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BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

3. BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”).

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Ault Global Holdings and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, GWW, Coolisys, Digital Power Corporation (a wholly owned subsidiary of Coolisys), Gresham Power, Enertec, Relec, DP Lending, Ault Alliance, and Digital Farms and its majority-owned subsidiaries, Microphase, I.AM and Alliance Cloud Services. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Accounting Estimates

The preparation of financial statements, in conformity with U.S. GAAP, requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions. The Company's management believes that the estimates, judgments and assumptions used are reasonable based upon information available at the time they are made. These estimates, judgments and assumptions can affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Key estimates include acquisition accounting, fair value of certain financial instruments, reserves for trade receivables and inventories, carrying amounts of investments, accruals of certain liabilities including product warranties, useful lives and the recoverability of long-lived assets, impairment analysis of intangibles and goodwill, and deferred income taxes and related valuation allowance.

Impairment of long-lived assets:

Management reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to undiscounted expected future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by comparing the carrying amount of the assets to their fair value. During the first quarter of 2020, based upon the deteriorating business conditions for restaurants in the San Diego County as a result of the spread of COVID-19 and the decline in projected cash flows over the life of the restaurant long-lived assets, the Company performed an undiscounted cash flow test to determine if the restaurant equipment and right-of-use assets were impaired. The undiscounted cash flows were less than the carrying amount of the Company’s restaurant equipment and right-of-use assets and therefore, the carrying amount of the assets were compared to the fair value of the assets, and the Company determined that there were impairment charges to be recorded on the restaurant long-lived assets. Impairment charges for the year ended December 31, 2020 related to restaurant equipment were in an amount equal to the cost of the Company’s restaurant equipment, net of depreciation of $504,802 and the impairment related to the right-of-use assets attributed to the discontinued restaurant operations was the full carrying amount of $1,020,514. The restaurant-related impairment charges are included as a component of net loss from discontinued operations (see Note 4).

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue under ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The core principle of the new revenue standard is that a company should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The following five steps are applied to achieve that core principle:

Step 1: Identify the contract with the customer,

Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract,

Step 3: Determine the transaction price,

Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and

Step 5: Recognize revenue when the company satisfies a performance obligation.

The Company’s disaggregated revenues consist of the following for the year ended December 31, 2020:

	Year ended December 31, 2020
	GWW		Coolisys		Ault Alliance		Total

Primary Geographical Markets
North America	$	6,717,843	$	4,500,175	$	242,418	$	11,460,436
Europe		1,878,782		450,053		-		2,328,835
Middle East		9,273,158		-		-		9,273,158
Other		342,938		465,910		-		808,848
	$	18,212,721	$	5,416,138	$	242,418	$	23,871,277

Major Goods
RF/Microwave Filters	$	4,330,091	$	—	$	—	$	4,330,091
Detector logarithmic video amplifiers		473,150		—		—		473,150
Power Supply Units		2,655,723		5,416,138		—		8,071,861
Power Supply Systems		1,481,922		—		—		1,481,922
Healthcare diagnostic systems		1,011,574		—		—		1,011,574
Defense systems		8,260,261		—		—		8,260,261
Lending activities		—		—		242,418		242,418
	$	18,212,721	$	5,416,138	$	242,418	$	23,871,277

Timing of Revenue Recognition
Goods transferred at a point in time	$	8,940,886	$	5,416,138	$	242,418	$	14,599,442
Services transferred over time		9,271,835		—		—		9,271,835
	$	18,212,721	$	5,416,138	$	242,418	$	23,871,277

The Company’s disaggregated revenues consist of the following for the year ended December 31, 2019:

	Year ended December 31, 2019
	GWW		Coolisys		Ault Alliance		Total

Primary Geographical Markets
North America	$	4,342,565	$	5,276,096	$	1,304,485	$	10,923,146
Europe		1,672,489		5,767		—		1,678,256
Middle East		8,659,675		21,348		—		8,681,023
Other		557,114		522,455		—		1,079,569
	$	15,231,843	$	5,825,666	$	1,304,485	$	22,361,994

Major Goods
RF/Microwave filters	$	2,245,748	$	—	$	—	$	2,245,748
Detector logarithmic video amplifiers		558,155		—		—		558,155
Power supply units		1,656,162		5,825,666		—		7,481,828
Power supply systems		1,920,594		—		—		1,920,594
Healthcare diagnostic systems		1,711,050		—		—		1,711,050
Defense systems		7,140,134		—		—		7,140,134
Lending activities		—		—		662,740		662,740
Digital currency mining		—		—		641,745		641,745
	$	15,231,843	$	5,825,666	$	1,304,485	$	22,361,994

Timing of Revenue Recognition
Goods transferred at a point in time	$	6,243,758	$	5,825,666	$	1,304,485	$	13,373,909
Services transferred over time		8,988,085		—		—		8,988,085
	$	15,231,843	$	5,825,666	$	1,304,485	$	22,361,994

Sales of Products

The Company generates revenues from the sale of its products through a direct and indirect sales force. The Company’s performance obligations to deliver products are satisfied at the point in time when products are received by the customer, which is when the customer obtains control over the goods. The Company provides standard assurance warranties, which are not separately priced, that the products function as intended. The Company primarily receives fixed consideration for sales of product. Some of the Company’s contracts with distributors include stock rotation rights after six months for slow moving inventory, which represents variable consideration. The Company uses an expected value method to estimate variable consideration and constrains revenue for estimated stock rotations until it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. To date, returns have been insignificant. The Company’s customers generally pay within 30 days from the receipt of a valid invoice.

Because the Company’s product sales agreements have an expected duration of one year or less, the Company has elected to adopt the practical expedient in ASC 606-10-50-14(a) of not disclosing information about its remaining performance obligations.

Manufacturing Services

The Company provides manufacturing services in exchange primarily for fixed fees; however, the initial two MLSE units are subject to variable pricing under the $50 million purchase order from MTIX. Under the terms of the MLSE purchase order, the Company shall be entitled to cost plus $100,000 for the manufacture of the first two MLSE units. The Company has determined that the costs of manufacturing the MLSE units will decline over time because of a learning curve which will result in a greater amount of revenue being recognized for these initial two MLSE units.

For manufacturing services, which include revenues generated by Enertec and in certain instances revenues generated by Gresham Power, the Company’s performance obligation for manufacturing services is satisfied over time as the Company creates or enhances an asset based on criteria that are unique to the customer and that the customer controls as the asset is created or enhanced. Generally, the Company recognizes revenue based upon proportional performance over time using a cost to cost method which measures progress based on the costs incurred to total expected costs in satisfying its performance obligation. This method provides a depiction of the progress in providing the manufacturing service because there is a direct relationship between the costs incurred by the Company and the transfer of the manufacturing service to the customer. Manufacturing services that are recognized based upon the proportional performance method are included in the above table as services transferred over time and to the extent the customer has not been invoiced for these revenues, as accrued revenue in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Revisions to the Company’s estimates may result in increases or decreases to revenues and income and are reflected in the consolidated financial statements in the periods in which they are first identified.

The Company has elected the practical expedient to not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component to the extent that the period between when the Company transfers its promised good or service to the customer and when the customer pays in one year or less.

The aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the performance obligation that is partially unsatisfied as of December 31, 2020, for the MLSE units was approximately $48 million, representing 24 MLSE units. Based on our expectations regarding funding of the production process and our experience building the first machines, the Company expects to recognize the remaining revenue related to the partially unsatisfied performance obligation over the next three years. The Company will be paid in installments for this performance obligation over the estimated period that the remaining revenue is recognized.

Lending Activities and Trading Activities

Ault Alliance, through DP Lending, generates revenue from lending activities primarily through interest, origination fees and late/other fees. Interest income on these products is calculated based on the contractual interest rate and recorded as interest income as earned. The origination fees or original issue discounts are recognized over the life of the loan using the effective interest method.

Financial instruments utilized in trading activities are carried at fair value. Fair value is generally based on quoted market prices for the same or similar assets and liabilities. If these market prices are not available, fair values are estimated based on dealer quotes, pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques where the determination of fair value may require significant management judgment or estimation. Realized gains and losses are recorded on a trade-date basis. Realized and unrealized gains and losses are recognized in revenue from lending activities.

Blockchain Mining

The Company has entered into digital asset mining pools by executing contracts with the mining pool operators to provide computing power to the mining pool. The contracts are terminable at any time by either party and the Company’s enforceable right to compensation only begins when the Company provides computing power to the mining pool operator. In exchange for providing computing power, the Company is entitled to a fractional share of the fixed digital currency award the mining pool operator receives (less digital asset transaction fees to the mining pool operator which are recorded as a component of cost of revenues), for successfully adding a block to the blockchain. The Company’s factional share is based on the proportion of computing power the Company contributed to the mining pool operator to the total computing power contributed by all mining pool participants in solving the current algorithm.

Providing computing power in digital asset transaction verification services is an output of the Company’s ordinary activities. The provision of providing such computing power is the only performance obligation in the Company’s contracts with mining pool operators. The transaction consideration the Company receives, if any, is noncash consideration, which the Company measures at fair value on the date received, which is not materially different than the fair value at contract inception or the time the Company has earned the award from the pools. The consideration is all variable. Because it is not probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue will not occur, the consideration is constrained until the mining pool operator successfully places a block (by being the first to solve an algorithm) and the Company receives confirmation of the consideration it will receive, at which time revenue is recognized. There is no significant financing component in these transactions.

Fair value of the digital currency award received is determined using the market rate of the related digital currency at the time of receipt.

There is currently no specific definitive guidance under GAAP or alternative accounting framework for the accounting for digital currencies recognized as revenue or held, and management has exercised significant judgment in determining the appropriate accounting treatment. In the event authoritative guidance is enacted by the FASB, the Company may be required to change its policies, which could have an effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position and results from operations.

Expenses associated with running the cryptocurrency mining business, such as equipment deprecation and electricity cost are recorded as a component of cost of revenues.

Historically, the Company used digital assets for debt reduction, capital purchases, consulting fees, data center costs and other operating expenses.

During March 2020, the Company ceased operations at Digital Farms, the Company’s blockchain mining subsidiary

Foreign Currency Translation

A substantial portion of the Company’s revenues are generated in U.S. dollars (“U.S. dollar”). In addition, a substantial portion of the Company’s costs are incurred in U.S. dollars. Company management has determined that the U.S. dollar is the functional currency of the primary economic environment in which it operates.

Accordingly, monetary accounts maintained in currencies other than the U.S. dollar are re-measured into U.S. dollars in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) No. 830, Foreign Currency Matters (“ASC No. 830”). All transaction gains and losses from the re-measurement of monetary balance sheet items are reflected in the statements of operations as financial income or expenses as appropriate.

The financial statements of Gresham Power and Enertec, whose functional currencies have been determined to be their local currencies, the British Pound (“GBP”) and the Israeli Shekel (“ILS”), respectively, have been translated into U.S. dollars in accordance with ASC No. 830. All balance sheet accounts have been translated using the exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Statement of operations amounts have been translated using the average exchange rate in effect for the reporting period. The resulting translation adjustments are reported as other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss) and accumulated comprehensive income (loss) in statement of changes in stockholders' equity (deficit).

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents. Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a concentration of credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents. The Company’s cash is maintained in checking accounts, money market funds and certificates of deposits with reputable financial institutions. These balances exceed the U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance limits. The Company has cash and cash equivalents of $884,859 and $288,428 at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, in the United Kingdom (“U.K”) and $18,874 and $47,062, respectively, in Israel. The Company has not experienced any losses on deposits of cash and cash equivalents.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

The Company’s receivables are recorded when billed and represent claims against third parties that will be settled in cash. The carrying amount of the Company’s receivables, net of the allowance for doubtful accounts, represents their estimated net realizable value. The Company individually reviews all accounts receivable balances and based upon an assessment of current creditworthiness, estimates the portion, if any, of the balance that will not be collected. The Company estimates the allowance for doubtful accounts based on historical collection trends, age of outstanding receivables and existing economic conditions. If events or changes in circumstances indicate that a specific receivable balance may be impaired, further consideration is given to the collectability of those balances and the allowance is adjusted accordingly. A customer’s receivable balance is considered past-due based on its contractual terms. Past-due receivable balances are written-off when the Company’s internal collection efforts have been unsuccessful in collecting the amount due. Based on an assessment as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, of the collectability of invoices, accounts receivable are presented net of an allowance for doubtful accounts of $4,415 and $5,000, respectively.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Inventory write-offs are provided to cover risks arising from slow-moving items or technological obsolescence.

Cost of inventories is determined as follows:

Raw materials, parts and supplies - using the “first-in, first-out” method.

Work-in-progress and finished products - on the basis of direct manufacturing costs with the addition of indirect manufacturing costs.

The Company periodically assesses its inventories valuation in respect of obsolete and slow-moving items by reviewing revenue forecasts and technological obsolescence. When inventories on hand exceed the foreseeable demand or become obsolete, the value of excess inventory, which at the time of the review was not expected to be sold, is written off.

During the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company did not record inventory write-offs within the cost of revenue.

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, at the following annual rates:

		Useful lives (in years)

Computer, software and related equipment		3 - 5
Office furniture and equipment		5 - 10
Leasehold improvements		Over the term of the lease or the life of the asset, whichever is shorter.

Goodwill

The Company evaluates its goodwill for impairment in accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other. Goodwill is recorded when the purchase price paid for an acquisition exceeds the estimated fair value of the net identified tangible and intangible assets acquired.

The Company tests the recorded amount of goodwill for impairment on an annual basis on December 31 of each fiscal year or more frequently if there are indicators that the carrying amount of the goodwill exceeds its carried value. At December 31, 2020, the Company had three reporting units. The Company performed a qualitative assessment and concluded that goodwill at the Company’s Coolisys subsidiary was impaired by a total of $480,953 based upon an assessment as of December 31, 2019. The Company shows no impairment at December 31, 2020. Goodwill impairment charges for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 related to the Company’s discontinued operations were nil and $265,252, respectively.

Intangible Assets

The Company acquired amortizable intangibles assets as part of four asset purchase agreements consisting of customer relationships and non-compete agreements. The Company also has the trade names and trademarks associated with the acquisitions of Microphase, I.AM and Relec which were determined to have an indefinite life. The customer relationships and non-compete agreements, definite lived intangible assets, are being amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives as follows:

		Useful lives (in years)
Customer relationships		5 - 14
Non-competition agreements		3
Domain name and other intangible assets		3

The Company reviews intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets might not be recoverable. Factors that the Company considers in deciding when to perform an impairment review include significant underperformance of the business in relation to expectations, significant negative industry or economic trends, and significant changes or planned changes in the use of the assets. If an impairment review is performed to evaluate a long-lived asset for recoverability, the Company compares forecasts of undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the long-lived asset to its carrying value. An impairment loss would be recognized when estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of an asset are less than its carrying amount. The impairment loss would be based on the excess of the carrying value of the impaired asset over its fair value, determined based on discounted cash flows. During the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company recorded an impairment loss from continuing operations of nil and $170,692, respectively. Impairment charges for intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 related to the Company’s discontinued operations were nil and $610,000, respectively.

Long-Lived Assets

The long-lived assets of the Company are reviewed for impairment in accordance with ASC No. 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable.

Management reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to undiscounted expected future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by comparing the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets to their fair value. During the first quarter of 2020, based upon the deteriorating business conditions for restaurants in the San Diego County as result of the spread of COVID-19 and the decline in projected cash flows over the life of the restaurant long-lived assets, the Company performed an undiscounted cash flow test to determine if the restaurant equipment and right-of-use assets were impaired. The undiscounted cash flows were less than the carrying amount of the Company’s restaurant equipment and right-of-use assets and therefore, the carrying amount of the assets were compared to the fair value of the assets, and the Company determined that there were impairment charges to be recorded on the restaurant long-lived assets. Impairment charges for the year ended December 31, 2020 related to restaurant equipment were in an amount equal to the cost of the Company’s restaurant equipment, net of depreciation of $504,802 and the impairment related to the right-of-use assets attributed to the discontinued restaurant operations was the full carrying amount of $1,020,514. The restaurant-related impairment charges are included as a component of net loss from discontinued operations (see Note 4).

Warranty

The Company offers a warranty period for all its manufactured products. Warranty periods range from one to two years depending on the product. The Company estimates the costs that may be incurred under its warranty and records a liability in the amount of such costs at the time product revenue is recognized. Factors that affect the Company's warranty liability include the number of units sold, historical rates of warranty claims and cost per claim. The Company periodically assesses the adequacy of its recorded warranty liability and adjusts the amount, as necessary. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company’s accrued warranty liability was $90,640 and $80,412, respectively.

Income Taxes

The Company determines its income taxes under the asset and liability method in accordance with FASB ASC No. 740, Income Taxes, which requires recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are based on the differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the fiscal year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance to the extent management concludes it is more likely than not that the assets will not be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the fiscal years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC No. 740-10-25. ASC No. 740-10-25 addresses the determination of whether tax benefits claimed or expected to be claimed on a tax return should be recorded in the financial statements. Under ASC No. 740-10-25, the Company may recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefit to be recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amount recorded, such differences impact income tax expense in the period in which such determination is made. Interest and penalties, if any, related to accrued liabilities for potential tax assessments are included in income tax expense. ASC No. 740-10-25 also requires management to evaluate tax positions taken by the Company and recognize a liability if the Company has taken uncertain tax positions that more likely than not would not be sustained upon examination by applicable taxing authorities. Management of the Company has evaluated tax positions taken by the Company and has concluded that as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, there are no uncertain tax positions taken, or expected to be taken, that would require recognition of a liability that would require disclosure in the financial statements.

Common Stock Purchase Warrants and Other Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company classifies common stock purchase warrants and other free standing derivative financial instruments as equity if the contracts (i) require physical settlement or net-share settlement or (ii) give the Company a choice of net-cash settlement or settlement in its own shares (physical settlement or net-share settlement). The Company classifies any contracts that (i) require net-cash settlement (including a requirement to net cash settle the contract if an event occurs and if that event is outside the control of the Company), (ii) give the counterparty a choice of net-cash settlement or settlement in shares (physical settlement or net-share settlement), or (iii) contain reset provisions as either an asset or a liability. The Company assesses classification of its freestanding derivatives at each reporting date to determine whether a change in classification between assets and liabilities is required. The Company determined that certain freestanding derivatives, which principally consist of issuance of warrants to purchase shares of common stock in connection with convertible notes and to employees of the Company, satisfy the criteria for classification as equity instruments as these warrants do not contain cash settlement features or variable settlement provision that cause them to not be indexed to the Company’s own stock.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with ASC No. 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation (“ASC No. 718”). Under ASC No. 718, compensation expense related to stock-based payments is recorded over the requisite service period based on the grant date fair value of the awards. Compensation expense previously recorded for unvested stock options that are forfeited is reversed upon forfeiture. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model for determining the estimated fair value for stock-based awards. The Black-Scholes model requires the use of assumptions which determine the fair value of stock-based awards, including the option’s expected term and the price volatility of the underlying stock.

The Company’s accounting policy for equity instruments issued to consultants and vendors in exchange for goods and services follows the provisions of ASC No. 505-50, Equity Based Payments to Non-Employees. Accordingly, the measurement date for the fair value of the equity instruments issued is determined at the earlier of (i) the date at which a commitment for performance by the consultant or vendor is reached or (ii) the date at which the consultant or vendor’s performance is complete. In the case of equity instruments issued to consultants, the fair value of the equity instrument is recognized over the term of the consulting agreement.

Convertible Instruments

The Company accounts for hybrid contracts that feature conversion options in accordance with ASC No. 815, Derivatives and Hedging Activities (“ASC No. 815”). ASC No. 815 requires companies to bifurcate conversion options from their host instruments and account for them as freestanding derivative financial instruments according to certain criteria. The criteria includes circumstances in which (a) the economic characteristics and risks of the embedded derivative instrument are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract, (b) the hybrid instrument that embodies both the embedded derivative instrument and the host contract is not re-measured at fair value under otherwise applicable GAAP with changes in fair value reported in earnings as they occur and (c) a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded derivative instrument would be considered a derivative instrument.

Conversion options that contain variable settlement features such as provisions to adjust the conversion price upon subsequent issuances of equity or equity linked securities at exercise prices more favorable than that featured in the hybrid contract generally result in their bifurcation from the host instrument.

The Company accounts for convertible instruments, when the Company has determined that the embedded conversion options should not be bifurcated from their host instruments, in accordance with ASC No. 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options (“ASC No. 470-20”). Under ASC No. 470-20 the Company records, when necessary, discounts to convertible notes for the intrinsic value of conversion options embedded in debt instruments based upon the differences between the fair value of the underlying common stock at the commitment date of the note transaction and the effective conversion price embedded in the note. The Company accounts for convertible instruments (when the Company has determined that the embedded conversion options should be bifurcated from their host instruments) in accordance with ASC No. 815.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents and trade receivables.

Cash and cash equivalents are invested in banks in the U.S., UK and Israel. Such deposits in the United States may be in excess of insured limits and are not insured in other jurisdictions.

Trade receivables of the Company and its subsidiaries are mainly derived from sales to customers located primarily in the U.S., Europe and Israel. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers and to date has not experienced any material losses. An allowance for doubtful accounts is determined with respect to those amounts that the Company and its subsidiaries have determined to be doubtful of collection.

Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The Company reports comprehensive loss in accordance with ASC No. 220, Comprehensive Income. This statement establishes standards for the reporting and presentation of comprehensive loss and its components in a full set of general purpose financial statements. Comprehensive loss generally represents all changes in equity during the period except those resulting from investments by, or distributions to, stockholders. The Company determined that its items of other comprehensive loss relate to changes in foreign currency translation adjustments and unrealized gains and losses in its warrants in AVLP.

Fair value of Financial Instruments

In accordance with ASC No. 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, fair value is defined as the exit price, or the amount that would be received for the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants as of the measurement date.

The guidance also establishes a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs include those that market participants would use in valuing the asset or liability and are developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions about the factors that market participants would use in valuing the asset or liability. The guidance establishes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1: Quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2:Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or model-derived valuations. All significant inputs used in our valuations are observable or can be derived principally from or corroborated with observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 2 inputs also include quoted prices that were adjusted for security-specific restrictions which are compared to output from internally developed models such as a discounted cash flow model.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

The carrying amounts of financial instruments carried at cost, including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivables and accounts and other receivable – related party, investments, notes receivable, trade payables and trade payables – related party approximate their fair value due to the short-term maturities of such instruments.

The categorization of a financial instrument within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The following table sets forth the Company’s financial instruments (see Note 5 and Note 10) that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy:

	Fair Value Measurement at December 31, 2020
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Investments in convertible promissory notes and advances of AVLP and Alzamend – related parties	$	10,668,470	$	—	$	—	$	10,668,470
Investments in common stock and derivative instruments of AVLP – a related party		5,486,140		499,588		—		4,986,552
Investment in common stock and warrants of Alzamend – a related party		653,251		—		—		653,251
Investments in marketable equity securities		2,562,983		2,562,983		—		—
Total Investments	$	19,370,844	$	3,062,571	$	—	$	16,308,273

	Fair Value Measurement at December 31, 2019
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Investments in convertible promissory note of AVLP – a related party	$	6,540,720	$	—	$	—	$	6,540,720
Investments in common stock and derivative instruments of AVLP – a related party		1,569,286		238,602		—		1,330,684
Investment in common stock of Alzamend – a related party		558,938		—		—		558,938
Investments in marketable equity securities		639,647		639,647		—		—
Investments in warrants of public companies		9,174		—		—		9,174
Total Investments	$	9,317,765	$	878,249	$	—	$	8,439,516

We assess the inputs used to measure fair value using the three-tier hierarchy based on the extent to which inputs used in measuring fair value are observable in the market. See Note 10 for activity related to investments in convertible promissory notes and advances of AVLP and Alzamend – related parties, investments in common stock and derivative instruments of AVLP – a related party, and investment in common stock and warrants of Alzamend – a related party. The decline in investment in warrants of public companies was due to a decrease upon remeasurement of fair value of the underlying warrants.

Debt Discounts

The Company accounts for debt discount according to ASC No. 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options. Debt discounts are amortized through periodic charges to interest expense over the term of the related financial instrument using the effective interest method. During the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company recorded amortization of debt discounts of $7,251,365 and $3,709,993, respectively.

Leases

Effective January 1, 2019, the Company accounts for its leases under ASC 842, Leases. Under this guidance, arrangements meeting the definition of a lease are classified as operating or financing leases. As of January 1, 2019, we only had operating leases. Operating leases are recognized as Right-of-use (“ROU”) assets, Operating lease liability, current, and Operating lease liability, non-current on our consolidated balance sheets. Lease assets and liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. In certain of our lease agreements, we receive rent holidays and other incentives. We recognize lease costs on a straight-line basis over the lease term without regard to deferred payment terms, such as rent holidays, that defer the commencement date of required payments. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Leasehold improvements are capitalized at cost and amortized over the lesser of their expected useful life or the life of the lease, without assuming renewal features, if any, are exercised. We do not separate lease and non-lease components for our leases.

Net Loss per Share

Net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. The calculation of the basic and diluted earnings per share is the same for all periods presented, as the effect of the potential common stock equivalents is anti-dilutive due to the Company’s net loss position for all periods presented. The Company has included 6,500 warrants, which are exercisable for shares of Common Stock on a one-for-one basis, in its earnings per share calculation for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. Anti-dilutive securities, which are convertible into or exercisable for Common Stock, consist of the following at December 31, 2020 and 2019:

	December 31,
	2020		2019
Stock options		850,925		2,763
Warrants ⁽¹⁾		3,309,060		72,518
Convertible notes		440,862		1,252,163
Conversion of preferred stock		2,232		2,232
Total		4,603,079		1,329,676

⁽¹⁾The Company has excluded 6,500 warrants issued in April 2019, which may be exercised by means of a cashless exercise into 6,500 shares of Common Stock, in its anti-dilutive securities but included the warrants in its weighted average shares outstanding.

Reclassifications

Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified for comparative purposes to conform to the current-year financial statement presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on previously reported results of operations. In addition, certain prior year amounts from the restated amounts have been reclassified for consistency with the current period presentation.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2018-13, Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which will modify the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements in Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement, including the removal of certain disclosure requirements. The amendments in ASU 2018-13 are effective for all entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company adopted the new disclosure requirements for the period ending March 31, 2020. The additional components of this release did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”). ASU 2016-13 changes how entities will measure credit losses for most financial assets and other instruments that are not measured at fair value through net income. This update introduces the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model, which will require an entity to measure credit losses for certain financial instruments and financial assets, including trade receivables. Under this update, on initial recognition and at each reporting period, an entity will be required to recognize an allowance that reflects the entity’s current estimate of credit losses expected to be incurred over the life of the financial instrument. ASU 2016-13 is effective for public companies in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company has completed its evaluation process and the January 1, 2020 adoption did not have a material impact to the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASU 2019-12”), which is intended to simplify various aspects related to accounting for income taxes. ASU 2019-12 removes certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 and also clarifies and amends existing guidance to improve consistent application. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.