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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2019
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Principles of Presentation and Consolidation The consolidated financial statements included herein have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the operating activity of QRHC and its subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. As QRHC, Quest, LDI, Youchange, QVC, QV One, and QSS each operate as environmental-based service companies, we did not deem segment reporting necessary. Accounting Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates. We use significant estimates when accounting for the carrying amounts of accounts receivable, goodwill and other intangible assets, stock-based compensation expense, and deferred taxes, all of which are discussed in their respective notes to the consolidated financial statements. Revenue Recognition We recognize revenue as services are performed or products are delivered. For example, we recognize revenue as waste and recyclable material are collected or when products are delivered. We recognize revenue net of any contracted pricing discounts or rebate arrangements. We generally recognize revenue for the gross amount of consideration received as we are generally the primary obligor (or principal) in our contracts with customers as we hold complete responsibility to the customer for contract fulfillment. We record amounts collected from customers for sales tax on a net basis. Cash and Cash Equivalents We consider all highly liquid instruments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. Accounts Receivable We follow the allowance method of recognizing uncollectible accounts receivable, which recognizes bad debt expense based on a review of the individual accounts outstanding and our prior history of uncollectible accounts receivable. We extend credit based on an evaluation of each customer’s financial condition, and our receivables are generally unsecured. Accounts receivable are stated net of an allowance for doubtful accounts in the consolidated balance sheets. We consider accounts past due if outstanding longer than contractual payment terms. We record an allowance based on consideration of a number of factors, including the length of time trade accounts are past due, our previous loss history, the creditworthiness of individual customers, economic conditions affecting specific customer industries, and economic conditions in general. We charge-off accounts receivable after all reasonable collection efforts have been exhausted. We credit payments subsequently received on such receivables to bad debt expense in the period we receive the payment. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, we had established an allowance of $767,464 and $929,339, respectively, for potentially uncollectible accounts receivable. We record delinquent finance charges on outstanding accounts receivable only if they are collected. The changes in our allowance for doubtful accounts for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 were as follows:
|  | Years ended December 31, |
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 929,339 |  |  | $ | 699,102 |
Bad debt expense |  |  | 60,000 |  |  |  | 1,085,622 |
Uncollectible accounts written off, net of recoveries |  |  | (221,875 | ) |  |  | (855,385 | )
Ending balance |  | $ | 767,464 |  |  | $ | 929,339 |
Fair Value Measurements ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements, defines fair value as the price that would be received in the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Topic 820 also specifies a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The standard describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value as follows: Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; Level 2: Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities; and Level 3: Valuation is generated from model-based techniques that use significant assumptions not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect our own estimate of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Property and Equipment We record property and equipment at cost. We provide for depreciation on the straight-line method, over the estimated useful lives of the assets. We amortize leasehold improvements over the shorter of the estimated useful life or the remaining term of the related leases. We charge expenditures for repairs and maintenance to operations as incurred; we capitalize renewals and betterments when they extend the useful life of the asset. We record gains and losses on the disposition of property and equipment in the period incurred. We report assets held for sale, if any, at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. The useful lives of property and equipment for purposes of computing depreciation are as follows:
Vehicles |  | 5 to 7 years
Computer equipment |  | 3 to 5 years
Office furniture and fixtures |  | 5 to 7 years
Machinery and equipment |  | 5 to 7 years
Leasehold improvements |  | 5 to 7 years
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets We analyze long-lived assets, including property and equipment and definite-lived intangible assets, which are held and used in our operations, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. We review the amortization method and estimated period of useful life at least at each balance sheet date. We record the effects of any revision to operations when the change arises. We recognize impairment when the estimated undiscounted cash flow generated by those assets is less than the carrying amounts of such assets. The amount of impairment is the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value of such assets. We did not recognize any impairment charges for long-lived assets during 2019 and 2018. Goodwill We record as goodwill the excess of (i) the consideration transferred, the amount of any non-controlling interest in the acquiree, and the acquisition date fair value of any previous equity interest in the acquired entity over the (ii) fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired. We do not amortize goodwill; however, annually, or whenever there is an indication that goodwill may be impaired, we evaluate qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. Our test of goodwill impairment includes assessing qualitative factors and the use of judgment in evaluating economic conditions, industry and market conditions, cost factors, and entity-specific events, as well as overall financial performance. We performed our most recent goodwill impairment analysis in the third quarter of 2019, utilizing an income approach with no impairment recorded. We believe that the discounted cash flow method best captures the significant value-creating activities we are undertaking. The primary assumptions in our income approach included estimating cash flows and projections. We determined that the fair value of our goodwill exceeded our carrying value, and consequently, no impairment was deemed to have occurred. However, a continued or prolonged period of declining gross margins or a significant decrease in our anticipated revenue growth could result in the write-off of a portion or all of our goodwill and other intangible assets in future periods. Net Income (Loss) per Share We compute basic net income (loss) per share using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding plus the number of common stock equivalents for DSUs during the period. We compute diluted net income (loss) per share using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, adjusted for the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents. Dilutive potential common shares consist of the incremental common shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options. Dilutive potential securities are excluded from the computation of earnings per share if their effect is antidilutive. The dilutive effect of outstanding stock options and warrants is reflected in diluted earnings per share by application of the treasury stock method. Concentrations Financial instruments that potentially subject us to credit risk consist principally of cash, cash equivalents, and trade accounts receivable. We deposit our cash with commercial banks. Cash deposits at commercial banks are at risk to the extent that the balances exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insured level per institution. The bank cash balances on deposit may periodically exceed federally insured limits, such as $3,188,540 at December 31, 2019; however, we have never experienced any losses related to these balances. We sell our services and products primarily to customers without requiring collateral; however, we routinely assess the financial condition of our customers and maintain allowances for anticipated losses. From year to year, the customers that exceed 10% of our annual revenue, if any, may change. The following table discloses the number of customers that accounted for more than 10% of our annual revenue and their related receivable balances for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:
|  | Customers Exceeding 10% of Revenue |
Year |  | Number of Customers |  |  | Revenue Combined Percent |  |  | Accounts Receivable Combined Percent |
2019 |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 53 | % |  |  | 36 | %
2018 |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 51 | % |  |  | 33 | %
We believe we have no significant credit risk in excess of recorded reserves. Income Taxes We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences of temporary differences between the book and tax basis of assets and liabilities that will result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future, based on enacted tax laws and rates applicable to the periods in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. We establish valuation allowances to reduce a deferred tax asset to the amount expected to be realized. We assess our ability to realize deferred tax assets based on current earnings performance and on projections of future taxable income in the relevant tax jurisdictions. These projections do not include taxable income from the reversal of deferred tax liabilities and do not reflect a general growth assumption but do consider known or pending events, such as the passage of legislation. We review our estimates of future taxable income annually. We first analyze all tax positions to determine if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes. After the initial analysis, we measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Our income tax returns are subject to adjustment under audit for approximately the last three years. If we are required to pay interest on the underpayment of income taxes, we recognize interest expense in the first period the interest becomes due according to the provisions of the relevant tax law. If we are subject to payment of penalties, we recognize an expense for the amount of the statutory penalty in the period when the position is taken on the income tax return. If we did not recognize the penalty in the period when the position was initially taken, we recognize the expense in the period when we change our judgment about meeting minimum statutory thresholds related to the initial position taken. Advertising We charge our advertising costs to expense when incurred. During the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, advertising expense totaled $20,364 and $38,570, respectively. Stock-Based Compensation We measure all share-based payments, including grants of options to purchase common stock and the issuance of deferred stock units to employees, third parties and board members, using a fair value-based method, in accordance with ASC Topic 718, Stock Compensation. We classify all share-based awards as equity instruments and recognize the vesting of the awards ratably over their respective terms. See Note 12 for a description of our share-based compensation plan and information related to awards granted under the plan. We estimate the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes-Merton valuation model. Significant assumptions used in the calculation are as follows:
| • | We determine the expected term in accordance with SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 107 using the simplified method for plain vanilla options by the average of the contractual term and vesting period of the award as appropriate statistical data required to properly estimate the expected term was not available;
| • | We measure the expected volatility using the historical changes in the market price of our common stock and applicable comparison companies;
| • | We use the implied yield on zero-coupon U.S. Treasury bonds with a remaining maturity equal to the expected term of the awards to approximate the risk-free interest rate; and
| • | We recognize the effects of forfeitures in compensation cost when they occur.
Deferred Stock Units for Nonemployee Directors Effective September 1, 2019, nonemployee directors can elect to receive all or a portion of their annual retainers in the form of deferred stock units (“DSUs”). The DSUs are recognized at their fair value on the date of grant. Director fees deferred into stock units are calculated and expensed each month by taking fees earned during the month and dividing by the closing price of our common stock on the last trading day of the month, rounded down to the nearest whole share. Each DSU represents the right to receive one share of our common stock following the completion of a director’s service. A total of 14,451 stock units were deferred in the year ended December 31, 2019. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Adopted On January 1, 2019, we adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), using a modified retrospective approach with an effective date as of January 1, 2019. Accordingly, prior year financial statement data is presented in accordance with the previous ASC Topic 840, Leases, and no retrospective adjustments were made to the comparative periods presented. We elected the package of practical expedients, which allowed us to carryforward our historical assessment of (1) whether contracts are or contain leases, (2) lease classification, and (3) initial direct costs. As of January 1, 2019, we recognized an operating right-of-use asset of approximately $2.0 million and corresponding operating lease liabilities of approximately $2.2 million. Finance lease assets were not impacted by the adoption of ASC 842, as finance lease liabilities and the corresponding assets were already recorded on the balance sheet under ASC 840. The adoption did not materially impact our results of operations or cash flows and no cumulative adjustment to accumulated deficit was necessary as of January 1, 2019. Refer to Note 7, Leases for additional information and enhanced disclosures related to this amended guidance. On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), using the full retrospective approach for all ongoing customer contracts. Refer to Note 8, Revenue for additional information and disclosures related to this amended guidance. Pending Adoption In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326), which provides guidance on measuring credit losses on financial instruments. The amended guidance replaces current incurred loss impairment methodology of recognizing credit losses when a loss is probable with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to assess credit loss estimates. ASU 2016-13 is effective for us on January 1, 2023. We are assessing the provisions of this amended guidance; however, the adoption of the standard is not expected to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40). The ASU allows companies to capitalize implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract over the term of the hosting arrangement, including periods covered by renewal options that are reasonably certain to be exercised. This guidance also requires entities to present the expense in the same line item in the statement of operations as the fees associated with the hosting arrangement and classify payments for capitalized implementation costs in the statement of cash flows in the same manner as payments made for fees associated with the hosting element. The amendments in this ASU are effective for us on January 1, 2020. The adoption of the standard is not expected to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements. In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes – (Topic 740), which simplifies the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions and amending guidance to improve consistent application of accounting over income taxes. This guidance is effective January 1, 2021 with early adoption permitted. The adoption of the standard is not expected to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements. There have been no other recent accounting pronouncements or changes in accounting pronouncements that have been issued but not yet adopted that are of significance, or potential significance, to us.

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