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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 3 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation | Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and wholly-owned and majority owned subsidiaries. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial statements and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. The consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023, and related notes were derived from the audited consolidated financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect, in the opinion of management, all material adjustments (which include normal recurring adjustments) necessary to fairly state, in all material respects, the Company’s financial position as of March 31, 2024, the results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 and its cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the full year or any future period. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial information should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Non-controlling interests at March 31, 2024 and 2023, relate to the interests of third parties in the majority owned subsidiaries. The managing members of the Company have a controlling interest in PatentVest, S.A., a company organized and based in Nicaragua (which was renamed MDB Capital, S.A in 2022). As the Company does not have a controlling financial interest in this entity, and management has determined PatentVest, S.A. is not a variable interest entity and as such should not be consolidated as it has no ownership interests nor is a variable interest, so has excluded this entity from the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. It is the Company’s policy to reevaluate this conclusion on an annual basis or if there are significant changes in ownership.
Income Taxes | Income Taxes The Company is a limited liability company treated as a partnership for federal and state income tax purposes, with the exception of the state of Texas, in which income tax liabilities and/or benefits of the Company are passed through to its unitholders. Limited liability companies are subject to Texas margin tax. Additionally, the Company’s subsidiaries Public Ventures, MDB Management, PatentVest and Invizyne are Subchapter C-corporations subject to federal and state income taxes. As such, with the exception of the state of Texas and certain subsidiaries, the Company is not a taxable entity, it does not directly pay federal and state income taxes and recognition has not been given to federal and state income taxes for the operations of the Company.
Use of Estimates | Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period, as well as the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Some of those judgments can be subjective and complex, and therefore, actual results could differ materially from those estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various assumptions that are believed to be reasonable in relation to the financial statements taken as a whole under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Management regularly evaluates the key factors and assumptions used to develop the estimates utilizing currently available information, changes in facts and circumstances, historical experience and reasonable assumptions. After such evaluations, if deemed appropriate, those estimates are adjusted accordingly. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates include those related to assumptions used in the valuation of investment securities, valuing equity instruments issued for services, stock-based compensation and the realization of any deferred tax assets.
Emerging Growth Company | Emerging Growth Company The Company is an “emerging growth company,” or “EGC” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, as modified by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”), and it may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. Further, Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. The Company has elected to opt out of the extended transition periods.
Cash and Cash Equivalents | Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers highly liquid investments with original maturities or remaining maturities upon purchase of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The Company’s policy is to maintain its cash balances with financial institutions with high credit ratings and in accounts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”) and/or by the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (the “SIPC”). The Company may periodically have cash balances in financial institutions in excess of the FDIC and SIPC insurance limits of $250,000 and $500,000, respectively. The Company periodically reviews the financial condition of the financial institutions and assesses the credit risk of such investments. The Company did not experience any credit risk losses during the three-months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.
Segregated Cash and Deposits | Segregated Cash and Deposits From time to time the Company provides deposits or enters into agreements that would require funds to be held in a segregated cash account. At March 31, 2024, the Company had $2,959,994 of segregated cash consisting of funds held in reserve for non-customers and customers. At December 31, 2023, the Company had $1,247,881 of segregated cash consisting of funds held in reserve for non-customers.
Clearing Deposits | Clearing Deposits The Company is obligated to maintain security deposits with the DTC and NSCC. At March 31, 2024, these deposits totaled $703,740.
Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets | Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets The Company has prepaid and other expenses totaling $494,463 at March 31, 2024 consisting of acquired intangible assets totaling $43,500, prepaid professional fees totaling $50,000, security deposits totaling $47,380, various prepaid expense of $312,531, and other current assets of $41,052. Prepaid expenses and other assets totaling $523,788 at December 31, 2023 consisting of acquired intangible assets totaling $43,500, prepaid professional fees totaling $95,000, security deposits totaling $47,380, various prepaid expense of $325,777, and other assets of $12,131.
Leases | Leases Leases of the Company consist primarily of contracts for the right to use and direct use of an individual property. Leases were analyzed for evidence of significant additional components and to determine if these components were separately identifiable within the context of the contract. As an accounting policy, to account for these components, the Company has elected the practical expedient for property leases that have both lease and non-lease components for them to be combined into a single component and account for as a lease. This policy is effective for all current and future property operating leases and applied uniformly and will be disclosed as such within the financial statements. Operating lease assets are included within right-of-use assets and the corresponding operating lease liabilities are included within liabilities on the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The Company has elected not to present short-term leases on the consolidated balance sheet as these leases have a lease term of 12 months or less at lease inception and do not contain purchase options or renewal terms that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise. All other right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term at the lease commencement date. Because the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate of return, the Company used the Company’s incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at lease commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments.
Stock-based Compensation | Stock-based Compensation Stock-based compensation primarily consists of restricted stock units with service or market/performance conditions and stock options. The MDB and Invizyne issues restricted stock units are measured at the fair market value of the underlying stock at the grant date. The Company recognize stock compensation expense using the straight-line attribution method over the requisite service period for the restricted stock units. The Company’s subsidiary issued stock-option and the fair value is determined utilizing Black-Scholes options-pricing model. The Company account for forfeitures as they occur, rather than applying an estimated forfeiture rate. For performance-based restricted stock units, the compensation cost is recognized based on the number of units expected to vest upon the achievement of the performance conditions. Shares are issued on the vesting dates net of the applicable statutory tax withholding to be paid by us on behalf of our employees. As a result, fewer shares are issued to the employee than the number of awards outstanding. The Company record a liability for the tax withholding to be paid by us as a reduction to additional paid-in capital.
Investment Securities | Investment Securities The Company strategically invests funds in U.S. Treasury Bills, early-stage technology companies, and equity securities and options of publicly traded and privately held companies. The Company classifies investment securities as investment securities, at amortized cost, investment securities, at fair value, or investment securities, at cost less impairment. Investment securities, at amortized cost – This is comprised of debt securities held by MDB and are classified as investment securities held-to-maturity and carried at amortized cost if management has the positive intent and ability to hold the securities to maturity. These securities were originally recorded at fair value and are subsequently measured at amortized cost, adjusted for unamortized purchase premiums and discounts, and an allowance for credit losses. Premiums and discounts are amortized or accreted over the life of the related security as an adjustment to yield using the effective-interest method. Such amortization and accretion are included in the interest income in the statements of operations. Interest income is recognized when earned. The Company recognizes estimated expected credit losses over the life of the investment security through the allowance for credit losses account. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from, or added to, the amortized cost basis of the investment security to present the net amount expected to be collected. In determining expected credit losses, the Company considers relevant qualitative factors including, but not limited to, term and structure of the instrument, credit rating by rating agencies and historic credit losses adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The Company currently only holds investments securities, at amortized cost in U.S. Treasury Bills, so there are no expected credit losses. Declines in fair value of these securities is due to changes in market interest rates, and because we expect to hold these securities until maturity, we do not expect to realize any losses. Investment securities, at fair value – This is comprised of equity investments held by the broker dealer subsidiary and are reported at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in the statements of operations. Purchases and sales of equity securities, consisting of common stock and warrants to purchase common stock, are recorded based on the respective market price quotations on the trade date. Realized gains and losses on investments represent the net gains and losses on investments sold during the period based on the average cost method. Changes in fair value of investments are recorded on the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations as unrealized gains and losses. Investment securities, at cost less impairment – This is comprised of equity securities and a simple agreement on future equities without a readily determinable fair value held by the broker dealer subsidiary, the Company has elected to apply the measurement alternative of cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes. The Company will reassess whether such an investment qualifies for the measurement alternative at each reporting period. In evaluating an investment for impairment or observable price changes, we will use inputs including recent financing events, as well as other available information regarding the investee’s historical and forecasted performance. The Company has assessed this investment and no impairment is warranted. Investment securities are as follows: Schedule of Investment Securities
|  | March 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
Investment securities, at amortized cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S Treasury Bills |  | $ | 21,381,362 |  |  | $ | 24,658,611 |
Investment securities, at amortized cost |  | $ | 21,381,362 |  |  | $ | 24,658,611 |
Broker/Dealer Securities Schedule of Investment Securities Broker Dealer
|  | March 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
Investment securities, at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock of publicly traded companies |  | $ | 2,389,011 |  |  | $ | 2,603,579 |
Warrants of publicly traded companies |  |  | 2,610,226 |  |  |  | 3,168,055 |
Investment securities, at fair value |  | $ | 4,999,237 |  |  | $ | 5,771,634 |
Non-Broker/Dealer Securities Schedule of Investment Securities Non Broker Dealer
|  | March 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
Investment securities, at cost less impairment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Simple agreement on future equities (not market listed) |  | $ | 200,000 |  |  | $ | 200,000 |
Investment securities, at cost less impairment |  | $ | 200,000 |  |  | $ | 200,000 |
For investment securities at fair value, net unrealized loss of $747,268 and net unrealized gain of $54,779 were recognized in the statements of operations for three-months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The amortized cost, excluding gross unrealized holding loss and fair value of held to maturity securities on March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are as follows: Schedule of Amortized Cost, Unrealized Holding Loss and Fair Value of Held to Maturity Securities
|  | Amortized Cost as of March 31, 2024 |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value (Level 1) as of March 31, 2024 |
U.S Treasury Bills maturing 04/04/24, 04/18/24, 04/23/24 and 6/11/24 |  | $ | 21,381,362 |  |  | $ | 1,035 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 21,382,397 |
Total assets |  | $ | 21,381,362 |  |  | $ | 1,035 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 21,382,397 |
|  | Amortized Cost as of December 31, 2023 |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value (Level 1) as of December 31, 2023 |
U.S Treasury Bills maturing 02/13/24, 04/04/24, 04/18/24 and 04/23/24 |  | $ | 24,658,611 |  |  | $ | 6,031 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 24,664,642 |
Total assets |  | $ | 24,658,611 |  |  | $ | 6,031 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 24,664,642 |
Fair Value of Financial Instruments | Fair Value of Financial Instruments Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are categorized based on whether the inputs are observable in the market and the degree that the inputs are observable. The categorization of financial assets and liabilities within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. There is no significant concentration of credit risk, due to the majority of assets being invested in U.S. Treasury Bills. The Company determines the fair value of its financial instruments based on a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels: Level 1–- Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets for an identical asset or liability that the Company has the ability to access as of the measurement date. Level 2–- Inputs, other than quoted prices included within Level 1, which are directly observable for the asset or liability or indirectly observable through corroboration with observable market data. Level 3–- Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data for the asset or liability which requires the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions. The Company’s financial instruments primarily consist of cash and investment securities. As of the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets date, certain investment securities are required to be recorded at fair value with the change in fair value during the period being recorded as an unrealized gain or loss. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the estimated fair values of investment securities, at amortized cost were not materially different from their carrying values as presented on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. This is primarily attributed to the short-term maturities of these instruments. Investment securities, at amortized cost: The fair value of U.S. Treasury Bills classified as held-to-maturity investment securities is based on the market price and is classified as level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. A description of the valuation techniques applied to the Company’s major categories of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis is as follows: Investment securities: Public equity securities are assessed for valuation at the close of each month. Warrants are valued using the Black-Scholes model, which considers the stock price at the date of the valuation, the warrants strike price, the term to expiry, the risk-free rate of return, and the expected volatility of the underlying stock. Investment securities, at cost less impairment: Non-public equity securities and simple agreements for future equity are valued based on the initial investment, less impairment. The Company determined that no impairment was warranted. Since these securities are not actively traded, we will apply valuation adjustments when they become available, and they are categorized in level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The following table sets forth the fair value of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2024 except for the Level 3 investment that is recorded at cost: Schedule of Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value On a Recurring Basis
Assets |  | Classification |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Investment Securities (held by our licensed broker dealer) |  | Equity securities–- common stock |  | $ | 2,389,011 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 2,389,011 |
Investment Securities (held by our licensed broker dealer) |  | Warrants |  |  | - |  |  |  | 17,680 |  |  |  | 2,592,546 |  |  |  | 2,610,226 |
Total assets measured at fair value (held by our licensed broker dealer) |  |  |  | $ | 2,389,011 |  |  | $ | 17,680 |  |  | $ | 2,592,546 |  |  | $ | 4,999,237 |
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company did not have any transfers between Level 1, Level 2, or Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Reconciliation of fair value measurements categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy: Schedule of Reconciliation of Fair Value Measurements Within Level 3 of Fair Value Hierarchy
December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 3,133,458 |
Receipt from investment banking fees |  |  | - |
Realized gains |  |  | - |
Unrealized losses |  |  | (540,912 | )
Sales or distribution |  |  |  |
Purchases |  |  | - |
March 31, 2024 |  | $ | 2,592,546 |
Ending Balance |  | $ | 2,592,546 |
The following table presents information about significant unobservable inputs related to material components of Level 3 warrants as of March 31, 2024. Schedule of Significant Unobservable Inputs Related to Material Components of Level 3 Warrants
Assets |  | Fair Value |  |  | Valuation Techniques |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs |  | Range of Inputs |  |  | Weighted-Average |
Warrants |  | $ | 2,592,546 |  |  | Black Scholes |  | Volatility |  |  | 96.26 -106.28 | % |  |  | 99.60 | %
The following table sets forth the fair value of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2023, except for the Level 3 investment that is recorded at cost:
Assets |  | Classification |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Investment Securities (held by our licensed broker dealer) |  | Equity securities - common stock |  | $ | 2,603,579 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 2,603,579 |
Investment Securities (held by our licensed broker dealer) |  | Warrants |  |  | - |  |  |  | 34,597 |  |  |  | 3,133,458 |  |  |  | 3,168,055 |
Total assets measured at fair value (held by our licensed broker dealer) |  |  |  | $ | 2,603,579 |  |  | $ | 34,597 |  |  | $ | 3,133,458 |  |  | $ | 5,771,634 |
Reconciliation of fair value measurements categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy:
December 31, 2022 |  | $ | - |
Beginning Balance |  | $ | - |
Receipt from investment banking fees |  |  | 2,645,620 |
Realized gains |  |  | - |
Unrealized gains |  |  | 652,925 |
Sales or distribution |  |  | (165,087 | )
Purchases |  |  | - |
December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 3,133,458 |
Ending Balance |  | $ | 3,133,458 |
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company did not have any transfers between Level 1, Level 2, or Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
Secured Debt–- Revolving Credit Facility | Secured Debt–- Revolving Credit Facility The Company entered into a revolving credit facility with a bank, (the “Lender”) on July 26, 2023 for a commitment of up to $2,000,000 and which matures July 26, 2024. The loan has a variable interest rate equal to a defined index, currently the Lender’s rate on the sale of Federal Funds, plus 2.25%. The loan commenced with a calculated interest rate of 7.75%. If the Lender determines, in its sole discretion, that the index becomes unavailable or unreliable, either temporary, indefinitely, or permanently, during the term of this loan, the Lender may amend this loan by designating a substantially similar substitute index. The agreement provides for a quarterly payment of the greater of accrued interest or a non-usage fee of $5,000. The Company has not made any draw downs on the credit facility. The Company granted the Lender a security interest in a cash checking account held at the bank as collateral. The Lender has a right of setoff available from this cash account when the line of credit is accessed. As of March 31, 2024, there is $2,037,845 deposited in this account. The Company is responsible for the payment of all of the Lender’s legal and other fees incurred in connection with administering the loan. The Company has incurred no such costs or debt issue costs. As of March 31, 2024, there is no outstanding indebtedness under the credit facility and interest expense totaled $0. The Company is in compliance with all covenants under the agreement.
Property and Equipment | Property and Equipment Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Major improvements are capitalized, while maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. Gains and losses from disposition of property and equipment are included in the statements of operations when realized. Depreciation is provided using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives: Schedule of Estimated Useful Lives of Property and Equipment
Laboratory equipment |  | 5 years
Furniture and fixtures |  | 7 years
Leasehold improvements |  | Lesser of the lease duration or the life of the improvements
Property and equipment consist of the following as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively: Schedule of Property And Equipment
|  | March 31, 2024 |  |  | December 31, 2023 |
Laboratory equipment |  | $ | 1,030,004 |  |  | $ | 885,696 |
Furniture and fixtures |  |  | 54,338 |  |  |  | 49,838 |
Developed software |  |  | 107,458 |  |  |  | 113,114 |
Leasehold improvements |  |  | 279,161 |  |  |  | 279,161 |
Total property and equipment |  |  | 1,470,961 |  |  |  | 1,327,809 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation |  |  | (524,111 | ) |  |  | (461,319 | )
Property and equipment, net |  | $ | 946,850 |  |  | $ | 866,490 |
Revenue | Revenue The Company generates revenue primarily from providing brokerage services and investment banking services through Public Ventures. PatentVest and Invizyne have had limited financial activity during the three-months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Brokerage revenues consist of (a) trade-based commission income from executed trade orders, (ii) net realized gains and losses from proprietary trades, and (iii) other income consisting primarily of stock loan income earned on customer accounts. Public Ventures recognizes revenue from trade-based commissions and other income when performance obligations are satisfied through the transfer of control, as specified in the contract, of promised services to the customers of Public Ventures. Commissions are recognized on a trade date basis. Public Ventures believes that each executed trade order represents a single performance obligation that is fulfilled on the trade date because that is when the underlying financial instrument is identified, the pricing is agreed upon, and the risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred to/from the customer. When another party is involved in transferring a good or service to a customer, Public Ventures assesses whether revenue is presented based on the gross consideration received from customers (principal) or net of amounts paid to a third party (agent). Public Ventures has determined that it is acting as the principal as the provider of the brokerage services and therefore records this revenue on a gross basis. Clearing, custody and trade administration fees incurred are recorded effective as of the trade date. The costs are treated as fulfillment costs and are recorded in operating expenses in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. Brokerage revenue is measured by the transaction price, which is defined as the amount of consideration that Public Ventures expects to receive in exchange for services to customers. The transaction price is adjusted for estimates of known or expected variable consideration based upon the individual contract terms. Variable consideration is recorded as a reduction to revenue based on amounts that Public Ventures expects to refund back to the customer. There were no variable considerations for the three-months ended March 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. Investment banking revenues consist of private placement fees. Public Ventures does not incur costs to obtain contracts with customers that are eligible for deferral or receive fees prior to recognizing revenue related to investment banking transactions, and therefore, as of March 31, 2024, the Company did not have any contract assets or liabilities related to these revenues on its unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. Private placement fees are related to non-underwritten transactions such as private placements of equity securities, private investments in public equity, and Rule 144A private offerings and are recorded on the closing date of the transaction. Client reimbursements for costs associated for private placement fees are recorded gross within investment banking and various expense captions, excluding compensation. The Company typically receives payments on private placements transactions at the completion of the contract. The Company views the majority of placement fees as a single performance obligation that is satisfied when the transaction is complete, and the revenue is recognized at that point in time. Taxes and regulatory fees assessed by a government authority or agency that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specified revenue-producing transaction, which are collected by Public Ventures from a customer, are excluded from revenue and recorded against general and administrative expenses. PatentVest recognize revenue when performance obligations are satisfied by transferring promised goods and services to customers in an amount the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. PatentVest enters into contracts that can include various combinations of its offerings which are generally capable of being distinct and accounted for as a separate performance obligation for the entre contract or a portion of the contract. When performance obligations are combined into a single contract, PatentVest utilize stand-alone selling price to allocate the transaction price among the performance obligations. Certain contracts or portions of contracts are duration-based which, in the event of customer cancellation, provide PatentVest with an enforceable right to a proportional payment for the portion of the services provided. Accordingly, revenue from duration-based is recognized using a time-based measure of progress, which PatentVest believes best depicts how it satisfies its performance obligations in these arrangements as control is continuously transferred throughout the contract period. Revenue from certain contracts is recognized over the expected period of performance using a single measure of progress, typically based on hours incurred. Payments received in advance of services being rendered are recorded as a component of contract liabilities. Patent Vest’s contract liabilities which is presented as deferred revenue, consist of advance payments. The table below shows changes in deferred revenue: Schedule of Changes in Deferred Revenue
Balance as of December 31, 2022 |  | $ | - |
Amounts billed but not recognized |  |  | - |
Revenue recognized |  |  | - |
Balance as of March 31, 2023 |  |  | - |
Amounts billed but not recognized |  |  | 100,000 |
Revenue recognized |  |  | 80,000 |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 |  |  | 20,000 |
Amounts billed but not recognized |  |  | - |
Revenue recognized |  |  | - |
Balance as of March 31, 2024 |  | $ | 20,000 |
During the three-months ended March 31, 2023, the Company’s technology development segment revenue, which was derived from a single feasibility study, which is not a typical service offered by the Company. The revenue generated from this study represents a direct reimbursement of costs incurred in completing the study.
Research Grants | Research Grants Invizyne receives grant reimbursements, which are offset against research and development expenses in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. In addition to actual reimbursements, Invizyne also receives indirect expense grants (which are not reimbursement-based) and fees (typically of minor significance). It is important to note that there may be instances where the grants received for indirect costs exceed the actual costs, resulting in a negative impact. For capitalized assets, grant reimbursements are recognized over the useful life of the assets. Any portion of the grant not yet recognized is recorded as deferred grant reimbursements and included as a liability in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet. Grants that operate on a reimbursement basis are recognized on the accrual basis and are offsets to expenses to the extent of disbursements and commitments that are reimbursable for allowable expenses incurred as of March 31, 2024 and 2023, and respectively, expected to be received from funding sources in the subsequent year. Management considers such receivables at March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, to be fully collectable due to the historical experience with the Federal Government of the United States of America. Accordingly, no allowance for credit losses on the grants receivable was recorded in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. Summary of grants receivable activity for the three-months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, is presented below: Summary of Grants Receivable Activity
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 882,319 |  |  | $ | 809,532 |
Grant costs expensed |  |  | 674,158 |  |  |  | 766,867 |
Grants for equipment purchased |  |  | 6,379 |  |  |  | - |
Grant fees |  |  | 28,163 |  |  |  | 26,673 |
Grant funds received |  |  | (479,408 | ) |  |  | (590,418 | )
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 1,111,611 |  |  | $ | 1,012,654 |
Invizyne has received five grants provided by National Institute of Health and the Department of Energy. The first grant was awarded on October 1, 2019 and the latest grant is set to expire on August 31, 2024, however grants can be extended or new phases can be granted, extending the expiration of the grant. None of the grants has commitments made by the parties, provisions for recapture, or any other contingencies, beyond the complying with the normal terms of each research and development grant. Research grants received from organizations are subject to the contract agreement as to how Invizyne conducts its research activities, and Invizyne is required to comply with the agreement terms relating to those grants. Amounts received under research grants are nonrefundable, regardless of the success of the underlying research project, to the extent that such amounts are expended in accordance with the approved grant project. Invizyne is permitted to draw down the research grants after incurring the related expenses. Amounts received under research grants are offset against the related research and development costs in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. For the three-months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, grants amounting to $674,158 and $766,867 were offset against the research and development costs. Grant drawdowns, which includes grants costs expensed, grants for equipment purchased, and grant fees, for the three-months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, totaled $708,700 and $793,540.
Research and Development Costs | Research and Development Costs Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs consist primarily of compensation costs, fees paid to consultants, and other expenses relating to the development of Invizyne’s technology. For the three-months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, research and development costs prior to offset of the grants amounted to $986,282, and $825,132, respectively, which includes grant costs expensed, grants fees, and research and development costs, net of the grant received.
Patent and Licensing Legal and Filing Fees and Costs | Patent and Licensing Legal and Filing Fees and Costs Due to the significant uncertainty associated with the successful development of one or more commercially viable products based on the research efforts and related patent applications, all patent and licensing legal and filing fees and costs related to the development and protection of its intellectual property are charged to operations as incurred. Patent and licensing legal and filing fees and costs were $73,297 and $34,420 for the three-months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Patent and licensing legal and filing fees and costs are included in general and administrative costs in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.

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