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BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

12 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

NOTE 2 – BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The management of the Company is responsible for the selection and use of appropriate accounting policies and the appropriateness of accounting policies and their application. Critical accounting policies and practices are those that are both most important to the portrayal of the Company’s financial condition and results and require management’s most difficult, subjective, or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effects of matters that are inherently uncertain. The Company’s significant and critical accounting policies and practices are disclosed below as required by generally accepted accounting principles.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements and related notes have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).

Fiscal Year-End

The Company elected September 30 as its fiscal year-end date.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Such estimates include, but are not limited to, provisions for credit losses, net realizable value of inventory, warranty obligations, income tax accruals, deferred tax valuation, valuation of warrant liabilities, and assessments of the recoverability of the Company’s long-lived assets. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, its wholly owned subsidiaries, Cemtrex Technologies Pvt. Ltd., and Advanced Industrial Services, Inc. and the Company’s majority owned subsidiary Vicon Industries, Inc. and its subsidiary, Vicon Systems, Ltd. All inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Carrying Value, Recoverability and Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company’s long-lived assets, which include property and equipment and intangible assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable.

The Company assesses the recoverability of its long-lived assets by comparing the projected undiscounted net cash flows associated with the related long-lived asset or group of long-lived assets over their remaining estimated useful lives against their respective carrying amounts. Impairment, if any, is based on the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value of those assets. Fair value is generally determined using the asset’s expected future discounted cash flows or market value, if readily determinable. When long-lived assets are determined to be recoverable, but the newly determined remaining estimated useful lives are shorter than originally estimated, the net book values of the long-lived assets are depreciated over the newly determined remaining estimated useful lives.

The impairment charges, if any, are included in operating expenses in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents.

Trade Receivables and Allowance for Current Expected Credit Losses

Trade receivables are recorded at the invoiced amount, net of an allowance for current expected credit losses. The Company performs on-going credit evaluations of its customers and adjusts credit limits based upon payment history and the customer’s current credit worthiness, as determined by the review of their current credit information; and determines the allowance based on the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model. The CECL model is applicable to the measurement of credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost.

The Company estimates credit losses associated with our accounts receivable portfolio segment using an expected credit loss model, which utilizes an aging schedule methodology based on historical information and adjusted for asset-specific considerations, current economic conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

The Company reserved $155,918 and $234,924 within its allowance for credit losses at September 30, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

The Company does not have any off-balance-sheet credit exposure to its customers at September 30, 2024, or 2023.

Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold

The Company values inventory, consisting of finished goods, at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined on the average cost method. The Company reduces inventory for the diminution of value, resulting from product obsolescence, damage or other issues affecting marketability, equal to the difference between the cost of the inventory and its estimated market value. Factors utilized in the determination of estimated market value include (i) current sales data and historical return rates, (ii) estimates of future demand, and (iii) competitive pricing pressures.

The Company classifies inventory markdowns in the income statement as a component of cost of goods sold. These markdowns are estimates, which could vary significantly from actual requirements if future economic conditions, customer demand or competition differ from expectations.

There was $1,044,530 and $618,021 in inventory obsolescence reserve at September 30, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Expenditures for major additions and betterments are capitalized. Maintenance and repairs are charged to operations as incurred. Depreciation of property and equipment is computed by the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, shown in the table below.

		Estimated Useful Life
		(Years)
Building		30
Furniture and office equipment		3-5
Computer software		7-10
Machinery and equipment		7

Upon sale or retirement of property and equipment, the related cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any gain or loss is reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Goodwill

Goodwill is tested for impairment annually as of September 30. If circumstances change during interim periods between annual tests that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value, the Company will test goodwill for impairment. Factors that would necessitate an interim goodwill impairment assessment include prolonged negative industry or economic trends, or significant under-performance relative to expected, historical or projected future operating results. Management uses judgment to determine whether to use a qualitative analysis or a quantitative fair value measurement for its goodwill impairment testing. The Company’s fair value measurement approach combines the income and market valuation techniques for each of the Company’s reporting units that carry goodwill. These valuation techniques use estimates and assumptions including, but not limited to, the determination of appropriate market comparable, projected future cash flows (including timing and profitability), discount rate reflecting the risk inherent in future cash flows, perpetual growth rate, and projected future economic and market conditions. As permitted, if the reporting unit fails the impairment test, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued an Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) removing step two from the goodwill impairment test. If a reporting unit fails the quantitative impairment test, impairment expense is immediately recorded as the difference between the reporting unit’s fair value and carrying value.

For the year ended September 30, 2024, the Company recorded $530,475 of impairment for Goodwill in the Security Segment. For the year September 30, 2023, no impairment of the Company’s goodwill was recorded.

Leases

The Company accounts for leases in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 842, Leases (“ASC 842”). ASC 842 requires that a lessee recognize the assets and liabilities that arise from operating leases. A lessee should recognize in the statement of financial position a liability to make lease payments (the lease liability) and a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. For leases with a term of 12 months or less, a lessee is permitted to make an accounting policy election by class of underlying asset not to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities.

The Company also made the accounting policy decision not to recognize lease assets and liabilities for leases with a term of 12 months or less.

Warrants

The Company accounts for warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the warrant’s specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance in ASC 480 (Topic 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity) and ASC 815 (Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging). The assessment considers whether the warrants are freestanding financial instruments pursuant to ASC 480, meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480, and whether the warrants meet all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the warrants are indexed to our own common shares and whether the warrant holders could potentially require “net cash settlement” in a circumstance outside of our control, among other conditions for equity classification. This assessment, which requires the use of professional judgment, is conducted at the time of warrant issuance and as of each subsequent quarterly period end date while the warrants are outstanding.

For issued or modified warrants that meet all of the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded as a component of additional paid-in capital at the time of issuance. For issued or modified warrants that do not meet all the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded as a liability at their initial fair value on the date of issuance, and each balance sheet date thereafter. Changes in the estimated fair value of the warrants are recognized as a non-cash gain or loss in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Related Parties

The financial statements shall include disclosures of material related party transactions, other than compensation arrangements, expense allowances, and other similar items in the ordinary course of business. However, disclosure of transactions that are eliminated in the preparation of consolidated or combined financial statements is not required in those statements. The disclosures shall include: a. the nature of the relationship(s) involved b. description of the transactions, including transactions to which no amounts or nominal amounts were ascribed, for each of the periods for which income statements are presented, and such other information deemed necessary to an understanding of the effects of the transactions on the financial statements; c. the dollar amounts of transactions for each of the periods for which income statements are presented and the effects of any change in the method of establishing the terms from that used in the preceding period; and d. amounts due from or to related parties as of the date of each balance sheet presented and, if not otherwise apparent, the terms and manner of settlement. The Company applies the CECL model on its related party assets and applies an allowance when necessary.

Commitment and Contingencies

The Company follows topic Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 450-20, Contingencies, to report accounting for contingencies. Certain conditions may exist as of the date the consolidated financial statements are issued, which may result in a loss to the Company, but which will only be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail to occur. The Company assesses such contingent liabilities, and such assessment inherently involves an exercise of judgment. In assessing loss contingencies related to legal proceedings that are pending against the Company or unasserted claims that may result in such proceedings, the Company evaluates the perceived merits of any legal proceedings or unasserted claims as well as the perceived merits of the amount of relief sought or expected to be sought therein.

If the assessment of a contingency indicates that it is probable that a material loss has been incurred and the amount of the liability can be estimated, then the estimated liability would be accrued in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. If the assessment indicates that a potential material loss contingency is not probable but is reasonably possible, or is probable but cannot be estimated, then the nature of the contingent liability, and an estimate of the range of possible losses, if determinable and material, would be disclosed.

Loss contingencies considered remote are generally not disclosed unless they involve guarantees, in which case the guarantees would be disclosed. Management does not believe, based upon information available at this time, that these matters will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. However, there is no assurance that such matters will not materially and adversely affect the Company’s business, financial position, and results of operations or cash flows.

Revenue Recognition

The Company accounts for revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). Under the guidance of the standard, revenue represents the amount received or receivable for goods and services supplied by the Company to its customers. Company recognizes revenue at the time a good or service is transferred to a customer and the customer obtains control of that good or receives the service performed. Most of the Company’s sales arrangements with customers in the Security segment are short-term in nature involving single performance obligations related to the delivery of goods or repair of equipment and generally provide for transfer of control at the time of shipment to the customer. The Company generally permits returns of product or repaired equipment due to defects; however, returns are historically insignificant. Billing terms vary by customer and product but generally do not exceed 90 days.

In accordance with the authoritative guidance issued by the FASB on revenue recognition, the Company recognizes revenue from cost reimbursable contracts based on the services provided, typically represented by man-hours worked, and is measured by reference to agreed charge-out rates or to the estimated total contract revenue. Revenue from long-term fixed price contracts is recognized using the percentage-of-completion method, measured by reference to physical completion or the ratio of costs incurred to total estimated contract costs. If the outcome of a contract cannot be estimated reliably, as may be the case in the initial stages of completion of the contract, revenue is recognized only to the extent of the costs incurred that are expected to be recoverable. If a contract is expected to be loss-making, the expected amount of the loss is recognized immediately in the income statement. Revenue from short-term contracts is recognized when delivery has occurred, and collection of the resulting receivable is deemed probable. Timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to customers.

The Company records deferred revenue when receiving cash in advance of delivering services to the customer. The deferred revenue is reversed, and revenue is recognized when those services are delivered. The amounts were $1,955,635, $2,311,334, and $1,788,507 as of September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022 respectively, recorded as Deferred revenue. Short-term deferred revenue of $1,297,616 is expected to be recognized over the next 12 months.

The Company records a liability when receiving cash in advance of delivering goods to the customer. The revenue is recognized, and the deposit is applied to the invoice for those goods when those goods are delivered. The company recorded Deposits from customers of $408,415, $57,434, and $73,144 as of September 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022 respectively. These amounts are short-term and are expected to be recognized over the next 12 months.

Contracts

The Company’s industrial services segment’s revenue is derived from contracts with customers. These contracts fall into two categories, “Fixed Price” and “Time and Material Price” contracts. The Company determines the appropriate accounting treatment for each contract at its inception. Generally, contracts have a period from six months to two years.

The Company accounts for a contract when: (i) it has approval and commitment from both parties, (ii) the rights of the parties are identified, (iii) payment terms are identified, (iv) the contract has commercial substance, and (v) collectability of consideration is probable. The Company considers the start of a project to be when the above criteria have been met and it has written authorization from the customer to proceed.

Fixed price contracts

The Company’s revenue from fixed price contracts is recognized on the percentage-of-completion method, measured by the percentage of costs incurred to estimated total costs for each contract. When the job is started and in process, all actual costs incurred (labor and materials) are processed and reconciled at month end. The percentage of completion and revenue earned is calculated at month end. Billings are created based on contract criteria agreed upon and reconciled to determine if any costs in excess of billing or billings in excess of costs exist. Changes in job performance, job conditions, estimated contract costs and profitability, and final contract settlements may result in revisions to costs and income. The effects of these revisions are recognized in the period in which the revisions are determined. Provisions for estimated losses on uncompleted contracts are made in the period in which such losses are determined. This measurement and comparison process requires updates to the estimate of total costs to complete the contract, and these updates may include subjective assessments and judgments.

Time and material price contracts

Revenue from time and material price contracts is recognized based on costs incurred and projected markup on costs. Revenue from these contracts will vary based on actual labor, materials and overhead costs charged to the job and the negotiated billing rates. Contracts are initiated by customers or through bids if with a municipality. Any materials used and time spent within the shop on the job is assigned to the appropriate job and reconciliated monthly. Management bills the customer and records the revenue earned from contract. Depending on the contract terms, billings could be based on certain milestones stipulated in the contract. If this is the case, unbilled revenue is recorded at month end based on time and materials incurred and markup.

Performance Obligations

Generally, the Company’s contracts contain one performance obligation. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer and is the unit of account. The Company’s performance of the contracts with customers typically provides a significant service of integrating a complex set of tasks and components into a single project or capability (even if that single project results in the delivery of multiple units), and as such, the entire contract and/or purchase order is accounted for as one performance obligation. The transaction price is allocated to the performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied with the continuous transfer of control to the customer.

Less commonly, a contract may be considered to have multiple performance obligations even when they are part of a single contract. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, the Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation using the best estimate of the standalone selling price of each distinct good or service in the contract.

The Company recognizes revenue over time for the majority of the services it performs as (i) control continuously transfers to the customer as work progresses at a project location controlled by the customer and (ii) the Company has the right to bill the customer as costs are incurred.

The following table illustrates the approximate disaggregation of the Company’s revenue based off timing of revenue recognition for years ended September 30, 2024, and 2023.

	For the years ended
	September 30, 2024			September 30, 2023
Over time		57	%		48	%
Point-in-time		43	%		52	%

Warranties

The Company provides for the estimated cost of product warranties at the time revenue is recognized. While the Company engages in product quality programs and processes, including monitoring and evaluating the quality of its component suppliers, its warranty obligation is affected by product failure rates, material usage and service delivery costs incurred in correcting a product failure. Should actual product failure rates, material usage or service delivery costs differ from its estimates, revisions to the estimated warranty liability may be required.

Income Tax Provision

The Company accounts for income taxes under ASC 740-10, (“Income Taxes”), which requires recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are based on the differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance to the extent management concludes it is more likely than not that the assets will not be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss in the period that includes the enactment date.

The estimated future tax effects of temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities are reported in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets, as well as tax credit carrybacks and carryforwards. The Company periodically reviews the recoverability of deferred tax assets recorded on its Consolidated Balance Sheets and provides valuation allowances as management deems necessary.

Management makes judgments as to the interpretation of the tax laws that might be challenged upon an audit and cause changes to previous estimates of tax liability. In addition, the Company operates within multiple taxing jurisdictions including the United States, India, and The United Kingdom, and is subject to audit in these jurisdictions. In management’s opinion, adequate provisions for income taxes have been made for all years. If actual taxable income by tax jurisdiction varies from estimates, additional allowances or reversals of reserves may be necessary.

Uncertain Tax Positions

For the years ended September 30, 2024, and 2023, the Company did not take any uncertain tax positions and had no adjustments to its income tax liabilities or benefits. The Company will record any interest and/or penalties arising from uncertain tax provisions when they are likely to occur and reasonably estimable.

The Company may recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position should be measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than fifty (50) percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company will accrue interest and penalties on income taxes when there is a likelihood that they will occur and can be reasonably estimated.

Accounting for Share-Based Compensation

The Company follows ASC 718 (“Share-Based Payment”), which requires that all share-based payments to employees, including stock options, stock appreciation rights (SARs) and common stock share awards, be recognized as compensation expense in the consolidated financial statements based on their fair values and over the requisite service period.

The fair value for options granted was determined at the date of grant using a Black-Scholes valuation model and the straight-line attribution approach using the following weighted average assumptions: The risk-free interest rate used in the Black-Scholes valuation method is based on the implied yield currently available in U.S. Treasury securities at maturity with an equivalent term. Other than a one-time dividend paid in fiscal year 2017, the Company never declared or paid any cash dividends and does not currently expect to do so in the future. Expected volatility is based on the annualized daily historical volatility of the Company’s stock over a representative period. The weighted-average expected life represents the period over which stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding and was determined based on a number of factors, including historical weighted average and projected holding periods for the remaining unexercised shares, the contractual terms of the Company’s stock-based awards, vesting schedules and expectations of future employee behavior.

Net Loss per Common Share

Basic net income (loss) per common share is computed by dividing net income (loss) less the fair market value of dividends declared by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net income per common share is computed by dividing net income less the fair market value of dividends declared by the weighted average number of shares of common stock and potentially dilutive outstanding shares of common stock during the period to reflect the potential dilution that could occur from common shares issuable through contingent share arrangements, stock options and warrants. As of September 30, 2024, and 2023, the following items were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per common share as their effect is anti-dilutive.

	For the years ended
	September 30,
	2024		2023

Options		18		18
Warrants		13,529,410		-

For the years ended September 30, 2024, and 2023 loss per share basic and diluted for continuing operations are calculated as follows.

	2024			2023
	For the years ended
	September 30,
	2024			2023
Loss from Continuing operations	$	(7,678,629	)	$	(6,395,385	)
Less (loss)/gain in noncontrolling interest		(406,014	)		(36,563	)
Preferred stock dividends		67,788			166,084
Net loss applicable to common shareholders		(7,340,403	)		(6,524,906	)
Weighted Average Number of Shares-Basic & Diluted		408,602			414
Loss per share - Basic & Diluted - Continuing Operations	$	(17.96	)	$	(15,760.64	)

Foreign Currency Translation (Loss)/Gain and Comprehensive Income Loss

In countries in which the Company operates, and the functional currency is other than the U.S. dollar, assets and liabilities are translated using published exchange rates in effect at the consolidated balance sheet date. Revenues and expenses and cash flows are translated using an approximate weighted average exchange rate for the period. Resulting translation adjustments are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. For the years ending September 30, 2024, and September 30, 2023, comprehensive loss includes a loss of $127,409 and a gain of $699,181, respectively, which were entirely from foreign currency translation.

As of and for the year ended September 30, 2024, and 2023, the Company used the following exchange rates.

Approximate weighted

average exchange rate

Exchange rate at

For the three months ended

Exchange rate at

For the year ended

Currency

September 30, 2024

September 30, 2023

Indian Rupee

0.012

Great Britain Pound

1.339

1.268

1.220

1.226

Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications have been made to prior period amounts to conform to the current period presentation. This had no effect on the Company’s statement of operations or retained earnings. The reclassification was to the caption “Short-term investments” which has been reclassified to “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” on the Consolidated Balance Sheet and “Gain/(loss) on marketable securities to “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The following table illustrates the reclassifications made.

SCHEDULE OF RECLASSIFICATIONS

	September 30, 2023
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS	As previously reported		Reclassification			As revised
Short-term investments	$	13,663	$	(13,663	)	$	-
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	2,098,359	$	13,663		$	2,112,022

	For the year ended September 30, 2023
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS	As previously reported			Reclassification			As revised
Gain/(loss) on marketible securities	$	58		$	(58	)	$	-
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	(458,534	)	$	58		$	(458,476	)
Payments on bank loans	$	(488,689	)	$	488,689		$	-
Payments on debt	$	(1,044,370	)	$	(488,689	)	$	(1,533,059	)

Correction of an Immaterial Error in Previously Issued Financial Statements

Subsequent to the issuance of our financial statements for the year ended September 30, 2023, immaterial errors were identified and has been corrected in our historical information related to the cash flow presentation of non-cash royalty income. The original presentation had non-cash royalty income presented in Trade receivables – related party. Additionally, Shares issued to pay for services was presented in the supplemental disclosure of the cash flow presentation, but not presented on the face of the financial.

The effects of the correction to the individual effected line items in our Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows are as follows.

	For the year ended September 30, 2023
	As previously reported			Corrections			As corrected

Non-cash royalty income	$	-		$	(44,272	)	$	(44,272	)
Trade receivables - related party	$	(1,143,342	)	$	44,272		$	(1,099,070	)
Shares issued to pay for services	$	-		$	215,800		$	215,800
Accounts payable	$	3,361,269		$	(215,800	)	$	3,145,469

Business Combinations

The Company accounts for business combinations under Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 805 “Business Combinations” using the acquisition method of accounting, and accordingly, the assets and liabilities of the acquired business are recorded at their fair values at the date of acquisition. The excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value is recorded as goodwill. All acquisition costs are expensed as incurred. Upon acquisition, the accounts and results of operations are consolidated as of and subsequent to the acquisition date.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“Update 2016-13”). Update 2016-13 replaced the incurred loss model with an expected loss model, which is referred to as the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model. The CECL model is applicable to the measurement of credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost, including but not limited to trade receivables. For public business entities, the new standard became effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within that reporting period. On October 1, 2023, the Company implemented this standard and there has been no material change to the consolidated financial statements.

The following table illustrates the effect of implementation of Update 2016-13 on the current expected credit losses for the following line items on the consolidated balance sheet.

Assets:	October 1, 2023 As reported under ASC 326		September 30, 2023 Pre-ASC 326 Adoption		Impact of ASC 326 Adoption
Trade receivables, net	$	234,924	$	234,924	$	-
Contract assets, net	$	8,696	$	-	$	8,696
Royalties receivable, net - related party	$	10,000	$	-	$	10,000
Note receivable, net - related party	$	44,761	$	44,761	$	-

The Company carries its accounts receivables net of an allowance for credit losses. The measurement and recognition of credit losses involves the use of judgment. Management’s assessment of expected credit losses includes consideration of current and expected economic conditions, market and industry factors affecting the Company’s customers (including their financial condition), the aging of account balances, historical credit loss experience, customer concentrations, and customer creditworthiness. Management evaluates its experience with historical losses and then applies this historical loss ratio to financial assets with similar characteristics. The Company’s historical loss ratio or its determination of risk pools may be adjusted for changes in customer, economy, market or other circumstances. The Company may also establish an allowance for credit losses for specific receivables when it is probable that the receivable will not be collected, and the loss can be reasonably estimated. Amounts are written off against the allowance when they are considered to be uncollectible, and reversals of previously reserved amounts are recognized if a specifically reserved item is settled for an amount exceeding the previous estimate.

The Company will utilize the Probability-of-default method for financing receivables and loans. Expected credit losses are determined by multiplying the probability of default (i.e., the probability the asset will default within the given time frame) by the loss given default (the percentage of the asset not expected to be collected because of default). The Company considers sources of repayment associated with a financial asset when determining its credit losses, including collection against the collateral and certain embedded credit enhancements, such as guarantees or insurance. The allowance for credit losses was immaterial as of September 30, 2024.

The following table illustrates the current expected credit losses activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

	October 1, 2023		September 30, 2024			September 30, 2024
	As of		For the year ended			As of
	October 1, 2023		September 30, 2024			September 30, 2024
Assets:
Trade receivables, net	$	234,924	$	(79,006	)	$	155,918
Trade receivables, net - related party	$	-	$	-		$	-
Trade receivables, net	$	-	$	-		$	-
Contract assets, net	$	8,696	$	7,289		$	15,985
Royalties receivable, net - related party	$	10,000	$	-		$	10,000
Note receivable, net - related party	$	44,761	$	(44,761	)	$	-

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Effective

On June 30, 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03 Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions (“ASU 2022-03”), which (1) clarifies the guidance in ASC 820 on the fair value measurement of an equity security that is subject to a contractual sale restriction and (2) requires specific disclosures related to such an equity security. Under current guidance, stakeholders have observed diversity in practice related to whether contractual sale restrictions should be considered in the measurement of the fair value of equity securities that are subject to such restrictions. On the basis of interpretations of existing guidance and the current illustrative example in ASC 820-10-55-52 of a restriction on the sale of an equity instrument, some entities use a discount for contractual sale restrictions when measuring fair value, while others view the application of such a discount to be inconsistent with the principles of ASC 820. To reduce the diversity in practice and increase the comparability of reported financial information, ASU 2022-03 clarifies this guidance and amends the illustrative example. ASU No. 2022-03 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on the consolidated financial statements.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-07”), which enhances the disclosures required for operating segments in the Company’s annual and interim consolidated financial statements. ASU 2023-07 is effective for the Company for annual reporting for fiscal 2025 and for interim period reporting beginning in fiscal 2026 on a retrospective basis. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of our pending adoption of ASU 2023-07 on the consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures,” which requires public entities to disclose consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and for income taxes paid. It also includes certain other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures. The guidance is effective for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is required to adopt this standard prospectively in fiscal year 2026 for the annual reporting period ending September 30, 2026. The Company is currently in the process of evaluating the impact of adoption on the consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement (Topic 220): Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses”, that requires public companies to disclose, in interim and reporting periods, additional information about certain expenses in the financial statements. ASU 2024-03 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted and is effective on either a prospective basis or retrospective basis. The Company is currently assessing the potential impacts of adoption on the consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-04, “Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20), which clarifies the requirements for determining whether certain settlements of convertible debt instruments should be accounted for as an induced conversion. ASU 2024-04 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted for all entities that have adopted the amendments in Update 2020-06. Adoption can be on a prospective or retrospective basis. The Company is currently in the process of evaluating the impact of adoption on the consolidated financial statements.

The Company does not believe that any other recently issued but not yet effective accounting pronouncements, if adopted, would have a material effect on the accompanying consolidated financial statements.