<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001683168-23-000601.txt : 20230207
<SEC-HEADER>0001683168-23-000601.hdr.sgml : 20230207
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20230206183256
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001683168-23-000601
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	S-3/A
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		7
FILED AS OF DATE:		20230207
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20230206

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			Vivakor, Inc.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001450704
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	REFUSE SYSTEMS [4953]
		IRS NUMBER:				262178141
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			NV
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		S-3/A
		SEC ACT:		1933 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	333-269178
		FILM NUMBER:		23592042

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		4101 NORTH THANKSGIVING WAY
		CITY:			LEHI
		STATE:			UT
		ZIP:			84043
		BUSINESS PHONE:		(949) 887-6890

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		4101 NORTH THANKSGIVING WAY
		CITY:			LEHI
		STATE:			UT
		ZIP:			84043
</SEC-HEADER>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>S-3/A
<SEQUENCE>1
<FILENAME>vivakor_s3a1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>AMENDMENT NO. 1 TO FORM S-3
<TEXT>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 7pt"><A HREF="#toc">Table of Contents</A></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">Registration No. 333-269178 </P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>UNITED STATES </B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>Washington, D.C. 20549 </B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"> <B>Amendment No. 1 to</B> </P>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>FORM S-3 </B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>REGISTRATION STATEMENT</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B><I>UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933 </I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 12pt"><B>VIVAKOR, INC.</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><I>(Exact name of registrant as specified in its
charter) </I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 49%; text-align: center; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Nevada</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 2%; text-align: center; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 49%; text-align: center; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>26-2178141</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>(State or other jurisdiction of</I></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>incorporation or organization)</I></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>(I.R.S. Employer</I></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>Identification Number)</I></P></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>4101 North Thanksgiving Way</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>Lehi, UT 84043</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B><U>(949) 281-2606</U></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><I>(Address, including zip code, and telephone
number, including area code, of registrant&rsquo;s principal executive offices)</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>James Ballengee<BR>
Chief Executive Officer</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>Vivakor, Inc.<BR>
4101 North Thanksgiving Way</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>Lehi, UT 84043</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>Telephone: (<U>949) 281-2606</U></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><I>(Address, including zip
code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service) </I></P>

<P STYLE="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"><B>_________________</B></P>

<P STYLE="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">With
copies to:</P>

<P STYLE="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"><B>Joseph
M. Lucosky, Esq.</B></P>

<P STYLE="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"><B>Scott
E. Linsky, Esq.<BR>
Lucosky Brookman LLP<BR>
101 Wood Avenue South, 5th Floor<BR>
Woodbridge, NJ 08830<BR>
Tel. No.: (732) 395-4400<BR>
Fax No.: (732) 395-4401</B></P>

<P STYLE="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)"><B>_________________</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255)">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>APPROXIMATE DATE OF COMMENCEMENT OF PROPOSED
SALE TO THE PUBLIC: </B>From time to time after the effective date of this registration statement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If the only securities being registered on this
Form are being offered pursuant to dividend or interest reinvestment plans, please check the following box. &#9744;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">If
any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the
Securities Act of 1933, other than securities offered only in connection with dividend or interest reinvestment plans, check the following
box. &#9746;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If this Form is filed to register additional securities
for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration
statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. &#9744;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed
pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of
the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. &#9744;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If this Form is a registration statement pursuant
to General Instruction I.D. or a post-effective amendment thereto that shall become effective on filing with the Commission pursuant to
Rule 462(e) under the Securities Act, check the following box. &#9744;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If this Form is a post-effective amendment to
a registration statement filed pursuant to General Instruction I.D. filed to register additional securities or additional classes of securities
pursuant to Rule 413(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box. &#9744;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant
is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company.
See the definitions of &ldquo;large accelerated filer,&rdquo; &ldquo;accelerated filer&rdquo; and &ldquo;smaller reporting company&rdquo;
and &ldquo;emerging growth company&rdquo; in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 21%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Large accelerated filer</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9744;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 46%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 25%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Accelerated filer</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9744;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Non-accelerated filer</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt"></FONT>&#9746;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Smaller reporting company</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt"></FONT>&#9746;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Emerging growth company</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&#9746;<FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt"></FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>The registrant hereby amends this registration
statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which
specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities
Act of 1933 or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to said Section
8(a), may determine. </B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="color: Red"><B>The information in
this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the
Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell nor does it seek an offer to buy
these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="color: Red"><B>Subject to Completion,
dated February 6, 2023.</B></FONT> </P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>PROSPECTUS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;<IMG SRC="image_001.jpg" ALT=""></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>VIVAKOR, INC. </B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>$100,000,000</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Common Stock </B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Preferred Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Debt Securities</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Warrants</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Rights </B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Units </B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We may offer and sell up to $100 million in the
aggregate of the securities identified above from time to time in one or more offerings. This prospectus provides you with a general description
of the securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Each time we offer and sell securities, we will
provide a supplement to this prospectus that contains specific information about the offering and the amounts, prices and terms of the
securities. The supplement may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus with respect to that offering. You
should carefully read this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement before you invest in any of our securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We may offer and sell the securities described
in this prospectus and any prospectus supplement to or through one or more underwriters, dealers and agents, or directly to purchasers,
or through a combination of these methods. If any underwriters, dealers or agents are involved in the sale of any of the securities, their
names and any applicable purchase price, fee, commission or discount arrangement between or among them will be set forth, or will be calculable
from the information set forth, in the applicable prospectus supplement. See the sections of this prospectus entitled &ldquo;<A HREF="#a01">About this Prospectus</A>&rdquo; and &ldquo;<A HREF="#a12">Plan of Distribution</A>&rdquo; for more information. No securities may be sold without delivery of this prospectus
and the applicable prospectus supplement describing the method and terms of the offering of such securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>INVESTING IN OUR SECURITIES INVOLVES RISKS.
SEE THE &ldquo;<A HREF="#a04">RISK FACTORS</A>&rdquo; ON PAGE 11 OF THIS PROSPECTUS AND ANY SIMILAR SECTION CONTAINED IN THE APPLICABLE PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT
CONCERNING FACTORS YOU SHOULD CONSIDER BEFORE INVESTING IN OUR SECURITIES.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"> &nbsp; <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"> Our
                                            common stock is listed on The NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol &ldquo;VIVK&rdquo;.
                                            On January 31, 2023, the last reported sale price of our common stock on The NASDAQ Capital
                                            Market was $1.33 per share. </P>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"> The aggregate market value of our outstanding
common stock held by non-affiliates is $21,538,564, as of January 30, 2023, based on 18,064,838 shares of outstanding common stock, of
which 3,519,554 are held by affiliates, and a per share price of $2.08, based on the highest closing sale price of our common stock in
the last 60 days. Pursuant to General Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3, in no event will we sell our common stock in a public primary offering
with a value exceeding more than one-third of our public float in any 12-month period so long as our public float remains below $75,000,000.
We have not offered any securities pursuant to General Instruction I.B.6. of Form S-3 during the prior 12 calendar month period that
ends on and includes the date of this prospectus. </P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission
nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus.
Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense. </B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>The date of this prospectus is &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;,
2023. </B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="toc"></A><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>TABLE
OF CONTENTS</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 95%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="#a01">ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom; width: 5%">1</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="#a02">WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION; INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">2</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="#a03">THE COMPANY</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">3</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="#a04">RISK FACTORS</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">11</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="#a05">SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">11</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="#a06">USE OF PROCEEDS</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">11</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="#a07">DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">12</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="#a08">DESCRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">15</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="#a09">DESCRIPTION OF WARRANTS</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">21</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="#a10">DESCRIPTION OF RIGHTS</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">22</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="#a11">DESCRIPTION OF UNITS</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">23</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="#a12">PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">23</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="#a13">LEGAL MATTERS</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">25</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="#a14">EXPERTS</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom">25</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 6.5pt; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a01"></A>ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 6.5pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">This prospectus is part of a registration statement
that we filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, using a &ldquo;shelf&rdquo; registration process. By using
a shelf registration statement, we may sell securities from time to time and in one or more offerings up to a total dollar amount of $100
million as described in this prospectus. Each time that we offer and sell securities, we will provide a prospectus supplement to this
prospectus that contains specific information about the securities being offered and sold and the specific terms of that offering. The
prospectus supplement may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus with respect to that offering. If there
is any inconsistency between the information in this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement, you should rely on the prospectus
supplement. Before purchasing any securities, you should carefully read both this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement,
together with the additional information described under the heading &ldquo;<A HREF="#a02">Where You Can Find More Information; Incorporation by Reference</A>.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We have not authorized any other person to provide
you with different information. If anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. We will
not make an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. You should assume that the information
appearing in this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement to this prospectus is accurate as of the date on its respective
cover, and that any information incorporated by reference is accurate only as of the date of the document incorporated by reference, unless
we indicate otherwise. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since those dates.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">When we refer to &ldquo;Vivakor,&rdquo; &ldquo;we,&rdquo;
&ldquo;our,&rdquo; &ldquo;us&rdquo; and the &ldquo;Company&rdquo; in this prospectus, we mean Vivakor, Inc., unless otherwise specified.
When we refer to &ldquo;you,&rdquo; we mean the holders of the applicable series of securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a02"></A>WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION; INCORPORATION
BY REFERENCE</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Available Information </B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We file reports, proxy statements and other information
with the SEC. Information filed with the SEC by us can be inspected and copied at the Public Reference Room maintained by the SEC at 100
F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. You may also obtain copies of this information by mail from the Public Reference Room of the SEC
at prescribed rates. Further information on the operation of the SEC&rsquo;s Public Reference Room in Washington, D.C. can be obtained
by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC also maintains a web site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other
information about issuers, such as us, who file electronically with the SEC. The address of that website is <I>http://www.sec.gov</I>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our website address is <I>www.vivakor.com</I>.
The information on our website, however, is not, and should not be deemed to be, a part of this prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">This prospectus and any prospectus supplement
are part of a registration statement that we filed with the SEC and do not contain all of the information in the registration statement.
The full registration statement may be obtained from the SEC or us, as provided below. Forms of the documents establishing the terms of
the offered securities are or may be filed as exhibits to the registration statement. Statements in this prospectus or any prospectus
supplement about these documents are summaries and each statement is qualified in all respects by reference to the document to which it
refers. You should refer to the actual documents for a more complete description of the relevant matters. You may inspect a copy of the
registration statement at the SEC&rsquo;s Public Reference Room in Washington, D.C. or through the SEC&rsquo;s website, as provided above.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Incorporation by Reference </B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The SEC&rsquo;s rules allow us to &ldquo;incorporate
by reference&rdquo; information into this prospectus, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to
another document filed separately with the SEC. The information incorporated by reference is deemed to be part of this prospectus, and
subsequent information that we file with the SEC will automatically update and supersede that information. Any statement contained in
a previously filed document incorporated by reference will be deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this prospectus to the
extent that a statement contained in this prospectus modifies or replaces that statement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We incorporate by reference our documents listed
below and any future filings made by us with the SEC under Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934,
as amended, which we refer to as the &ldquo;Exchange Act&rdquo; in this prospectus, between the date of this prospectus and the termination
of the offering of the securities described in this prospectus. We are not, however, incorporating by reference any documents or portions
thereof, whether specifically listed below or filed in the future, that are not deemed &ldquo;filed&rdquo; with the SEC, including any
information furnished pursuant to Items 2.02 or 7.01 of Form 8-K or related exhibits furnished pursuant to Item 9.01 of Form 8-K.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">This prospectus and any accompanying prospectus
supplement incorporate by reference the documents set forth below that have previously been filed with the SEC:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 48px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our Annual Report on <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1450704/000168316822003101/vivakor_i10ka1-123121.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Form 10-K/A</A> for the year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on May 2, 2022.</FONT></TD></TR>

<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 48px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1450704/000168316822003590/vivakor_i10q-033122.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">March
31, 2022</A>, filed with the SEC on May 13, 2022, for the quarter ended <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1450704/000168316822005949/vivakor_i10q-063022.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">June
30, 2022</A>, filed with the SEC on August 22, 2022 and for the quarter ended <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1450704/000168316822007960/vivakor_i10q-093022.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">September
30, 2022</A>, filed with the SEC on November 21, 2022.</FONT></TD></TR>

<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 48px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our
    Current Reports on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1450704/000168316822003104/vivakor_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">May
    2, 2022</A>, <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1450704/000168316822004353/vivakor_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">June
    14, 2022</A>, <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1450704/000168316822004506/vivakor_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">June
    22, 2022</A>, <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1450704/000168316822004844/vivakor_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">July
    8, 2022</A>, <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1450704/000168316822004878/vivakor_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">July
    11, 2022</A>, <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1450704/000168316822005367/vivakor_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">August
    5, 2022</A>, <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1450704/000168316822006784/vivakor_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">October
    6, 2022</A>, <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1450704/000168316822006932/vivakor_8ka.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">October
    17, 2022</A>, <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1450704/000168316822007258/vivakor_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">November
    3, 2022</A>, <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1450704/000168316822008166/vivakor_8k-120122.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">December
    2, 2022</A>, <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1450704/000168316822008581/vivakor_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">December
    21, 2022</A>, <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1450704/000168316823000131/vivakor_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">January
    10, 2023</A> and <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1450704/000168316823000261/vivakor_8k.htm">January 20, 2023</A>.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">All reports and other documents we subsequently
file pursuant to Section 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act prior to the termination of this offering, including all such documents
we may file with the SEC after the date of the initial registration statement and prior to the effectiveness of the registration statement,
but excluding any information furnished to, rather than filed with, the SEC, will also be incorporated by reference into this prospectus
and deemed to be part of this prospectus from the date of the filing of such reports and documents.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">You may request a free copy of any of the documents
incorporated by reference in this prospectus (other than exhibits, unless they are specifically incorporated by reference in the documents)
by writing or telephoning us at the following address:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Vivakor, Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">4101 North Thanksgiving Way</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Lehi, UT 84043</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><U>Telephone: (949) 281-2606</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Exhibits to the filings will not be sent, however,
unless those exhibits have specifically been incorporated by reference in this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a03"></A><B>THE COMPANY</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Overview</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We are a socially responsible operator, acquirer and developer of clean
energy technologies and environmental solutions. Our current efforts are primarily focused on soil remediation and owning and operating
crude oil gathering, storage and transportation facilities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our soil remediation business specializes in the remediation of soil
and the extraction of hydrocarbons, such as oil, from properties contaminated by or laden with heavy crude oil and other hydrocarbon-based
substances. Our patented process allows us to successfully recover the hydrocarbons which we believe could then be used to produce asphaltic
cement and/or other petroleum-based products.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We are focused on the remediation of contaminated soil and water resulting
from either man-made spills or naturally occurring deposits of oil. Our primary focus has been the remediation of oil spills resulting
from the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and naturally occurring oil sands deposits in the Uinta basin located in Eastern Utah. We plan to expand
into other markets where we believe our technology and services will provide a distinct competitive advantage over our competition.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our current focus is on the clean-up of greater than 7% hydrocarbon
contaminated soil located in Kuwait as a result of the Iraqi invasion, and naturally occurring oil sands deposits in Utah. We have deployed
two RPC units to date including one unit to Kuwait (for which operations were temporarily suspended due to COVID-19) and another to Vernal,
Utah (which is presently operating).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our crude oil gathering, storage and transportation business focuses
on owning and operating crude oil gathering, storage and transportation facilities. One of our facilities sells crude oil in amounts up
to 60,000 barrels per month under agreements with a large energy company. A different facility owns a 120,000-barrel crude oil storage
tank near Colorado City, Texas. The storage tank is presently connected to the Lotus pipeline system and we plan to further connect the
tank to major pipeline systems.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Market Opportunity</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We believe that the market for remediating oil from both soil and water
is significant. According to Grandview Research, the market for environmental clean-up of oil spills will reach $177 billion by 2025.
We believe that a large portion of that market will originate from contamination of more than 7% hydrocarbon content and that our technology
is currently the only one that can economically remediate these environmental disasters, while allowing for the capture and reuse of the
crude.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In addition, we believe that the heavy crude that we have been recovering
in Utah is ideal for producing asphaltic cement. The demand for asphaltic cement in the United States is presently estimated to be $93
billion this year according to Transparency Market Research. We provided our material to asphalt companies for testing to determine what
modifications, if any, needed to be made to meet general asphalt specifications. We recently received notification that our asphaltic
cement now meets the general classification of AC20 asphaltic cement and that it passed the specifications of several potential clients.
We are expecting several orders in the near term and we believe that we will be able to offer our product at very competitive prices and
in an environmentally friendly manner.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Revenue</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><U>Remediation Processing Centers</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We presently have two projects utilizing our first two manufactured
RPCs - our project in Kuwait (which was temporarily suspended due to COVID-19) and our project in Vernal, Utah (which is currently operating).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In Kuwait, pursuant to an agreement with Al Dali
International Co., a company organized under the laws of Kuwait (&ldquo;DIC&rdquo;), we will receive $50,000 for the successful remediation
of the first 100 tons ($500 per ton) under its subcontractor services for the Kuwait Oil Company (&ldquo;KOC&rdquo;) Remediation Contract.
In addition, we will receive $20 per treated ton of soil after the initial 100 tons. The treatment process using the RPC plants is anticipated
to generate a bitumen sub-product. We have agreed with DIC to sell this sub-product and share the net profits equally (50% to the us and
50% to DIC), after allocating 30% of the net profits to DIC in the form of a sales and marketing payment, which will be invoiced on a
monthly basis, in accordance with the Agreement. Pursuant to the Agreement, we will have a stockpile of at least 444,311 tons with at
least 5% oil contamination for us to remediate. The operations surrounding our first RPC for this project were temporarily suspended until
recently. Pursuant to the Agreement, we intend to commence the refurbishment phase of the RPC to commence the testing operations of the
first 100 tons and thereafter begin remediating the 444,311 ton stockpile.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our RPC situated in Vernal, Utah has the
capacity to process 500 tons or more of naturally occurring oil sands deposits per day. We estimate that if the extracted material is
composed of at least 10% oil, we will recover approximately 250 barrels of extracted hydrocarbons each day, which could then be sold for
energy or converted to asphaltic cement and sold for use in roads at higher prices. Currently the operations at our Vernal plant are limited
due to recent, temporary supply and personnel limitations. We are not currently producing product toward the Off-Take Agreement due to
these recent developments. We believe these limitations may be resolved during the first quarter of 2023.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We provide precious metal extraction services
on a service fee basis for customers. We also market and sell the precious metals we have extracted from our own soils. As we continue
our efforts, we anticipate increased opportunities to monetize our precious metals end product. The operations surrounding our precious
metals extraction services were temporarily suspended until recently. We intend to commence the refurbishment phase of the extraction
machines to commence testing for operations.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Kuwait Project</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The United Nations (UN) had allocated up to $14.7
billion for post-Iraq war reparations in order to clean up Kuwait. Kuwait suffered extensive contamination as a result of the 1991 Persian
Gulf War. At the close of the Gulf War, Saddam Hussein ordered Kuwaiti oil wells to be blown up, resulting in the destruction of approximately
600 oil wells. The damage resulting from such fires, which burned for seven months, included a layer of hardened &ldquo;tarcrete,&rdquo;
caused by the sand and gravel on the land's surface combining with oil and soot, forming over almost 5% of the country's area.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We were engaged by a subcontractor, DIC, which
is approved by KOC for the Kuwait Environmental Remediation Program (&ldquo;KERP&rdquo;) project.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our technology has been successful in reducing
the amount of contaminated material in Kuwait from 20% hydrocarbon contamination to just 0.2% hydrocarbon contamination, based on third
party independent testing performed by ALS Arabia in March 2020. We believe we possess the only technology that has been successful at
remediating such highly contaminated soil (defined as anything above 20% hydrocarbon contamination), while also returning usable hydrocarbons.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The KERP project is anticipated to involve approximately
26 million cubic meters of contaminated oil sands requiring remediation. We expect that as much as 20% of the contaminated soil will contain
more than 5% hydrocarbon contamination. Our agreement with DIC is for cleanup of a portion of the KERP project.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">On December 14, 2021, we, together with our subsidiary,
Vivaventures Energy Group, Inc., entered into a Services Agreement (the &ldquo;Services Agreement&rdquo;) with Al Dali International Co.,
a company organized under the laws of Kuwait (&ldquo;DIC&rdquo;). The Government of Kuwait and the United Nations, acting through the
Kuwait Oil Company (&ldquo;KOC&rdquo;) has awarded to Enshaat Al Sayer rights to remediate contaminated soil under the Kuwait Remediation
Program pursuant to the South Kuwait Excavation, Transportation and Remediation Project (&ldquo;KOC Remediation Contract&rdquo;). To fulfill
its role, Enshaat Al Sayer has engaged the Company, through the Company&rsquo;s agreement with DIC, to perform contaminated soil treatment
for the KOC Remediation Contract using the Company&rsquo;s patented technology for extracting hydrocarbons, through the Company&rsquo;s
Remediation Processing Center (&ldquo;RPC&rdquo;) plants.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Company will receive $50,000 for the successful
remediation of the first 100 tons ($500 per ton) under its subcontractor services for the KOC Remediation Contract. In addition, the Company
will receive $20 per treated ton of soil after the initial 100 tons. The treatment process using the RPC plants is anticipated to generate
a bitumen sub-product. The Company and DIC have agreed to sell this sub-product and share the net profits equally (50% to the Company
and 50% to DIC), after allocating 30% of the net profits to DIC in the form of a sales and marketing payment, which will be invoiced on
a monthly basis, in accordance with the Agreement. Pursuant to the Agreement, we will have a stockpile of at least 444,311 tons with at
least 5% oil contamination for us to remediate.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Pursuant to the Services Agreement, one of our
pilot RPC plants is on location and, after refurbishing and retrofitting the pilot plant, we plan to begin test runs with the pilot plant
in the first quarter of 2023. Assuming the test runs with the pilot plant prove successful, then within one year of certain contract
milestones being met, we will provide a RPC plant capable of processing 40 tons of soil per hour. We will bear the cost of the related
manufacturing, deployment, break-down and spare parts of the RPCs. The RPC plant remediation services must reduce TPH contamination to
less than 1%. DIC will provide all other costs for bonds, infrastructure, and operations of the plant.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Vernal, Utah Project</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The State of Utah has, according to the U.S. Geological
Survey, approximately 14 billion barrels of measured oil in place with an additional estimated 23 to 28 billion barrels of oil contained
in contaminated oil sands that are deposited near the ground surface. We believe that the crude from these oil sands can be turned into
asphaltic cement for making roads, or upgraded for polymers or fuel. Vernal is the county seat, and largest city in Uintah County, located
in northeastern Utah, approximately 175 miles east of Salt Lake City, and 20 miles west of the Colorado border. In June 2021, we entered
into an agreement with the owner of such parcel of land that permitted us to continue to operate on the land on a month-to-month basis.
In March 2022, we entered into a land lease with the land owner for a five year term, with an optional 5 year extension, allowing us to
process up to 2,000 tons per day of oil sand material, with a guarantee by the land owner to deliver material with a minimum of 10% hydrocarbon
by weight, which would produce up to 200 tons of asphalt cement product per day when processed through four of our patented RPCs.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Vernal property contains approximately 100
million cubic yards of oil sand material available for processing. The property is located on approximately 600 acres.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Material extracted from our Vernal, Utah project
can be sold for energy or converted into asphaltic cement, which we believe is less affected by daily changes in oil prices. With our
one RPC unit, assuming full utilization, we anticipate producing approximately 50 tons of asphaltic cement per day. We anticipate that
we will be able to sell our asphaltic cement for, referencing present pricing, approximately $575 per ton.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Currently the operations at our Vernal plant are
limited due to recent, temporary supply and personnel limitations. We are not currently producing product toward the Off-Take Agreement
due to these recent developments. We believe these limitations may be resolved during the first quarter of 2023.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><U>Crude Oil Gathering, Storage and Transportation</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">On August 1, 2022, we acquired 100% of the outstanding ownership interests
of Silver Fuels Delhi, LLC, a Louisiana limited liability company (&ldquo;SFD&rdquo;) and White Claw Colorado City, LLC, a Texas limited
liability company (&ldquo;WCCC&rdquo;), which are now wholly-owned subsidiaries of ours, and are generating revenue.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">SFD operates a crude oil gathering, storage, and transportation facility
located on approximately 9.3 acres near Delhi, Louisiana. Under existing agreements, a subsidiary of a large NYSE traded energy company
(the &ldquo;Purchaser&rdquo;) is obligated to purchase crude oil from SFD in amounts up to 60,000 barrels per month. With prior approval,
SFD is eligible to sell to the Purchaser amounts greater than 60,000 barrels of crude oil per month. Additionally, for a period of 10
years, SFD is, under existing crude oil supply agreements with WC Crude, guaranteed a minimum gross margin of $5.00 per barrel on all
quantities of crude oil sold thereunder. At present, SFD is gathering and selling approximately 1,400 to 1,700 barrels of crude oil on
a daily basis. Additionally, the acquisition of SFD provides us with the infrastructure needed to place a Remediation Processing Machine
(&ldquo;RPC&rdquo;) to clean soil which has been contaminated by hydrocarbons as well as tank bottom sludge. Management believes SFD&rsquo;s
location in the heart of the Smackover formation would provide the Company with access to significant amounts of tank bottom sludge and
contaminated soil.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">WCCC operates a 120,000 barrel crude oil storage tank, in the heart
of the Permian Basin, located near Colorado City, Texas. The storage tank is presently connected to the Lotus pipeline system and the
Company intends to further connect the tank to major pipeline systems. Under the terms of an existing agreement, WC Crude has agreed to
lease the oil storage tank for a period of 10 years. As with SFD, WCCC would provide the Company with the infrastructure to blend and
sell oil which has been recovered via a RPC machine from tank bottom sludge and contaminated soil which exists in the Permian Basin.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Competitive Strengths and Growth Strategy</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We are focused on the remediation of contaminated soil and water resulting
from either man-made spills or naturally occurring deposits of oil. Our primary focus has been the remediation of oil spills resulting
from the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and naturally occurring oil sands deposits in the Uinta basin located in Eastern Utah. We plan to expand
into other markets where we believe our technology and services will provide a distinct competitive advantage over our competition.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I></I></B></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Competitive Strengths</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We believe the following strengths provide us with a distinct competitive
advantage and will enable us to effectively compete on a global basis:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Proprietary patented technology;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Environmental advantages; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Experienced and highly-skilled management, Board of Directors and Advisory Board.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><I>&nbsp;</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><I>Proprietary Patented Technology</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In total, we, together with our subsidiaries, have intellectual property
that is in the form of both proprietary knowledge and patents. Our patent portfolio consists of four issued U.S. patents, one pending
international patent application filed through the Paris Cooperation Treaty (PCT), and one pending patent application in Kuwait. In addition,
we have licensed from our partners the right to use additional patented technologies.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We presently have two US patent and pending foreign applications related
to our RPCs and two issued US patents related to our other remediation technologies.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We believe, based on direct and ongoing conversations with our customers
and third-party independent test results, that our technology is the only commercially available technology that can not only clean soil
that contains greater than 7% hydrocarbon, but also preserves the hydrocarbons extracted from such soil for future use. We believe that
this provides us with a true competitive advantage.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our main technology has been tested and validated for all of its claims
by separate, independent expert firms both in the United States and the Middle East, whose reports confirm that we have reclamation technology,
which has been tested and reviewed, that possesses the ability to clean soil with more than 7% hydrocarbon contamination and still leave
the recovered hydrocarbons in a usable state.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><I>&nbsp;</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><I>Environmental Advantages</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Among our key corporate objectives is to be at the forefront of social
responsibility for its technological impact. We strive for all of our systems to ultimately become closed loop systems, to minimize adverse
impacts on air quality and reduce the need for use of clean water. Our ability to turn waste into value is in line with this core objective.
Our remediation projects in Kuwait are expected to reduce emissions from vaporization of the oil spilled in the soil. The ability to clean
produced water from oil production can eliminate the need for evaporation ponds, improving air quality and saving on the use of clean
water.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We believe our technology and service offerings will position us well
to conduct our business in any geographical region in which soil or water has been contaminated by hydrocarbons.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><I>&nbsp;&nbsp;</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><I>Experienced and Highly Skilled Management, Board of Directors and
Advisory Board</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our management team has started and successfully
grown numerous technology-based companies and has utilized this experience to develop a strategic vision for the Company. The implementation
of this plan has resulted in the acquisition and in-house development of numerous technologies, which are currently in operation. We
have demonstrated the effectiveness of our technologies in both Vernal, Utah and Kuwait, accomplishing the clean-up of contaminated areas
while also recovering precious metals through our metallic separation technology. Our Board of Directors is comprised of accomplished
professionals who bring decades of experience to the Company. </P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In addition, we have an Advisory Board comprised
of former senior members of oil and gas companies, both in the United States and in the Middle East. Our Advisory Board is led by one
member who is an accomplished business professional and a member of a royal family based in the Middle East and another member who is
an experienced health and safety expert operating in the oil and gas industries.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We rely on our Board of Directors and Advisory
Board to provide it both high level advice and guidance along with using their contacts to help open various markets. Additionally, the
Advisory Board acts as a preliminary informal sounding board for the Board and management for these particular areas in which the Advisory
Board members have expertise. We believe the combination of our management team, Board of Directors and Advisory Board provides us with
a significant competitive advantage over our competitors due to their breadth of experiences and relationships.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Growth Strategies</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><U>Remediation Processing Centers</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">We will strive to grow our RPC business by pursuing the following strategies:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Operating our Remediation Project in Kuwait;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Increase of revenue via new service and product offerings;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Strategic acquisitions and licenses targeting complementary technologies; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Redeployment of the metallic separation technologies.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><I>&nbsp;&nbsp;</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>Operating our Remediation Project in Kuwait</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Our RPC technology was successfully used in our initial project for
KOC in Kuwait, where we removed hydrocarbons from soil with more than 7% contamination and, following the process, the hydrocarbon contamination
level of the soil was reduced to less than 0.5%, which was lower than the level needed to meet the project specifications. There is still
approximately 26 million cubic meters of soil contaminated by oil from the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. Pursuant to our recent agreement
with DIC, we will receive $50,000 for the successful remediation of the first 100 tons ($500 per ton) under its subcontractor services
for the KOC Remediation Contract. In addition, we will receive $20 per treated ton of soil after the initial 100 tons. The treatment process
using the RPC plants is anticipated to generate a bitumen sub-product. We have agreed with DIC to sell this sub-product and share the
net profits equally (50% to us and 50% to DIC), after allocating 30% of the net profits to DIC in the form of a sales and marketing payment,
which will be invoiced on a monthly basis, in accordance with the Agreement. Pursuant to the Agreement, we will have a stockpile of at
least 444,311 tons with at least 5% oil contamination for us to remediate. Other technologies may also be used for the less contaminated
soils.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><I>&nbsp;</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><I>Increase of Revenue via New Service and Product Offerings</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">To date, we have focused on the remediation of
soil contaminated by oil. We intend to target other hydrocarbon remediation businesses that focus on, among other things, the cleaning
of tank bottom sludge, and the cleaning of the water used from drilling oil wells. Oil producers generally pay to dispose of sludge at
the bottom of storage tanks and contaminated water produced from the drilling of oil wells. We believe that our technologies could be
used to clean the contaminated water produced from drilling, while simultaneously recovering the heavy crude. We believe we will be able
to offer these services at a cost that is very competitive with current methods and that our ability to recover the heavy crude for resale
will give us a competitive advantage. We are currently in early stage discussions relating to some of these remediation projects.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><I>&nbsp;</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><I>Strategic Acquisitions and Licenses Targeting Complementary Technologies</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We intend to seek out opportunities to acquire
or license only specific technologies that are either complementary to our existing product offerings or that will allow us to expand
into the environmental infrastructure markets. We <FONT STYLE="background-color: white">recently entered into a worldwide, exclusive license
agreement with TBT Group, Inc. to license piezo electric and energy harvesting technologies for creating self-powered sensors for making
smart roadways</FONT>, which we believe could be embedded directly into the asphaltic cement we intend to produce from the hydrocarbons
we extract, providing the basis for smart roads and infrastructure. We believe that these sensors, which are self-powered, could be used
to provide information about traffic, road conditions and repair needs as well as allowing the roads to communicate directly with autonomous
vehicles enabling these vehicles to sense the road in all weather conditions. By complementing the asphaltic cement we expect to produce
with integrated sensors for automated vehicles, we believe that we will be able to offer a smart road.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><I>&nbsp;</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><I>&nbsp;</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><I>&nbsp;</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><I></I></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><I>&nbsp;</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><I>Redeployment of the Metallic Separation Technology</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our licensed metallic separation technology has
successfully recovered precious metals including, but not limited to, gold, palladium, platinum, rhodium and silver. We may redeploy our
metallic separation technology machines to standalone locations to process mine tailings and other soils.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><U>Crude Oil Gathering, Storage and Transportation</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">WCCC operates a 120,000 barrel crude oil storage tank, in the heart
of the Permian Basin, located near Colorado City, Texas. The Company intends to further connect the tank to major pipeline systems. In
doing so, WCCC would provide the Company with the infrastructure to blend and sell oil which has been recovered via a RPC from tank bottom
sludge and contaminated soil which exists in the Permian Basin.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">SFD operates a crude oil gathering, storage,
and transportation facility, which is presently gathering and selling approximately 1,400 to 1,700 barrels of crude oil on a daily basis.
We plan to increase operations at the facility to ramp up to the facility daily maximum of gathering and selling as much as 4,000 barrels
of crude oil on a daily basis in the near future. Additionally, this facility may also provide us with the infrastructure needed to place
a RPC to clean soil which has been contaminated by hydrocarbons as well as tank bottom sludge from the area.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Recent Developments</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><U>Off-Take Agreement</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">On April 26, 2022, our
subsidiary Vivaventures Energy Group, Inc., entered into a Product Off-Take Agreement (the &ldquo;Off-Take Agreement&rdquo;), with Hot
Oil Transport, LLC, a Nevada limited liability company (&ldquo;HOT&rdquo;). Pursuant to the Off-Take Agreement, the Company plans to produce
asphalt that meets certain specifications from its Vernal, Utah RPC plant. HOT will be obligated to purchase from the Company certain
quantities of the product from the plant once the plant begins to produce the product, on the terms and conditions set forth in the Off-Take
Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">The quantity of the product
to be sold and purchased pursuant to this Agreement will be (i) 1,000 tons of the product per week, or (ii) the entirety of any lesser
amount that may be produced by the Company during any given week.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">The Off-Take Agreement,
sets for forth the rates for the sale and purchase of up to 1,000 tons of product per week. The Off-Take Agreement provides for an initial
term of ten years. The Off-Take Agreement will automatically renew for two successive ten-year terms, subject to the Company&rsquo;s right
to continue operating at the current Plant site, unless either party terminates the Off-Take Agreement by written notice to the other
party not less than three months prior to the expiration of the term. During a term, the Off-Take Agreement can only be terminated for
(i) abandonment or termination of Project by the Company; (ii) default by the other party; or (iii) in connection with occurrence of a
force majeure.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">Currently the operations
at our Vernal plant are limited due to recent, temporary supply and personnel limitations. We are not currently producing product toward
the Off-Take Agreement due to these recent developments. We anticipate that these limitations may be resolved during the first quarter
of 2023.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><U>Crude Oil Gathering, Storage and Transportation</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">On August 1, 2022, we acquired 100% of the outstanding
ownership interests of Silver Fuels Delhi, LLC, a Louisiana limited liability company (&ldquo;SFD&rdquo;) and White Claw Colorado City,
LLC, a Texas limited liability company (&ldquo;WCCC&rdquo;), which are now wholly-owned subsidiaries of ours, and are generating revenue.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">SFD operates a crude oil gathering, storage, and
transportation facility located on approximately 9.3 acres near Delhi, Louisiana. Under existing agreements, a subsidiary of a large NYSE
traded energy company (the &ldquo;Purchaser&rdquo;) is obligated to purchase crude oil from SFD in amounts up to 60,000 barrels per month.
With prior approval, SFD is eligible to sell to the Purchaser amounts greater than 60,000 barrels of crude oil per month. Additionally,
for a period of 10 years, SFD is, under existing crude oil supply agreements with WC Crude, guaranteed a minimum gross margin of $5.00
per barrel on all quantities of crude oil sold thereunder. At present, SFD is gathering and selling approximately 1,400 to 1,700 barrels
of crude oil on a daily basis. Additionally, the acquisition of SFD provides us with the infrastructure needed to place a Remediation
Processing Machine (&ldquo;RPC&rdquo;) to clean soil which has been contaminated by hydrocarbons as well as tank bottom sludge. Management
believes SFD&rsquo;s location in the heart of the Smackover formation would provide the Company with access to significant amounts of
tank bottom sludge and contaminated soil.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">WCCC operates a 120,000 barrel crude oil storage
tank, in the heart of the Permian Basin, located near Colorado City, Texas. The storage tank is presently connected to the Lotus pipeline
system and the Company intends to further connect the tank to major pipeline systems. Under the terms of an existing agreement, WC Crude
has agreed to lease the oil storage tank for a period of 10 years. As with SFD, WCCC would provide the Company with the infrastructure
to blend and sell oil which has been recovered via a RPC machine from tank bottom sludge and contaminated soil which exists in the Permian
Basin.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">For a more detailed discussion of the Acquisition
of Silver Fuels Delhi, LLC and White Claw Colorado City, LLC, see &ldquo;BUSINESS- Acquisition of Silver Fuels Delhi, LLC and White Claw
Colorado City, LLC.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><U>Cancellation of Stock Options</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">On September 1, 2022, the Company and certain
option holders cancelled 166,667 stock options that were previously issued to Matthew Nicosia, our Chief Executive Officer and 333,334
stock options that were previously issued to a consultant, LBL Professional Consulting, Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">On September 1, 2022, the Company and certain
option holders cancelled 166,667 stock options that were previously issued to Matthew Nicosia, our previous Chief Executive Officer in
conjunction with the issuance of 955,093 employee stock options granted in June 2022 that were to vest over a period of two years, for
which 451,158 of these options were cancelled with the resignation without cause of our Chief Executive Officer and 333,334 stock options
that were previously issued to a consultant, LBL Professional Consulting, Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><U>Resignation of Chief Executive Officer and
Chairman of the Board</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">On September 30, 2022, the Board of Directors
of the Company received notice from Matthew Nicosia, the Company&rsquo;s Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors
of his resignation from such positions effective as of October 6, 2022. Such resignations are not the result of any disagreement with
the Company on any matter relating to the Company&rsquo;s operations, policies or practices. The Company and Mr. Nicosia intend for Mr.
Nicosia to remain engaged by the Company in a separate capacity (as neither an officer nor other member of the management team) and on
terms to be determined by the Company, to facilitate the transition of his responsibilities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><U>Appointment of Chief Executive Officer and
Chairman of the Board; Note Amendment Agreement</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">On October 28, 2022, the Company entered into
an executive employment agreement with James Ballengee (the &ldquo;Employment Agreement&rdquo;) with respect to the Company&rsquo;s appointment
of Mr. Ballengee as Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of. Pursuant to the Employment Agreement, Mr. Ballengee will receive
annual compensation of $1,000,000 payable in shares of the Company&rsquo;s common stock in four (4) equal quarterly installments, priced
at the volume weighted average price (VWAP) for the five trading days preceding the date of the Employment Agreement and each anniversary
thereof (the &ldquo;CEO Compensation&rdquo;). The CEO Compensation shall be subject to satisfaction of Nasdaq rules, the provisions of
the Company&rsquo;s equity incentive plan and other applicable requirements and shall be accrued if such issuance is due prior to satisfaction
of such requirements. Additionally, Mr. Ballengee shall be eligible for a discretionary performance bonus. The Employment Agreement may
be terminated by either party for any or no reason, by providing a five days&rsquo; notice of termination.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Pursuant to the Employment Agreement, Mr. Ballengee
is granted the right to nominate two additional directors for appointment to the Board in his sole discretion, as well as a third additional
director upon issuance of the Note Payment Shares (defined below), subject to such directors passing a background check.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">On October 28, 2022,
in connection with the Employment Agreement, the Company and the Sellers entered into an agreement amending the Notes (the &ldquo;Note
Amendment&rdquo;), whereby, as soon as is practicable, following and subject to the approval of the Company&rsquo;s shareholders, and
provided there are no applicable prohibitions under the rules of The Nasdaq Capital Market or other restrictions, the Company will issue
7,042,254 restricted shares of the Company&rsquo;s common stock (the &ldquo;Note Payment Shares&rdquo;) as a $10,000,000 payment of principal
under the Notes on a pro rata basis, reflecting a conversion price of $1.42 per share (the &ldquo;Note Payment&rdquo;). 6,971,831 shares
will be issued to Jorgan and $9,900,000 of principal owed to Jorgan will be cancelled and 70,423 shares will be issued to JBAH and $100,000
of principal owed to JBAH will be cancelled.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">No later than thirty (30) days following the date
the Note Payment and the Note Payment Shares are approved by the Company&rsquo;s shareholders, the Company shall use its reasonable best
efforts to prepare and file with the SEC, a registration statement on Form S-1 or any other available form (the &quot;Registration Statement&quot;)
for an offering to be made on a continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 of the Securities Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><U>Land Lease Agreement</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">On December 16, 2022,
our subsidiary, VivaVentures Remediation Corp. entered into a Land Lease Agreement (the &ldquo;Land Lease&rdquo;) with W&amp;P Development
Corporation, under which we agreed to lease approximately 3.5 acres of land in Houston, Texas (commonly known as The San Jacinto River
&amp; Rail Park, 18511 Beaumont Highway, Houston, Texas). The Land Lease is for an initial term of 126 months and may be extended for
an additional 120 months at our discretion. Our monthly rent is $0 for the first three months and then at month 4 it is approximately
$7,000 (based on a 50% reduction) and increases to approximately $13,000 in month 7 and then increases annually up to approximately $16,000
per month by the end of the initial term. We plan to place one or more of our RPC machines on the property, as well as store certain
equipment.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Our Corporate History</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Company was originally organized on November 1, 2006 as a limited
liability company in the State of Nevada as Genecular Holdings, LLC. The Company&rsquo;s name was changed to NGI Holdings, LLC on November
3, 2006. On April 30, 2008, the Company was converted to a Nevada corporation and changed its name to Vivakor, Inc. pursuant to Articles
of Conversion filed with the Nevada Secretary of State.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">We have the following direct and indirect wholly-owned active subsidiaries:
VivaVentures Management Company, Inc., a Nevada corporation, VivaSphere, Inc., a Nevada corporation, VivaVentures Oil Sands, Inc., a Utah
corporation, RPC Design and Manufacturing LLC (&ldquo;RDM&rdquo;), a Utah limited liability company, Silver Fuels Delhi, LLC, a Louisiana
limited liability company, White Claw Colorado City, LLC, a Texas limited liability company, and Vivaventures Remediation Corporation,
a Texas corporation,. We have a 99.95% ownership interest in VivaVentures Energy Group, Inc., a Nevada Corporation; the 0.05% minority
interest in VivaVentures Energy Group, Inc. is held by a private investor unaffiliated with the Company. We also have an approximate 49%
ownership interest in Vivakor Middle-East Limited Liability Company, a Qatar limited liability company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Our address is 4101 North Thanksgiving Way, Lehi, UT&nbsp; 84043. Our
phone number is (949) 281-2606. Our website is: <I>www.vivakor.com</I>. The information on, or that can be accessed through, this website
is not part of this prospectus, and you should not rely on any such information in making the decision whether to purchase our common
stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a04"></A><B>RISK FACTORS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Investment in any securities offered pursuant
to this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement involves risks. You should carefully consider the risk factors incorporated
by reference to our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K/A, our recent Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and any subsequent Quarterly Reports
on Form 10-Q or Current Reports on Form 8-K we file after the date of this prospectus, and all other information contained or incorporated
by reference into this prospectus, as updated by our subsequent filings under the Exchange Act, and the risk factors and other information
contained in the applicable prospectus supplement before acquiring any of such securities. The occurrence of any of these risks might
cause you to lose all or part of your investment in the offered securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a05"></A><B>SPECIAL NOTICE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">This prospectus contains forward-looking statements
that involve risks and uncertainties, principally in the sections entitled &ldquo;<A HREF="#a04">Risk Factors</A>.&rdquo; All statements other than statements
of historical fact contained in this prospectus, including statements regarding future events, our future financial performance, business
strategy and plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements. We have attempted to identify forward-looking
statements by terminology including &ldquo;anticipates,&rdquo; &ldquo;believes,&rdquo; &ldquo;can,&rdquo; &ldquo;continue,&rdquo; &ldquo;could,&rdquo;
&ldquo;estimates,&rdquo; &ldquo;expects,&rdquo; &ldquo;intends,&rdquo; &ldquo;may,&rdquo; &ldquo;plans,&rdquo; &ldquo;potential,&rdquo;
&ldquo;predicts,&rdquo; &ldquo;should,&rdquo; or &ldquo;will&rdquo; or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. Although
we do not make forward looking statements unless we believe we have a reasonable basis for doing so, we cannot guarantee their accuracy.
These statements are only predictions and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, including the risks outlined
under &ldquo;<A HREF="#a04">Risk Factors</A>&rdquo; or elsewhere in this prospectus, which may cause our or our industry&rsquo;s actual results, levels of
activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Forward-looking statements should not be read
as a guarantee of future performance or results, and will not necessarily be accurate indications of the times at, or by which, that performance
or those results will be achieved. Forward-looking statements are based on information available at the time they are made and/or management&rsquo;s
good faith belief as of that time with respect to future events, and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual performance
or results to differ materially from what is expressed in or suggested by the forward-looking statements.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Forward-looking statements speak only as of the
date they are made. You should not put undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. We assume no obligation to update forward-looking
statements to reflect actual results, changes in assumptions or changes in other factors affecting forward-looking information, except
to the extent required by applicable securities laws. If we do update one or more forward-looking statements, no inference should be drawn
that we will make additional updates with respect to those or other forward-looking statements.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a06"></A><B>USE OF PROCEEDS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">We intend to use the net proceeds from the sale of the securities
as set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a07"></A>DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The following description of our capital stock
is not complete and may not contain all the information you should consider before investing in our capital stock. This description is
summarized from, and qualified in its entirety by reference to, our Second Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Amended
and Restated Bylaws, which have been publicly filed with the SEC. See &ldquo;<A HREF="#a02">Where You Can Find More Information; Incorporation by Reference</A>.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Company is authorized to issue 56,666,667
shares of capital stock, par value $0.001 per share, of 41,666,667 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, and 15,000,000
shares of preferred stock, par value of $0.001 per share. As of December 12, 2022, there were 18,064,838 shares of common stock that were
issued and outstanding and held of record by 566 stockholders. As of December 12, 2022, there were no shares of preferred stock outstanding.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">On February 14, 2022, we effected a 1-for-30 reverse
split of our authorized and outstanding shares of common stock (the &ldquo;Reverse Stock Split&rdquo;) via the filing of a certificate
of change with the Nevada Secretary of State. As a result of the Reverse Stock Split, all authorized and outstanding common stock, preferred
stock, and per share amounts in this prospectus, including, but not limited to, the consolidated financial statements and footnotes included
herein, have been adjusted to reflect the Reverse Stock Split for all periods presented.&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Common Stock </B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Holders of our common stock are each entitled
to cast one vote for each share held of record on all matters presented to the shareholders. Cumulative voting is not allowed.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Holders of our common stock are entitled to receive
such dividends as may be declared by our Board of Directors out of funds legally available (subject to the rights of holders of all classes
of stock at the time outstanding having prior rights as to dividends) and, in the event of liquidation, to share pro rata in any distribution
of our assets after payment of liabilities (subject to the rights of holders of all classes of stock at the time outstanding having prior
rights as to distributions). Our Board of Directors is not obligated to declare a dividend. It is not anticipated that dividends will
be paid in the foreseeable future.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Holders of our common stock do not have preemptive
rights to subscribe to additional shares if issued. There is no conversion, redemption, sinking fund or similar provisions regarding the
common stock. All outstanding shares of common stock are fully paid and non-assessable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><B>Preferred Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"> &nbsp; <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"> We
                                            are authorized to issue 15,000,000 shares of preferred stock, of which 11,666,667 shares
                                            have been designated as follows: (i) 66,667 shares of Series A preferred stock, of which
                                            zero are outstanding as of January 30, 2023; (ii) 3,266,666 shares of Series B preferred
                                            stock, of which zero are outstanding as of January 30, 2023; (iii) 1,666,667 shares of Series
                                            B-1 preferred stock, of which zero are outstanding as of January 30, 2023; (iv) 3,333,333
                                            shares of Series C preferred stock, of which zero are outstanding as of January 30, 2023;
                                            and (v) 3,333,333 shares of Series C-1 preferred stock, of which zero shares are outstanding
                                            as of January 30, 2023. </P>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">An additional 166,667 shares may be designated
from time to time in one or more series as may be determined by our Board of Directors, subject to the protective rights of any classes
of preferred stock then outstanding, with the voting powers and preferences, the relative rights of each such series and the qualifications,
limitations and restrictions of each such series of undesignated shares to be established by the Board of Directors. Our directors may
issue preferred stock with multiple votes per share and dividend rights which would have priority over any dividends paid with respect
to the holders of our common stock. The issuance of preferred stock with these rights may make the removal of management difficult even
if the removal would be considered beneficial to shareholders generally, and will have the effect of limiting shareholder participation
in transactions such as mergers or tender offers if these transactions are not favored by our management.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">There are currently no shares of Series A preferred
stock outstanding. The Series A Preferred Stock provides holders the right to convert each share into shares of common stock at a conversion
price of $0.60 per share, subject to adjustment. Holders of the Series A preferred stock are not entitled to receive dividends. Holders
of Series A preferred stock have the right to 25 votes for each share of common stock into which such shares of Series A Preferred Stock
may then be converted. Holders of Series A preferred stock are entitled to receive liquidation preference, prior to and in preference
to any distribution of any of the assets of the Company to the holders of common stock, or any other series of preferred stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">There are currently no shares of Series B preferred
stock outstanding. The Series B Preferred Stock provides holders the right to convert, at any time on or after the date that is one (1)
year after the date of issuance of such share, at a conversion price that is the lesser of (i) the Original Series B Issue Price and (ii)
ninety percent (90%) of the Market Price (as defined in the Company&rsquo;s Articles of Incorporation, as amended); provided, however,
upon the earlier to occur of a Qualified Public Offering (as defined in the Company&rsquo;s Articles of Incorporation, as amended) or
May 1, 2021, each share of Series B Preferred Stock is convertible into one share of common stock. Holders of Series B preferred stock
are entitled to receive dividends at the rate of $0.75 per share per annum. Each Holder of Series B is entitled to vote upon matters presented
to the Company&rsquo;s shareholders on an as converted basis. Holders of Series B preferred stock are entitled to receive liquidation
preference, prior to and in preference to any distribution of any of the assets of the Company to the holders of common stock, Series
A preferred stock or any other series of preferred stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">There are currently no shares of Series B-1 preferred
stock outstanding. The Series B-1 Preferred Stock provides holders the right to convert at any time on or after the date that is one (1)
year after the date of issuance of such share, at a conversion price that is the lesser of (i) the Original Series B-1 Issue Price and
(ii) ninety percent (90%) of the Market Price; provided, however, upon the earlier to occur of a Qualified Public Offering or May 1, 2021,
each share of Series B-1 Preferred Stock is convertible into one share of common stock. Holders of Series B-1 preferred stock are not
entitled to receive dividends. Holders of Series B-1 preferred stock are not entitled to vote on matters presented to the shareholders
of the Company. Holders of Series B-1 preferred stock are entitled to receive liquidation preference, <I>pari passu</I> with the holders
of Series B preferred stock and prior to and in preference to any distribution of any of the assets of the Company to holders of common
stock, Series A preferred stock, Series C preferred stock, Series C-1 preferred stock, or any other class of preferred stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">There are currently no shares of Series C preferred
stock outstanding. Holders of the Series C preferred stock would have the right to convert each share into common stock in the number
of fully paid and nonassessable shares of common stock at a conversion price of the lesser of (i) $10.50 per share and (ii) ninety percent
(90%) Market Price (as defined in the Company&rsquo;s Articles of Incorporation, as amended); provided, however, upon the earlier to occur
of a Qualified Public Offering (as defined in the Company&rsquo;s Articles of Incorporation, as amended) or May 4, 2021, each share of
Series B Preferred Stock is convertible into one share of common stock. Holders of Series C preferred stock would be entitled to receive
dividends at the rate of $1.3125 per share per annum. Holders of Series C preferred stock would be entitled to vote upon matter presented
to the Company&rsquo;s shareholders on an as converted basis. Holders of Series C preferred stock are entitled to receive liquidation
preference, prior to and in preference to any distribution of any of the assets of the Company to the holders of common stock, Series
A Preferred Stock or any other series of preferred stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">There are currently no shares of Series C-1 preferred
stock outstanding, as shares of Series C-1 Preferred Stock were converted to common stock on May 4, 2021. The Series C-1 Preferred Stock
provides holders the right to convert each share into one share of common stock. All Series C-1 Preferred Stock was auto converted to
common stock on May 4, 2021. Holders of Series C-1 preferred stock are not entitled to receive dividends. Holders of Series C-1 preferred
stock shall be entitled to vote on all matters submitted to the shareholders of the Company on an as-converted basis. Holders of Series
C-1 Preferred Stock are entitled to receive liquidation preference, <I>pari passu</I> with the holders of Series C Preferred Stock and
prior to and in preference to any distribution of any of the assets of the Company to the holders of common stock, Series A preferred
stock or any other series of preferred stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Blank Check Preferred Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The ability to authorize &ldquo;blank check&rdquo;
preferred stock makes it possible for the Company&rsquo;s board of directors to issue preferred stock with voting or other rights or preferences
that could impede the success of any attempt to acquire the Company.&nbsp;These and other provisions may have the effect of deferring
hostile takeovers or delaying changes in control or management of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55in"><B>&nbsp;</B>&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.55in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Exclusive Forum</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our Second Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation,
provides that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, and unless the Company consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum,
the Eighth Judicial District Court of Clark County, Nevada, shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum
for state law claims with respect to: (a) any derivative action or proceeding brought in the name or right of the Company or on its behalf,
(b) any action asserting a claim for breach of any fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer, employee or agent of the Company to the
Company or the Company&rsquo;s stockholders, (c) any action arising or asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of NRS Chapters
78 or 92A or any provision of these Second Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation or the bylaws or (d) any action asserting a
claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine, including, without limitation, any action to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the
validity of the Second Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation or the bylaws. The Second Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation
further provide that, for the avoidance of doubt, this exclusive forum provision shall not be applicable to any action brought under the
Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and that, unless the Company consents in writing
to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America shall be the exclusive forum for
the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Any person or entity
purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of capital stock of the Company shall be deemed to have notice of and consented
to the provisions of Article XV of the Second Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Unless the Company consents in writing to the
selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution
of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. There exists uncertainty, however,
as to whether such forum selection provisions of our Second Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation would be enforced by a court.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Anti-Takeover Provisions</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Nevada Anti-Takeover Law and Certain Charter and Bylaw Provisions</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We are a Nevada corporation and the anti-takeover
provisions of the Nevada Revised Statutes may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control by prohibiting us from engaging in a business
combination with an interested stockholder for a period of three years after the person becomes an interested stockholder, even if a change
in control would be beneficial to our existing stockholders. In addition, our articles of incorporation and bylaws may discourage, delay
or prevent a change in our management or control over us that stockholders may consider favorable. Our articles of incorporation and bylaws:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">authorize the issuance of &ldquo;blank check&rdquo; preferred stock that could be issued by our board of directors to thwart a takeover attempt;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">provide that vacancies on our board of directors, including newly created directorships, may be filled by a majority vote of directors then in office;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">place restrictive requirements (including advance notification of stockholder nominations and proposals) on how special meetings of stockholders may be called by our stockholders; do not provide stockholders with the ability to cumulate their votes; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">provide that our board of directors or a majority of our stockholders may amend our bylaws.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>The NASDAQ Capital Market Listing</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Capital
Market under the symbol &ldquo;VIVK&rdquo;.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Transfer Agent and Warrant Agent</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is Empire Stock
Transfer with an address 1859 Whitney Mesa Drive, Henderson, Nevada 89014.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; background-color: white"><A NAME="a08"></A><B>DESCRIPTION OF DEBT
SECURITIES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white"><B>General</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">The debt securities that
we may offer by this prospectus consist of notes, debentures, or other evidences of indebtedness.&nbsp;The debt securities may constitute
either senior or subordinated debt securities, and in either case may be either secured or unsecured.&nbsp;Any debt securities that we
offer and sell will be our direct obligations. Debt securities may be issued in one or more series. All debt securities of any one series
need not be issued at the same time, and unless otherwise provided, a series of debt securities may be reopened, with the required consent
of the holders of outstanding debt securities, for issuance of additional debt securities of that series or to establish additional terms
of that series of debt securities (with such additional terms applicable only to unissued or additional debt securities of that series).
The form of indenture has been filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part and is subject to
any amendments or supplements that we may enter into with the trustee(s), however, we may issue debt securities not subject to the indenture
provided such terms of debt securities are not otherwise required to be set forth in the indenture. The material terms of the indenture
are summarized below and we refer you to the indenture for a detailed description of these material terms. Additional or different provisions
that are applicable to a particular series of debt securities will, if material, be described in a prospectus supplement relating to the
offering of debt securities of that series. These provisions may include, among other things and to the extent applicable, the following:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the title of the debt securities, including, as applicable, whether the debt securities will be issued as senior&nbsp;debt securities, senior subordinated debt securities or subordinated debt securities, any subordination provisions particular to the series of debt securities;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">any limit on the aggregate principal amount of the debt securities;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">whether the debt securities are senior debt securities or subordinated debt securities and applicable subordination provisions, if any;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">whether the debt securities will be secured or unsecured;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">if other than 100% of the aggregate principal amount, the percentage of the aggregate principal amount at which we will sell the debt securities, such as an original issuance discount;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the date or dates, whether fixed or extendable, on which the principal of the debt securities will be payable;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the rate or rates, which may be fixed or variable, at which the debt securities will bear interest, if any, the date or dates from which any such interest will accrue, the interest payment dates on which we will pay any such interest, the basis upon which interest will be calculated if other than that of a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months, and, in the case of registered securities, the record dates for the determination of holders to whom interest is payable;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the place or places where the principal of and any premium or interest on the debt securities will be payable and where the debt securities may be surrendered for conversion or exchange;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">whether we may, at our option, redeem the debt securities, and if so, the price or prices at which, the period or periods within which, and the terms and conditions upon which, we may redeem the debt securities, in whole or in part, pursuant to any sinking fund or otherwise;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">if other than 100% of the aggregate principal amount thereof, the portion of the principal amount of the debt securities which will be payable upon declaration of acceleration of the maturity date thereof or provable in bankruptcy, or, if applicable, which is convertible or exchangeable;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">any obligation we may have to redeem, purchase or repay the debt securities pursuant to any sinking fund or analogous provisions or at the option of a holder of debt securities, and the price or prices at which, the currency in which and the period or periods within which, and the terms and conditions upon which, the debt securities will be redeemed, purchased or repaid, in whole or in part, pursuant to any such obligation, and any provision for the remarketing of the debt securities;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the issuance of debt securities as registered securities or unregistered securities or both, and the rights of the holders of the debt securities to exchange unregistered securities for registered securities, or vice versa, and the circumstances under which any such exchanges, if permitted, may be made;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the denominations, which may be in United States Dollars or in any foreign currency, in which the debt securities will be issued, if other than denominations of $1,000 and any integral multiple thereof;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">whether the debt securities will be issued in the form of certificated debt securities, and if so, the form of the debt securities (or forms thereof if unregistered and registered securities are issuable in that series), including the legends required by law or as we deem necessary or appropriate, the form of any coupons or temporary global security which may be issued and the forms of any other certificates which may be required under the indenture or which we may require in connection with the offering, sale, delivery or exchange of the debt securities;</FONT></TD></TR>

</TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">if other than United States Dollars, the currency or currencies in which payments of principal, interest and other amounts payable with respect to the debt securities will be denominated, payable, redeemable or repurchasable, as the case may be;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">whether the debt securities may be issuable in tranches;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the obligations, if any, we may have to permit the conversion or exchange of the debt securities into common stock, preferred stock or other capital stock or property, or a combination thereof, and the terms and conditions upon which such conversion or exchange will be effected (including conversion price or exchange ratio), and any limitations on the ownership or transferability of the securities or property into which the debt securities may be converted or exchanged;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">if other than the trustee under the indenture, any trustees, authenticating or paying agents, transfer agents or registrars or any other agents with respect to the debt securities;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">any deletions from, modifications of or additions to the events of default with respect to the debt securities or the right of the Trustee or the holders of the debt securities in connection with events of default;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">any deletions from, modifications of or additions to the covenants with respect to the debt securities;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">if the amount of payments of principal of, and make-whole amount, if any, and interest on the debt securities may be determined with reference to an index, the manner in which such amount will be determined;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">whether the debt securities will be issued in whole or in part in the global form of one or more debt securities and, if so, the depositary for such debt securities, the circumstances under which any such debt security may be exchanged for debt securities registered in the name of, and under which any transfer of debt securities may be registered in the name of, any person other than such depositary or its nominee, and any other provisions regarding such debt securities;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">whether, under what circumstances and the currency in which, we will pay additional amounts on the debt securities to any holder of the debt securities who is not a United States person in respect of any tax, assessment or governmental charge and, if so, whether we will have the option to redeem such debt securities rather than pay such additional amounts, and the terms of any such option;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">whether the debt securities will be secured by any collateral and, if so, a general description of the collateral and the terms of any related security, pledge or other agreements;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the persons to whom any interest on the debt securities will be payable, if other than the registered holders thereof on the regular record date therefor;&nbsp;and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">any other material terms or conditions upon which the debt securities will be issued.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">Unless otherwise indicated
in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will issue debt securities in fully registered form without coupons and in denominations of
$1,000 and in integral multiples of $1,000, and interest will be computed on the basis of a 360-day year of twelve 30-day months. If any
interest payment date or the maturity date falls on a day that is not a business day, then the payment will be made on the next business
day without additional interest and with the same effect as if it were made on the originally scheduled date. &ldquo;Business day&rdquo;
means any calendar day that is not a Saturday, Sunday or legal holiday in New York, New York, and on which the trustee and commercial
banks are open for business in New York, New York.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Unless we inform you otherwise in a prospectus
supplement, each series of our senior debt securities will rank equally in right of payment with all of our other unsubordinated debt.
The subordinated debt securities will rank junior in right of payment and be subordinate to all of our unsubordinated debt.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">Unless otherwise indicated
in the applicable prospectus supplement, the trustee will act as paying agent and registrar for the debt securities under the indenture.
We may act as paying agent under the indenture.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">The prospectus supplement
will contain a description of United States federal income tax consequences relating to the debt securities, to the extent applicable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><B>Covenants</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">The applicable prospectus
supplement will describe any covenants, such as restrictive covenants restricting us or our subsidiaries, if any, from incurring, issuing,
assuming or guaranteeing any indebtedness or restricting us or our subsidiaries, if any, from paying dividends or acquiring any of our
or its capital stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><B>Consolidation, Merger
and Transfer of Assets</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">The indenture permits
a consolidation or merger between us and another entity and/or the sale, conveyance or lease by us of all or substantially all of our
property and assets, provided that:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the resulting or acquiring entity, if other than us, is organized and existing under the laws of a United States jurisdiction and assumes all of our responsibilities and liabilities under the indenture, including the payment of all amounts due on the debt securities and performance of the covenants in the indenture;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">immediately after the transaction, and giving effect to the transaction, no event of default under the indenture exists;&nbsp;and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">we have delivered to the trustee an officers&rsquo; certificate stating that the transaction and, if a supplemental indenture is required in connection with the transaction, the supplemental indenture comply with the indenture and that all conditions precedent to the transaction contained in the indenture have been satisfied.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">If we consolidate or
merge with or into any other entity, or sell or lease all or substantially all of our assets in compliance with the terms and conditions
of the indenture, the resulting or acquiring entity will be substituted for us in the indenture and the debt securities with the same
effect as if it had been an original party to the indenture and the debt securities. As a result, such successor entity may exercise our
rights and powers under the indenture and the debt securities, in our name and, except in the case of a lease, we will be released from
all our liabilities and obligations under the indenture and under the debt securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">Notwithstanding the foregoing,
we may transfer all of our property and assets to another entity if, immediately after giving effect to the transfer, such entity is our
wholly owned subsidiary. The term &ldquo;wholly owned subsidiary&rdquo; means any subsidiary in which we and/or our other wholly owned
subsidiaries, if any, own all of the outstanding capital stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white"><B>Modification and Waiver</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">Under the indenture,
some of our rights and obligations and some of the rights of the holders of the debt securities may be modified or amended with the consent
of the holders of not less than a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities affected by the modification
or amendment. However, the following modifications and amendments will not be effective against any holder without its consent:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a change in the stated maturity date of any payment of principal or interest;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a reduction in the principal amount of or interest on any debt securities;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">an alteration or impairment of any right to convert at the rate or upon the terms provided in the indenture;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a change in the currency in which any payment on the debt securities is payable;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">an impairment of a holder&rsquo;s right to sue us for the enforcement of payments due on the debt securities;&nbsp;or</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a reduction in the percentage of outstanding debt securities required to consent to a modification or amendment of the indenture or required to consent to a waiver of compliance with certain provisions of the indenture or certain defaults under the indenture.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">Under the indenture,
the holders of not less than a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities may, on behalf of all holders
of the debt securities:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">waive compliance by us with certain restrictive provisions of the indenture; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">waive any past default under the indenture in accordance with the applicable provisions of the indenture, except a default in the payment of the principal of or interest on any series of debt securities.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><B>Events of Default</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">Unless we indicate otherwise
in the applicable prospectus supplement, &ldquo;event of default&rdquo; under the indenture will mean, with respect to any series of debt
securities, any of the following:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">failure to pay interest on any debt security for 30&nbsp;days after the payment is due;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">failure to pay the principal of any debt security when due, either at maturity, upon redemption, by declaration or otherwise;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">failure on our part to observe or perform any other covenant or agreement in the indenture that applies to the debt securities for 90&nbsp;days after we have received written notice of the failure to perform in the manner specified in the indenture;&nbsp;and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><B>Remedies Upon an Event
of Default</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">If an event of default
occurs and continues, the trustee or the holders of not less than 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities
of such series may declare the entire principal of all the debt securities to be due and payable immediately, except that, if the event
of default is caused by certain events in bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization, the entire principal of all of the debt securities
of such series will become due and payable immediately without any act on the part of the trustee or holders of the debt securities. If
such a declaration occurs, the holders of a majority of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of such series
can, subject to conditions, rescind the declaration.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">The indenture requires
us to furnish to the trustee not less often than annually, a certificate from our principal executive officer, principal financial officer
or principal accounting officer, as the case may be, as to such officer&rsquo;s knowledge of our compliance with all conditions and covenants
under the indenture. The trustee may withhold notice to the holders of debt securities of any default, except defaults in the payment
of principal of or interest on any debt securities if the trustee in good faith determines that the withholding of notice is in the best
interests of the holders. For purposes of this paragraph, &ldquo;default&rdquo; means any event which is, or after notice or lapse of
time or both would become, an event of default under the indenture.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">The trustee is not obligated
to exercise any of its rights or powers under the indenture at the request, order or direction of any holders of debt securities, unless
the holders offer the trustee satisfactory security or indemnity. If satisfactory security or indemnity is provided, then, subject to
other rights of the trustee, the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities may direct the
time, method and place of:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the trustee;&nbsp;or</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">exercising any trust or power conferred upon the trustee.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">The holder of a debt
security will have the right to begin any proceeding with respect to the indenture or for any remedy only if:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the holder has previously given the trustee written notice of a continuing event of default;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the holders of not less than a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities have made a written request of, and offered reasonable indemnity to, the trustee to begin such proceeding;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the trustee has not started such proceeding within 60&nbsp;days after receiving the request;&nbsp;and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">no direction inconsistent with such written request has been given to the trustee under the indenture.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">However, the holder of
any debt security will have an absolute right to receive payment of principal of and interest on the debt security when due and to institute
suit to enforce this payment.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white"><B>Satisfaction and Discharge; Defeasance</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><I>Satisfaction and Discharge
of Indenture.</I>&nbsp;Unless otherwise indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement, if at any time,</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">we have paid the principal of and interest on all the debt securities of any series, except for debt securities which have been destroyed, lost or stolen and which have been replaced or paid in accordance with the indenture, as and when the same shall have become due and payable,&nbsp;or</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">we have delivered to the trustee for cancellation all debt securities of any series theretofore authenticated, except for debt securities of such series which have been destroyed, lost or stolen and which have been replaced or paid as provided in the indenture,&nbsp;or</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">all the debt securities of such series not theretofore delivered to the trustee for cancellation have become due and payable, or are by their terms are to become due and payable within one year or are to be called for redemption within one year, and we have deposited with the trustee, in trust, sufficient money or government obligations, or a combination thereof, to pay the principal, any interest and any other sums due on the debt securities, on the dates the payments are due or become due under the indenture and the terms of the debt securities,</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">then the indenture shall
cease to be of further effect with respect to the debt securities of such series, except for:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white"><I>&nbsp;</I></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">rights of registration of transfer and exchange, and our right of optional redemption;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">substitution of mutilated, defaced, destroyed, lost or stolen debt securities;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">rights of holders to receive payments of principal thereof and interest thereon upon the original stated due dates therefor (but not upon acceleration) and remaining rights of the holders to receive mandatory sinking fund payments, if any;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the rights, obligations and immunities of the trustee under the indenture; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the rights of the holders of such series of debt securities as beneficiaries thereof with respect to the property so deposited with the trustee payable to all or any of them.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><I>Defeasance and Covenant
Defeasance.</I>&nbsp;&nbsp;Unless otherwise indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement, we may elect with respect to any debt securities
of any series either:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">to defease and be
    discharged from all of our obligations with respect to such debt securities (&ldquo;defeasance&rdquo;), with certain exceptions
    described below; or</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">to be released from our obligations with respect to such debt securities under such covenants as may be specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, and any omission to comply with those obligations will not constitute a default or an event of default with respect to such debt securities (&ldquo;covenant defeasance&rdquo;).</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">We must comply with the
following conditions before the defeasance or covenant defeasance can be effected:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">we must irrevocably deposit with the indenture trustee or other qualifying trustee, under the terms of an irrevocable trust agreement in form and substance satisfactory to the trustee, trust funds in trust solely for the benefit of the holders of such debt securities, sufficient money or government obligations, or a combination thereof, to pay the principal, any interest and any other sums on the due dates for those payments;&nbsp;and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">we must deliver to the trustee an opinion of counsel to the effect that the holders of such debt securities will not recognize income, gain or loss for federal income tax purposes as a result of defeasance or covenant defeasance, as the case may be, to be effected with respect to such debt securities and will be subject to federal income tax on the same amount, in the same manner and at the same times as would be the case if such defeasance or covenant defeasance, as the case may be, had not occurred.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">In connection with defeasance,
any irrevocable trust agreement contemplated by the indenture must include, among other things, provision for:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">payment of the principal of and interest on such debt securities, if any, appertaining thereto when due (by redemption, sinking fund payments or otherwise),</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the payment of the expenses of the trustee incurred or to be incurred in connection with carrying out such trust provisions,</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">rights of registration, transfer, substitution and exchange of such debt securities in accordance with the terms stated in the indenture, and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">continuation of the rights, obligations and immunities of the trustee as against the holders of such debt securities as stated in the indenture.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">The accompanying prospectus
supplement may further describe any provisions permitting or restricting defeasance or covenant defeasance with respect to the debt securities
of a particular series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><B>Global Securities</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">Unless otherwise indicated
in the applicable prospectus supplement, each debt security offered by this prospectus will be issued in the form of one or more global
debt securities representing all or part of that series of debt securities. This means that we will not issue certificates for that series
of debt securities to the holders. Instead, a global debt security representing that series will be deposited with, or on behalf of, a
securities depositary and registered in the name of the depositary or a nominee of the depositary. Any such depositary must be a clearing
agency registered under the Exchange Act. We will describe the specific terms of the depositary arrangement with respect to a series of
debt securities to be represented by a global security in the applicable prospectus supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><B>Notices</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">We will give notices
to holders of the debt securities by mail at the addresses listed in the security register. In the case of notice in respect of unregistered
securities or coupon securities, we may give notice by publication in a newspaper of general circulation in New York, New York.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><B>Governing Law</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">The particular terms
of a series of debt securities will be described in a prospectus supplement relating to such series of debt securities. Any indentures
will be subject to and governed by the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended, and may be supplemented or amended from time to time following
their execution. Unless otherwise stated in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will not be limited in the amount of debt securities
that we may issue, and neither the senior debt securities nor the subordinated debt securities will be secured by any of our property
or assets. Thus, by owning debt securities, you are one of our unsecured creditors.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><B>Regarding the Trustee</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">From time to time, we
may maintain deposit accounts and conduct other banking transactions with the trustee to be appointed under the indenture or its affiliates
in the ordinary course of business.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; background-color: white"><A NAME="a09"></A><B>DESCRIPTION OF WARRANTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">We may offer to sell
warrants from time to time. If we do so, we will describe the specific terms of the warrants in a prospectus supplement. In particular,
we may issue warrants for the purchase of common stock, preferred stock and/or debt securities in one or more series. We may also issue
warrants independently or together with other securities and the warrants may be attached to or separate from those securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">We will evidence each
series of warrants by warrant certificates that we will issue under a separate agreement. We will enter into the warrant agreement with
a warrant agent. We will indicate the name and address of the warrant agent in the applicable prospectus supplement relating to a particular
series of warrants.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">We will describe in the
applicable prospectus supplement the terms of the series of warrants, including:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the offering price and aggregate number of warrants offered;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the currency for which the warrants may be purchased;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">if applicable, the designation and terms of the securities with which the warrants are issued and the number of warrants issued with each such security or each principal amount of such security;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">if applicable, the date on and after which the warrants and the related securities will be separately transferable;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">in the case of warrants to purchase debt securities, the principal amount of debt securities purchasable upon exercise of one warrant and the price at, and currency in which, this principal amount of debt securities may be purchased upon such exercise;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">in the case of warrants to purchase common stock or preferred stock, the number of shares of common stock or preferred stock, as the case may be, purchasable upon the exercise of one warrant and the price at which these shares may be purchased upon such exercise;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the effect of any merger, consolidation, sale or other disposition of our business on the warrant agreement and the warrants;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the terms of any rights to redeem or call the warrants;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">any provisions for changes to or adjustments in the exercise price or number of securities issuable upon exercise of the warrants;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the dates on which the right to exercise the warrants will commence and expire;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the manner in which the warrant agreement and warrants may be modified;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">certain United States federal income tax consequences of holding or exercising the warrants;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the terms of the securities issuable upon exercise of the warrants;&nbsp;and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">any other specific material terms, preferences, rights or limitations of or restrictions on the warrants.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">Holders may exercise
the warrants by delivering the warrant certificate representing the warrants to be exercised together with other requested information,
and paying the required amount to the warrant agent in immediately available funds, as provided in the applicable prospectus supplement.
We will set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement the information that the holder of the warrant will be required to deliver to
the warrant agent.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">Upon receipt of the required
payment and the warrant certificate properly completed and duly executed at the office of the warrant agent or any other office indicated
in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will issue and deliver the securities purchasable upon such exercise. If a holder exercises
fewer than all of the warrants represented by the warrant certificate, then we will issue a new warrant certificate for the remaining
amount of warrants.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">Holder will not have
any of the rights of the holders of the securities purchasable upon the exercise of warrants until you exercise them. Accordingly, holder
will not be entitled to, among other things, vote or receive dividend payments or similar distributions on the securities you can purchase
upon exercise of the warrants.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">The information provided
above is only a summary of the terms under which we may offer warrants for sale. Accordingly, investors must carefully review the applicable
warrant agreement for more information about the specific terms and conditions of these warrants before investing in us. In addition,
please carefully review the information provided in the applicable prospectus supplement, which contains additional information that is
important for you to consider in evaluating an investment in our securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; background-color: white"><B><A NAME="a10"></A>DESCRIPTION OF RIGHTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We may issue rights to our stockholders to purchase
shares of our common stock or preferred stock described in this prospectus. We may offer rights separately or together with one or more
additional rights, preferred stock, common stock, warrants or any combination of those securities in the form of units, as described in
the applicable prospectus supplement. Each series of rights will be issued under a separate rights agreement to be entered into between
us and a bank or trust company, as rights agent. The rights agent for any rights we offer will be set forth in the applicable prospectus
supplement. The rights agent will act solely as our agent in connection with the certificates relating to the rights of the series of
certificates and will not assume any obligation or relationship of agency or trust for or with any holders of rights certificates or beneficial
owners of rights. The following description sets forth certain general terms and provisions of the rights to which any prospectus supplement
may relate. The particular terms of the rights to which any prospectus supplement may relate and the extent, if any, to which the general
provisions may apply to the rights so offered will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement. To the extent that any particular
terms of the rights, rights agreement or rights certificates described in a prospectus supplement differ from any of the terms described
below, then the terms described below will be deemed to have been superseded by that prospectus supplement. We encourage you to read the
applicable rights agreement and rights certificate for additional information before you decide whether to purchase any of our rights.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The prospectus supplement relating to any rights
that we offer will include specific terms relating to the offering, including, among other matters:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the date of determining the stockholders entitled to the rights distribution;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the aggregate number of shares of common stock, preferred stock or other securities purchasable upon exercise of the rights;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the exercise price;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the aggregate number of rights issued;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">whether the rights are transferable and the date, if any, on and after which the rights may be separately transferred;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the date on which the right to exercise the rights will commence, and the date on which the right to exercise the rights will expire;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the method by which holders of rights will be entitled to exercise;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the conditions to the completion of the offering;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the withdrawal, termination and cancellation rights;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">whether there are any backstop or standby purchaser or purchasers and the terms of their commitment;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">whether stockholders are entitled to oversubscription right;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">any U.S. federal income tax considerations; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">any other terms of the rights, including terms, procedures and limitations relating to the distribution, exchange and exercise of the rights.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If less than all of the rights issued in any
rights offering are exercised, we may offer any unsubscribed securities directly to persons other than stockholders, to or through agents,
underwriters or dealers or through a combination of such methods, including pursuant to standby arrangements, as described in the applicable
prospectus supplement. In connection with any rights offering, we may enter into a standby underwriting or other arrangement with one
or more underwriters or other persons pursuant to which such underwriters or other persons would purchase any offered securities remaining
unsubscribed for after such rights offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; background-color: white"><A NAME="a11"></A><B>DESCRIPTION OF UNITS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We may issue units consisting of any combination
of the other types of securities offered under this prospectus in one or more series. We may evidence each series of units by unit certificates
that we will issue under a separate agreement. We may enter into unit agreements with a unit agent. We will indicate the name and address
of the unit agent in the applicable prospectus supplement relating to a particular series of units.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The following description, together with the additional
information included in any applicable prospectus supplement, summarizes the general features of the units that we may offer under this
prospectus. You should read any prospectus supplement and any free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you related
to the series of units being offered, as well as the complete unit agreements that contain the terms of the units. Specific unit agreements
will contain additional important terms and provisions and we will file as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus
is a part, or will incorporate by reference from another report that we file with the SEC, the form of each unit agreement relating to
units offered under this prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If we offer any units, certain terms of that series
of units will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement, including, without limitation, the following, as applicable:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the title of the series of units; </FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">identification and description of the separate constituent securities comprising the units; </FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the price or prices at which the units will be issued; </FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the date, if any, on and after which the constituent securities comprising the units will be separately transferable; </FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a discussion of certain United States federal income tax considerations applicable to the units; and </FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">any other terms of the units and their constituent securities. </FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a12"></A><B>PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We may sell the securities from time to time pursuant
to underwritten public offerings, negotiated transactions, block trades or a combination of these methods or through underwriters or dealers,
through agents and/or directly to one or more purchasers. The securities may be distributed from time to time in one or more transactions:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">at a fixed price or prices, which may be changed; </FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">at market prices prevailing at the time of sale; </FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">at prices related to such prevailing market prices; or </FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">at negotiated prices. </FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Each time that we sell securities covered by this
prospectus, we will provide a prospectus supplement or supplements that will describe the method of distribution and set forth the terms
and conditions of the offering of such securities, including the offering price of the securities and the proceeds to us, if applicable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Offers to purchase the securities being offered
by this prospectus may be solicited directly. Agents may also be designated to solicit offers to purchase the securities from time to
time. Any agent involved in the offer or sale of our securities will be identified in a prospectus supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If a dealer is utilized in the sale of the securities
being offered by this prospectus, the securities will be sold to the dealer, as principal. The dealer may then resell the securities to
the public at varying prices to be determined by the dealer at the time of resale.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If an underwriter is utilized in the sale of the
securities being offered by this prospectus, an underwriting agreement will be executed with the underwriter at the time of sale and the
name of any underwriter will be provided in the prospectus supplement that the underwriter will use to make resales of the securities
to the public. In connection with the sale of the securities, we or the purchasers of securities for whom the underwriter may act as agent,
may compensate the underwriter in the form of underwriting discounts or commissions. The underwriter may sell the securities to or through
dealers, and those dealers may receive compensation in the form of discounts, concessions or commissions from the underwriters and/or
commissions from the purchasers for which they may act as agent. Unless otherwise indicated in a prospectus supplement, an agent will
be acting on a best efforts basis and a dealer will purchase securities as a principal, and may then resell the securities at varying
prices to be determined by the dealer.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Any compensation paid to underwriters, dealers
or agents in connection with the offering of the securities, and any discounts, concessions or commissions allowed by underwriters to
participating dealers will be provided in the applicable prospectus supplement. Underwriters, dealers and agents participating in the
distribution of the securities may be deemed to be underwriters within the meaning of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and any
discounts and commissions received by them and any profit realized by them on resale of the securities may be deemed to be underwriting
discounts and commissions. We may enter into agreements to indemnify underwriters, dealers and agents against civil liabilities, including
liabilities under the Securities Act, or to contribute to payments they may be required to make in respect thereof and to reimburse those
persons for certain expenses.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Any common stock will be listed on the Nasdaq
Capital Market, but any other securities may or may not be listed on a national securities exchange. To facilitate the offering of securities,
certain persons participating in the offering may engage in transactions that stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the price of the
securities. This may include over-allotments or short sales of the securities, which involve the sale by persons participating in the
offering of more securities than were sold to them. In these circumstances, these persons would cover such over-allotments or short positions
by making purchases in the open market or by exercising their over-allotment option, if any. In addition, these persons may stabilize
or maintain the price of the securities by bidding for or purchasing securities in the open market or by imposing penalty bids, whereby
selling concessions allowed to dealers participating in the offering may be reclaimed if securities sold by them are repurchased in connection
with stabilization transactions. The effect of these transactions may be to stabilize or maintain the market price of the securities at
a level above that which might otherwise prevail in the open market. These transactions may be discontinued at any time.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We may engage in at the market offerings into
an existing trading market in accordance with Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In addition, we may enter into derivative transactions
with third parties, or sell securities not covered by this prospectus to third parties in privately negotiated transactions. If the applicable
prospectus supplement so indicates, in connection with those derivatives, the third parties may sell securities covered by this prospectus
and the applicable prospectus supplement, including in short sale transactions. If so, the third party may use securities pledged by us
or borrowed from us or others to settle those sales or to close out any related open borrowings of stock, and may use securities received
from us in settlement of those derivatives to close out any related open borrowings of stock. The third party in such sale transactions
will be an underwriter and, if not identified in this prospectus, will be named in the applicable prospectus supplement (or a post-effective
amendment). In addition, we may otherwise loan or pledge securities to a financial institution or other third party that in turn may sell
the securities short using this prospectus and an applicable prospectus supplement. Such financial institution or other third party may
transfer its economic short position to investors in our securities or in connection with a concurrent offering of other securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We do not make any representation or prediction
as to the direction or magnitude of any effect that the transactions described above might have on the price of the securities. In addition,
we do not make any representation that underwriters will engage in such transactions or that such transactions, once commenced, will not
be discontinued without notice.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The specific terms of any lock-up provisions in
respect of any given offering will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">To comply with applicable state securities laws,
the securities offered by this prospectus will be sold, if necessary, in such jurisdictions only through registered or licensed brokers
or dealers. In addition, securities may not be sold in some states unless they have been registered or qualified for sale in the applicable
state or an exemption from the registration or qualification requirement is available and is complied with.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The underwriters, dealers and agents may engage
in transactions with us, or perform services for us, in the ordinary course of business for which they receive compensation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a13"></A><B>LEGAL MATTERS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Lucosky Brookman LLP will pass upon certain legal
matters relating to the issuance and sale of the securities offered hereby on behalf of Vivakor, Inc. Additional legal matters may be
passed upon for us or any underwriters, dealers or agents, by counsel that we will name in the applicable prospectus supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a14"></A><B>EXPERTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our consolidated balance sheets as of December
31, 2021 and 2020, and the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders&rsquo; equity (deficit), and cash flows for each
of those two years have been audited by Macias Gini &amp; OConnell, LLP an independent registered public accounting firm, as set
forth in its report incorporated by reference and are included in reliance upon such report given on the authority of such firm as experts
in accounting and auditing.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a15"></A>PART II </B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a16"></A><B>INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS </B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Item 14. <I>Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The following is an estimate of the expenses (all
of which are to be paid by the registrant) that we may incur in connection with the securities being registered hereby.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="width: 83%; text-align: left">SEC registration fee</TD><TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="width: 13%; text-align: right">11,020</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">FINRA filing fee</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right">*</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">Printing expenses</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right">*</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">Legal fees and expenses</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right">*</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">Accounting fees and expenses</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right">*</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">Blue Sky, qualification fees and expenses</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right">*</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">Transfer agent fees and expenses</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right">*</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">Trustee fees and expenses</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right">*</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">Warrant agent fees and expenses</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right">*</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt">Miscellaneous</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">*</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">*</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>



<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">_____________________</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">*</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">These fees are calculated based on the securities offered and the number of issuances and accordingly cannot be estimated at this time.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Item 15. <I>Indemnification of Directors and Officers </I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Nevada Revised Statutes limits or eliminates
the personal liability of directors to corporations and their stockholders for monetary damages for breaches of directors&rsquo; fiduciary
duties as directors. Our bylaws include provisions that require the company to indemnify our directors or officers against monetary damages
for actions taken as a director or officer of our Company. We are also expressly authorized to carry directors&rsquo; and officers&rsquo;
insurance to protect our directors, officers, employees and agents for certain liabilities. Our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation
do not contain any limiting language regarding director immunity from liability.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The limitation of liability and indemnification
provisions under the Nevada Revised Statutes and our bylaws may discourage stockholders from bringing a lawsuit against directors for
breach of their fiduciary duties. These provisions may also have the effect of reducing the likelihood of derivative litigation against
directors and officers, even though such an action, if successful, might otherwise benefit us and our stockholders. However, these provisions
do not limit or eliminate our rights, or those of any stockholder, to seek non-monetary relief such as injunction or rescission in the
event of a breach of a director&rsquo;s fiduciary duties. Moreover, the provisions do not alter the liability of directors under the federal
securities laws. In addition, your investment may be adversely affected to the extent that, in a class action or direct suit, we pay the
costs of settlement and damage awards against directors and officers pursuant to these indemnification provisions.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Item 16. <I>Exhibits </I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">(a) <I>Exhibits </I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">A list of exhibits filed with this registration
statement on Form S-3 is set forth on the Exhibit Index and is incorporated herein by reference.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Item 17. <I>Undertakings</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(1)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 48px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(i)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">To include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933;</FONT></TD></TR>

<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 48px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(ii)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than a 20 percent change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the &ldquo;Calculation of Registration Fee&rdquo; table in the effective registration statement; and</FONT></TD></TR>

<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 48px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(iii)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(2)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">That for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933 each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.</FONT></TD></TR>

<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(3)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.</FONT></TD></TR>

<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(4)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">That, for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser, each prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) as part of a registration statement relating to an offering, other than registration statements relying on Rule 430B or other than prospectuses filed in reliance on Rule 430A, shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the date it is first used after effectiveness. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such first use, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such date of first use.</FONT></TD></TR>

<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(5)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">That, for the purpose of determining liability
    of the registrant under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities:</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The undersigned registrant undertakes that in
    a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting
    method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following
    communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to
    such purchaser:</P></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 48px; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(i)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424;</FONT></TD></TR>

<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 48px; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(ii)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned registrant;</FONT></TD></TR>

<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 48px; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(iii)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned registrant or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant; and</FONT></TD></TR>

<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 48px; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(iv)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned registrant to the purchaser.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(6)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes to provide to the underwriters at the closing specified in the underwriting agreement certificates in such denominations and registered in such names as required by the underwriters to permit prompt delivery to each purchaser.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(7)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant pursuant to the provisions described in Item 14 above, or otherwise, the Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.</FONT></TD></TR>

<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(8)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes:</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 48px; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(1)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">That for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the Registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1) or (4), or 497(h) under the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of this registration statement as of the time it was declared effective.</FONT></TD></TR>

<TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 48px; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(2)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">That for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and this offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>SIGNATURES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities
Act of 1933, as amended, the registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for
filing on Form S-3 and has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized,
in the City of Dallas, State of Texas on February 6, 2023.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

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  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Vivakor, Inc.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 62%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 35%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/&nbsp;James Ballengee</I></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Name: James Ballengee<BR>
Title: Chief Executive Officer<BR>
(Principal Executive Officer)</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="background-color: white"><A NAME="sig"></A>POWER OF
ATTORNEY: KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS that each individual whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints James Ballengee,
his true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents with full power of substitution, for him and in his name, place and stead, in any and
all capacities, to sign any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) to this Registration Statement, and to sign any registration
statement for the same offering covered by the Registration Statement that is to be effective upon filing pursuant to Rule 462(b) promulgated
under the Securities Act, and all post-effective amendments thereto, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and all documents
in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them,
full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises,
as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact
and agents or any of them, or his, her or their substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done or by virtue hereof.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="background-color: white">Pursuant
to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this Registration Statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities
and on the dates indicated:</FONT></P>

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<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; vertical-align: bottom; width: 198px; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Signature</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; vertical-align: top; width: 6px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Title</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; vertical-align: top; width: 6px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; vertical-align: bottom; width: 195px; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Date</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/&nbsp;James Ballengee</I></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Chief Executive Officer</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">February 6, 2023</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">James Ballengee</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Principal Executive Officer), Director</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/&nbsp;Tyler Nelson</I></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Chief Financial Officer</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">February 6, 2023</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Tyler Nelson</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Principal Financial and
    Accounting Officer), Director</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/&nbsp;Albert
    Johnson</I></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Director</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">February 6, 2023</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Albert Johnson</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/&nbsp;David Natan</I></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Director</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">February 6, 2023</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">David Natan</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/&nbsp;John Harris</I></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center">Director</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">February 6, 2023</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>John Harris</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>EXHIBIT INDEX </B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; vertical-align: bottom; width: 8%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Exhibit No.</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; vertical-align: top; width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; vertical-align: top; width: 91%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Exhibit
    Description</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.1*</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form of Underwriting Agreement</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.1 </FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1450704/000168316823000137/vivakor_ex0401.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form of Indenture relating to the issuance from time to time in one or more series of debentures, notes, bonds or other evidences of indebtedness</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.2*</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form of Note</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.3*</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form of Warrant</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.4*</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form of Warrant Agreement</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.5*</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form of Rights Agreement</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.6*</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form of Unit Agreement</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="vivakor_ex0501.htm">Opinion of Lucosky Brookman LLP</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">23.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="vivakor_ex2301.htm">Consent of Macias Gini &amp; O&rsquo;Connell LLP</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">23.2</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Consent of Lucosky Brookman LLP (reference is made to Exhibit 5.1)</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">24.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="#sig">Power of Attorney</A> (included on the signature page of this Registration Statement)</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">25.1**</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Statement of Eligibility of Trustee on Form T-1 under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">107</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><A HREF="vivakor_ex107.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Filing Fee Table</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 32px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">*</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">To be filed by amendment or incorporated by reference in connection with the offering of the securities.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>**</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">To be filed, if applicable, pursuant to Section 305(b)(2) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="margin: 0"><B>Exhibit 5.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0"><B></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><IMG SRC="image_002.jpg" ALT="" STYLE="height: 62px; width: 239px"></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">February 6, 2023</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Vivakor, Inc.</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">4101 North Thanksgiving Way</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Lehi, UT 84043</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; font-size: 10pt; text-align: right"><IMG SRC="image_003.jpg" ALT="" STYLE="height: 190px; width: 125px"></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

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  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 48px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 48px; font-size: 10pt"><B>RE:</B></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"><B>Vivakor, Inc.&rsquo;s Registration Statement on Form S-3</B></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Ladies and Gentlemen:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We are acting as counsel for Vivakor, Inc., a
Nevada corporation (the &ldquo;<U>Company</U>&rdquo;), in connection with the Registration Statement on Form S-3 (such Registration Statement,
as amended from time to time, is herein referred to as the &ldquo;<U>Registration Statement</U>&rdquo;), Registration No. 333-269178,
filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &ldquo;<U>Commission</U>&rdquo;) under the Securities Act of 1933,
as amended (the &ldquo;<U>Act</U>&rdquo;), on January 10, 2023, pertaining to the proposed offer and sale pursuant to Rule 415 under the
Act from time to time, in one or more offerings, of the following securities (the &ldquo;<U>Securities</U>&rdquo;) having an aggregate
offering price of up to $100,000,000:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 6%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the &ldquo;<U>Common Stock</U>&rdquo;), of the Company issuable directly or in exchange for or upon conversion of Warrants (as defined below), or Preferred Stock (as defined below);</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share (the &ldquo;<U>Preferred Stock</U>&rdquo;), of the Company issuable directly or in exchange for or upon conversion of Warrants or other Preferred Stock;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">debt securities of the Company (the &ldquo;<U>Debt Securities</U>&rdquo;);</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">warrants of the Company (the &ldquo;<U>Warrants</U>&rdquo;) entitling the holders to purchase Common Stock, Preferred Stock, or other securities of the Company;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">rights to purchase shares of Common Stock or Preferred Stock (the &ldquo;<U>Rights</U>&rdquo;); and</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">units (the &ldquo;<U>Units</U>&rdquo;) comprised of any combination of other Securities offered in the Registration Statement.</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Common Stock is to be issued under the Articles
of Incorporation of the Company, as amended and restated (the &ldquo;<U>Articles of Incorporation</U>&rdquo;). Each series of Preferred
Stock is to be issued under the Articles of Incorporation and a certificate of designation (a &ldquo;<U>Certificate of Designation</U>&rdquo;)
to be approved by the board of directors of the Company (the &ldquo;<U>Board of Directors</U>&rdquo;) or a committee thereof and filed
with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada (the &ldquo;<U>Nevada Secretary of State</U>&rdquo;) in accordance with the Nevada
Statutes. The Debt Securities may be issued pursuant to a senior debt indenture (the &ldquo;<U>Senior Debt Indenture</U>&rdquo;) between
the Company and the trustee to be named therein (the &ldquo;<U>Senior Debt Trustee</U>&rdquo;) and a subordinated debt indenture (the
&ldquo;<U>Subordinated Debt Indenture</U>,&rdquo; and together with the Senior Debt Indenture, the &ldquo;<U>Indentures</U>&rdquo;) between
the Company and the trustee to be named therein (the &ldquo;<U>Subordinated Debt Trustee</U>&rdquo; and, together with the Senior Debt
Trustee, the &ldquo;<U>Trustees</U>&rdquo;). The Warrants are to be issued under one or more warrant agreements in a form to be filed
and incorporated into the Registration Statement, with appropriate insertions (each, a &ldquo;<U>Warrant Agreement</U>&rdquo;), to be
entered into by the Company, a warrant agent to be named by the Company (the &ldquo;<U>Warrant Agent</U>&rdquo;), and the holders from
time to time of the Warrants. The Units are to be issued under one or more unit agreements in a form to be filed and incorporated into
the Registration Statement, with appropriate insertions (each, a &ldquo;<U>Unit Agreement</U>&rdquo;), to be entered into by the Company
and the unit agent named therein. The Rights are to be issued under one or more rights agent agreements in a form to be filed and incorporated
into the Registration Statement, with appropriate insertions (each, a &ldquo;<U>Rights Agreement</U>&rdquo;), to be entered into by the
Company and a bank, trust company or other financial institution to be identified therein as rights agents. The Articles of Incorporation,
each Certificate of Designation, each Warrant Agreement, each Unit Agreement, and each Rights Agreement are referred to herein individually
as a &ldquo;<U>Governing Document</U>&rdquo; and collectively as the &ldquo;<U>Governing Documents</U>.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">As part of the corporate actions taken and to
be taken in connection with issuance of any Securities to be issued and sold from time to time under the Registration Statement, the Board
of Directors, a committee thereof or certain authorized officers of the Company as authorized by the Board of Directors will, before such
Securities are issued under the Registration Statement, duly authorize the issuance and approve the terms of such Securities (the &ldquo;<U>Corporate
Proceedings</U>&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">You have provided us with a draft prospectus (the
&ldquo;<U>Prospectus</U>&rdquo;) that is a part of the Registration Statement. The Prospectus provides that it will be supplemented in
the future by one or more supplements thereto (each, a &ldquo;<U>Prospectus Supplement</U>&rdquo;) in connection with each offering of
Securities. This opinion is being furnished in connection with the requirements of Item 601(b)(5) of Regulation S-K under the Act, and
no opinion is expressed herein as to any matter pertaining to the contents of the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Prospectus
Supplement, other than as expressly stated herein with respect to the issue of the Securities. It is understood that the opinions set
forth below are to be used only in connection with the offer while the Registration Statement is in effect.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In our capacity as your counsel in connection
with such registration, we have reviewed and are familiar with such documents, certificates, Corporate Proceedings and other materials,
including an examination of originals or copies certified or otherwise identified to our satisfaction of the Articles of Incorporation
and By-laws of the Company, Governing Documents and the Registration Statement (collectively, the &ldquo;<U>Constituent Documents</U>&rdquo;),
and have reviewed such questions of law, as we have considered relevant or necessary as a basis for this opinion.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In our examination, we have assumed the genuineness
of all signatures, the authenticity of all documents submitted to us as originals, and the conformity to authentic original documents
of all documents submitted to us as copies. For purposes of this opinion, we have assumed that proper proceedings in connection with the
authorization and issuance or sale of the Securities will be timely and properly completed, in accordance with all requirements of applicable
federal laws and the Nevada Revised Statutes, in the manner presently proposed. We have assumed and have not verified the accuracy of
the factual matters of each document we have reviewed.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">As to facts material to the opinions, statements
and assumptions expressed herein, we have, with your consent, relied upon oral or written statements and representations of officers and
other representatives of the Company and others. We have specifically relied upon the certification of an officer of the Company signed
on even date herewith. In addition, we have obtained and relied upon such certificates and assurances from public officials as we have
deemed necessary.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">With respect to the Securities to be offered and
sold by the Company, we have also assumed that (a) the Registration Statement shall have become and remain effective under the Securities
Act, a Prospectus Supplement shall have been prepared and filed with the Commission describing the Securities, and such Securities shall
have been issued and sold in accordance with the terms set forth in such Prospectus Supplement; (b) such Securities, as issued and delivered,
comply with any requirements and restrictions imposed by any court or governmental or regulatory body applicable to the Company; (c) at
the time of any offering or sale of any Securities, there shall be a sufficient number of shares of Common Stock or Preferred Stock, authorized
and unissued under the Certificate, and not otherwise reserved for issuance, except in connection with the issuance of the Securities;
(d) at the time of issuance or sale of the Securities, the Company shall validly exist and shall be in good standing under the laws of
the State of Nevada, and, in the case of Securities, the Company shall have the necessary corporate power for such issuance; (e) any definitive
purchase, underwriting or similar agreement with respect to any Securities, if applicable, shall have been duly authorized, executed and
delivered by the parties thereto and shall constitute legally valid and binding obligations of the parties thereto, enforceable against
each of them in accordance with their respective terms, at the time of issuance of the applicable Securities; (f) certificates representing
the Securities, if any, shall have been duly executed, countersigned, registered and delivered, or if uncertificated, valid book-entry
notations shall have been made in the share or other register of the Company, in each case in accordance with the Constituent Documents,
and in the manner contemplated by the Registration Statement and/or the applicable Prospectus Supplement, against payment therefor in
an amount not less than the par value thereof, or such other consideration determined by the Board of Directors, or an authorized committee
thereof, as permitted under the Nevada Statutes, in accordance with the provisions of any applicable definitive purchase agreement, underwriting
agreement, or similar agreement approved by the Company; and (g) the Constituent Documents shall be in full force and effect and shall
not have been amended, restated, supplemented or otherwise altered, and there shall be no authorization of any such amendment, restatement,
supplement or alteration, in each case since the date hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Subject to the foregoing and the other matters set forth herein, it
is our opinion that as of the date hereof:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 3%">1.</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">With respect to any Common Stock, upon (a) the completion of all required Corporate Proceedings with respect to the issuance of such Common Stock, (b) the due execution, registration of issuance and delivery of certificates representing such Common Stock against payment of the purchase price therefor in accordance with the applicable purchase, underwriting or other agreement, and as contemplated by the Registration Statement, and (c) receipt by the Company of the consideration therefor, such Common Stock will be duly and validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable. The Common Stock covered in the opinion in this paragraph includes any shares of Common Stock that may be issued upon exercise, conversion or exchange pursuant to the terms of any other Securities.</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">2.</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">With respect to any Preferred Stock, upon (a) the completion of all required Corporate Proceedings with respect to the issuance and terms of such Preferred Stock, (b) the due authorization, execution, acknowledgment, delivery and filing with, and recording by, the Nevada Secretary of State of a Certificate of Designation in respect of such Preferred Stock, (c) the due execution, registration of issuance and delivery of certificates representing such Preferred Stock against payment of the purchase price therefor in accordance with the applicable purchase, underwriting or other agreement, and as contemplated by the Registration Statement, and (d) receipt by the Company of the consideration therefor, such Preferred Stock will be duly and validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable. The Preferred Stock covered in the opinion in this paragraph includes any shares of Preferred Stock that may be issued upon exercise, conversion or exchange pursuant to the terms of any other Securities.</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">3.</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">With respect to any Debt Securities, upon (a) the completion of all required Corporate Proceedings with respect to the issuance of such Debt Securities, (b) the due execution, registration of issuance and delivery of the Debt Securities and the applicable Indenture relating to the Debt Securities representing such Debt Securities against payment of the purchase price therefor in accordance with the applicable purchase, underwriting or other agreement, and as contemplated by the Registration Statement, and (c) receipt by the Company of the consideration therefor, such Debt Securities will constitute valid and binding obligations of the Company.</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">4.</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">With respect to any Warrants, upon (a) the completion of all required Corporate Proceedings relating to the terms and issuance of the Warrants, (b) the due authorization, execution and delivery of a Warrant Agreement, (c) the preparation and due execution and delivery of the related Warrants against payment of the purchase price therefor in accordance with the applicable purchase, underwriting or other agreement, and as contemplated by the Registration Statement, (d) the due authentication of the related Warrants by the Warrant Agent, and (e) receipt by the Company of the consideration therefor, such Warrants will be valid and binding obligations of the Company. The Warrants covered in the opinion in this paragraph includes any Warrants that may be issued upon exercise, conversion or exchange pursuant to the terms of any other Securities.</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">5.</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">With respect to any Rights, upon (a) the completion of all required Corporate Proceedings relating to the terms and issuance of the Rights, (b) the due authorization, execution and delivery of a Rights Agreement against payment of the purchase price therefor in accordance with the applicable purchase, underwriting or other agreement, and as contemplated by the Registration Statement, (c) the shares of Common Stock or Preferred Stock, as the case may be, underlying such Rights having been deposited with the applicable rights agent, and (d) receipt by the Company of the consideration therefor, such Rights Agreement will be a valid and binding obligation of the Company and the Rights will be valid and binding obligations of the Company. The Rights covered in the opinion in this paragraph includes any Rights that may be issued upon exercise, conversion or exchange pursuant to the terms of any other Securities.</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">6.</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">With respect to any Units, upon (a) the completion of all required Corporate Proceedings relating to the terms and issuance of the Units, (b) the due authorization, execution and delivery of a Unit Agreement against payment of the purchase price therefor in accordance with the applicable purchase, underwriting or other agreement, and as contemplated by the Registration Statement, (c) the Securities underlying such Units having been deposited with the applicable unit agent, and (d) receipt by the Company of the consideration therefor&nbsp;&nbsp;such Unit Agreement will be a valid and binding obligation of the Company and the Units will be valid and binding obligations of the Company. The Units covered in the opinion in this paragraph includes any Units that may be issued upon exercise, conversion or exchange pursuant to the terms of any other Securities.</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The opinions set forth above are subject to the
following exceptions, limitations and qualifications: (i) the effect of bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, fraudulent conveyance,
moratorium or other similar laws now or hereafter in effect relating to or affecting the rights and remedies of creditors; (ii) the effect
of general principles of equity, including without limitation, concepts of materiality, reasonableness, good faith and fair dealing and
the possible unavailability of specific performance or injunctive relief, regardless of whether enforcement is considered in a proceeding
in equity or at law, and the discretion of the court before which any proceeding therefor may be brought; (iii) the unenforceability under
certain circumstances under law or court decisions of provision providing for the indemnification of, or contribution to, a party with
respect to liability where such indemnification or contribution is contrary to public policy. We express no opinion concerning the enforceability
of any waiver of rights or defenses with respect to stay, extension or usury laws. Our opinion expressed herein is also subject to the
qualification that no term or provision hereof shall be included in: (a) the Certificate of Designation relating to any series of the
Preferred Stock, (b) the Indenture, (c) the Warrant Agreement, (d) the Unit Agreement, (e) the Rights Agreement, or (f) any other agreement
or instrument pursuant to which any of the Securities are to be issued that would affect the validity of such opinion.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our opinion is limited to the federal laws of
the United States and the Nevada Statutes. We express no opinion as to the effect of the law of any other jurisdiction. Our opinion is
rendered as of the date hereof, and we assume no obligation to advise you of changes in law or fact (or the effect thereof on the opinions
expressed herein) that hereafter may come to our attention.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion
as Exhibit 5.1 to the Registration Statement and to the reference to our firm under the caption &ldquo;Legal Matters&rdquo; in the Registration
Statement. In so doing, we do not admit that we are in the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Act and
the rules and regulations of the Commission promulgated thereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 60%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 40%">Very truly yours,</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid"><I>/s/ Lucosky Brookman LLP</I></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>Lucosky Brookman LLP</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin: 0"><B></B></P>

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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-23.1
<SEQUENCE>3
<FILENAME>vivakor_ex2301.htm
<DESCRIPTION>CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
<TEXT>
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<P STYLE="margin: 0"><B>Exhibit 23.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting
Firm</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Vivakor, Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Lehi, UT</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference
in the Prospectus constituting a part of this Registration Statement (#333-269178), of our report dated April 15, 2022, except for Notes
22 and 23 as to which the date is May 2, 2022, relating to the audit of the consolidated financial statement of Vivakor, Inc. appearing
in the Company&rsquo;s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We also consent to the reference to us under the
caption &ldquo;Experts&rdquo; in the Prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Macias Gini &amp; O&rsquo;Connell LLP</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Irvine, California</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">February 6, 2023</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-FILING FEES
<SEQUENCE>4
<FILENAME>vivakor_ex107.htm
<DESCRIPTION>CALCULATION OF FILING FEE TABLES
<TEXT>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: right"><B>Exhibit 107</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>Calculation of Filing Fee Tables</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>Form S-3</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>(Form Type)</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>Vivakor, Inc.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B><U>Table 1: Newly Registered and Carry Forward Securities
</U></B></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 8%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt"><B>Security
    Type</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt"><B>Security
    Class Type</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt"><B>Fee
    Calculation or Carry Forward Rule</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt"><B>Amount
    Registered(1)(2)</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt"><B>Proposed
    Maximum Offering Price Share(3)</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt"><B>Maximum
    Aggregate Offering Price (3)</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt"><B>Fee
    Rate(4)</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt"><B>Amount
    of Registration Fee</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt"><B>Carry
    Forward Form Type</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt"><B>Carry
    Forward File Number</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt"><B>Carry
    Forward Initial Effective Date</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt"><B>Filing Fee Previously
    Paid in Connection with Unsold Securities to be Carried Forward</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="13" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt"><B>Newly
    Registered Securities</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt"><B>Fees
    to be Paid</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">Equity</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">Common Stock,
    &nbsp;par value $0.001</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">457(o)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&ndash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&ndash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&ndash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">0</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt"><B>Fees
    to be Paid</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">Equity</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">Preferred
    Stock, &nbsp;par value $0.001</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">457(o)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&ndash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&ndash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&ndash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">0</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt"><B>Fees
    to be Paid</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">Debt</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">Debt Securities
    &nbsp;(which may be senior or subordinated, convertible or non-convertible, secured or unsecured)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">457(o)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&ndash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&ndash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&ndash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">0</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt"><B>Fees
    to be Paid</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">Other</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">Warrants</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">457(o)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&ndash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&ndash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&ndash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">0</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt"><B>Fees
    to be Paid</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">Other</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">Units</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">457(o)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&ndash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&ndash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&ndash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">0</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt"><B>Fees
    to be Paid</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">Other</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">Rights</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">457(o)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&ndash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&ndash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&ndash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">0</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt"><B>Fees
    to be Paid</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">Unallocated</FONT></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">(Universal)</FONT></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">Shelf</FONT></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">Unallocated</FONT></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">(Universal)</FONT></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">Shelf</FONT></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">457(o)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&ndash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&ndash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">$100,000,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">$0.0001102</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">$11,020 (4)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD COLSPAN="13" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt"><B>Carry
    Forward Securities</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt"><B>Carry
    Forward Securities</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">-</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="4" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt"><B>Total
    Offering Amounts</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">$100,000,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">$11,020</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="4" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt"><B>Total
    Fees Previously Paid</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">$0.00</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="4" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt"><B>Total
    Fees Offsets</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">$0.00</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="4" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-left: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt"><B>Net
    Fee Due</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">$11,020</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 9pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(1)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Consisting of some or all of the securities listed above, in any combination.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(2)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">There are being registered under this registration statement such indeterminate number of shares of common stock and preferred stock of the Registrant, such indeterminate principal amount of debt securities of the Registrant, and such indeterminate number of warrants to purchase common stock, preferred stock or debt securities of the Registrant as will have an aggregate initial offering price not to exceed $100,000,000. If any debt securities are issued at an original issue discount, then the issue price, and not the principal amount, of such debt securities shall be used for purposes of calculating the aggregate initial offering price of all securities issued. Any securities registered under this registration statement may be sold separately or as units with other securities registered under this registration statement. Pursuant to Rule 416 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the securities registered also include such indeterminate numbers of shares of common stock or principal amounts of debt securities as may be issued upon conversion of or exchange for debt securities that provide for conversion or exchange, upon exercise of warrants to purchase common stock or debt securities or any additional securities that may be offered or issued in connection with any stock split, stock dividend or pursuant to anti-dilution provisions of any such securities.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(3)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">The proposed maximum aggregate offering price per class of security will be determined from time to time by the registrant in connection with the issuance by the registrant of the securities registered hereunder and is not specified as to each class of security pursuant to General Instruction II.D. of Form S-3 under the Securities Act.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(4)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Calculated pursuant to Rule 457(o) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &ldquo;Securities Act&rdquo;) at the statutory rate of $110.20 per $1,000,000 of securities registered.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0 0 0 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B><U>Table 2: Fee Offset Claims and Sources</U></B></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Registrant or Filer Name</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Form or Filing Type</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>File Number</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Initial Filing Date</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Filing Date</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Fee Offset Claimed</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Security Type Associated with Fee Offset Claimed</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Security Title Associated with Fee Offset Claimed</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Unsold Securities Associated with Fee Offset Claimed</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Unsold Aggregate Offering Amount Associated with Fee Offset Claimed</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Fee Paid with Fee Offset Source</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="36" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Rules 457(b) and 0-11(a)(2)</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Fee Offset Claims</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: White">
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Fee Offset Sources</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD COLSPAN="36" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Rules 457(p)</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: White">
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Fee Offset Claims</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Fee Offset Sources</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="vertical-align: top; border: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B><U>Table 3: Combined Prospectuses</U></B></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Security Type</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Security Class Title</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Amount of Securities Previously Registered</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Maximum Aggregate Offering Price of Securities Previously Registered</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Form Type</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>File Number</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Initial Effective Date</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="border: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">-</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"></P>

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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
