Summary of significant accounting policies

Principles of consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated upon consolidation.

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand and time deposits placed with banks or other financial institutions and have original maturities of less than three months.

Other receivables, net

Other receivables include advances to third parties or employees and interests receivable. Management regularly reviews the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses on an ongoing basis and considers factors such as the aging of receivables and changes in payment trends, creditworthiness, current economic trend as well as other supportable forward-looking factors. Accounts considered uncollectable are written off against allowances after exhaustive efforts at collection are made. During the years ended June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023, $13,875, $389,528 and $2,582,761 provision for credit losses was recognized, respectively. During the years ended June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023, $2,582,761, nil and nil allowance for credit losses was written off, respectively.

Allowance for credit losses

Allowance for credit losses represents management’s best estimate of probable losses inherent in the portfolio. Commencing July 1, 2023, the Group adopted Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 326, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” This guidance replaced the “incurred loss” impairment methodology with an approach based on “expected losses” to estimate credit losses on certain types of financial instruments and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. The guidance requires financial assets to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the cost of the financial asset to present the net carrying value at the amount expected to be collected on the financial asset.

Under Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2016-13, the Group has exposure to credit losses for financial assets, which are other receivables and loans receivable. The Group considered various factors, including nature, historical collection experience, the age of the receivable balances, credit quality and specific risk characteristics of its customers, current economic conditions, forward-looking information including economic, regulatory, technological, environmental factors (such as industry prospects, GDP, employment, etc.), reversion period, and qualitative and quantitative adjustments to develop an estimate of credit losses. The Group has adopted loss rate method to calculate the credit loss and considered the reverent factors of the historical and future conditions of the Group to make reasonable estimation of the risk rate.

Financial assets are presented net of the allowance for credit losses in the consolidated balance sheets. The measurement of the allowance for credit losses is recognized through current expected credit loss expense. Current expected credit loss expense is included as a component of general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Write-offs are recorded in the period in which the asset is deemed to be uncollectible.

Plant and equipment, net

Plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of five years for cryptocurrency mining equipment.

All cryptocurrency mining equipment was fully impaired and disposed of in prior years, and no plant and equipment were held or in use as of June 30, 2025. Depreciation expense was nil, $900,938, and $5,361,955 for the years ended June 30, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

Impairment for long-lived assets

Long-lived assets, including plant and equipment and intangible assets with finite lives are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances (such as a significant adverse change to market conditions that will impact the future use of the assets) indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. The Group assesses the recoverability of the assets based on the undiscounted future cash flows the assets are expected to generate and recognize an impairment loss when estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset plus net proceeds expected from disposition of the asset, if any, are less than the carrying value of the asset. If an impairment is identified, the Group would reduce the carrying amount of the asset to its estimated fair value based on a discounted cash flows approach or, when available and appropriate, to comparable market values. During the years ended June 30, 2025, 2024 and 2023, nil, $6,472,266 and $16,691,803 impairment of long-lived assets was recognized, respectively.

Related parties

A party is considered to be related to the Group if the party directly or indirectly or through one or more intermediaries, controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with the Group. Related parties also include principal owners of the Group, its management, members of the immediate families of principal owners of the Group and its management and other parties with which the Group may deal if one party controls or can significantly influence management or operating policies of the other to an extent that one of the transacting parties might be prevented from fully pursuing its own separate interests. A party which can significantly influence the management or operating policies of the transacting parties or if it has an ownership interest in one of the transacting parties and can significantly influence the other to an extent that one or more of the transacting parties might be prevented from fully pursuing its own separate interests is also a related party.

Warrants

The Group accounts for warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the warrant’s specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance in ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480”) and ASC 815.

The assessment considers whether the warrants are freestanding financial instruments, meeting the definition of a liability under ASC 480, and whether the warrants meet all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815. This includes determining whether the warrants are indexed to the Group’s own ordinary share and whether the warrant holders could potentially require net cash settlement in a circumstance outside of the Group’s control. This assessment, which requires the use of professional judgment, is conducted at the time of warrant issuance and is reassessed at each subsequent reporting date while the warrants are outstanding.

Warrants that meet all of the criteria for equity classification are recorded as a component of equity at fair value at the time of issuance and not subsequently remeasured. Warrants that do not meet the criteria for equity classification are recorded as liabilities, measured at fair value at issuance and subsequently remeasured to fair value at each reporting period, with changes in fair value recognized in earnings.

The Group recognizes on a prospective basis the value of the effect of the down round feature in the warrants when the feature is triggered (i.e., when the exercise price is adjusted downward). This value is measured as the difference between (1) the financial instrument’s fair value (without the down round feature) using the pre-trigger exercise price and (2) the financial instrument’s fair value (with the down round feature) using the reduced exercise price. The value of the effect of the down round feature will be treated as a deemed dividend and a reduction to income available to ordinary shareholders in the basic earnings per share (“EPS”) calculation.

Cost of revenues

Cost of revenues consists primarily of the direct costs associated with running the cryptocurrency mining business, such as utilities, maintenance labor costs, shipping fees, plant remodeling fees and other service charges. The Group signed hosting agreement with hosting partners, and the hosting partners will install the mining equipment and provide elective power, internet services and other necessary services to maintain the operation of the mining equipment. All the related operating fees are included in the all-in-one monthly fees charged by the hosting partner to the Group. Depreciation of cryptocurrency mining equipment is calculated separately and also recorded as a component of cost of revenues for cryptocurrency mining. In December 2023, the Group temporarily suspended the Bitcoin mining operations due to the high operating costs in the United States.

Income taxes

The Group accounts for income taxes in accordance with U.S. GAAP for income taxes. The charge for taxation is based on the results for the fiscal year as adjusted for items, which are non-assessable or disallowed. It is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the balance sheet date.

Deferred taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method in respect of temporary differences arising from differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities in the consolidated financial statements and the corresponding tax basis used in the computation of assessable tax profit. In principle, deferred tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which deductible temporary differences can be utilized. Deferred tax is calculated using tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realized or the liability is settled. Deferred tax is charged or credited in the income statement, except when it is related to items credited or charged directly to equity, in which case the deferred tax is also dealt with in equity. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Current income taxes are provided in accordance with the laws of the relevant taxing authorities.

An uncertain tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” test, no tax benefit is recorded. No penalties and interest incurred related to underpayment of income tax are classified as income tax expense in the period incurred.

Segment reporting

ASC 280, Segment Reporting, (“ASC 280”), establishes standards for companies to report in their financial statements information about operating segments, products, services, geographic areas, and major customers. Based on the criteria established by ASC 280, the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) has been identified as the Group’s Chief Executive Officer, who reviews consolidated results when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance of the Group. As a whole, the Group has one reportable segment. The Group does not distinguish between markets or segments for the purpose of internal reporting. As the Group primarily generates cryptocurrency miner sales revenue by delivery to the customer’s designated pick-up location, no geographical segments are presented.