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STOCK OPTIONS AND WARRANTS | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
STOCK OPTIONS AND WARRANTS |
NOTE 10 - STOCK OPTIONS AND WARRANTS | NOTE 10 - STOCK OPTIONS AND WARRANTS Stock Option Plans 2014 Equity Incentive Plan The 2014 Equity Compensation Plan (“2014 Plan”) is administered by the Board and provides for the issuance of up to 2,554 shares of common stock. Under our 2014 Plan, we may grant stock options, restricted stock, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units, performance units, performance shares and other stock-based awards. As of December 31, 2020 no awards are outstanding under the 2014 Plan. The Company does not anticipate granting any awards under the 2014 plan in the future. The 2014 plan was cancelled in 2021. 2017 Equity Incentive Plan In October 2017, our Board and shareholders authorized the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”), covering 190,000 shares of common stock. In December 2019, the number of shares authorized under the 2017 Plan was increased to 439,584 shares. The purpose of the 2017 Plan is to advance the interests of the Company and our related corporations by enhancing the ability of the Company to attract and retain qualified employees, consultants, officers, and directors, by creating incentives and rewards for their contributions to the success of the Company and its related corporations. The 2017 Plan is administered by our Board or by the Compensation Committee. The following awards may be granted under the 2017 Plan:
| ● | incentive stock options (“ISOs”)
| ● | non-qualified options (“NSOs”)
| ● | awards of our restricted common stock
| ● | stock appreciation rights (“SARs”)
| ● | restricted stock units (“RSUs”)
Any option granted under the 2017 Plan must provide for an exercise price of not less than 100% of the fair market value of the underlying shares on the date of grant and not less than $4.00 per share, but the exercise price of any ISO granted to an eligible employee owning more than 10% of our outstanding common stock must not be less than 110% of fair market value on the date of the grant. The plans further provide that with respect to ISOs the aggregate fair market value of the common stock underlying the options which are exercisable by any option holder during any calendar year cannot exceed $100,000. The exercise price of any NSO granted under the 2017 Plan is determined by the Board at the time of grant, but must be at least equal to fair market value on the date of grant. The term of each plan option and the manner in which it may be exercised is determined by the Board or the Compensation Committee, provided that no option may be exercisable more than 10 years after the date of its grant and, in the case of an incentive option granted to an eligible employee owning more than 10% of the common stock, no more than five years after the date of the grant. The terms of any other type of award under the 2017 Plan is determined by the Board at the time of grant. Subject to the limitation on the aggregate number of shares issuable under the plans, there is no maximum or minimum number of shares as to which a stock grant or plan option may be granted to any person. In May 2020, the number of shares authorized for issuance under the Company’s 2017 Equity Incentive Plan was increased to 685,600 shares. In June 2020, the number of shares authorized for issuance under the Company’s 2017 Equity Incentive Plan was further increased to 1,108,000 shares. In December 2020, the number of shares authorized for issuance under the Company’s 2017 Equity Incentive Plan was further increased to 1,308,000 shares. 2021 Equity Incentive Plan In July 2021, our Board and shareholders authorized the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”), covering 2,700,000 shares of common stock. In January 2022, the number of shares authorized under the 2021 Plan was automatically increased to 3,427,946 shares pursuant to an escalation provision in the plan. The purpose of the 2021 Plan is to advance the interests of the Company and our related corporations by enhancing the ability of the Company to attract and retain qualified employees, consultants, officers, and directors, by creating incentives and rewards for their contributions to the success of the Company and its related corporations. The 2021 Plan is administered by our Board or by the Compensation Committee. The following awards may be granted under the 2021 Plan:
| ● | incentive stock options (“ISOs”)
| ● | non-qualified options (“NSOs”)
| ● | awards of our restricted common stock
| ● | stock appreciation rights (“SARs”)
| ● | restricted stock units (“RSUs”)
Any option granted under the 2021 Plan must provide for an exercise price of not less than 100% of the fair market value of the underlying shares on the date of grant and not less than $4.00 per share, but the exercise price of any ISO granted to an eligible employee owning more than 10% of our outstanding common stock must not be less than 110% of fair market value on the date of the grant. The plans further provide that with respect to ISOs the aggregate fair market value of the common stock underlying the options which are exercisable by any option holder during any calendar year cannot exceed $100,000. The exercise price of any NSO granted under the 2021 Plan is determined by the Board at the time of grant, but must be at least equal to fair market value on the date of grant. The term of each plan option and the manner in which it may be exercised is determined by the Board or the Compensation Committee, provided that no option may be exercisable more than 10 years after the date of its grant and, in the case of an incentive option granted to an eligible employee owning more than 10% of the common stock, no more than five years after the date of the grant. The terms of any other type of award under the 2021 Plan is determined by the Board at the time of grant. Subject to the limitation on the aggregate number of shares issuable under the plans, there is no maximum or minimum number of shares as to which a stock grant or plan option may be granted to any person. Stock Options Granted On February 10, 2021 the Company granted to a director 20,000 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $6.75 per share, under the terms of the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest quarterly over three years with the first portion vesting on May 10, 2021. The options have been valued at $134,986 using the Black Sholes model and compensation expense will be recorded over the vesting period. The assumptions used in the Black Scholes model are as follows: (1) dividend yield of 0%; (2) expected volatility of 354%, (3) risk-free interest rate of 0.8%, (4) expected term of 5 years. On March 9, 2021 the Company granted to employees an aggregate of 159,000 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $8.625 per share, under the terms of the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest quarterly over one year, with the first portion vesting on September 9, 2021. The options have been valued at $1,371,231 using the Black Sholes model and compensation expense will be recorded over the vesting period. The assumptions used in the Black Scholes model are as follows: (1) dividend yield of 0%; (2) expected volatility of 346%, (3) risk-free interest rate of 0.8%, (4) expected term of 5 years. On March 24, 2021 the Company granted to a director 20,000 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $8.125 per share, under the terms of the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest quarterly over three years, with the first portion vesting on September 24, 2021. The options have been valued at $162,491 using the Black Sholes model and compensation expense will be recorded over the vesting period. The assumptions used in the Black Scholes model are as follows: (1) dividend yield of 0%; (2) expected volatility of 359%, (3) risk-free interest rate of 0.83%, (4) expected term of 5 years. On May 5, 2021 the Company granted to employees an aggregate of 11,800 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $8.125 per share, under the terms of the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest quarterly over one year, with the first portion vesting on August 8, 2021. The options have been valued at $95,925 using the Black Sholes model and compensation expense will be recorded over the vesting period. The assumptions used in the Black Scholes model are as follows: (1) dividend yield of 0%; (2) expected volatility of 350%, (3) risk-free interest rate of 0.8%, (4) expected term of 5 years. On May 5, 2021 the Company granted to employees an aggregate of 12,000 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $8.125 per share, under the terms of the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest quarterly over two years, with the first portion vesting on August 8, 2021. The options have been valued at $97,551 using the Black Sholes model and compensation expense will be recorded over the vesting period. The assumptions used in the Black Scholes model are as follows: (1) dividend yield of 0%; (2) expected volatility of 350%, (3) risk-free interest rate of 0.8%, (4) expected term of 5 years. On May 5, 2021 the Company granted to consultants an aggregate of 16,600 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $8.125 per share, under the terms of the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest quarterly over one year, with the first portion vesting on August 8, 2021. The options have been valued at $134,946 using the Black Sholes model and compensation expense will be recorded over the vesting period. The assumptions used in the Black Scholes model are as follows: (1) dividend yield of 0%; (2) expected volatility of 350%, (3) risk-free interest rate of 0.8%, (4) expected term of 5 years. On May 5, 2021 the Company granted to consultants an aggregate of 8,800 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $8.125 per share, under the terms of the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options vested immediately upon issuance. The assumptions used in the Black Scholes model are as follows: (1) dividend yield of 0%; (2) expected volatility of 350%, (3) risk-free interest rate of 0.8%, (4) expected term of 5 years. On June 30, 2021 the Company granted to an employee 29,000 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $4.50 per share, under the terms of the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan. The options have a term of one year. The options vested immediately upon issuance. The assumptions used in the Black Scholes model are as follows: (1) dividend yield of 0%; (2) expected volatility of 135%, (3) risk-free interest rate of 0.07%, (4) expected term of 1 year. On July 8, 2021 the Company granted to employees an aggregate of 110,000 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $4.96 per share, under the terms of the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest quarterly over two years, with the first portion vesting on October 8, 2021. On August 26, 2021, the Company granted to an employee 25,050 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $3.96 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest quarterly over four years, with a one year cliff, with the first portion vesting on August 26, 2022. On August 31, 2021, the Company granted to a consultant 35,000 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $4.05 per share, under the terms of the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options vested 50% after 60 days and 50% after 180 days, with the first portion having vested on October 31, 2021. On August 31, 2021, the Company granted to an employee 10,000 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $4.05 per share, under the terms of the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest quarterly over two years, with the first portion vesting on November 30, 2021. On August 31, 2021, the Company granted to an employee 25,000 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $4.05 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest quarterly over four years, with a one year cliff, with the first portion vesting on August 31, 2022. On September 1, 2021, the Company granted to a consultant 300,000 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $4.65 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options vested 25% at grant date on September 1, 2021 and 75% on March 1, 2023. On September 6, 2021, the Company granted to an employee 100,000 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $4.65 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options were vested at grant date on September 6, 2022. On September 10, 2021, the Company granted to an employee 7,500 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $3.96 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest quarterly over two years, with the first portion vesting on December10, 2021. On September 10, 2021, the Company granted to employees 349,000 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $3.96 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest quarterly over two years, with a one year cliff, with the first portion vesting on September 10, 2022. On September 10, 2021, the Company granted to employees 274,500 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $3.96 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest quarterly over four years, with the first portion vesting on December 10, 2021. On September 13, 2021, the Company granted to employees 200,000 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $4.59 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest quarterly over two years, with a one year cliff, with the first portion vesting on September 10, 2022. On September 13, 2021, the Company granted to an employee 50,000 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $3.97 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest quarterly over four years, with the first portion vesting on December 13, 2021. On October 3, 2021, the Company granted to employees 90,000 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $3.45 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest quarterly over four years, with a one year cliff, with the first portion vesting on October 3, 2022. On October 3, 2021, the Company granted to employees 43,900 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $3.45 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest quarterly over four years, with the first portion vesting on January 3, 2022. On October 3, 2021, the Company granted to an employee 100,000 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $3.45 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest monthly over two years, with an eighth of the options vesting immediately. On October 28, 2021, the Company granted to employees 72,500 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $2.96 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest quarterly over four years, with a one year cliff, with the first portion vesting on October 28, 2022. On November 23, 2021, the Company granted to an employee 7,500 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $3.31 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest quarterly over four years, with the first portion vesting on February 23, 2022. On December 3, 2021, the Company granted to employees 242,850 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $2.86 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest quarterly over four years, with a one year cliff, with the first portion vesting on October 28, 2022. On December 7, 2021, the Company granted to a consultant 35,000 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $3.60 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options vested 50% at January 2, 2022 and 50% on February 2, 2022. On December 10, 2021, the Company granted to an employee 7,500 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $3.96 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest quarterly over four years, with the first portion vesting on March 10, 2022. On January 6, 2022, the Company granted to a consultant a total of 20,000 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $2.64 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”). The options have a term of five years. The options vested 50% on March 3, 2022 and 50% on April 3, 2022. On January 10, 2022, the Company granted to a director a total of 15,000 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $2.40 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options vest quarterly over a four-year period. On January 19, 2022, the Company granted to a director a total of 15,000 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $2.40 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options vest quarterly over a four-year period. On January 20, 2022, the Company granted to directors a total of 60,000 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $2.40 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options vest quarterly over a four-year period. On March 11, 2022, the Company granted to employees a total of 52,500 options to purchase common stock, exercisable between $2.87 and $2.95 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest quarterly over four years, with the first portion vesting on June 11, 2022. On April 1, 2022, the Company granted an employee a total of 25,000 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $2.47 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest quarterly over four years, with the first portion vesting on July 1, 2022. On April 4, 2022, the Company granted to employees a total of 25,000 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $2.12 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest quarterly over four years, with the first portion vesting on July 4, 2022. On April 5, 2022, the Company granted an employee a total of 37,000 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $2.12 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest quarterly over four years, with the first portion vesting on July 1, 2022. On April 5, 2022, the Company granted to employees a total of 57,500 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $2.12 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest quarterly over four years, with the first portion vesting on July 5, 2022. On April 7, 2022, the Company granted to employees a total of 120,100 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $2.03 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest quarterly over four years, with the first portion vesting on July 7, 2022. On April 28, 2022, the Company granted a consultant a total of 35,000 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $1.60 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest monthly over two months, with the first portion vesting on May 28, 2022. On May 17, 2022, the Company granted a consultant a total of 5,000 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $1.07 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options vested immediately. On May 17, 2022, the Company granted to employees a total of 22,500 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $1.07 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest quarterly over four years with a one-year cliff, with the first portion vesting on May 17, 2023. On June 2, 2022, the Company granted a consultant a total of 25,461 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $1.00 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest monthly over one year, with the first portion vesting on July 6, 2022. On June 27, 2022, the Company granted to employees a total of 37,500 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $1.00 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest quarterly over four years with a one-year cliff, with the first portion vesting on June 27, 2023. On August 30, 2022, the Company granted to directors a total of 270,000 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $1.31 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options vest immediately. On August 30, 2022, the Company granted to employees a total of 550,000 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $1.31 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest months over two years. On September 22, 2022, the Company granted to employees a total of 80,000 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $1.10 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest months over two years. On December 6, 2022, the Company granted to employees a total of 190,000 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $0.47 per share, under the terms of the 2017 and 2021 Plans. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest quarterly over four years. On December 15, 2022, the Company granted to a vendor a total of 25,000 options to purchase common stock, exercisable at $0.37 per share, under the terms of the 2021 Plan. The options have a term of five years. The options will vest monthly over one year. The fair values of stock options granted during 2022 and 2021 were estimated using Black-Sholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions:
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Risk-free interest rates |  | 1.15%-4.12% |  |  | 0.07%-1.33% |
Expected life (in years) |  | 2.50 – 4.00 |  |  | 1.00 – 5.00 |
Expected volatility |  | 132%-195% |  |  | 136%-347% |
Dividend yield |  | 0.00% |  |  | 0.00% |
The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense on stock options of $3,041,815 and $4,257,434 in its consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and such amounts were included as a component of general and administrative expense. A summary of the status of the Company’s stock options as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and changes during the period are presented below:
|  | Options Outstanding |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Life (In Years) |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |
Outstanding at December 31, 2020 |  |  | 676,304 |  |  |  | 3.36 |  |  |  | 3.55 |  |  | $ | 603,819 |
Granted |  |  | 2,364,500 |  |  |  | 4.44 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expired or cancelled |  |  | (369,627 | ) |  |  | 4.83 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31, 2021 |  |  | 2,671,177 |  |  |  | 4.32 |  |  |  | 4.16 |  |  | $ | 53,670 |
Granted |  |  | 1,667,561 |  |  |  | 1.44 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Expired or cancelled |  |  | (633,617 | ) |  |  | 3.45 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 |  |  | 3,705,121 |  |  | $ | 3.05 |  |  |  | 2.80 |  |  | $ | - |
Exercisable at December 31, 2022 |  |  | 2,413,710 |  |  | $ | 3.59 |  |  |  | 2.71 |  |  | $ | - |
As of December 31, 2022, there was approximately $2,527,736 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options which vest over time and is expected to be recognized over a period of four years, as follows: 2023, $1,366,691; 2024, $715,711; 2025, $402,210; and 2026, $43,124. The intrinsic value of options outstanding is $0 at December 31, 2022 and the intrinsic value of options exercisable is $0 at December 31, 2022. Warrants 2022 Warrant Grants Warrant exchange for Common Stock On January 6, 2022, the Company issued 112,726 shares of common stock upon the exchange of 112,726 warrants (See Note 9). Warrants issued with Debt Financing During August 2022, the Company granted 1,510,417 warrants as a part of various debt financings (See Note 7). These warrants had an exercise price per share of $2.00 and expire in five years. The exercise price of the warrants was then reduced from $2.00 to $0.98 in connection with the issuance of stock to Parrut on October 14, 2022 (see Note 13). The aggregate relative fair value of the warrants, which was allocated against the debt proceeds totaled $1,032,842 at the date of issuance based on the Black Scholes Merton pricing model using the following estimates: exercise price of $2.00, 3.04-3.27% risk free rate, 175.47% volatility and expected life of the warrants of 5 years. The relative fair value was reflected in additional paid-in capital and as a debt discount to be amortized over the term of the loans. In connection with the October 19, 2022 Loan Agreement, as discussed in Note 7, the Company will issue 706,551 warrants to purchase common stock of the Company (the “Warrants”) to the Lender, with 622,803 Warrants issued and exercisable upon the Closing Date and the additional 83,708 Warrants becoming exercisable upon funding of the second Advance. The Warrants are exercisable for ten years from the Closing Date at an exercise price of $2.00 per share, subject to certain adjustments. Upon the earlier of the Maturity Date or a sale of the Company or other change in control, the Lender has the right to cause the Company to repurchase the Warrants (“Puttable Warrant”) for up to $703,125 ($600,000 if only the first Advance has been made and $703,125 if both Advances have been made). The Company is also obligated to pay the Lender a cash fee equal to 1.25% of the aggregate principal amount of the Advances that is outstanding on each anniversary of the Closing Date if (i) the average closing price of the Company’s common stock for the thirty (30) day period prior to such anniversary date is less than $2.00 or (ii) the closing price of the Company’s common stock for the date immediately prior to such anniversary date is less than $2.00. The Company recorded the puttable warrant at its fair value, which is the cash surrender value the holder can put the warrant at. As such, on the issuance date, the Company recorded a $600,000 warrant liability for puttable warrants, offset by a debt discount to be amortized over the life of the loan. Upon the advance of the second advance tranche to the Company, it will record an additional debt discount and warrant liability in the amount of $103,125, the cash surrender value of the second tranche of warrants. Additionally, the Company accrues anniversary fees each year on the one-year anniversary of the issuance date, of 1.25% of the outstanding balance depending on the stock price. The accrued anniversary fees are payable on the date the buyout fee becomes due and payable. The Company will record an expense for the 1.25% cash fee ratably over the 12 months, with an offsetting credit to warrant liability. Warrant repricing As a result of the sale in August 2022 of notes and warrants as described above and in Note 7, the number and exercise price of the 2020 Warrants and the 2021 Warrants in connection with the 2020 and 2021 (see Note 9), debentures were adjusted due to anti-dilution provisions in such warrants. The exercise price was reduced to $2.00 from $5.00 and the number of warrants was increased from 1,512,090 to 2,447,045. We have recorded a deemed dividend for the change in value due to the anti-dilution adjustments and an increase to the carrying value of the warrants of $658,266 as a result of the trigger of the anti-dilution provisions. On October 19, 2022, as a result of the Parrut earnout shares issued as described in Note 9, we reduced the exercise price of the 2020 and 2021 Debenture Note holder warrants from $2.00 to $0.98 due to anti-dilution provisions in these warrants. We also increased the number of warrants issued with the August 17, 2022 and August 30, 2022 notes (See Note 7) from 1,510,417 to 3,020,834 and reduced the exercise price from $2.00 to $0.98 due to anti-dilution provisions in these warrants. We have recorded a deemed dividend for the change in value due to the anti-dilution adjustments and an increase to the carrying value of the warrants of $1,262,947 as a result of the trigger of the anti-dilution provisions. Warrants for services On December 8, 2022, the Company issued 30,000 five-year term warrants to a consultant with an exercise price of $1.00. 2021 Warrant Grants Placement Agent Warrants On January 5, 2021 and January 20, 2021, the Company issued 28,125 and 111,825 three year term common stock warrants respectively for a total of 139,950 warrants with an exercise price of $5.00. On July 2, 2021, the 139,950 warrants were reduced to 36,364 with an exercise price of $6.25. See "Convertible Debenture Warrants and Placement Agent Warrants” below. Note Holder Warrants On January 5, 2021, January 20, 2021 and February 3, 2021, the Company issued 140,625, 559,125, and 70,996 three year term common stock warrants respectively for a total of 770,746 warrants with an exercise price of $5.00. On July 2, 2021, the 770,746 warrants were increased to 772,303 with an exercise price of $5.00. See "Convertible Debenture Warrants and Placement Agent Warrants” below. Pre-Funded Warrants On July 2, 2021 the Company issued a pre-funded three year term warrant to purchase 587,945 shares of common stock to one previous Series D holder. The warrants have an exercise price of $0.01. The Company determined the pre-funded warrant qualified for equity accounting and is included in stockholders’ equity (deficit) as common stock to be issued at December 31, 2021. Warrants for underwritten public offering Effective July 2, 2021, we closed an upsized underwritten public offering of 2,400,000 units at a price to the public of $5.00 per unit, for gross proceeds of $12,000,000 before deducting underwriting discounts and offering expenses. Each unit consists of one share of common stock and one five year warrant to purchase one share of common stock at an exercise price of $5.50 per share. The common stock and warrants were immediately separable from the units and were issued separately. Underwriter Warrants Underwriters purchased 360,000 five year warrants with a $5.50 exercise price at a price of $0.01 per share and closed the sale of an additional 360,000 shares of common stock at a price of $4.99 per share less underwriting discounts and commissions, pursuant to the exercise of the underwriter's over-allotment option in connection with the underwritten public offering that closed on July 2, 2021. Representative Warrants On July 2, 2021 the Company issued 240,000 five year Representative warrants with an exercise price of $6.25 in conjunction with the underwritten public offering. Warrants upon conversion of Convertible Debentures On July 2, 2021, the Company issued 1,489,596 common stock warrants with an exercise price of $5.50 in conjunction with the conversion of all $5,588,359 of convertible debentures outstanding, $115,593 of accrued interest through July 2, 2021 and a penalty amount of $253,767 on the convertible debentures issued in May/September 2020 (as discussed previously in Note 9 under Common Stock). Warrants for Service On April 1, 2021, the Company issued 20,000 three year term warrants to a consultant with an exercise price of $5.00. Warrants Recorded as Derivative Liabilities Series D Preferred Stock Warrants As discussed below, the Company issued an aggregate 889,376 warrants in 2020 in connection with the sale of Series D preferred shares and convertible debentures, including placement agent fees. The Company identified embedded features in the warrants issued with Series D Preferred Stock in 2019 and 2020 which caused the warrants to be classified as a derivative liability. These embedded features included the right for the holders to request for the Company to cash settle the warrants to the holder by paying to the holder an amount of cash equal to the Black-Scholes value of the remaining unexercised portion of the warrants on the date of the consummation of a fundamental transaction, as defined in the warrant instrument. The accounting treatment of derivative financial instruments requires that the Company treat the whole instrument as liability and record the fair value of the instrument as a derivative as of the inception date of the instrument and to adjust the fair value of the instrument as of each subsequent balance sheet date. As of the issuance date of the unit warrants issued in 2020 in connection with the sale of Series D Preferred Stock (See Note 9), the Company determined a fair value for the derivative liability of $26,465 for the 3,438 warrants, which has been charged to paid in capital. The fair value of the warrants was determined using the Black-Scholes Model based on a risk-free interest rate of 0.34%, an expected term of 5 years, an expected volatility of 344% and a 0% dividend yield. As a result of the sale of convertible notes and warrants as described in Notes 8 and 9, the number and exercise price of the Series D Preferred Stock warrants outstanding was adjusted due to anti-dilution provisions in the warrants. The exercise price was reduced to $4.00 from $12.00 and the number of warrants was increased from 191,814 to 575,440. We have recorded an expense for the change in derivative value due to the anti-dilution adjustments of $2,642,175 as a result of the trigger of the anti-dilution provision. On January 5, 2021, pursuant to an agreement with the holder, 133,341 Series D warrants were cancelled. We have reclassified the $373,070 derivative value of the warrants to paid in capital upon extinguishment. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recorded other expense of $211,614 and other income of $1,886,212, respectively, related to the change in the fair value of the derivative. On July 2, 2021, the Series D warrants were exchanged for 522,108 shares of common stock and consequently the embedded derivative was eliminated and $2,404,182 of derivative liability was reclassified to paid in capital. Convertible Debenture Warrants and Placement Agent Warrants The Company identified embedded features in the warrants issued with the convertible debt and the placement agent warrants in 2020 (see Note 8) which caused the warrants to be classified as a derivative liability. These embedded features included the right for the holders to request for the Company to cash settle the warrants to the holder by paying to the holder an amount of cash equal to the Black-Scholes value of the remaining unexercised portion of the warrants on the date of the consummation of a fundamental transaction, as defined in the warrant instrument. The accounting treatment of derivative financial instruments requires that the Company treat the whole instrument as liability and record the fair value of the instrument as a derivative as of the inception date of the instrument and to adjust the fair value of the instrument as of each subsequent balance sheet date. As of the issuance date of the Debenture warrants, the Company determined a fair value of $4,665,877 for the 738,282 warrants. The fair value of the warrants was determined using the Black-Scholes Model based on a risk-free interest rate of 0.22%, an expected term of 2.93 - 3 years, an expected volatility of 252% - 341% and a 0% dividend yield. Of this amount, $1,325,323 was recorded as debt discount (see Note 8) and $3,340,554 was charged to expense as initial derivative expense. As of the issuance date of the placement agent warrants, the Company determined a fair value of $933,177 for the 147,657 warrants. The fair value of the warrants was determined using the Black-Scholes Model based on a risk-free interest rate of 0.22%, an expected term of 2.93 - 3 years, an expected volatility of 252% - 341% and a 0% dividend yield. The value of $933,177 has been recorded as debt cost (see Note 8). During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recorded other expense of $1,275,479 related to the change in the fair value of the derivative. The fair value of the derivative was $6,874,533 as of December 31, 2020, determined using the Black Scholes model based on a risk-free interest rate of 0.15%, an expected term of 2.4 years, an expected volatility of 228% and a 0% dividend yield. As of the issuance date of the 2021 Debenture warrants, the Company determined a fair value of $5,040,080 for the 770,746 warrants. The fair value of the warrants was determined using the Black-Scholes Model based on a risk-free interest rate of 0.17% - 0.19%, an expected term of 3 years, an expected volatility of 215% - 216% and a 0% dividend yield. Of this amount, $1,454,097 was recorded as debt discount (see Note 8) and $3,585,983 was charged to expense as initial derivative expense. As of the issuance date of the 2021 placement agent warrants, the Company determined a fair value of $919,979 for the 139,950 warrants. The fair value of the warrants was determined using the Black-Scholes Model based on a risk-free interest rate of 0.17% -0.19%, an expected term of 3 years, an expected volatility of 215% and a 0% dividend yield. The value of $919,979 has been recorded as a debt discount for debt cost (see Note 8). In July 2021, we amended the debenture agreement and reduced the number shares to be received upon exercise by the placement agent warrants from 139,950 to 36,364. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recorded other expense of $676,177 and other income of $5,429,368, respectively, related to the change in the fair value of the derivative. As a result of amendments to the 2020 and 2021 debenture warrants and placement agent warrants on July 2, 2021, the derivative feature of the warrants was eliminated and $7,405,224 of derivative liability was reclassified to paid in capital. The number of placement agent warrants issued in 2020 and 2021 was reduced in July 2021, from 287,606 to 72,728, and the exercise price was increased to $6.25. Warrant activity for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 is as follows:
|  | Warrants Outstanding |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share |
Outstanding at December 31, 2020 |  |  | 1,461,378 |  |  | $ | 4.60 |
Issued |  |  | 6,008,237 |  |  |  | 4.46 |
Cancelled pursuant to modification |  |  | (265,148 | ) |  |  | 1.92 |
Exercised |  |  | (522,108) |  |  |  | 4.00 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2021 |  |  | 6,682,359 |  |  |  | 4.32 |
Issued |  |  | 2,163,220 |  |  |  | 1.99 |
Exchanged to common stock |  |  | (112,726 | ) |  |  | 5.00 |
Increase due to trigger of anti-dilution provisions |  |  | 2,558,098 |  |  |  | 0.98 |
Exercised |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Expired or cancelled |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 |  |  | 11,290,951 |  |  | $ | 2.84 |
All warrants are exercisable at December 31, 2022. The weighted average remaining life of the warrants is 3.43 years at December 31, 2022. The fair values of warrants granted during 2022 were estimated using Black-Sholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions:
|  | December 31, 2022 |
Risk-free interest rates |  | 3.04%-3.71% |
Expected life (in years) |  | 5 |
Expected volatility |  | 173%-175% |
Dividend yield |  | 0.00% |

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