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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2025
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation | Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and include the financial statements of wholly-owned and majority owned subsidiaries. All material intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Non-controlling interests at December 31, 2025 and 2024 relate to the interests of third parties in the partially owned subsidiaries. The managing members of the Company have a controlling interest in PatentVest, S.A., a company organized and based in Nicaragua (which was renamed MDB Capital, S.A in 2022). As the Company itself does not have a controlling financial interest in this entity, management has determined PatentVest, S.A. is not a variable interest entity and should not be consolidated as it has no ownership interests, so has excluded this entity from the Company’s consolidated financial statements. It is the Company’s policy to reevaluate this conclusion on an annual basis or if there are significant changes in ownership.
Deconsolidation | Deconsolidation Upon the occurrence of certain events and on a regular basis, the Company evaluates whether it no longer has a controlling interest in its subsidiaries, including consolidated variable interest entities. If the Company determines it no longer has a controlling interest, the subsidiary is deconsolidated. The Company records a gain or loss on deconsolidation based on the difference on the deconsolidation date between (i) the aggregate of (a) the fair value of any consideration received, (b) the fair value of any retained noncontrolling investment in the former subsidiary and (c) the carrying amount of any noncontrolling interest in the subsidiary being deconsolidated, less (ii) the carrying amount of the former subsidiary’s assets and liabilities. The Company evaluated whether the deconsolidation should be presented as a discontinued operation in its consolidated financial statements as of the deconsolidation date. This assessment considers whether the deconsolidation constitutes a strategic shift that has, or will have, a major impact on the Company’s operations or financial results. Based on this evaluation, the Company concluded that the deconsolidation does not meet the criteria for presentation as a discontinued operation. Accordingly, the Consolidated Statement of Operations includes the results of operations for the deconsolidated entity through November 14, 2024, the effective date of deconsolidation.
Equity method investment | Equity method investment The Company applies the equity method to account for investments in entities where it has the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the investee. Under the equity method, the investment in eXoZymes Inc, (“eXoZymes “), formerly Invizyne Technologies Inc. (“Invizyne”)”, is initially recorded at cost and subsequently adjusted to reflect the Company’s proportional share of the investee’s results of operations in its consolidated financial statements. Equity method investments are periodically reviewed for any other-than-temporary declines in value. The Company’s investment in eXoZymes is presented as “Equity method investment” on the consolidated balance sheet. Any excess of the acquisition cost over the Company’s share of the net fair value of eXoZymes’ identifiable assets and liabilities at the acquisition date is recognized as goodwill, which is included in the carrying amount of the investment. When the Company increases its interest in an affiliate accounted for under the equity method while retaining significant influence, it applies the acquisition method only to the additional interest acquired, leaving the previous interest unchanged. Conversely, when there is a decrease in the interest in an affiliate accounted for under the equity method while retaining significant influence, the Company derecognizes a proportionate part of its investment and recognizes any resulting gain or loss in profit or loss.
Income Taxes | Income Taxes We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method, under which we would recognize the amount of taxes payable or refundable for the current year and deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in our financial statements or tax returns. We measure current and deferred tax assets and liabilities based on provisions of enacted tax law. We evaluate the realization of our deferred tax assets based on all available evidence and establish a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that they will not be realized.
Use of Estimates | Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period, as well as the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Some of those judgments can be subjective and complex, and therefore, actual results could differ materially from those estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various assumptions that are believed to be reasonable in relation to the financial statements taken as a whole under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Management regularly evaluates the key factors and assumptions used to develop the estimates utilizing currently available information, changes in facts and circumstances, historical experience and reasonable assumptions. After such evaluations, if deemed appropriate, those estimates are adjusted accordingly. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates include those related to assumptions used in the valuation of investment securities, accruals for potential liabilities, valuing equity instruments issued for services, assumptions used in the valuation of the equity method investment and gains on the deconsolidation of the subsidiary, the estimate of the fair value of the lease liability and related right of use assets, net realizable value of receivables, useful life of property and equipment, determining impairment of long-lived assets, and the realization of any deferred tax assets.
Emerging Growth Company | Emerging Growth Company The Company is an “emerging growth company,” or “EGC” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, as modified by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”), and it may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. Further, Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. The Company has elected to opt out of the extended transition periods.
Cash and Cash Equivalents | Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers highly liquid investments with original maturities or remaining maturities upon purchase of three months or less to be cash equivalents. There were $4.5 million and $11.8 million cash equivalents held by the Company at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company’s policy is to maintain its cash balances with financial institutions with high credit ratings and in accounts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”) and/or by the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (the “SIPC”). The Company may periodically have cash balances in financial institutions in excess of the FDIC and SIPC insurance limits of $0.25 million and $0.5 million. At December 31, 2025, the Company held $8.7 million of unsegregated cash and $4.5 million of cash equivalents. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, the Company had approximately $7.2 million and $4.3 million of cash and segregated cash in financial institutions in excess of FDIC insured limits. The Company periodically reviews the financial condition of the financial institutions and assesses the credit risk of such investments. The Company did not experience any credit risk losses during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. The Company’s membership agreement with the Depository Trust Clearing Corporation (“DTCC”) requires that we maintain a line of credit with our settlement bank in the amount $2.0 million, to be drawn down upon as needed for self-clearing operations. The Company has established a line of credit with its settlement bank, Lakeside Bank, which is collateralized by a $2.0 million deposit of cash at Lakeside. The collateral amount may be withdrawn, but the availability of the line of credit is dependent upon the maintenance of such compensating balance and is included in cash and cash equivalents on the Statement of Financial Condition.
Segregated Cash and Deposits | Segregated Cash and Deposits From time to time the Company provides deposits or enters into agreements that would require funds to be held in a segregated cash account. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, the Company had $2.3 million and $0.8 million of segregated cash consisting of funds held in reserve for customers and non-customers.
Clearing Deposits | Clearing Deposits The Company is obligated to maintain security deposits with the DTCC and National Securities Clearing Corporation (“NSCC”). At December 31, 2025 and 2024, these deposits totaled $2.0 million and $1.7 million, respectively.
Prepaid and other current assets | Prepaid and other current assets The Company has prepaid and other current assets totaling $433 thousand at December 31, 2025 consisting of acquired intangible assets totaling $44 thousand, prepaid professional fees totaling $50 thousand, security deposits totaling $19 thousand, prepaid insurance $169 thousand, various prepaid expense of $130 thousand, and other assets of $21 thousand. Prepaid and other expenses totaling $513 thousand at December 31, 2024 consisting of acquired intangible assets totaling $44 thousand, prepaid professional fees totaling $50 thousand, security deposits totaling $19 thousand, prepaid insurance $160 thousand, various prepaid expense of $150 thousand, and other assets of $90 thousand.
Leases | Leases Leases of the Company consist primarily of contracts for the right to use and direct use of an individual property. Leases were analyzed for evidence of significant additional components and to determine if these components were separately identifiable within the context of the contract. As an accounting policy, to account for these components, the Company has elected the practical expedient for property leases that have both lease and non-lease components for them to be combined into a single component and account for as a lease. This policy is effective for all current and future property operating leases and applied uniformly and will be disclosed as such within the financial statements. Operating lease assets are included within right-of-use assets and the corresponding operating lease liabilities are included within liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. The Company has elected not to present short-term leases on the consolidated balance sheet as these leases have a lease term of 12 months or less at lease inception and do not contain purchase options or renewal terms that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise. All other right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term at the lease commencement date. Because the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate of return, the Company used the Company’s incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at lease commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments.
Stock Based Compensation | Stock Based Compensation Stock-based compensation primarily consists of restricted stock units with service or market/performance conditions. Equity awards are measured at the fair market value of the underlying stock at the grant date. The Company recognized stock based compensation expense using the straight-line attribution method over the requisite service period. The Company’s subsidiary issued stock-options and the fair value is determined utilizing Black-Scholes options-pricing model. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur, rather than applying an estimated forfeiture rate. For performance-based restricted stock units, the compensation cost is recognized based on the number of units expected to vest upon the achievement of the performance conditions. Shares are issued on the vesting dates net of the applicable statutory tax withholding to be paid by us on behalf of our employees. As a result, fewer shares are issued to the employee than the number of awards outstanding. The Company records a liability for the tax withholding to be paid by it as a reduction to Additional paid-in capital.
Investment Securities | Investment Securities The Company strategically invests funds in U.S. Treasury Bills, early-stage technology companies, and equity securities and options of publicly traded and privately held companies. The Company classifies investment securities as investment securities, at amortized cost, investment securities, at fair value, or investment securities, at cost less impairment. Investment securities, at amortized cost – From time to time the Company will hold funds in investment securities, at amortized cost. This is comprised of debt securities held by MDB and are classified as investment securities held-to-maturity and carried at amortized cost if management has the positive intent and ability to hold the securities to maturity. Initially, the cost of these securities was recorded, and later on, they were assessed at amortized cost, which was modified for unamortized purchase premiums and discounts, and also for credit losses provision. Premiums and discounts are amortized or accreted over the life of the related security as an adjustment to yield using the effective-interest method. Such amortization and accretion are included in the other operating income in the statements of operations. Interest income is recognized when earned. The Company recognizes estimated expected credit losses over the life of the investment security through the allowance for credit losses account. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from, or added to, the amortized cost basis of the investment security to present the net amount expected to be collected. In determining expected credit losses, the Company considers relevant qualitative factors including, but not limited to, term and structure of the instrument, credit rating by rating agencies and historic credit losses adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The Company holds investments in U.S. Treasury Bills or money market funds backed by U.S. Treasury Bills, so there are no expected credit losses. Declines in fair value of these securities is due to changes in market interest rates, and because it expects to hold these securities until maturity, it does not expect to realize any losses. There were no investment securities, at amortized cost as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. Investment securities, at fair value - This is comprised of equity investments held by the broker dealer subsidiary and are reported at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in the statement of operations. Purchases and sales of equity securities, consisting of common stock and warrants to purchase common stock, are recorded based on the respective market price quotations on the trade date. Realized gains and losses on investments represent the net gains and losses on investments sold during the period based on the average cost method. Differences between the fair value of investments at the beginning of the year and the end of the year are recorded on the income statement as unrealized gains and losses. Investment securities, at cost less impairment - This is comprised of equity securities without a readily determinable fair value held by the broker dealer subsidiary, the Company has elected to apply the measurement alternative of cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes. The Company will reassess whether such an investment qualifies for the measurement alternative at each reporting period. In evaluating an investment for impairment or observable price changes, we will use inputs including recent financing events, as well as other available information regarding the investee’s historical and forecasted performance. The Company has assessed this investment and determined that the current impairment of such securities held at the year ended December 31, 2025 is accurate. Investment securities are as follows (in thousands): Broker/Dealer Securities Schedule of Investment Securities Broker Dealer
|  | December 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
Investment securities, at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock of publicly traded companies |  | $ | 2,571 |  |  | $ | 2,528 |
Warrants of publicly traded companies |  |  | 3,937 |  |  |  | 3,330 |
Warrants of non-publicly traded companies |  |  | 658 |  |  |  | - |
Investment securities, at fair value |  | $ | 7,166 |  |  | $ | 5,858 |
Non-Broker/Dealer Securities Schedule of Investment Securities Non-Broker Dealer
|  | December 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
Investment securities, at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock of publicly traded companies |  | $ | 235 |  |  | $ | - |
Investment securities, at fair value |  | $ | 235 |  |  | $ | - |
|  | December 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
Investment securities, at cost less impairment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Simple agreement on future equities (not market listed) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 200 |
Impairment |  |  | - |  |  |  | (200 | )
Investment securities, at cost less impairment |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
For investment securities at fair value held at the end of each year, net unrealized loss of $246 thousand and $275 thousand were recognized in the statement of operations for years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments | Fair Value of Financial Instruments Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are categorized based on whether the inputs are observable in the market and the degree that the inputs are observable. The categorization of financial assets and liabilities within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company determines the fair value of its financial instruments based on a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels: Level 1 - Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets for an identical asset or liability that the Company has the ability to access as of the measurement date. Level 2 - Inputs, other than quoted prices included within Level 1, which are directly observable for the asset or liability or indirectly observable through corroboration with observable market data. Level 3 - Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data for the asset or liability which requires the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions. The Company’s financial instruments primarily consist of cash and investment securities. These investment securities and securities sold and not yet purchased are recorded at fair value as of the balance sheet date, with unrealized gains and losses resulting from changes in fair value recognized in the statement of operations. A description of the valuation techniques applied to the Company’s major categories of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis is as follows: Investment securities, at fair value and securities sold, not yet purchased: These securities are valued based on quoted prices from the exchange or other trading platform. To the extent these securities are actively traded, valuation adjustments are not applied, and they are categorized in level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. A description of the valuation techniques applied to the Company’s other financial assets and liabilities is as follows: Investment securities, at amortized cost: The fair value of U.S. Treasury Bills classified as held-to-maturity investment securities is based on the market price and is classified as level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. Investment securities, at cost less impairment: Non-public equity securities and simple agreements for future equity are valued based on the initial investment, less impairment. The Company determined that an impairment is warranted. Since these securities are not actively traded, we will apply valuation adjustments when they become available, and they are categorized in level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The Company fully impaired a Simple Agreement for Future Equity (“SAFE”) that was previously valued at $100 thousand and stock that was previously valued at $50 thousand both were held at the year ended December 31, 2023. The following table sets forth the fair value of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2025, except for the Level 3 investment that is recorded at cost (in thousands): Schedule of Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Assets |  | Classification |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Investment securities, at fair value, held by the licensed broker dealer |  | Equity securities - common stock |  | $ | 2,571 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 2,571 |
Investment securities, at fair value, held by the non-licensed broker dealer |  | Equity securities - common stock |  |  | 235 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 235 |
Investment Securities (held by our licensed broker dealer) |  | Warrants |  |  | - |  |  |  | 132 |  |  |  | 4,463 |  |  |  | 4,595 |
Total assets measured at fair value |  |  |  | $ | 2,806 |  |  | $ | 132 |  |  | $ | 4,463 |  |  | $ | 7,401 |
During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company did not have any transfers between Level 1, Level 2, or Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Reconciliation of fair value measurements categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy (in thousands): Schedule of Reconciliation of Fair Value Measurements Within Level 3 of Fair Value Hierarchy
December 31, 2024 |  | $ | 2,662 |
Beginning Balance |  | $ | 2,662 |
Receipt from investment banking fees |  |  | 1,690 |
Unrealized gain |  |  | 111 |
December 31, 2025 |  | $ | 4,463 |
Ending Balance |  | $ | 4,463 |
The following table present information about significant unobservable inputs related to material components of Level 3 warrants as of December 31, 2025 (in thousands): Schedule of Significant Unobservable Inputs Related to Material Components of Level 3 Warrants
Assets |  | Fair Value |  |  | Valuation Techniques |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs |  | Ranges of Inputs |  |  | Weighted-Average |
Warrants |  | $ | 4,463 |  |  | Black Scholes |  | Volatility |  |  | 95.92 - 120.3 | % |  |  | 115.45 | %
The following table sets forth the fair value of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2024, except for the Level 3 investment that is recorded at cost (in thousands):
Assets |  | Classification |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Investment Securities (held by our licensed broker dealer) |  | Equity securities - common stock |  | $ | 2,528 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 2,528 |
Investment Securities (held by our licensed broker dealer) |  | Warrants |  |  | - |  |  |  | 668 |  |  |  | 2,662 |  |  |  | 3,330 |
Total assets measured at fair value (held by our licensed broker dealer) |  |  |  | $ | 2,528 |  |  | $ | 668 |  |  | $ | 2,662 |  |  | $ | 5,858 |
During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company did not have any transfers between Level 1, Level 2, or Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Reconciliation of fair value measurements categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):
December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 3,134 |
Beginning Balance |  | $ | 3,134 |
Unrealized gains |  |  | (472 | )
Unrealized (loss) gains |  |  | (472 | )
December 31, 2024 |  | $ | 2,662 |
Ending Balance |  | $ | 2,662 |
The following table present information about significant unobservable inputs related to material components of Level 3 warrants as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):
Assets |  | Fair Value |  |  | Valuation Techniques |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs |  | Ranges of Inputs |  |  | Weighted-Average |
Warrants |  | $ | 2,662 |  |  | Black Scholes |  | Volatility |  |  | 111.03 | % |  |  | 111.03 | %
Secured Debt–- Revolving Credit Facility | Secured Debt–- Revolving Credit Facility The Company entered into a revolving credit facility with a bank, (the “Lender”) on July 26, 2024 for a commitment of up to $2.0 million and which matures July 26, 2025. The loan has a variable interest rate equal to a defined index, currently the Lender’s rate on the sale of Federal Funds, plus 2.25%. The loan commenced with a calculated interest rate of 7.75%. If the Lender determines, in its sole discretion, that the index becomes unavailable or unreliable, either temporary, indefinitely, or permanently, during the term of this loan, the Lender may amend this loan by designating a substantially similar substitute index. The agreement provides for a quarterly payment of the greater of accrued interest or a non-usage fee of $5 thousand. The Company has not made any draw downs on the credit facility. The Company granted the Lender a security interest in a cash checking account held at the bank as collateral. The Lender has a right of setoff available from this cash account when the line of credit is accessed. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, there was $2.1 and $2.1 million deposited in this account. The Company is responsible for the payment of all of the Lender’s legal and other fees incurred in connection with administering the loan. The Company has incurred no such costs or debt issue costs. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, there are no outstanding indebtedness under the credit facility and interest expense totaled $0. The Company is in compliance with all covenants under the agreement.
Property and Equipment | Property and Equipment Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Major improvements are capitalized, while maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. Gains and losses from disposition of property and equipment are included in the statement of operations when realized. Depreciation is provided using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives: Schedule of Estimated Useful Lives of Property and Equipment
Laboratory equipment |  | 5 years
Developed software |  | 5 years
Furniture and fixtures |  | 7 years
Leasehold improvements |  | Lesser of the lease duration or the life of the improvements
Property and equipment consist of the following as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, (in thousands): Schedule of Property And Equipment
|  | December 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
Developed software |  | $ | 139 |  |  | $ | 113 |
Total property and equipment |  |  | 139 |  |  |  | 113 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation |  |  | (22 | ) |  |  | (23 | )
Property and equipment, net |  | $ | 117 |  |  | $ | 90 |
Revenue | Revenue The Company generates revenue primarily from providing brokerage services and underwriting through Public Ventures. PatentVest and eXoZymes, have had limited activity during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. Brokerage revenues consist of (i) trade-based commission income from executed trade orders, (ii) net realized gains and losses from proprietary trades, and (iii) other income consisting primarily of stock loan income earned on customer accounts. Public Ventures recognizes revenue from trade-based commissions and other income when performance obligations are satisfied through the transfer of control, as specified in the contract, of promised services to the customers of Public Ventures. Commissions are recognized on a trade date basis. Public Ventures believes that each executed trade order represents a single performance obligation that is fulfilled on the trade date because that is when the underlying financial instrument is identified, the pricing is agreed upon, and the risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred to/from the customer. When another party is involved in transferring a good or service to a customer, Public Ventures assesses whether revenue is presented based on the gross consideration received from customers (principal) or net of amounts paid to a third party (agent). Public Ventures has determined that it is acting as the principal as the provider of the brokerage services and therefore records this revenue on a gross basis. Clearing, custody and trade administration fees incurred from Interactive Brokers, the Company’s clearing firm, are recorded effective as of the trade date. The costs are treated as fulfillment costs and are recorded in operating expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Brokerage revenue is measured by the transaction price, which is defined as the amount of consideration that Public Ventures expects to receive in exchange for services to customers. The transaction price is adjusted for estimates of known or expected variable consideration based upon the individual contract terms. Variable consideration is recorded as a reduction to revenue based on amounts that Public Ventures expects to refund back to the customer. There were no variable considerations for the years ended December 31, 2025, and 2024, respectively. Investment banking revenues consist of private placement and underwriting fees. The Company generally does not incur costs to obtain contracts with customers that are eligible for deferral or receive fees prior to recognizing revenue related to investment banking transactions, and therefore, as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company did not have any contract assets or liabilities related to these revenues on its consolidated balance sheets. The Company enters into underwriting agreements, to act as an underwriter and security offerings which include distribution and sale of securities to investors. These agreements allow non-defaulting underwriters and the issuer’s representative to seek substitute purchasers within 36 hours if the Company defaults on its commitment. If replacements are not found and the default exceeds 10% of the offering, the agreement may be terminated without liability. Under ASC 606, revenue is recognized only upon transfer of cash from the escrow account from investors which is the final receipt of payment, as well receipt of warrants and common stock on the date of closing, with no recognition for defaulted or terminated portions until resolution. Private placement fees are related to non-underwritten transactions such as private placements of equity securities, private investments in public equity, and Rule 144A private offerings and are recorded on the closing date of the transaction. Client reimbursements for costs associated for private placement fees are recorded gross within investment banking and various expense captions, excluding compensation. The Company typically receives payments on private placements transactions at the completion of the contract. The Company views the majority of placement fees as a single performance obligation that is satisfied when the transaction is complete, and the revenue is recognized at that point in time. Taxes and regulatory fees assessed by a government authority or agency that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specified revenue-producing transaction, which are collected by Public Ventures from a customer, are excluded from revenue and recorded against general and administrative expenses. Public Ventures does not incur any costs to obtain contracts with customers for revenues that are eligible for deferral or receive fees prior to recognizing revenue, and therefore, as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, Public Ventures did not have any contract assets or liabilities related to these revenues in its consolidated balance sheet. During the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company’s technology development segment did not have any revenue. PatentVest recognizes revenue when performance obligations are satisfied by transferring promised goods and services to customers in an amount the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. PatentVest enters into contracts that can include various combinations of its offerings which are generally capable of being distinct and accounted for as a separate performance obligation for the entire contract or a portion of the contract. When performance obligations are combined into a single contract, PatentVest utilizes stand-alone selling price to allocate the transaction price among the performance obligations. Certain contracts or portions of contracts are duration-based, which in the event of customer cancellation, provide PatentVest with an enforceable right to a proportional payment for the portion of the services provided. Accordingly, revenue from duration-based contracts is recognized using a time-based measure of progress, which PatentVest believes best depicts how it satisfies its performance obligations in these arrangements as control is continuously transferred throughout the contract period. Revenue from certain contracts is recognized over the expected period of performance using a single measure of progress, typically based on hours incurred. Payments received in advance of services being rendered are recorded as a component of contract liabilities. The PatentVest’s contract liabilities which is presented as deferred revenue, consist of advance payments. The table below shows changes in deferred revenue (in thousands): Schedule of Changes in Deferred Revenue
Balance as of December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 20 |
Amounts billed but not recognized |  |  | - |
Revenue recognized |  |  | 20 |
Balance as of December 31, 2024 |  |  | - |
Amounts billed but not recognized |  |  | - |
Revenue recognized |  |  | - |
Balance as of December 31, 2025 |  | $ | - |
Research Grants | Research Grants eXoZymes, receives grant reimbursements, which are netted against research and development expenses in the consolidated statement of operations. Grant reimbursements for capitalized assets are recognized over the useful life of the assets, with the unrecognized portion recorded as deferred grant reimbursements and included in liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet. Grants function on a reimbursement model are accounted for using the accrual method. They are treated as reductions to expenses, corresponding to the amount of disbursements and obligations eligible for reimbursement. These are for permissible expenses incurred as of December 31, 2024. The reimbursements are anticipated to be received from the respective funding entities in the following year. Management considers such receivables at December 31, 2024, to be fully collectable due to the historical experience with the Federal Government of the United States of America. Accordingly, no allowance for credit losses on the grants receivable was recorded in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. The Company was not engaged in any research grants for the year ended December 31. 2025. Summary of grants receivable activity for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, is presented below (in thousands): Summary of Grants Receivable Activity
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024(1) |
Balance at beginning of year(1) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 882 |
Grant costs expensed |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,897 |
Grants for equipment purchased |  |  | - |  |  |  | 44 |
Grant fees |  |  | - |  |  |  | 52 |
Grant funds received |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2,173 | )
Removal of balance due to deconsolidation of eXoZymes at November 14, 2024 |  |  | - |  |  |  | (702 | )
Balance at end of year |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
| (1) | In 2024, eXoZymes was deconsolidated from the Company’s consolidated financial statements. As all grant-related costs were associated with eXoZymes, no grant-related figures are reported for 2024.
eXoZymes has received three grants provided by the National Institute of Health, the Department of Energy and Department of Defense through December 31, 2024. The first grant was awarded on October 1, 2023 and the latest of these grants was set to expire on May 14, 2026, however grants can be extended, or new phases can be granted, extending the expiration of the grant. None of the grants have commitments made by the parties, provisions for recapture, or any other contingencies, beyond complying with the normal terms of each research and development grant. Research grants received from organizations are subject to the contract agreement as to how eXoZymes, formerly known as eXoZymes, conducts its research activities, and eXoZymes is required to comply with the agreement terms relating to those grants. Amounts received under research grants are nonrefundable, regardless of the success of the underlying research project, to the extent that such amounts are expended in accordance with the approved grant project. eXoZymes is permitted to draw down the research grants after incurring the related expenses. Amounts received under research grants are offset against the related research and development costs in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, grants amounting $0 and $2.8 million, were offset against the research and development costs. Grant drawdowns, which includes grants costs expensed, grants for equipment purchased, and grant fees, for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, totaled $0 and $2.0 million, respectively, which included grant costs expensed, grants for equipment purchased, and grants fees.
Research and Development Costs | Research and Development Costs Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs consist primarily of compensation costs, fees paid to consultants, and other expenses relating to the development of eXoZymes’ technology. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, research and development costs prior to offset of the grants amounted to $0 and $3.4 million, respectively, which included grant costs expensed, grants fees, and research and development costs, net of the grant received.
Patent and Licensing Legal and Filing Fees and Costs | Patent and Licensing Legal and Filing Fees and Costs Due to the significant uncertainty associated with the successful development of one or more commercially viable products based on the Company’s research efforts and related patent applications, all patent and licensing legal and filing fees and costs related to the development and protection of its intellectual property are charged to operations as incurred. Patent and licensing legal and filing fees and costs were $54 thousand and $296 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Patent and licensing legal and filing fees and costs are included in general and administrative costs in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements | Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements ASU 2021-10, Government Assistance (Topic 832): Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance On January 1, 2020, The Company adopted ASU 2021-10, Government Assistance (Topic 832): Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance (“ASU 2021-10”) and retrospectively applied the guidance to prior transactions. The amendments in ASU 2021-10 require the following annual disclosures about transactions with a government that are accounted for by applying a grant or contribution accounting model by analogy: (1) information about the nature of the transactions and the related accounting policy used to account for the transactions; (2) the line items on the balance sheet and income statement that are affected by the transactions, and the amounts applicable to each financial statement line item; and (3) significant terms and conditions of the transactions, including commitments and contingencies. Management does not believe that any other recently issued, but not yet effective, authoritative guidance, if currently adopted, would have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statement presentation or disclosures.

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