors that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates as there are changes in circumstances, facts, and experience. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

4. Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve revenue recognition, the Company performs the following five steps:

i. | identification of the promised goods or services in the contract;
ii. | determination of whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations including whether they are distinct in the context of the contract;
iii. | measurement of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration;
iv. | allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations based on estimated selling prices; and
v. | recognition of revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies each performance obligation. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer and is the unit of account in ASC 606.

The Company derives its revenues from the sale of its products, primarily dental and medical instruments, handpieces, and other related products. The Company sells its products directly to consumers in the United States and through a global distribution network that includes both exclusive and non-exclusive distribution agreements international.

Revenue is recognized at the point of shipment for all sales. The Company has no obligation to product sales for any installation, set-up, or maintenance, these being the responsibility of the buyer. Milestone Scientific's only obligation after sale is the normal commercial warranty against manufacturing defects if the alleged defective unit is returned within the warranty period.

10

E-Commerce

The Company sells its STA Single Tooth Anesthesia Systems® (STA) and handpieces directly to dental offices and dental groups within the United States via an online portal. The Company's E-Commerce portal accepts online payments via credit and debit cards. The cost of delivery is charged to the customer along with appropriate sales tax. The Company recognizes revenue from product sales at the time the product ships to a customer via a third-party carrier.

Sales Returns

The Company records allowances for product returns as a reduction of revenue at the time product sales are recorded. Several factors are considered in determining whether an allowance for product returns is required, including the customers’ return rights and the Company’s historical experience with returns and the amount of product in the distribution channel not consumed by end users and subject to return. The Company relies on historical return rates to estimate returns.

Financing and Payment

The Company's payment terms differ by geography and customer, but payments from distributors are required within 90 days or less from the date of shipment. The E-Commerce portal sells directly to end users and accepts online payments via credit and debit cards via a third-party. These payments from the third party are typically settled within two business days.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The Company operates in two operating segments: Dental, and Medical. The Company evaluates each of two segments based on performance, using segment financial information compiled utilizing the accounting policies listed in Note 10 of this Form 10-Q.

The profitability of the segment helps the Company evaluate staffing levels, assess available cash for allocation to projects and resources, and make informed decisions on whether the segment's activities should be modified to align with the Company’s overall near- and long-term strategies. See Note 10 for revenues by geographical market, based on the customer’s location, and product category for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, and 2024 respectively.

5. Cash and Cash Equivalents

Milestone Scientific considers all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, Milestone Scientific has approximately $1.3 million and $3.3 million, respectively of cash and cash equivalents. As of June 30, 2025, Milestone Scientific had cash in accounts that exceeded the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance limit of $250,000.

6. Accounts Receivable

The E-commerce portal sells directly to end users and accepts online payments via credit and debit cards via a third-party credit card processor. These payments are settled within 2 business days of the transaction. Sales to distributors are on credit terms. The Company estimates losses from the ability or inability of its distributor to make payments on billed.

Distributors credit sales are due 90 days or less from the date of invoicing. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, accounts receivable was recorded, net of allowance for credit losses of $10,000, respectively.

7. Inventories

Inventories principally consist of finished goods and component parts stated at the lower cost (first-in, first-out method) or net realizable value. Inventory quantities on hand are reviewed on a quarterly basis and a provision for excess slow moving, defective, and obsolete inventory is recorded if required based on past and expected future sales, potential technological obsolescence, and product expiration requirements.

The valuation allowance creates a new cost basis for the inventory, and it is not subsequently marked up through a reduction in the valuation allowance based on any changes in the underlying facts and circumstances. When the valuation allowance is initially recorded, the increase to the allowance is recognized as an increase in cost of sales. The valuation allowance is only reduced if or when the underlying inventory is sold or destroyed, at which time the cost of sales recognized would include the previous adjusted cost basis.

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8. Convertible Notes Payable, Related Parties

The Company accounts for Convertible Notes Payable, Related Parties in accordance with ASC 470, Debt. Based on analysis performed by the Company, no embedded conversion or redemption features required bifurcation as derivatives in accordance with ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging.

9. Basic and Diluted Net Loss Per Common Share

Milestone Scientific presents “basic” earnings (loss) per common share applicable to common stockholders and, if applicable, “diluted” earnings (loss) per common share applicable to common stockholders pursuant to the provisions of ASC 260, “Earnings per Share”. Basic earnings (loss) per common share is calculated by dividing net income or loss applicable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding and to be issued common shares as follows: 82,049,984 and 81,903,323 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 79,966,833 and 80,412,397 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 respectively. The calculation of diluted earnings per common share is like that of basic earnings per common share, except that the denominator is increased to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if all potentially dilutive common shares, such as those issuable upon the exercise of stock options, were issued during the period. Since Milestone Scientific had net losses in the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, the assumed effects of the exercise of potentially dilutive outstanding stock options, unissued restricted stock awards (“RSA”), and convertible notes payable, related parties, were not included in the calculation as their effect would have been anti-dilutive. Such outstanding options, convertible notes payable, and RSA's totaled 3,792,211 and 3,128,652 for six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

10. Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncement

In November 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, “FASB”, issued Accounting Standards Update “ASU” 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40), to improve the disaggregation of expenses within the consolidated statement of operations. The amendments in ASU 2024-03 require disclosures, in the notes to the consolidated financial statements, specified information about certain costs and expenses. The amendments require that at each interim and annual reporting period an entity disclose (a) employee compensation, (b) depreciation, and (c) intangible asset amortization included in each relevant expense caption; include certain amounts that are already required to be disclosed under current generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) in the same disclosure as the other disaggregation requirements; and disclose a qualitative description of the amounts remaining in relevant expense captions that are not separately disaggregated quantitatively. The amendments in ASU 2024-03 are effective January 1, 2027, and effective for interim periods beginning January 1, 2028. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The Company will evaluate the impact of ASU 2024-03 on its consolidated financial statements.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncement

In December 2023, FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. The amendments in ASU 2023-09 provide improvements primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information included in income tax disclosures. The Company would be required to disclose additional information regarding reconciling items equal to or greater than five percent of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income (loss) by the applicable statutory tax rate. Similarly, the Company would be required to disclose income taxes paid (net of refunds received) equal to or greater than five percent of total income taxes paid (net of refunds received). Additionally, the Company would be required to disclose income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax expense disaggregated by foreign and domestic jurisdictions, as well as income tax expense disaggregated by federal, state, and foreign jurisdictions. The amendments in ASU 2023-09 are effective January 1, 2025. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The Company is evaluating the impact of the adoption of the ASU 2023-09 on its consolidated financial statements.

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In November 2023, FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280), Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which provides improvements to reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures around segment expenses. ASU 2023-07 requires us to disclose significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss. ASU 2023-07 also requires that the Company disclose an amount for other segment items by reportable segment, a description of their composition and provide all annual disclosures about a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets pursuant to Topic 280 during interim periods. The Company must also disclose the CODM’s title and position, as well as certain information around the measures used by the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measures in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. For public entities with a single reportable segment, the entity must provide all the disclosures required pursuant to ASU 2023-07 and all existing segment disclosures under Topic 280. The amendments of ASU 2023-07 are effective for us for annual periods beginning January 1, 2024, and effective for interim periods beginning January 1, 2025. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. As of January 1, 2024, the Company adopted ASU 2023-07 on within consolidated financial statements. See Note 10 for more information.

NOTE 4 — INVENTORIES

Inventories consist of the following:

|  | June 30, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
Dental finished goods |  | $ | 3,677,357 |  |  | $ | 3,640,391 |
Medical finished goods |  |  | 121,815 |  |  |  | - |
Component parts and other materials |  |  | 97,845 |  |  |  | 72,824 |
Total inventories |  | $ | 3,897,017 |  |  | $ | 3,713,215 |

The Company had an allowance on slow moving Medical finished goods due to the slow adoption of the epidural instruments and handpieces for approximately $1.1 million as of June 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.

NOTE 5 — ADVANCES ON CONTRACTS

The advances on contracts represent funding of future STA devices, epidural instruments, and epidural replacements parts. The balance of advances as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 is approximately $1.1 million and $1.3 million, respectively. The advance is classified as current based on the estimated annual usage of the underlying inventory.

NOTE 6 — CONVERITBLE NOTE PAYABLE, RELATED PARTY

On April 9, 2025, the Company issued a series of promissory notes (the "Notes") in the aggregate amount of $800,000, to Mr. Neal Goldman, Ms. Benedetta Casamento, and Dr. Didier Demesmin, each of whom is a director of the Company. The Notes are due April 9, 2028, and bear interest at the annual rate of prime less 2.50%, payable annually. All principal and interest shall be payable in cash and/or shares of common stock at the sole discretion of the Company.

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The Notes are convertible into shares of common stock by the holder at any time and by the Company at maturity. If the Company sells equity securities for gross proceeds in excess of $4,000,000, the holders may request repayment of their note in either cash, shares of common stock or a combination of cash and shares; provided, that the holders would then be entitled to receive only so much cash as the net proceeds to the Company in such sale of equity securities, after payment of other indebtedness and other uses (other than working capital) specified as a use of the proceeds in the relevant offering or disclosure documentation, shall be in excess of $4,000,000. Upon a liquidation event of the Company, as defined in the Notes which includes a sale of the Company or assets, a merger, reorganization or combination transaction where the shareholders before the transaction own less than 50% of the Company after the transaction and a liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company, the Notes will be repaid in cash or its portion of any non-cash consideration. The conversion rate for any issuance of shares of common stock will be at the then fair value of a share of common stock, with the fair value being determined with reference to the public market price of a share of common stock based on the average of the 15 most recent trading days, but not less than $0.50. The Notes are unsecured and have typical default terms. As of June 30, 2025, the Notes were convertible into 963,855 shares of common stock based on an average trading price of $0.83 per share.

NOTE 7— STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

PUBLIC OFFERING

On January 12, 2024 the underwriter exercised its over-allotment option as to 372,110 shares of common stock for net proceeds after discounts and commission of $192,156.

SHARES TO BE ISSUED

As of June 30, 2025 and 2024, there were 3,076,871 and 2,657,058, respectively, shares to be issued whose issuance has been deferred under the terms of employment and consulting agreements with officers and directors and other employees of Milestone Scientific. Such shares will be issued to each party upon termination of their employment or other relationship with the Company.

As of June 30, 2025 and 2024, there were 631,792 and 527,625, respectively, shares to be issued to non-employees, that will be issued to non-employees for services rendered. The number of shares was fixed by contract prior to the date of grant, subject to performance, and were fully earned upon the grant date.

The following table summarizes information about shares to be issued for the six month periods ending June 30, 2025 and 2024.

|  | June 30, 2025 |  |  | June 30, 2024 |
Shares-to-be-issued, outstanding January 1, 2025 and 2024, respectively |  |  | 3,393,017 |  |  |  | 3,098,917 |
Granted in current period |  |  | 315,646 |  |  |  | 438,868 |
Issued in current period |  |  | - |  |  |  | (353,102 | )
Shares-to be issued outstanding June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively |  |  | 3,708,663 |  |  |  | 3,184,683 |

NOTE 8 — STOCK OPTION PLANS

Milestone Scientific Inc., the Amended and Restated 2020 Equity Incentive Plan, provides for awards of restricted common, stock restricted stock units, options to purchase and other awards. On June 28, 2023 the plan was amended and restated (the "2020 Plan") to increase the maximum shares that can be issued thereunder to 11,500,000 shares of common stock. The plan expires in June 2031. Options may be granted to employees, directors, and consultants of Milestone Scientific for the purchase of shares of common stock at a price not less than the fair market value of common stock on the date of grant. Generally, options become exercisable over a three-year period from the grant date and expire five years after the date of grant.

Milestone Scientific recognizes compensation expenses over the requisite service period and in the case of performance-based options over the period of the expected performance. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, Milestone Scientific recognized approximately $158,000 and $329,000 of total employee compensation cost, respectively, recorded in general and administrative expenses on the statement of operations. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, Milestone Scientific recognized approximately $170,000 and $358,000 of total employee compensation cost, respectively, recorded in general and administrative expenses on the statement of operations.

As of June 30, 2025, there was $528,000 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested options. Milestone Scientific expects to recognize these costs over a weighted average period of 0.75 years.

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There were no options granted to employees during the six months ended June 30, 2025 are presented below:

|  | Number of Options |  |  | Weighted Averaged Exercise Price $ |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Options Value $ |
Options outstanding at January 1, 2025 |  |  | 2,951,989 |  |  |  | 2.29 |  |  |  | 4.54 |  |  |  | - |
Granted during 2025 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | - |
Exercised during 2025 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Forfeited or expired during 2025 |  |  | (216,296 | ) |  |  | 1.52 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Options outstanding June 30, 2025 |  |  | 2,735,693 |  |  |  | 2.39 |  |  |  | 4.38 |  |  |  | - |
Exercisable, June 30, 2025 |  |  | 2,335,694 |  |  |  | 2.38 |  |  |  | 4.14 |  |  |  | - |

A summary of option activity for non-employees under the plans and changes during the six months ended June 30, 2025 is presented below:

|  | Number of Options |  |  | Weighted Averaged Exercise Price $ |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Options Value $ |
Options outstanding at January 1, 2025 |  |  | 99,996 |  |  |  | 1.74 |  |  |  | 2.12 |  |  |  | 5,750 |
Granted during 2025 |  |  | 16,666 |  |  |  | 0.94 |  |  |  | 4.69 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised during 2025 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited or expired during 2025 |  |  | (24,999 | ) |  |  | 1.70 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Options outstanding June 30, 2025 |  |  | 91,663 |  |  |  | 1.60 |  |  |  | 2.68 |  |  |  | - |
Exercisable, June 30, 2025 |  |  | 66,660 |  |  |  | 1.86 |  |  |  | 2.06 |  |  |  | - |

The fair value of the non-employee options was estimated on the date of grant using the Black Scholes option-pricing model at the date of grant. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, Milestone Scientific recognized approximately $1,400 and $8,000 expenses related to non-employee options, respectively. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, Milestone Scientific recognized approximately $1,100 and $2,200, respectively of expense related to non-employee options.

A summary of restricted stock under the plans and changes during the six months ended June 30, 2025 is presented below:

|  | Number of Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value per Award |
Non-vested as January 1, 2025 |  |  | 365,171 |  |  |  | 0.89 |
Granted |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Vested |  |  | (337,081 | ) |  |  | 0.89 |
Cancelled |  |  | (28,090 | ) |  |  | 0.89 |
Non-vested as June 30, 2025 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |

The Company granted 730,340 restricted stock awards with a fair market value of $0.89 per share. Such restricted stock vests as follows:25% on the grant date in June 2024, and25% quarterly, on the first day of the following months: October 2024, January 2025, and April 2025. These awards vest immediately upon a change of control as defined in the agreements. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recognized approximately $1,500 and $155,500, respectively, for restricted stock expenses recorded in general and administrative expenses on the statement of operation. As of June 30, 2025 there wasnounrecognized compensation expense.

NOTE 9 — INCOME TAXES

The utilization of Milestone Scientific's net operating losses may be subject to a substantial limitation due to the "change of ownership provisions" under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code and similar state provisions. Such limitations may result in the expiration of the net operating loss carry forwards before their utilization. Milestone Scientific has established a 100% valuation allowance for all its deferred tax assets due to uncertainty as to their future realization.

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In April 2024, we received approximately $2.0 million, net of expenses, from the sale of New Jersey net operating losses (“NOL”), that were eligible for sale under the State of New Jersey’s Economic Development Authority’s New Jersey Technology Business Tax Certificate Transfer Program (” NJEDA Program”). For the three and six month ended June 30, 2024 the Company recorded approximately $2.0 million in gain on sale of net operating losses within the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations.

Pursuant to the NJEDA program, the Company must retain a physical presence in the state of New Jersey for a period of 5 years after the sale of the NOLs. If the Company does not retain a physical presence during the 5 years after the sale of the NOLs, the Company can be liable to pay the state of New Jersey up to $2.2 million of the surrendered NOLs

NOTE 10— SEGMENT AND GEOGRAPHIC DATA

Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision maker. The chief operating decision maker, who is responsible for allocating resources and assessing performance of the operating segments, has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer (the “CODM”). The Company conducts its business through two reportable segments: Dental and Medical. These segments offer different products and services to different customer base. The CODM assesses the financial performance of the segment and decides how to allocate resources based on Product sales, net, and Operating income (loss).

The Company provides general corporate services to its segments; however, these services are not considered when making operating decisions and assessing segment performance. These services are reported under “Corporate Services” below and these include costs associated with executive management, investor relations, patents, trademarks, licensing agreements, new instruments developments, financing activities and public company compliance.

The following tables present information about our reportable and operating segments for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, and 2024:

|  | Three Months ending June 30, 2025 |
|  | Corporate |  |  | Dental |  |  | Medical |  |  | Grand Total |
Product sales, net |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,291,366 |  |  |  | 32,100 |  |  |  | 2,323,466 |
Cost of products sold |  |  | - |  |  |  | 704,866 |  |  |  | 994 |  |  |  | 705,860 |
Gross Margin |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,586,500 |  |  |  | 31,106 |  |  |  | 1,617,606 |
Salaries & employee benefits |  |  | 206,777 |  |  |  | 440,463 |  |  |  | 192,733 |  |  |  | 839,973 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | 159,678 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 159,678 |
Royalty expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | 118,174 |  |  |  | 1,605 |  |  |  | 119,779 |
Marketing |  |  | 10,156 |  |  |  | 48,047 |  |  |  | 19,907 |  |  |  | 78,110 |
Rent & occupancy costs |  |  | 21,703 |  |  |  | 13,852 |  |  |  | 8,657 |  |  |  | 44,212 |
Consultants and professional services fees |  |  | 698,388 |  |  |  | 83,134 |  |  |  | 119,069 |  |  |  | 900,591 |
Insurance |  |  | 40,503 |  |  |  | 45,225 |  |  |  | 40,078 |  |  |  | 125,806 |
Warehousing expense |  |  | 5,033 |  |  |  | 106,685 |  |  |  | 17,188 |  |  |  | 128,906 |
Regulatory expense |  |  | 263,931 |  |  |  | 66,144 |  |  |  | 3,087 |  |  |  | 333,162 |
Travel expense |  |  | 12,005 |  |  |  | 25,870 |  |  |  | 35,330 |  |  |  | 73,205 |
Research and development expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | 47,089 |  |  |  | 4,700 |  |  |  | 51,789 |
Depreciation and amortization expense |  |  | 19,496 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 19,496 |
Other segment items |  |  | 79,433 |  |  |  | 136,193 |  |  |  | 11,904 |  |  |  | 227,530 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 1,517,103 |  |  |  | 1,130,876 |  |  |  | 454,258 |  |  |  | 3,102,237 |

Operating income (loss) |  |  | (1,517,103 | ) |  |  | 455,624 |  |  |  | (423,152 | ) |  |  | (1,484,631 | )

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|  | Three Months ending June 30, 2024 |
|  | Corporate |  |  | Dental |  |  | Medical |  |  | Grand Total |
Product sales, net |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,834,764 |  |  |  | 19,000 |  |  |  | 1,853,764 |
Cost of products sold |  |  | - |  |  |  | 442,659 |  |  |  | (99 | ) |  |  | 442,560 |
Gross Margin |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,392,105 |  |  |  | 19,099 |  |  |  | 1,411,204 |
Salaries & employee benefits |  |  | 307,416 |  |  |  | 344,828 |  |  |  | 195,922 |  |  |  | 848,166 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | 207,688 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 207,688 |
Royalty expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | 94,000 |  |  |  | 950 |  |  |  | 94,950 |
Marketing |  |  | 20,144 |  |  |  | 140,446 |  |  |  | 9,400 |  |  |  | 169,990 |
Rent & occupancy costs |  |  | 25,087 |  |  |  | 12,243 |  |  |  | 7,652 |  |  |  | 44,982 |
Consultants and professional services fees |  |  | 485,328 |  |  |  | 1,354 |  |  |  | 267,114 |  |  |  | 753,796 |
Insurance |  |  | 127,909 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,661 |  |  |  | 131,570 |
Warehousing expense |  |  | 3,615 |  |  |  | 120,794 |  |  |  | 14,978 |  |  |  | 139,387 |
Regulatory expense |  |  | 140,295 |  |  |  | (913 | ) |  |  | 6,332 |  |  |  | 145,714 |
Travel expense |  |  | 6,733 |  |  |  | 41,237 |  |  |  | 24,204 |  |  |  | 72,174 |
Research and development expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | 314,968 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 314,968 |
Depreciation and amortization expense |  |  | 8,477 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,477 |
Other segment items |  |  | 154,095 |  |  |  | 103,704 |  |  |  | 1,966 |  |  |  | 259,765 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 1,486,787 |  |  |  | 1,172,661 |  |  |  | 532,179 |  |  |  | 3,191,627 |
Operating income (loss) |  |  | (1,486,787 | ) |  |  | 219,444 |  |  |  | (513,080 | ) |  |  | (1,780,423 | )

|  | Six Months ending June 30, 2025 |
|  | Corporate |  |  | Dental |  |  | Medical |  |  | Grand Total |
Product sales, net |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,472,536 |  |  |  | 83,350 |  |  |  | 4,555,886 |
Cost of products sold |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,289,761 |  |  |  | 1,084 |  |  |  | 1,290,845 |
Gross Margin |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,182,775 |  |  |  | 82,266 |  |  |  | 3,265,041 |
Salaries & employee benefits |  |  | 323,885 |  |  |  | 881,961 |  |  |  | 398,847 |  |  |  | 1,604,693 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | 490,466 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 490,466 |
Royalty expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | 228,102 |  |  |  | 4,168 |  |  |  | 232,270 |
Marketing |  |  | 14,417 |  |  |  | 131,676 |  |  |  | 44,227 |  |  |  | 190,320 |
Rent & occupancy costs |  |  | 34,411 |  |  |  | 26,373 |  |  |  | 16,483 |  |  |  | 77,267 |
Consultants and professional services fees |  |  | 1,783,082 |  |  |  | 140,795 |  |  |  | 261,359 |  |  |  | 2,185,236 |
Insurance |  |  | 83,375 |  |  |  | 94,222 |  |  |  | 82,514 |  |  |  | 260,111 |
Warehousing expense |  |  | 6,238 |  |  |  | 219,000 |  |  |  | 25,961 |  |  |  | 251,199 |
Regulatory expense |  |  | 328,821 |  |  |  | 82,994 |  |  |  | 5,399 |  |  |  | 417,214 |
Travel expense |  |  | 16,479 |  |  |  | 57,538 |  |  |  | 65,292 |  |  |  | 139,309 |
Research and development expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | 411,896 |  |  |  | 9,013 |  |  |  | 420,909 |
Depreciation and amortization expense |  |  | 38,936 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 38,936 |
Other segment items |  |  | 152,951 |  |  |  | 273,239 |  |  |  | 13,405 |  |  |  | 439,595 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 3,273,061 |  |  |  | 2,547,796 |  |  |  | 926,668 |  |  |  | 6,747,525 |
Operating income (loss) |  |  | (3,273,061 | ) |  |  | 634,979 |  |  |  | (844,402 | ) |  |  | (3,482,484 | )

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|  | Six Months ending June 30, 2024 |
|  | Corporate |  |  | Dental |  |  | Medical |  |  | Grand Total |
Product sales, net |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,076,189 |  |  |  | 26,420 |  |  |  | 4,102,609 |
Cost of products sold |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,010,955 |  |  |  | 4,347 |  |  |  | 1,015,302 |
Gross Margin |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,065,234 |  |  |  | 22,073 |  |  |  | 3,087,307 |
Salaries & employee benefits |  |  | 557,899 |  |  |  | 754,413 |  |  |  | 398,810 |  |  |  | 1,711,122 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | 519,115 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,078 |  |  |  | 521,193 |
Royalty expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | 209,321 |  |  |  | 1,321 |  |  |  | 210,642 |
Marketing |  |  | 48,346 |  |  |  | 217,437 |  |  |  | 17,717 |  |  |  | 283,500 |
Rent & occupancy costs |  |  | 35,799 |  |  |  | 24,486 |  |  |  | 15,304 |  |  |  | 75,589 |
Consultants and professional services fees |  |  | 1,122,379 |  |  |  | 84,052 |  |  |  | 486,762 |  |  |  | 1,693,193 |
Insurance |  |  | 203,882 |  |  |  | 44,913 |  |  |  | 33,598 |  |  |  | 282,393 |
Warehousing expense |  |  | 6,154 |  |  |  | 226,703 |  |  |  | 19,872 |  |  |  | 252,729 |
Regulatory expense |  |  | 237,817 |  |  |  | 5,063 |  |  |  | 6,332 |  |  |  | 249,212 |
Travel expense |  |  | 27,626 |  |  |  | 49,214 |  |  |  | 47,154 |  |  |  | 123,994 |
Research and development expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | 408,270 |  |  |  | 909 |  |  |  | 409,179 |
Depreciation and amortization expense |  |  | 20,161 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 20,161 |
Other segment items |  |  | 297,214 |  |  |  | 195,761 |  |  |  | 6,916 |  |  |  | 499,891 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 3,076,392 |  |  |  | 2,219,633 |  |  |  | 1,036,773 |  |  |  | 6,332,798 |
Operating income (loss) |  |  | (3,076,392 | ) |  |  | 845,601 |  |  |  | (1,014,700 | ) |  |  | (3,245,491 | )

|  | June 30, 2025 |
|  | Corporate |  |  | Dental |  |  | Medical |  |  | Grand Total |
Total Assets |  |  | 2,010,665 |  |  |  | 5,653,581 |  |  |  | 386,584 |  |  |  | 8,050,830 |
|  |  | 2,010,665 |  |  |  | 5,653,581 |  |  |  | 386,584 |  |  |  | 8,050,830 |

|  | December 31, 2024 |
|  | Corporate |  |  | Dental |  |  | Medical |  |  | Grand Total |
Total Assets |  |  | 3,992,825 |  |  |  | 5,359,734 |  |  |  | 444,513 |  |  |  | 9,797,072 |
|  |  | 3,992,825 |  |  |  | 5,359,734 |  |  |  | 444,513 |  |  |  | 9,797,072 |

NOTE 11– CONCENTRATIONS

Milestone Scientific has informal arrangements with third-party U.S. manufacturers of the STA devices, and epidural instruments pursuant to which they manufacture these products under specific purchase orders which contains advance payments for long lead items for production. Advances on contracts have been classified as current at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The termination of the manufacturing relationship with any of these manufacturers could have a material adverse effect on Milestone Scientific’s ability to produce and sell its products. Although alternate sources of supply exist, and new manufacturing relationships could be established, Milestone Scientific would need to recover its existing tools or have new tools produced. Establishing new manufacturing relationships could involve significant expense and delay. Any curtailment or interruption of the supply, because of termination of such a relationship, would have a material adverse effect on Milestone Scientific’s financial condition, business, and results of operations.

On January 3, 2023, the Company launched an E-Commerce platform selling and shipping STA Single Tooth Anesthesia System® (STA) and handpieces directly to dental offices and dental groups within the U.S. For the three months ended June 30, 2025, and June 30, 2024, E-Commerce accounted for 53% and 66% of net product sales, respectively. For the three months ended June 30, 2025, one international distributor accounted for 10% of net product sales. For the six months ended June 30, 2025, and June 30, 2024, E-Commerce accounted for 50% and 59% of net product sales, respectively.

The Company had three distributors that accounted for 32%, 16%, 13% of accounts receivable, respectively, for six months ended June 30, 2025. The Company had three distributors that accounted for 22%, 13% and 11% of accounts receivable, respectively as of December 31, 2024.

As of June 30, 2025, the Company had four suppliers that accounted for 25%, 24%, 12% and 11%, respectively, of accounts payable and accounts payable, related party. The Company had two suppliers that accounted for 31% and 30%, respectively of accounts payable and accounts payable, related party as of December 31, 2024.

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NOTE 12 -- RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

United Systems

Milestone Scientific has a supply agreement with United Systems, the principal supplier of its handpieces, pursuant to which it procures manufactured products under specific purchase orders, but without minimum purchase commitments. Purchases from this supplier were approximately $285,000 and $772,000 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025. Purchases from this supplier were approximately $423,000 and $1.2 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024.

As of June 30,2025, and December 31, 2024, Milestone Scientific owed this supplier approximately $539,000 and $663,000, respectively, which is included in accounts payable and accrued expenses related party on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Director of Clinical Affairs

The Director of Clinical Affairs’ royalty fee was approximately $119,000 and $232,000 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively. The Director of Clinical Affairs’ royalty fee was approximately $95,000 and $211,000 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. Additionally, Milestone Scientific expensed consulting fees to the Director of Clinical Affairs of $39,000, and $78,000 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, Milestone Scientific owed the Director Clinical Affairs for royalties of approximately $125,000 and $110,000, respectively, which is included in accounts payable, related party and accrued expense, related party, in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Directors

Leonard Osser

On March 2, 2021, the Company entered into a Royalty Sharing Agreement with Leonard Osser, pursuant to which Mr. Osser sold, transferred and assigned to the Company all of his rights in and to a certain patent application as to which he is a co-inventor with Mark Hochman, a consultant to the Company, and the Company agreed to pay to Mr. Osser, beginning May 9, 2027, half of the royalty (2.5%) on net sales that would otherwise be payable to Mark and Claudia Hochman under their existing Technology Sale Agreement, dated January 1, 2005 and amended from time to time, with the Company. In connection with the Royalty Sharing Agreement, the Hochman's agreed with the Company, pursuant to an addendum to such Technology Sale Agreement dated February 25, 2021, to reduce from 5% to 2.5% the payments due to them under their Technology Sale Agreement beginning on May 9, 2027, and thereafter with respect to dental products embodying the invention.

As part of the Succession Plan of the Company, Mr. Osser agreed, pursuant to an agreement dated April 6, 2021 (the “Succession Agreement”), to restructure certain of his existing agreements with the Company, which provide for additional and broader executive support, and at such time as he elects to step down as Interim Chief Executive Officer of the Company, to become the Vice Chairman of the Board of the Company.

With respect to Mr. Osser’s July 2017 Employment Agreement and July 2017 Consulting Agreement (each as previously disclosed), the compensation under the Employment Agreement was modified to reduce the overall compensation by $100,000 to $200,000, split equally between a cash amount and an amount in shares, and the compensation under the Consulting Agreement was increased by $100,000 to $200,000, equally split between a cash amount and an amount in shares, which shares were formerly payable under the Employment Agreement. If the Company terminates Mr. Osser’s employment “Without Cause,” other than due to his death or disability, or if Mr. Osser terminates his employment for “Good Reason” (both as defined in the agreement), Mr. Osser is entitled to be paid in one lump sum payment as soon as practicable following such termination: an amount equal to the aggregate present value (as determined in accordance with Section 280G(d)(4) of the Code) of all compensation pursuant to this agreement from the effective date of termination hereunder through the remainder of the Employment Term.

In connection with his acceptance of the Vice Chairman position and in consideration of his services as a member of the Board and agreement to provide certain additional general consulting services, Mr. Osser was granted options to purchase 2,000,000 shares of common stock, exercisable at the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant, vesting over the five-year period after he steps down as Interim Chief Executive Officer of the Company or ten years from the date of grant, whichever shall end first. The Company believes that the effect of such existing agreements and the Succession Agreement, all of which relate to the period after such time Mr. Osser steps down as Interim Chief Executive Officer of the Company, collectively expand Mr. Osser’s consulting to and support of the Company beyond its Chinese operations to also include its medical and other products, while enhancing the retention aspects of the Company’s relationship with Mr. Osser. On May 19, 2021, Mr. Osser resigned as Interim Chief Executive Officer of the Company and assumed the role of Vice Chairman of the Board.

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Compensation under the Employment Agreement and the Consulting Agreement is payable for 9.5 years from May 19, 2021. The Company recorded expenses of $50,000 and $100,000 related to the Employment Agreement for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 respectively. The Company recorded expenses of $50,000 and $100,000 related to the Consulting Agreement for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 respectively. Mr. Osser also owns 2,717,765 of the Company's stock, and 2,481,048 shares to be issued at the termination of his employment agreement.

Dr. D. Demesmin, Director

As of February 2024, the University Pain Medicine Center (STEMMEE), of which Dr. D. Demesmin, a Company board member is the CEO agreed to purchases products from the Company under the same terms and conditions applying to other medical pain clinics in the United States. STEMMEE purchased medical products in the amount of $15,000 and $21,000 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025. STEMMEE purchased medical products in the amount of $6,000 and $9,000 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024.

Arjan J. Haverhals, Director

The Company entered into a consulting agreement with Mr. Arjan Haverhals, which commenced on January 1, 2025, and continues for an indefinite period, subject to the Company having the right to terminate the Consulting Agreement on 30 days advance notice in the event of his disability to provide services and either party having the right to terminate the Consulting Agreement on 90 days’ advance notice. Mr. Haverhals will be paid an annual fee at the rate of $350,000, at the at the rate of $150,000 in respect of the first calendar quarter of 2025, and at the rate of $67,000 in respect of each subsequent calendar quarter of 2025, payable monthly in arrears, in each case in equal monthly installments on the last day of each month of such quarter.

The Company will reimburse Mr. Haverhals for reasonable expenses in providing the services. Mr. Haverhals will be an independent contractor and will not be provided with health and accident insurance, life insurance, paid sick leave and/or paid vacation time. In connection with the Consulting Agreement, he has also entered into a Company-standard form of non-disclosure, non-solicitation, non-competition, and invention agreement. Mr. Haverhals continues as a director of the Company and as a director of Milestone Scientific. Company recorded expenses of $67,000 and $216,000 related to the consulting agreement for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 respectively.

Mr. Haverhals will be issued 912,736 shares of the Company's stock six months after his resignation as CEO and in accordance with such consulting agreement. As of June 30, 2025 the share have not been issued to Mr. Haverhals.

NOTE 13 — COMMITMENTS

(1) Contract Manufacturing Agreement

Milestone Scientific has informal arrangements with third-party manufacturers of the STA devices, and epidural instruments pursuant to which they manufacture these products under specific purchase orders but without any long-term contract or minimum purchase commitment. The Company has a purchase commitment for the delivery of 2,000 STA instruments as of June 30, 2025. As of June 30, 2025, the purchase order commitment was approximately $2.5 million, and approximately $786,000 was paid and reported in advance on contracts in the unaudited consolidated balance sheet. As of June 30, 2025 the Company recorded approximately $293,000 for the development of the next generation instrument in advances on contracts in the unaudited consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2024, the purchase order commitment was approximately $3.2 million, and approximately $932,000 was paid and reported in advance on contracts in the consolidated balance sheet.

The advances on contracts represent funding of future epidural instruments, and epidural replacements parts. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 the company also has advances on an open purchase order for long lead items for a future purchase order for the manufacturing of Epidural instrument of approximately $34,000 and $168,000 respectively.

(2) Operating Leases

The Company identified and assessed the following significant assumptions in recognizing its right-of-use assets and corresponding lease liabilities:

| ● | As the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company estimated the incremental borrowing rate in calculating the present value of the lease payments. The Company has utilized its incremental borrowing rate based on the long-term borrowing costs of comparable companies in the Medical Device industry.

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| ● | Since the Company elected to account for each lease component and its associated non-lease components as a single combined lease component, all contract consideration was allocated to the combined lease component.
| ● | The expected lease terms include non-cancellable lease periods. Renewal option periods are not included in the determination of the lease terms as they were not reasonably certain to be exercised.

The components of lease expense were as follows:

|  | Three months ended |  |  | Six months ended |
|  | June 30, 2025 |  |  | June 30, 2024 |  |  | June 30, 2025 |  |  | June 30, 2024 |
Cash paid for operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 31,882 |  |  | $ | 33,290 |  |  | $ | 63,764 |  |  | $ | 65,272 |
Cash paid for finance lease liabilities |  |  | 3,417 |  |  |  | 2,685 |  |  |  | 6,834 |  |  |  | 5,370 |
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Finance leases (years) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4.50 years |  |  | 0.55 years |
Operating leases (years) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.75 years |  |  | 2.75 years |
Weighted-average discount rate – operating leases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9.20 | % |  |  | 9.20 | %
Weighted-average discount rate – finance leases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | 9.20 | %

NOTE 14— SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

Effective July 31, 2025, the Board of Directors of Milestone Scientific Inc. (the “Company”) appointed Eric Hines as President and Chief Executive Officer, and as a director of the Company. From July 31, 2025 through December 31, 2025 (the “Initial Term”), Mr. Hines will be entitled to base compensation at the rate of $15,000 per month. From January 1, 2026, subject to Mr. Hines’s continued employment at the Company by mutual agreement (the “Extended Term”), Mr. Hines will be entitled to base compensation at the rate of $25,000 per month. In addition to his base compensation, Mr. Hines will be granted options (the “Signing Bonus Options”) for an aggregate of 2,000,000 shares of Common Stock of the Company. The exercise price of the Signing Bonus Options will be the fair market value of shares of Common Stock of the Company on the date of grant. Ten percent (10%) of the Signing Bonus Options will vest on the date of grant and the remaining ninety percent (90%) will
vest in three (3) equal annual installments of 600,000 shares each. In addition, it is expected that Mr. Hines would be entitled to receive an annual incentive bonus, comprised of (i) separate performance-based bonuses; and (ii) a discretionary bonus, each as determined by the Company’s Compensation Committee, in its sole discretion.

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ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussions of the financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and the notes to those statements contained in this report and in connection with management's discussion and analysis and the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC on April 15, 2025. Certain statements in this discussion and elsewhere in this report constitute forward-looking statements, within the meaning of Section 21E of the Exchange Act, which involve risks and uncertainties. The actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements.

OVERVIEW

Milestone Scientific is a biomedical technology company that patents, designs, develops, and commercializes innovative diagnostic and therapeutic injection technologies and devices for medical and dental use. Since our inception, we have engaged in pioneering proprietary, innovative, computer-controlled injection technologies, and solutions for the medical and dental markets. We believe our technologies are proven and well established. Our common stock was initially listed on the NYSE American on June 1, 2015, and trades under the symbol “MLSS".

We have focused our resources on redefining the worldwide standard of care for injection techniques by making the experience more comfortable for the patient by reducing the anxiety and stress of receiving injections from the healthcare provider. Our computer-controlled injection devices make injections precise, efficient, and virtually painless.

We have developed a proprietary, revolutionary, computer-controlled anesthetic delivery device, our DPS Dynamic Pressure Sensing Technology® System, to meet the needs of various subcutaneous drug delivery injections and fluid aspiration – enabling healthcare practitioners to achieve multiple unique benefits that cannot currently be accomplished with the 160-year-old manual syringe. Our proprietary DPS Dynamic Pressure Sensing technology is our technology platform that advances the development of next-generation devices. It regulates flow rate and monitoring pressure from the tip of the needle, through platform extensions for local anesthesia for subcutaneous drug delivery, used in various dental and medical injections. It has specific medical applications for epidural space identification in regional anesthesia procedures.

Our device, The Wand®, a single use disposable handpiece, is marketed in dentistry under the trademark CompuDent®, and STA Single Tooth Anesthesia System® and is suitable for all dental procedures that require local anesthetic. The dental devices currently are sold in the United States, Canada and in over 41 other countries. Milestone Scientific also has 510(k) marketing clearance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on the CompuFlo® Epidural Computer Controlled Anesthesia System in the lumbar, thoracic, and cervical thoracic junction of the spine region. In addition, Milestone Scientific has obtained CE mark approval and can be marketed and sold in most European countries.

Our recent receipt of chronology-Specific CPT Code for the Company's technology by the American Medical Association marks an important milestone, which could increase the potential number of anesthesia pain management clinics adopting the CompuFlo instrument. A CPT code expands the potential for reimbursement of epidural procedures in pain management utilizing the CompuFlo Epidural System., which should help accelerate the commercial roll-out of CompuFlo in the U.S

Milestone Scientific and its subsidiaries currently hold over 317 U.S. and foreign patents, and many patents pending and patent applications. The Company’s patents and patent applications relate to drug delivery methodologies, Peripheral Nerve Block, drug flow rate measurement, pressure/force computer-controlled drug delivery with exit pressure, dynamic pressure sensing, automated rate control, automated charging, drug profiles, audible and visual pressure/force feedback, tissue identification, identification of a target region drug delivery injection unit, drug drive unit for anesthetic, handpiece, and injection device.

Milestone Scientific remains focused on advancing efforts to achieve the following three primary objectives:

● | Establishing Milestone’s DPS Dynamic Pressure Sensing technology platform as the standard-of-care in painless and precise drug delivery, providing for the first time, objective visual and audible in-tissue pressure feedback, and continuing to expand platform applications;

● | Following obtaining successful FDA clearance of our first medical device, Milestone Scientific is transitioning from a research and development organization to a commercially focused medical device company; and

● | Expanding our global footprint of our CompuFlo Epidural and CathCheck System by utilizing a targeted field sales force and partnering with distribution companies worldwide.

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Our dental devices have been used to administer over 95 million injections worldwide. Each of our devices has a related single disposable handpiece, leading to a continuing revenue stream following the sale of the device. At present, we sell disposable handpieces unique to our legacy product (the Wand and CompuDent) to users who have not upgraded to our current dental product, the STA Single Tooth Anesthesia System.

Building on the success of our proprietary, core technology platform for dental injections, and desiring to pursue other growth opportunities, we have begun to expand the uses and applications of our proprietary, patented technologies to achieve greater operational efficiencies, enhanced patient safety and therapeutic adherence, patient satisfaction, and improved quality of care across a broad range of medical specialties.

We intend to continue to expand the uses and applications of our DPS Dynamic Pressure Sensing technology. We believe that we and our technology solutions are recognized by key opinion leaders (i.e., academics, anesthesiologists and practicing dentists w

The Single Tooth Anesthesia System (Dental)

Since its market introduction in early 2007, the STA Single Tooth Anesthesia System and prior C-CLAD devices have been used to deliver over 95 million safe, effective, and comfortable injections. The instrument has also been favorably evaluated in numerous peer-reviewed, published clinical studies and associated articles. Moreover, there appears to be a growing consensus among users that the STA Instrument is proving to be a valuable and beneficial instrument that is positively impacting the practice of dentistry worldwide.

Medical Market Product

In June 2017, we received FDA regulatory clearance to sell the CompuFlo Epidural Computer Controlled Anesthesia System in the United States for epidural injections.

In May, 2022, the Company received a chronology-specific CPT Code for the Company’s technology by the American Medical Association, which marks an important milestone. Effective January 1, 2023, this temporary tracking code allows clinicians to submit claims to healthcare insurance providers using the Company’s technology for Epidural Sterile Injections in the lumbar, thoracic, and cervical thoracic junction of the spinal region for reimbursement. A CPT code expands the potential for reimbursement of epidural procedures in pain management utilizing the CompuFlo Epidural System.

The following table shows a breakdown of Milestone Scientific’s product sales (net), domestically and internationally, by business segment product category:

|  | For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2025 |  |  | For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2024 |
Domestic: US |  | Dental |  |  | Medical |  |  | Grand Total |  |  | Dental |  |  | Medical |  |  | Grand Total |
Instruments |  | $ | 183,190 |  |  | $ | 2,000 |  |  | $ | 185,190 |  |  | $ | 194,676 |  |  | $ | 1,000 |  |  | $ | 195,676 |
Handpieces |  |  | 1,085,047 |  |  |  | 30,100 |  |  |  | 1,115,147 |  |  |  | 1,136,124 |  |  |  | 18,000 |  |  |  | 1,154,124 |
Accessories |  |  | 10,029 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10,029 |  |  |  | 14,977 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 14,977 |
Grand Total |  |  | 1,278,266 |  |  |  | 32,100 |  |  |  | 1,310,366 |  |  |  | 1,345,777 |  |  |  | 19,000 |  |  |  | 1,364,777 |
International: Rest of World |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Instruments |  | $ | 269,871 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 269,871 |  |  | $ | 125,176 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 125,176 |
Handpieces |  |  | 732,218 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 732,218 |  |  |  | 357,645 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 357,645 |
Accessories |  |  | 11,011 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 11,011 |  |  |  | 6,166 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,166 |
Grand Total |  |  | 1,013,100 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,013,100 |  |  |  | 488,987 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 488,987 |
Total Product Sales |  | $ | 2,291,366 |  |  | $ | 32,100 |  |  | $ | 2,323,466 |  |  | $ | 1,834,764 |  |  | $ | 19,000 |  |  | $ | 1,853,764 |

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|  | For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 |  |  | For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 |
Domestic: US |  | Dental |  |  | Medical |  |  | Grand Total |  |  | Dental |  |  | Medical |  |  | Grand Total |
Instruments |  | $ | 361,065 |  |  | $ | 5,000 |  |  | $ | 366,065 |  |  | $ | 408,551 |  |  | $ | 1,000 |  |  | $ | 409,551 |
Handpieces |  |  | 2,100,894 |  |  |  | 74,350 |  |  |  | 2,175,244 |  |  |  | 2,216,557 |  |  |  | 25,420 |  |  |  | 2,241,977 |
Accessories |  |  | 24,389 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 24,389 |  |  |  | 31,667 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 31,667 |
Grand Total |  |  | 2,486,348 |  |  |  | 79,350 |  |  |  | 2,565,698 |  |  |  | 2,656,775 |  |  |  | 26,420 |  |  |  | 2,683,195 |
International: Rest of World |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Instruments |  | $ | 344,814 |  |  | $ | 4,000 |  |  | $ | 348,814 |  |  | $ | 407,262 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 407,262 |
Handpieces |  |  | 1,508,065 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,508,065 |  |  |  | 1,004,594 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,004,594 |
Accessories |  |  | 23,309 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 23,309 |  |  |  | 7,558 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7,558 |
Grand Total |  |  | 1,876,188 |  |  |  | 4,000 |  |  |  | 1,880,188 |  |  |  | 1,419,414 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,419,414 |
International: China |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Instruments |  | $ | 110,000 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 110,000 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Handpieces |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Accessories |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Grand Total |  |  | 110,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 110,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total Product Sales |  | $ | 4,472,536 |  |  | $ | 83,350 |  |  | $ | 4,555,886 |  |  | $ | 4,076,189 |  |  | $ | 26,420 |  |  | $ | 4,102,609 |

Current Product Platform

See Note 1, “Organization and Business”.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth the consolidated results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The trends suggested by this table may not be indicative of future operating results:

Results of Operations |
|  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2025 |  |  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2024 |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 |
Operating results: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Product sales, net |  | $ | 2,323,466 |  |  | $ | 1,853,764 |  |  | $ | 4,555,886 |  |  | $ | 4,102,609 |
Cost of products sold |  |  | 705,860 |  |  | $ | 442,560 |  |  |  | 1,290,845 |  |  |  | 1,015,302 |
Gross profit |  |  | 1,617,606 |  |  |  | 1,411,204 |  |  |  | 3,265,041 |  |  |  | 3,087,307 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 3,030,952 |  |  |  | 2,868,182 |  |  |  | 6,287,680 |  |  |  | 5,903,458 |
Research and development expenses |  |  | 51,789 |  |  |  | 314,968 |  |  |  | 420,909 |  |  |  | 409,179 |
Depreciation and amortization expense |  |  | 19,496 |  |  |  | 8,477 |  |  |  | 38,936 |  |  |  | 20,161 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 3,102,237 |  |  |  | 3,191,627 |  |  |  | 6,747,525 |  |  |  | 6,332,798 |
Loss from operations |  |  | (1,484,631 | ) |  |  | (1,780,423 | ) |  |  | (3,482,484 | ) |  |  | (3,245,491 | )
Gain on sale of net operating losses |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,983,095 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,983,095 |
Interest income, net |  |  | 1,521 |  |  |  | 20,966 |  |  |  | 4,788 |  |  |  | 45,505 |
Net loss |  | $ | (1,483,110 | ) |  | $ | 223,638 |  |  | $ | (3,477,696 | ) |  | $ | (1,216,891 | )

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Three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to three months ended June 30, 2024

Net sales for 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | Change |
Dental |  | $ | 2,291,366 |  |  | $ | 1,834,764 |  |  | $ | 456,602 |
Medical |  |  | 32,100 |  |  |  | 19,000 |  |  |  | 13,100 |
Total sales, net |  | $ | 2,323,466 |  |  | $ | 1,853,764 |  |  | $ | 469,702 |

Consolidated revenue for the three months ended June 30,2025, and 2024, was approximately $2.3 million and an increase of approximately $470,000. E-commerce dental revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, was approximately $1.3 million respectively. For the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, international revenue was approximately $1.0 million, and $489,000, respectively, an increase of $511,000. For the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, medical revenue was approximately $32,000 and $19,000, respectively, an increase of $13,000, compared to June 30, 2024.

Gross Profit for 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | Change |
Dental |  | $ | 1,586,500 |  |  | $ | 1,392,109 |  |  | $ | 194,391 |
Medical |  |  | 31,106 |  |  |  | 19,095 |  |  |  | 12,011 |
Total gross profit |  | $ | 1,617,606 |  |  | $ | 1,411,204 |  |  | $ | 206,402 |

Consolidated gross profit for the three months ended June 30, 2025 was approximately $1.6 million, an increase of approximately $206,000, compared to approximately $1.4 million for the same period in 2024.

Selling, general and administrative expenses for 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | Change |
Dental |  | $ | 1,083,794 |  |  | $ | 884,547 |  |  | $ | 199,247 |
Medical |  |  | 449,551 |  |  |  | 546,760 |  |  |  | (97,209 | )
Corporate |  |  | 1,497,607 |  |  |  | 1,436,875 |  |  |  | 60,732 |
Total selling, general and administrative expenses |  | $ | 3,030,952 |  |  | $ | 2,868,182 |  |  | $ | 162,770 |

Consolidated selling, general and administrative expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were approximately $3.0 million and $2.9 million, respectively. The increase of approximately $163,000 is due to factors in several areas. Employee salaries and benefits expenses decreased approximately $56,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. The Company decreased regulatory marketing, warehousing, and other selling, general and administrative by approximately $141,000. The Company recorded an increase in quality control, royalties’ expense, professional fees, and travel expenses of approximately $360,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024.

Research and Development for 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | Change |
Dental |  | $ | 47,089 |  |  | $ | 314,319 |  |  | $ | (267,230 | )
Medical |  |  | 4,700 |  |  |  | 649 |  |  |  | 4,051 |
Corporate |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total research and development |  | $ | 51,789 |  |  | $ | 314,968 |  |  | $ | (263,179 | )

Consolidated research and development expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were approximately $52,000 and $315,000, respectively. The decrease of approximately $263,000. The Company has decided to delay research and development on the STA Single Tooth Anesthesia System next generation instrument.

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Profit (Loss) from Operations for 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | Change |
Dental |  | $ | 455,626 |  |  | $ | 193,243 |  |  | $ | 262,383 |
Medical |  |  | (423,152 | ) |  |  | (528,315 | ) |  |  | 105,163 |
Corporate |  |  | (1,517,105 | ) |  |  | (1,445,351 | ) |  |  | (71,754 | )
Total loss from operations |  | $ | (1,484,631 | ) |  | $ | (1,780,423 | ) |  | $ | 295,792 |

The loss from operations was approximately $1.5 million and $ 1.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, a decrease of approximately $296,000. The decrease is due to an increase in salaries and a reduction in selling, general, and administrative expenses.

Six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to six months ended June 30, 2024

Net sales for 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | Change |
Dental |  | $ | 4,472,536 |  |  | $ | 4,076,189 |  |  | $ | 396,347 |
Medical |  |  | 83,350 |  |  |  | 26,420 |  |  |  | 56,930 |
Total sales, net |  | $ | 4,555,886 |  |  | $ | 4,102,609 |  |  | $ | 453,277 |

Consolidated revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, was approximately $4.6 million, an increase of approximately $453,000. E-Commerce and dental service revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was approximately $2.6 million and $2.7 million, respectively, an increase of approximately $0.1 million. For the six months ended June 30, 2025, international revenue was approximately $1.9 million and $1.4 million an increase of $500,000, compared to June 30, 2024. For the six months ended June 30, 2025, sales in China revenue was approximately $110,000, compared to zero as of June 30, 2024. For the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, medical revenue was approximately $83,000 and $26,000, respectively, an increase of $57,000, compared to June 30, 2024.

Gross Profit for 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | Change |
Dental |  | $ | 3,182,775 |  |  | $ | 3,065,235 |  |  | $ | 117,540 |
Medical |  |  | 82,266 |  |  |  | 22,072 |  |  |  | 60,194 |
Total gross profit |  | $ | 3,265,041 |  |  | $ | 3,087,307 |  |  | $ | 177,734 |

Consolidated gross profit for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was approximately $3.3 million, an increase of approximately $178,000, compared to approximately $3.1 million for the same period in 2024.

Selling, general and administrative expenses for 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | Change |
Dental |  | $ | 2,135,900 |  |  | $ | 1,838,216 |  |  | $ | 297,684 |
Medical |  |  | 917,655 |  |  |  | 1,040,902 |  |  |  | (123,247 | )
Corporate |  |  | 3,234,125 |  |  |  | 3,024,340 |  |  |  | 209,785 |
Total selling, general and administrative expenses |  | $ | 6,287,680 |  |  | $ | 5,903,458 |  |  | $ | 384,222 |

Consolidated selling, general and administrative expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were approximately $6.3 million and $5.9 million, respectively. The increase of approximately $384,000 is due to factors in several areas. Employee salaries and benefits expenses decreased approximately $137,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. The Company decreased regulatory marketing, warehousing, and other selling, general and administrative by approximately $176,000. The Company recorded an increase in quality control, royalty expenses, travel expenses, and professional fees of approximately $696,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024.

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Research and Development for 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | Change |
Dental |  | $ | 411,896 |  |  | $ | 408,270 |  |  | $ | 3,626 |
Medical |  |  | 9,013 |  |  |  | 909 |  |  |  | 8,104 |
Corporate |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |
Total research and development |  | $ | 420,909 |  |  | $ | 409,179 |  |  | $ | 11,730 |

Consolidated research and development expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were approximately $421,000 and $409,000, respectively. The increase of approximately $12,000 is related to the Company's development of the next generation STA Single Tooth Anesthesia System, The Company has also decided to delay research and development on the STA Single Tooth Anesthesia System next generation instrument.

Profit (Loss) from Operations for 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | Change |
Dental |  | $ | 634,979 |  |  | $ | 818,749 |  |  | $ | (183,770 | )
Medical |  |  | (844,402 | ) |  |  | (1,019,740 | ) |  |  | 175,338 |
Corporate |  |  | (3,273,061 | ) |  |  | (3,044,500 | ) |  |  | (228,561 | )
Total loss from operations |  | $ | (3,482,484 | ) |  | $ | (3,245,491 | ) |  | $ | (236,993 | )

The loss from operations was approximately $3.5 million and $3.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, a decrease of approximately $237,000.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

C ash Flows

The following table summarizes our sources and uses of cash for six months ended:

Cash flow: |  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2025 |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 |  |  | Change |
Net cash used in operating activities |  | $ | (2,772,273 | ) |  | $ | (434,473 | ) |  | $ | (2,337,800 | )
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities |  |  | (5,776 | ) |  |  | 2,969,977 |  |  |  | (2,975,753 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 794,305 |  |  |  | 238,889 |  |  |  | 555,416 |
|  | $ | (1,983,744 | ) |  | $ | 2,774,393 |  |  | $ | (4,758,137 | )

Operating Activities

Cash flows from operating activities increased by $2.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to June 30, 2024. The increase was driven by an increase in net loss of $2.3 million.

Investing Activities

Cash flows from investing activities decreased $3.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to June 30, 2024. The Company sold $3.0 million of marketable securities during the six months ended June 30, 2024 which increased cash and equivalents $3.0 million. As of June 30, 2025 the Company had no marketable securities.

Financing Activities

Cash flows from financing activities increased $0.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025 compared June 30, 2024 due to the issuance of $0.8 million of Notes payable during the six months ended June 30, 2025 as compared to an issuance of a public placement offering of $0.2 million during the six months ended June 30, 2024.

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Consideration of Company’s ability to continue as a going concern

Our financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles which contemplate continuation of the Company on a going concern basis. The going concern basis assumes that assets are realized, and liabilities are extinguished in the ordinary course of business at amounts disclosed in the financial statements.

The Company has incurred total losses since the inception of $131.5 million. The Company’s operating losses were approximately $1.5 million and $3.5 million, for the three and six months ending June 30 2025, respectively. On June 30, 2025, Milestone Scientific had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $1.3 million and working capital of approximately $3.9 million. For the six months ending June 30, 2025 and 2024, we had cash flows used in operating activities of approximately $2.8 million and $0.4 million, respectively.

Based on our available cash and cash equivalents, recurring losses, accumulated deficit and the need to raise additional capital to finance operations, including proceeds received from the note financing received in April 2025, as of June 30, 2025, we have concluded that there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for a period of one year from the date that these unaudited condensed financial statements are issued.

We will seek additional funding through equity financings or debt financings to support our current operating plan. Although management intends to pursue plans to obtain additional funding to finance its operations, and we have successfully raised capital in the past, we may not be able to obtain financing on acceptable terms, or at all. The terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or rights of the Company’s stockholders.

We are actively pursuing the generation of positive cash flows from operating activities through an increase in revenue from its dental business worldwide, the generation of revenue from its medical devices and disposables business in the United States and worldwide, and a reduction in operating expenses. However, our continued operations will depend on its ability to raise additional capital through various potential sources until it achieves profitability, if ever.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Milestone Scientific is a “smaller reporting company” as defined by Regulation S-K and, as such, is not required to provide the information required by this item.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Principal Accounting Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2025. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.

Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, as ours are designed to do, and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Principal Accounting Officer concluded that, as of June 30, 2025, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We routinely review our internal control over financial reporting and from time to time make changes intended to enhance the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. During the period ended June 30, 2025, we made no changes to our internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act, that we believe materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Except as disclosed below, there have been no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed in Part I, Item 1A, of our 2024 Annual Report.

Changes to United States tariff and import/export regulations may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The United States has recently enacted and proposed to enact significant new tariffs, and President Trump has directed various federal agencies to further evaluate key aspects of U.S. trade policy. There has been and are ongoing discussions and commentaries regarding potential significant changes to U.S. trade policies, treaties, and tariffs. There exists significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the U.S. and other countries with respect to such trade policies, treaties, and tariffs. These developments, or the perception that any of them could occur, may have a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets, and may significantly reduce global trade and, in particular, trade between the impacted nations and the U.S. We source important elements used in our products from China, and we have significant sales in jurisdictions outside the United States. Any of these factors could depress economic activity and restrict our access to suppliers or customers and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Government Action on tariffs and research grants and other funding may impede our ability to conduct our research and to raise capital.

Early 2025 federal government actions to impose tariffs and limit research grants and other funding, including funding universities and research enterprises, may cause disruption to our business. These actions include the imposition of tariffs and ending or restructuring government research funding generally or in conjunction with higher learning institutional funding. These government actions have been only recently implemented, therefore the full impact has yet to be realized by the Company. Nonetheless, (i) tariffs are likely to increase the cost of doing business and to make it more difficult to obtain items where imported equipment is required by our own activities and the activities of our collaborative and research partners, and (ii) ending or reducing research funding is likely to make it more difficult to find collaborative research partners to work with us as government funding is an indirect support for our research and product development activities. We also believe that as research funding impacts our collaborative research partners is reduced or withdrawn, it will make raising capital for the Company more difficult, as investors will want to know if the Company will be able to use the proceeds with fully funded entities for product development.

Item1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

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Item 1C. Cybersecurity

None.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and use of proceeds

Not applicable.

Item 3. Default upon Senior Securities

Not applicable.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosure

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

Not applicable.

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Item 6. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

Exhibit No |  | Description
31.1 |  | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification-Chief Executive Officer and Chief Accounting Officer*
32.1 |  | Section 1350 Certifications-Chief Executive Officer and Chief Accounting Officer**
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document*
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document*
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document*
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document*
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document*
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document*
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

* | Filed herewith.

** | Furnished herewith and not filed, in accordance with item 601(32) (ii) of Regulation S-K.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| MILESTONE SCIENTIFIC INC. |
| /s/ Eric Hines |
| Eric Hines |
| Chief Executive Officer |
| (Principal Executive Officer) |
| /s/ Keisha Harcum |
| Keisha Harcum |
| Vice President of Finance |
| (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) |
| August 14, 2025 |

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