20-F 1 tv518902_20f.htm 20-F

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

| ¨ | Registration statement pursuant to Section 12(b) or 12(g) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

or

| x | Annual report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018

or

| ¨ | Transition report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the transition period from ____________to ____________

or

| ¨ | Shell company report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report

Commission file number 001-34563

Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Cayman Islands
(Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)

18/F, Tower A, Global Trade Center
36 North Third Ring Road, Dongcheng District
Beijing 100013
People’s Republic of China
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

Mr. Yap Yaw Kong
Telephone: (86 10) 5903 6688
Facsimile: (86 10) 5957-5252
18/F, Tower A, Global Trade Center
36 North Third Ring Road, Dongcheng District
Beijing 100013
People’s Republic of China
(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile Number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Class A ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share* | New York Stock Exchange*

| * | Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing of the American depositary shares (“ADSs”) on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “CCM.” Each ADS represents the right to receive three Class A ordinary shares. The ADSs are registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, pursuant to a registration statement on Form F-6. Accordingly, the ADSs are exempt from registration under Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, pursuant to Rule 12a-8 thereunder.

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the Issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

130,178,377 ordinary shares, including 84,390,429 Class A ordinary shares and 45,787,948 Class B ordinary shares, outstanding

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ¨ No x

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ¨ No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ¨ | Accelerated filer x | Non-accelerated filer ¨
|  | Emerging growth company ¨

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP x | International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ¨ | Other ¨

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which consolidated financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

| Item 17 ¨ | Item 18 ¨

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934).

Yes ¨ No x

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court. Yes ¨ No ¨

TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  |  | Page
Part I |  |  | 2
| ITEM 1. | IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS | 2
| ITEM 2. | OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE | 2
| ITEM 3. | KEY INFORMATION | 2
| ITEM 4. | INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY | 32
| ITEM 4A. | UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS | 63
| ITEM 5. | OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS | 63
| ITEM 6. | DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES | 94
| ITEM 7. | MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS | 104
| ITEM 8. | FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 105
| ITEM 9. | THE OFFER AND LISTING | 106
| ITEM 10. | ADDITIONAL INFORMATION | 106
| ITEM 11. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK | 116
| ITEM 12. | DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES | 117
Part II |  |  | 119
| ITEM 13. | DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES | 119
| ITEM 14. | MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS | 119
| ITEM 15. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES | 119
| ITEM 16A. | AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT | 120
| ITEM 16B. | CODE OF ETHICS | 120
| ITEM 16C. | PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES | 120
| ITEM 16D. | EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES | 120
| ITEM 16E. | PURCHASE OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS | 121
| ITEM 16F. | CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT | 121
| ITEM 16G. | CORPORATE GOVERNANCE | 121
| ITEM 16H. | MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE | 121
Part III |  |  | 121
| ITEM 17. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS | 121
| ITEM 18. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS | 121
| ITEM 19. | EXHIBITS | 122

CONVENTIONS THAT APPLY TO THIS ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 20-F

Unless otherwise indicated, references in this annual report on Form 20-F to:

| · | “ADR” are to the American depositary receipts, which, if issued, evidence our ADSs;

| · | “ADSs” are to our American depositary shares, each of which represents three Class A ordinary shares;

| · | “China” and the “PRC” are to the People’s Republic of China, excluding, for the purposes of this annual report only, Taiwan and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau;

| · | “Concord Medical,” “we,” “us,” “our company” and “our” are to Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited, its predecessor entities and its consolidated subsidiaries;

| · | “ordinary shares” are to our ordinary shares, par value US$0.0001 per share, which can be divided into Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares;

| · | “PRC subsidiaries” are to our subsidiaries incorporated in the People’s Republic of China, including Beijing Meizhong Jiahe Hospital Management Co., Ltd. (formerly known as CMS Hospital Management Co., Ltd., “Meizhong Jiahe” or “MHM”), Beijing Yundu Internet Technology Co., Ltd. (“Yundu”), Shenzhen Aohua Medical Technology Development Co., Ltd. (“Aohua Technology”), Tianjin Concord Medical Technology Limited (formerly known as Tianjing Kangmeng Radiology Equipment Management Co., Ltd, “Tianjin Concord Medical”), Medstar (Shanghai) Leasing Co., Ltd. (“Shanghai Medstar”), Guangzhou Concord Cancer Center Co., Ltd. (formerly known as Guangzhou Concord Cancer Hospital Co., Ltd., “Guangzhou Concord Cancer Center”), Beijing Century Friendship Science & Technology Development Co., Ltd. (“Beijing Century Friendship”), Guangzhou Jinkangshenyou Investment Co., Ltd., Shanghai Concord Cancer Center Co., Ltd (formerly known as Shanghai Concord Cancer Hospital Co., Ltd., “Shanghai Concord Cancer Center” or “SHC”), Shenzhen Concord Medical Investment Limited, Beijing Proton Medical Center Co., Ltd. (“Beijing Proton Medical Center”), Shanghai Taifeng Medical Technology Ltd., Datong Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center, Wuxi Concord Medical Development Ltd., Taizhou Concord Leasing Co., Ltd., Beijing Concord Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Guofu Huimei (Tianjin) Investment Management Partnership Firm (LP) (“Guofu Huimei”) and Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center Co., Ltd. (also known as Shanghai Concord Medical Cancer Center, “Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center” or “CMCC”);

| · | “RMB” and “Renminbi” are to the legal currency of China;

| · | “US$” and “U.S. dollars” are to the legal currency of the United States;

| · | “£” is to the legal currency of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; and

| · | “SGD” and “Singapore dollars” are to the legal currency of Singapore.

Our reporting currency is the Renminbi. This annual report contains translations of Renminbi amounts into U.S. dollars for the convenience of the reader. Conversions of Renminbi into U.S. dollars in this annual report are based on the noon buying rate for U.S. dollars in the City of New York for cable transfers in Renminbi as certified for customs purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Unless otherwise noted, all translations from Renminbi to U.S. dollars and from U.S. dollars to Renminbi in this annual report were made at a rate of RMB6.8755 to US$1.00, the noon buying rate in effect as of December 31, 2018.

We make no representation that any Renminbi or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate, or at all. The PRC government imposes control over its foreign currency reserves in part through direct regulation of the conversion of Renminbi into foreign exchange and through restrictions on foreign trade. On April 26, 2019, the noon buying rate was RMB6.7282 to US$1.00.

| 1 |

Part I

| ITEM 1. | IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not Applicable.

| ITEM 2. | OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not Applicable.

| ITEM 3. | KEY INFORMATION

| A. | Selected Financial Data

The following selected consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) and other consolidated financial data for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 (other than the income (loss) per ADS data) and the selected consolidated balance sheets data as of December 31, 2017 and 2018 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements, which are included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F. The selected consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) data for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015 and the selected consolidated balance sheets data as of December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements, which are not included in this annual report on Form 20-F.

You should read the selected consolidated financial data in conjunction with those financial statements and the related notes and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared and presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of our results expected for any future periods.

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2014 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  | (in thousands, except share, per share and per ADS data) |
Selected Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) Data |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues, net of business tax, value-added tax and related surcharges |  |  | 606,883 |  |  |  | 616,485 |  |  |  | 455,042 |  |  |  | 330,977 |  |  |  | 190,898 |  |  |  | 27,765 |
Cost of revenues |  |  | (274,562 | ) |  |  | (353,336 | ) |  |  | (286,543 | ) |  |  | (232,979 | ) |  |  | (171,136 | ) |  |  | (24,891 | )
Gross profit |  |  | 332,321 |  |  |  | 263,149 |  |  |  | 168,499 |  |  |  | 97,998 |  |  |  | 19,762 |  |  |  | 2,874 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling expenses(1) |  |  | (95,096 | ) |  |  | (112,815 | ) |  |  | (70,093 | ) |  |  | (43,608 | ) |  |  | (21,718 | ) |  |  | (3,159 | )
General and administrative expenses(2) |  |  | (53,576 | ) |  |  | (132,952 | ) |  |  | (205,908 | ) |  |  | (237,646 | ) |  |  | (291,854 | ) |  |  | (42,448 | )
Impairment of long-lived assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | (23,125 | ) |  |  | (61,124 | ) |  |  | (28,600 | ) |  |  | (5,433 | ) |  |  | (790 | )
Other operating income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Operating income (loss) |  |  | 183,649 |  |  |  | (5,743 | ) |  |  | (168,626 | ) |  |  | (211,856 | ) |  |  | (299,243 | ) |  |  | (43,523 | )
Interest expense |  |  | (53,470 | ) |  |  | (53,214 | ) |  |  | (89,327 | ) |  |  | (89,959 | ) |  |  | (46,232 | ) |  |  | (6,724 | )
Foreign exchange gain, net |  |  | 9,585 |  |  |  | 10,348 |  |  |  | 13,472 |  |  |  | 4,023 |  |  |  | 36,531 |  |  |  | 5,313 |
(Loss) gain on disposal of long-lived assets |  |  | (3,955 | ) |  |  | (4,220 | ) |  |  | (7,619 | ) |  |  | (31,437 | ) |  |  | 4,711 |  |  |  | 685 |
Interest income |  |  | 21,208 |  |  |  | 22,447 |  |  |  | 27,982 |  |  |  | 12,077 |  |  |  | 14,168 |  |  |  | 2,061 |
Changes in fair value of derivatives |  |  | 2,605 |  |  |  | 33,731 |  |  |  | 713 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Loss on debt extinguishment |  |  | — |  |  |  | (36,648 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Income (loss) from equity method investments |  |  | 13,911 |  |  |  | (5,572 | ) |  |  | 616 |  |  |  | 1,454 |  |  |  | (20,747 | ) |  |  | (3,018 | )
Gain on disposal of subsidiaries |  |  | — |  |  |  | 16,381 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 58,913 |  |  |  | 3,341 |  |  |  | 486 |
Other income, net |  |  | 2,113 |  |  |  | 17,236 |  |  |  | 18,191 |  |  |  | 2,890 |  |  |  | 34,206 |  |  |  | 4,975 |
Gain on disposal of an equity method investment |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 48,019 |  |  |  | 6,984 |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes |  |  | 175,646 |  |  |  | (5,254 | ) |  |  | (204,598 | ) |  |  | (253,895 | ) |  |  | (225,246 | ) |  |  | (32,761 | )
Income tax expenses |  |  | (80,850 | ) |  |  | (74,025 | ) |  |  | (60,486 | ) |  |  | (31,789 | ) |  |  | (34,051 | ) |  |  | (4,953 | )
Net income (loss) from continuing operations |  |  | 94,796 |  |  |  | (79,279 | ) |  |  | (265,084 | ) |  |  | (285,684 | ) |  |  | (259,297 | ) |  |  | (37,714 | )
Net income (loss) from discontinued operations |  |  | 25,476 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Net income (loss) |  |  | 120,272 |  |  |  | (79,279 | ) |  |  | (265,084 | ) |  |  | (285,684 | ) |  |  | (259,297 | ) |  |  | (37,714 | )
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests |  |  | (4,437 | ) |  |  | (975 | ) |  |  | (3,217 | ) |  |  | (1,364 | ) |  |  | (24,422 | ) |  |  | (3,552 | )
Net income (loss) attributable to Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited |  |  | 124,709 |  |  |  | (78,304 | ) |  |  | (261,867 | ) |  |  | (284,320 | ) |  |  | (234,875 | ) |  |  | (34,162 | )
Earnings (loss) per share for Class A and Class B ordinary shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
From continuing operations |  |  | 0.70 |  |  |  | (0.58 | ) |  |  | (2.00 | ) |  |  | (2.19 | ) |  |  | (2.76 | ) |  |  | (0.40 | )
From discontinued operations |  |  | 0.22 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Basic/Diluted |  |  | 0.92 |  |  |  | (0.58 | ) |  |  | (2.00 | ) |  |  | (2.19 | ) |  |  | (2.76 | ) |  |  | (0.40 | )
Earnings (loss) per ADS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
From continuing operations |  |  | 2.10 |  |  |  | (1.75 | ) |  |  | (6.00 | ) |  |  | (6.56 | ) |  |  | (8.28 | ) |  |  | (1.20 | )
From discontinuing operations |  |  | 0.66 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Basic/Diluted |  |  | 2.76 |  |  |  | (1.75 | ) |  |  | (6.00 | ) |  |  | (6.56 | ) |  |  | (8.28 | ) |  |  | (1.20 | )

| (1) | Our selling expenses included share-based compensation of RMB0.7 million in 2014, RMB0.8 million in 2015, RMB0.8 million in 2016, RMB1.5 million in 2017 and RMB2.0 million (US$0.3 million) in 2018.

| (2) | Our general and administrative expenses included share-based compensation of RMB6.6 million in 2014, RMB7.3 million in 2015, RMB7.6 million in 2016, RMB10.1 million in 2017 and RMB9.2 million (US$1.3 million) in 2018.

| 2 |

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2014 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  | (in thousands) |
Selected Consolidated Balance Sheet Data |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 478,682 |  |  |  | 485,440 |  |  |  | 189,905 |  |  |  | 98,191 |  |  |  | 404,742 |  |  |  | 58,867 |
Total current assets |  |  | 1,463,682 |  |  |  | 1,501,117 |  |  |  | 1,194,856 |  |  |  | 1,111,136 |  |  |  | 1,228,692 |  |  |  | 178,706 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  | 749,683 |  |  |  | 918,815 |  |  |  | 775,338 |  |  |  | 793,571 |  |  |  | 1,219,309 |  |  |  | 177,341 |
Goodwill |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 165,171 |  |  |  | 24,023 |
Intangible assets, net |  |  | 61,243 |  |  |  | 43,453 |  |  |  | 17,188 |  |  |  | 7,799 |  |  |  | 456,844 |  |  |  | 66,445 |
Total assets |  |  | 2,959,332 |  |  |  | 3,593,591 |  |  |  | 3,228,603 |  |  |  | 3,465,390 |  |  |  | 4,585,394 |  |  |  | 666,915 |
Long-term bank and other borrowings, current portion |  |  | 246,233 |  |  |  | 350,786 |  |  |  | 82,632 |  |  |  | 197,139 |  |  |  | 44,068 |  |  |  | 6,409 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 769,819 |  |  |  | 1,507,246 |  |  |  | 951,059 |  |  |  | 1,108,171 |  |  |  | 870,265 |  |  |  | 126,573 |
Total non-current liabilities |  |  | 389,455 |  |  |  | 652,557 |  |  |  | 1,045,774 |  |  |  | 1,342,301 |  |  |  | 1,441,248 |  |  |  | 209,619 |
Contingently redeemable noncontrolling interest |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,720,366 |  |  |  | 250,217 |
Total equity |  |  | 1,800,058 |  |  |  | 1,433,788 |  |  |  | 1,231,770 |  |  |  | 1,014,918 |  |  |  | 553,515 |  |  |  | 80,506 |
Total liabilities, mezzanine equity and equity |  |  | 2,959,332 |  |  |  | 3,593,591 |  |  |  | 3,228,603 |  |  |  | 3,465,390 |  |  |  | 4,585,394 |  |  |  | 666,915 |
Selected Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow Data |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net cash generated from (used in) operating activities |  |  | 490,381 |  |  |  | (175,138 | ) |  |  | (78,078 | ) |  |  | 26,732 |  |  |  | (38,591 | ) |  |  | (5,614 | )
Net cash generated from (used in) investing activities(1) |  |  | 287,055 |  |  |  | (391,083 | ) |  |  | (74,847 | ) |  |  | (313,010 | ) |  |  | (1,000,355 | ) |  |  | (145,496 | )
Net cash (used in) generated from financing activities |  |  | (579,144 | ) |  |  | 590,398 |  |  |  | (117,922 | ) |  |  | 189,899 |  |  |  | 1,203,042 |  |  |  | 174,976 |
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalent and restricted cash |  |  | (2,643 | ) |  |  | (17,419 | ) |  |  | (11,240 | ) |  |  | 157 |  |  |  | 459 |  |  |  | 67 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash(2) |  |  | 195,649 |  |  |  | 6,758 |  |  |  | (282,087 | ) |  |  | (96,222 | ) |  |  | 164,555 |  |  |  | 23,933 |

| (1) | Net cash used in investing activities in 2016 included prepayments in long-term investments of RMB181.5 million and acquisitions of property, plant and equipment of RMB79.0 million. Net cash generated from investing activities in 2016 included proceeds from principal portion of direct financing leases of RMB108.1 million and cash arising from the consolidation of Beijing Century Friendship and Beijing Proton Medical Center of RMB26.2 million. Net cash used in investing activities in 2017 included acquisitions of and deposits for the purchases of property, plant and equipment of RMB289.1 million and investments in equity method investees of RMB97.8 million. Net cash generated from investing activities in 2017 included proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment of RMB38.1 million and proceeds from principal portion of direct financing leases of RMB61.9 million. Net cash used in investing activities in 2018 included acquisitions and deposits for the purchases of property, plant and equipment of RMB764.4 million (US$111.2 million) and acquisitions of Guofu Huimei, Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center, Beijing Century Friendship and Beijing Proton Medical Center, net of cash acquired, RMB528.7 million (US$76.9 million) and purchase of short-term investments of RMB252.3 million (US$36.7 million). Net cash generated from investing activities in 2018 included redemption from short-term investments of RMB202.3 million (US$29.4 million), proceeds from disposal of other investment of RMB212.9 million (US$31.0 million) and proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment of RMB113.0 million (US$16.4 million).

| (2) | Net increase (decrease) in cash in 2016 and 2017 was adjusted due to our adoption of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash, (“ASU 2016-18”), effective January 1, 2018 using the retrospective transition method and included all restricted cash with cash and cash equivalent when reconciling beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows.

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2014 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  | (in thousands) |
Total net revenues generated by our primary medical equipment under lease and management services arrangements: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Linear accelerators |  |  | 144,694 |  |  |  | 111,922 |  |  |  | 98,251 |  |  |  | 56,959 |  |  |  | 32,865 |  |  |  | 4,780 |
Head gamma knife systems |  |  | 58,509 |  |  |  | 53,895 |  |  |  | 27,514 |  |  |  | 14,833 |  |  |  | 8,291 |  |  |  | 1,206 |
Body gamma knife systems |  |  | 31,478 |  |  |  | 32,959 |  |  |  | 16,499 |  |  |  | 9,286 |  |  |  | 12,356 |  |  |  | 1,797 |
PET-CT scanners |  |  | 116,078 |  |  |  | 140,598 |  |  |  | 96,848 |  |  |  | 57,288 |  |  |  | 1,058 |  |  |  | 154 |
MRI scanners |  |  | 103,197 |  |  |  | 106,085 |  |  |  | 77,969 |  |  |  | 60,854 |  |  |  | 44,031 |  |  |  | 6,404 |
Others(1) |  |  | 57,635 |  |  |  | 79,749 |  |  |  | 61,642 |  |  |  | 46,214 |  |  |  | 9,877 |  |  |  | 1,437 |
Total net revenues — lease and management services |  |  | 511,591 |  |  |  | 525,208 |  |  |  | 378,723 |  |  |  | 245,434 |  |  |  | 108,478 |  |  |  | 15,778 |

| (1) | Included computed tomography (“CT”) scanners and emission computed tomograms (“ECT”) scanners for diagnostic imaging, electroencephalography for the diagnosis of epilepsy and a CyberKnife.

| B. | Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not Applicable.

| 3 |

| C. | Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not Applicable.

| D. | Risk Factors

Risks Related to Our Company

We plan to establish and operate proton centers, premium cancer hospitals and specialty cancer hospitals that will be majority owned by us and are subject to significant risks.

As part of our growth strategy, we plan to establish and operate proton centers, premium cancer hospitals and specialty cancer hospitals that will focus on providing a variety of radiotherapy services as well as diagnostic imaging services, chemotherapy and surgery. For example, at Beijing Proton Medical Center, our planned proton center, we plan to offer proton beam therapy treatment services with which we have had no prior experience.

Since we have limited experience in operating our own centers and hospitals, or in providing many of the services that we plan to offer in such centers and hospitals, such as chemotherapy treatments, surgical procedures or proton beam therapy, we may not be able to provide as high a level of service quality for those treatment options as compared to the other treatments that we offer at our network of centers, which may result in damage to our reputation and growth prospects.

In addition, we may not be successful in recruiting qualified medical professionals to effectively provide the services that we intend to offer in our own centers and hospitals. Although our brand name is well known among referring doctors, patients are not familiar with our brand as we do not carry our own brand name in our network of centers under our existing agreements with our hospital partners. Therefore, when we establish our own centers and hospitals under our brand name, we may not be able to immediately gain wide acceptance among patients and, thus, may be unable to attract a sufficient number of patients to our new centers and hospitals.

We plan to carry out a number of large-scale hospital construction projects in the near future, which requires a substantial increase in capital expenditures. Our operational and financial conditions and results will be adversely affected if we cannot effectively manage our capital expenditures.

We are in the process of establishing Beijing Proton Medical Center. The construction commenced in June 2017, with an estimated construction period of two years. We also commenced construction of Shanghai Concord Cancer Center in September 2017, with an estimated construction period of three years. We also commenced construction of Guangzhou Concord Cancer Center in November 2017, with an estimated construction period of two years. All these cities are considered top-tier cities in China, with large and nationally-renowned government hospitals. To attract patients, our planned proton center and premium cancer hospitals need to train our staff members properly, provide services and treatment environment superior to local hospitals and install high-end equipment, including CyberKnife, positron emission tomography–magnetic resonance (“PET-MR”) and proton beam therapy.

The required capital expenditures will be substantial. Planning, designing and constructing the proton center and premium cancer hospitals will be time consuming and complex, and will require a dedicated team in our company. We do not have prior experience and existing team in managing hospital projects of the planned size. If we cannot manage the process properly, our operating and financial results will be adversely affected.

Our growth plan includes the construction of proton centers, premium cancer hospitals and specialty cancer hospitals. If we cannot identify and seize growth opportunities in fast-changing markets, our future growth will face uncertainties.

We plan to build proton centers, premium cancer hospitals and specialty cancer hospitals in multiple regions in China. Unlike our current cooperative centers, these free-standing centers and hospitals will not be affiliated with local government hospitals. While current healthcare reform policies encourage the establishment of private medical institutions, the implementation process will be complex, time-consuming and subject to uncertainty.

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We are identifying suitable regions for free-standing centers and hospitals by considering a number of factors, including regional market size, existing competition and potential strategic partners. There are uncertainties regarding how successfully we can identify the suitable market, acquire required government approvals in a timely manner and control planned investments. In addition, we may face competition from our existing cooperative centers.

We may encounter difficulties in successfully opening new cooperative centers or renewing agreements for existing cooperative centers due to the limited number of suitable hospital partners and their potential ability to finance the purchase of medical equipment directly.

Our growth has depended on our ability to expand our network of radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging centers by entering into new agreements primarily with top-tier hospitals in China. These hospitals are 3A hospitals, the highest ranked hospitals by quality and size in China determined in accordance with the standards of the National Health Commission of the PRC (formerly the National Health and Family Planning Commission of the PRC) (the “NHC”). The hospitals typically enter into long-term agreements with us and our competitors with terms of up to 20 years.

As a result, in any locality or at any given time, only a limited number of top-tier hospitals may have not already entered into long-term agreements with us or our competitors. In addition, quotas imposed by government authorities as to the number and type of certain medical equipment that can be purchased, such as head gamma knife systems or positron emission tomography-computed tomography (“PET-CT”) scanners, will limit the number of top-tier hospitals with which we or our competitors can enter into agreements in a given period. See “—Risks Related to Our Industry—Healthcare administrative authorities in China currently set procurement quotas for certain types of medical equipment.”

Due to the limited supply of suitable top-tier hospitals and increasing competition, we may not be able to enter into agreements with new hospital partners or renew agreements with existing hospital partners on terms as favorable as those that we have been able to obtain in the past, or at all. Certain competitors may have greater financial resources than we do, which may provide them with an advantage in negotiating new agreements with hospitals, including our existing hospital partners. In addition, if adequate funding becomes available for hospitals to purchase medical equipment directly, hospitals may purchase and manage radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging equipment on their own instead of entering into or renewing agreements with us or our competitors.

If we are unable to enter into agreements with new hospital partners or renew existing agreements on favorable terms, or at all, or if hospitals purchase and manage their own medical equipment, our growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected. Finally, the development of new cooperative centers generally involves a ramp-up period during which the operating efficiency of such cooperative centers may be lower than our established cooperative centers, which may negatively affect our profitability.

We have historically derived a significant portion of our revenues from cooperative centers located at a limited number of our hospital partners and regions in which we operate and our accounts receivable are also concentrated with a few hospital partners.

We have historically derived a large portion of our total net revenues from a limited number of partner hospitals. In 2016, 2017 and 2018, net revenues derived from our top five hospital partners amounted to approximately 27.7%, 32.7% and 35.0%, respectively, of our total net revenues. The largest hospital partner accounted for 9.9%, 12.5% and 9.7% of our total net revenues during those periods, respectively.

Cooperative centers located in Shandong Province, Beijing and Shanghai accounted for 11.5%, 11.3% and 10.3%, respectively, of our total net revenue in 2016. Cooperative centers located in Shandong Province, Beijing and Shanghai accounted for 10.5%, 10.9% and 13.0%, respectively, of our total net revenue in 2017. Cooperative centers located in Shandong Province, Henan Province and Hubei Province accounted for 13.0%, 12.2% and 8.6%, respectively, of our total net revenue in 2018.

Such revenue concentration may continue in the future. Due to the concentration of our revenues and our dependence on a limited number of hospital partners, any one or more of the following events may cause material fluctuations or declines in our revenues and materially adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and prospects:

| · | reduction in the number of patient cases at the cooperative centers located at these hospital partners;

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| · | loss of key experienced medical professionals;

| · | decrease in the profitability of such centers;

| · | failure to maintain or renew our agreements with these hospital partners;

| · | any failure of these hospital partners to pay us our contracted percentage of any such center’s revenue net of specified operating expenses;

| · | any regulatory changes in the geographic areas where our hospital partners are located; or

| · | any other disputes with these hospital partners.

In addition, the top ten of our hospital partners in terms of revenue contribution, accounted for 58.2% of our total network accounts receivable as of December 31, 2018. Any significant delay in the payment of such accounts receivable could materially impact our financial condition and results of operations.

We conduct our business in a heavily regulated industry.

The operation of our network of centers and our hospitals is subject to laws and regulations issued by a number of government agencies at the national and local levels. These rules and regulations relate mainly to the procurement of large medical equipment, the pricing of medical services, the operation of radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging equipment, the licensing and operation of medical institutions, the licensing of medical staff and the prohibition on non-profit civilian medical institutions from entering into cooperation agreements with third parties to set up for-profit centers that are not independent legal entities. Our growth prospects may be constrained by such rules and regulations, particularly those relating to the procurement of large medical equipment.

If we or our hospital partners fail to comply with such applicable laws and regulations, we could be required to make significant changes to our business or suffer fines or penalties, including the potential loss of our business licenses, the suspension from use of our medical equipment, and the suspension or cessation of operations at cooperative centers in our network. In addition, many of the agreements we have entered into with our hospital partners provide for termination in the event of major government policy changes that cause the agreements to become unenforceable. Our hospital partners may invoke such termination rights to our disadvantage.

We depend on our hospital partners to recruit and retain qualified doctors and other medical professionals to ensure the high quality of treatment services provided in our network of centers.

Our success depends in part on our and our hospital partners’ ability to recruit, train, manage and retain doctors and other medical professionals. Although we may help our hospital partners to identify and recruit suitable, qualified doctors and other medical professionals, almost all of these medical professionals in our network of centers are employed by our hospital partners rather than by us. As a result, we may have little control over whether such medical professionals will continue working in cooperative centers in our network.

In addition, a limited pool of qualified medical professionals possess expertise and experience in radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging in China and Singapore. We and our hospital partners face competition for such qualified medical professionals from other public hospitals, private healthcare providers, research and academic institutions and other organizations. If we or our hospital partners fail to recruit and retain a sufficient number of these medical professionals, the resulting shortage could adversely affect the operation of cooperative centers in our network and our hospital and our growth prospects.

Any failure by our hospital partners to make contracted payments to us or any disputes over, or significant delays in receiving, such payments could materially adversely affect our business and financial condition.

We have established most of the cooperative centers in our network through long-term lease and management services arrangements with our hospital partners. We also provide management services to certain radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging centers through service-only agreements. Our hospital partners typically collect payments for treatment and diagnostic imaging services provided in cooperative centers in our network and then transfer our contracted percentage of such revenue net of specific operating expenses to us on a periodic basis.

| 6 |

Our total outstanding accounts receivable from our hospital partners were RMB188.7 million, RMB127.2 million and RMB77.0 million (US$11.2 million) as of December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, approximately 13% of the accounts receivable for our network business reported on our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2017 were still outstanding.

Any failure by our hospital partners to pay us our contracted percentage, or any disputes over, or significant delays in, receiving such payments from our hospital partners could negatively impact our financial condition. Accordingly, any failure by us to maintain good working relationships with our hospital partners, or any dissatisfaction of our hospital partners with our services, could negatively affect our cooperative centers and our ability to collect revenue; reduce the likelihood that our agreements with hospital partners will be renewed; damage our reputation; and otherwise materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operation.

We may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations through new acquisitions or joint ventures or to successfully realize the anticipated benefits of any such acquisition or joint venture.

We have historically complemented our organic development of new centers and hospitals by selectively acquiring hospital businesses in China and overseas or assets or forming joint ventures, and we may continue to do so in the future. For example, in December 2012, we acquired 19.98% of the equity interests in The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Proton Therapy Center (the “MD Anderson Proton Therapy Center”), a leading proton treatment center globally. In August 2015, we acquired an additional 7.04% of the equity interests in this entity. In April 2015, we acquired a 100% equity interest in Concord International Hospital (“Concord International Hospital”) from Fortis Healthcare International Pte. Ltd. (“Fortis Healthcare International”). In January 2016, we acquired a 100% equity interest in Beijing Century Friendship, which held a 55% equity interest in Beijing Proton Medical Center. As a result of various subsequent restructurings, we indirectly held a 58% equity interest in Beijing Proton Medical Center through Beijing Century Friendship and King Cheers Holdings Limited (“King Cheers”) as of December 31, 2018.

The identification of suitable acquisition targets or joint venture candidates can be difficult, time consuming and costly, and we may not be able to successfully capitalize on identified opportunities. We may not be able to grow our business as anticipated if we are unable to successfully identify and complete potential acquisitions in the future. Even if we successfully complete an acquisition or establish a joint venture, we may not be able to successfully integrate the acquired businesses or assets or cooperate successfully with the joint venture partner.

For example, in December 2014 we disposed of our 52% equity interest in Chang’an Hospital which we acquired in 2012, in order to concentrate on building a nationwide network of diagnosis and treatment centers and hospitals.

Integration of acquired businesses or assets or cooperation with joint venture partners can be expensive, time consuming and may strain our resources. Such integration or cooperation could also require significant attention from our management team, which may divert key members of our management’s focus from other important aspects of our business.

In addition, we may be unable to successfully integrate or retain employees or management of acquired businesses or assets or retain the acquired entity’s patients, suppliers or other partners. Consequently, we may not achieve the anticipated benefits of any acquisitions or joint ventures. We cannot assure you that any transformation and integration would be implemented successfully, or without incurring significant costs. Furthermore, future acquisitions or joint ventures could result in potentially dilutive issuances of equity or equity-linked securities or the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities or other expenses, any of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We had net current liabilities historically and we may experience net current liabilities in the future.

Historically, we had net current liabilities as a result of our acquisition of Concord International Hospital and investment in additional equity interests in the MD Anderson Proton Therapy Center in 2015. As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, we had net current assets of RMB3.0 million and RMB358.4 million (US$52.1 million), respectively. We believe that our current cash and anticipated cash flow from operations will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs, including our cash needs for working capital and capital expenditures, for at least the next 12 months. However, we could have net current liabilities in the future.

| 7 |

If we fail to generate current assets to the extent that the aggregate amount of our current assets exceeds the aggregate current liabilities, we will record net current liabilities. If we have significant net current liabilities for an extended period of time, our working capital for purposes of our operations may be subject to constraints, which may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Government authorities may interpret regulations to find that our lease and management agreements are not in compliance with relevant regulations.

Our lease and management agreements with civilian public hospital partners provide that our revenues from hospital-based centers are to be calculated based on contracted percentages of each center’s revenue net of specified operating expenses. We believe these agreements comply with the Implementation Opinions on the Classified Management of Urban Medical Institutions and the Opinions on Certain Issues Regarding Classified Management of Urban Medical Institutions.

However, the NHC or other competent authorities could interpret these regulations differently, and determine that our lease and management agreements do not comply with such regulations. As a result, such authorities could declare our lease and management agreements to be void, order our civilian hospital partners to terminate such agreements with us, order our civilian hospitals partners to suspend or cease operation of the centers governed by such agreements, suspend the use of our medical equipment, or confiscate revenues generated under noncompliant agreements.

Furthermore, we may have to change our business model which may not be successful. If any of the above were to occur, our business, financial condition and results of operation could be materially and adversely affected.

Corrupt practices in the healthcare industry in China may place us at a competitive disadvantage if our competitors engage in such practices and may harm our reputation if our hospital partners and the medical personnel who work in our centers, over whom we have limited control, engage in such practices.

There may be corrupt practices in the healthcare industry in China. Our competitors, other service providers or their personnel or equipment manufacturers may engage in corrupt practices to influence hospital personnel or other decision-makers in violation of the anti-corruption laws of China and the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the “FCPA”).

We have adopted a policy regarding compliance with the anti-corruption laws of China and the FCPA to prevent, detect and correct such corrupt practices. However, as competition persists and intensifies in our industry, we may lose potential hospital partners, patient referrals and other opportunities if our competitors engage in such practices or other illegal activities. In addition, our partner hospitals or the doctors or other medical personnel who work in our network of centers may engage in corrupt practices without our knowledge to procure patient referrals to cooperative centers in our network.

Although our policies prohibit such practices, we have limited control over the actions of our hospital partners or the actions of the doctors and other medical personnel who work in our network of centers since we do not formally employ these individuals. If any of them engages in such illegal practices with respect to patient referrals or other matters, we or the cooperative centers in our network may be subject to sanctions or fines and our reputation may be adversely affected by negative publicity stemming from such incidents.

| 8 |

We rely on doctors and other medical professionals that provide services in our network of centers and our hospital to make proper clinical decisions and we rely on our hospital partners to maintain proper control over the clinical aspects of our network of centers.

We rely on the doctors and other medical professionals who work in our network and our hospital to make proper clinical decisions regarding the diagnosis and treatment of their patients. We develop treatment protocols for doctors, provide periodic training for medical professionals in our network of centers on proper treatment procedures and techniques, and host seminars and conferences to facilitate consultation among doctors in our network of centers. However, we ultimately rely on our hospital partners to maintain proper control over the clinical activities of each cooperative center and over the doctors and other medical professionals who work in these centers.

Any incorrect clinical decisions by doctors and other medical professionals or any failure by our hospital partners to properly manage the clinical activities of each cooperative center may result in unsatisfactory treatment outcomes, patient injury or possibly death. Although part of the liability for any such incidents may rest with our partner hospitals and the doctors and other medical professionals they employ, we may be made a party to any such liability claim. Regardless of its merit or eventual outcome, these claims could result in significant legal defense costs for us, harm our reputation, and otherwise materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Since commencing operations, the cooperative centers in our network have experienced claims as to a limited number of medical disputes. We must generally account for expenses resulting from such liability claims as expenses of the relevant cooperative center, which could reduce our revenue from such center. Furthermore, any incorrect clinical decisions on the part of doctors and other medical professionals in our own hospital or our failure to properly manage the clinical activities of our own hospital will subject us to direct liability claims for any such accidents. These claims could result in significant legal defense costs, harm our brand name and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We do not carry professional malpractice liability insurance or other liability insurance at many cooperative centers in our network because the professional malpractice liability insurance is to be purchased by the hospital partners. At our own hospitals that we do carry the professional malpractice liability insurance or other liability insurance, it may not be sufficient to cover any potential liability resulting from such claims. For our planned proton center, premium cancer hospitals and specialty cancer hospitals, we will likely face direct liability claims for any such incidents.

When we open our proton centers, premium cancer hospitals and specialty cancer hospitals, we expect to face the risk of increased exposure to liability claims and our professional malpractice liability insurance may not be sufficient to cover such increased liability exposure.

Our planned proton center, premium cancer hospitals and specialty cancer hospitals are under development or held for future development. Once we start operating these hospitals, claims alleging medical malpractice against us in these hospitals may arise from time to time. We may also need to obtain certain types of insurance that we do not currently carry for the coverage of additional liability exposure associated with operating these hospitals.

However, such insurance coverage may not be available at a reasonable price and we may not be able to maintain adequate levels of liability insurance coverage, if at all. Any failure for us to maintain sufficient liability insurance coverage for operating of these hospitals at a reasonable price could subject us to substantial cost and diversion of resources arising out of liability claim. Such insurance coverage could also increase our expenses and decrease our profitability, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any failures or defects in the medical equipment in our network of centers or any failure of the medical personnel who work at these centers to properly operate our medical equipment could subject us to liability claims and we may not have sufficient insurance to cover any potential liability.

Our business exposes us to liability risks inherent in operating complex medical equipment, which may contain defects or experience failures. We rely to a large degree on equipment manufacturers to provide adequate technical training on the proper operation of our complex medical systems to the medical technicians who work in our network of centers. If such medical technicians are not properly and adequately trained by the equipment manufacturers or by us, they may misuse or ineffectively use the complex medical equipment in our network of centers.

These medical technicians may also make errors in operating the complex medical equipment even if they are properly trained. Any medical equipment defects or failures or any failure of the medical personnel who work in the cooperative centers to properly operate the medical equipment could result in unsatisfactory treatment outcomes, patient injury or possibly death.

Although the liability for any such incidents rests with the equipment manufacturers or the medical technicians, we may be made a party to any such liability claim. Any such claim, regardless of its merit or eventual outcome, could result in significant legal defense costs, harm our reputation, and otherwise materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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In addition, we could account for any expenses resulting from such liability claims as expenses of the cooperative center, which could reduce our revenue derived from such center. We do not carry product liability insurance at any of the cooperative centers in our network.

Any downtime for maintaining or repairing our medical equipment could lead to business interruptions that could be expensive and harmful to our reputation and to our business.

Significant downtime associated with maintaining or repairing medical equipment in our network of centers and hospital would result in the inability of our cooperative centers and hospitals to provide radiotherapy treatment or diagnostic imaging services to patients in a timely manner. We primarily rely on equipment manufacturers or third party service companies for maintenance and repair services.

The failure of manufacturers or third party service companies to provide timely repairs could interrupt the operation of our cooperative centers in our network and our hospital for extended periods of time. Such extended downtime could result in lost revenues for us and our partner hospitals, dissatisfaction of our patients and our partner hospitals and damage to the reputation of the cooperative centers in our network, our partner hospitals, our own hospital and our company.

We rely on a limited number of equipment manufacturers.

Much of the medical equipment in our network of centers and our hospital is highly complex and produced by a limited number of equipment manufacturers. These equipment manufacturers provide training on the proper operation of our medical equipment, as well as maintenance and repair services for such equipment, to the medical personnel who work in the cooperative centers in our network and hospital.

Any disruption in the supply of medical equipment or services from these manufacturers, including as a result of failure by any such manufacturers to obtain requisite third-party consents and licenses for the intellectual property used in the equipment they manufacture, may delay the development of new cooperative centers and our planned hospitals. Any such disruption could also negatively affect the operation of cooperative centers and our hospital and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may fail to protect our intellectual property rights or we may be exposed to misappropriation and infringement claims by third parties, either of which may materially adversely affect our business.

We have applied for and obtained the registration of our trademark “Medstar” and a total of 52 other trademarks, including “Concord Medical,” in China to protect our corporate name. As of December 31, 2018, we also owned the rights to 132 domain names that we use in connection with our business. We believe that such domain names enhance our marketing efforts for the treatments and services provided in our network and enhance patients’ knowledge as to cancers, the benefits of radiotherapy and the various treatment options available. Our failure to protect our trademark or such domain names may undermine our marketing efforts and result in harm to our reputation and the growth of our business.

Equipment manufacturers from whom we purchase equipment may not have all required third-party consents and licenses for the intellectual property used in the equipment they manufacture. As a result, those equipment manufacturers may be exposed to risks associated with intellectual property infringement and misappropriation claims by third parties. In turn, we may be subject to claims that the equipment we have purchased infringes the intellectual property rights of third parties.

We have in the past been subject to, and may in the future be subject to, such claims by third parties. As a result, we may be named as a defendant in, or joined as a party to, intellectual property infringement proceedings against equipment manufacturers relating to any equipment we have purchased. If a court determines that equipment we have purchased from our equipment manufacturers infringes the intellectual property rights of any third party, we may be required to pay damages to such third party. The cooperative centers in our network may also be prohibited from using such equipment, which could damage our reputation and materially adversely affect our business prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

| 10 |

In addition, any such proceeding may be costly to defend and divert our management’s attention and other resources away from our business. Furthermore, the standard equipment purchase agreements that we enter into with our equipment manufacturers typically do not contain indemnification provisions for intellectual property claims. Although we have obtained a specific indemnity from one equipment manufacturer for a patent infringement claim, we may not be able to recover damages, lost profits or litigation costs resulting from any intellectual property infringement claims or proceedings in which we are a party.

We do not have insurance coverage for some of our medical equipment and do not carry any business interruption insurance.

Damage to, or the loss of, such uninsured equipment due to natural disasters, such as fires, floods or earthquakes, could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operation. In addition, the operations of our network of centers and our hospital may be vulnerable to natural disasters that disrupt transportation since many patients travel long distances to reach such centers and hospital. We do not have any business interruption insurance.

Any business disruption could result in substantial expenses and diversion of resources and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, the strong earthquake that struck Sichuan Province in May 2008 resulted in the suspension of operations at three of our cooperative centers in Chengdu, the provincial capital of Sichuan Province, for approximately one month due to the diversion of hospital resources toward the treatment of earthquake victims.

Most of our radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging equipment contains radioactive materials or emits radiation during operation.

Most of the radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging equipment in our network of centers and our hospital, including gamma knife systems, proton beam therapy systems, linear accelerators and PET-CT systems, contain radioactive materials or emit radiation during operation. Radiation and radioactive materials are extremely hazardous unless properly managed and contained. Any accident or malfunction that results in radiation contamination could harm human beings, subject us to significant legal expenses and harm to our reputation.

Although equipment manufacturers and our hospital partners and their staff may bear some or all of the liability and costs associated with any accidents or malfunctions, if we are found to be liable in any way we may also face severe fines, legal reparations and possible suspension of our operating permits. Any of the foregoing could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, certain of our medical equipment require the periodic replacement of their radioactive source materials.

We do not directly oversee the handling of radioactive materials during the replacement or reloading process or during the disposal process. Any failure of our hospital partners or us to handle or dispose of such radioactive materials in accordance with PRC and Singapore laws and regulations may adversely affect the operation of such centers and hospital.

Any change in the regulations governing the use of medical data in China, which are still in development, could adversely affect our ability to use our medical data and could potentially subject us to liability for our past use of such medical data.

The cooperative centers in our network collect and store medical data from radiotherapy treatments for training doctors providing services in our cooperative network and improving the effectiveness of the treatments provided in our network of centers. In addition, doctors in our network utilize such medical data to conduct clinical research. We do not make any such medical data public and retain such medical data for our internal use and for research purposes by doctors upon the approval of our medical affairs department and our hospital partners.

Chinese regulations governing the use of such medical data remain in development but do not impose restrictions on the internal use of such data as long as we have the permission of our hospital partners who have ownership of such data. Any change in the regulations governing the use of such medical data could adversely affect our ability to use such medical data and could subject us to liability for past use of such data, either of which could materially adversely affect our business and financial results.

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Our future proton centers and premium cancer hospitals will provide patients high-end medical services and medicines that may not be covered by national basic medical insurance, and as a result we may need to cooperate with commercial insurance companies and face risks in respect of charge fees and patients’ ability of payment.

The majority of patients in our network of centers are covered under national basic medical insurance. We settle payments with local medical insurance agencies on a regular basis. However, our planned proton centers and premium cancer hospitals will offer high-end radiotherapy and other services that may not be covered under the national basic medical insurance program. Our patients need to self-pay or be covered under various commercial insurance coverages.

We will need to negotiate with various insurance companies, both domestic and international, to enroll our hospitals in their coverages. Since February 28, 2019, the nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and cancer radiotherapy services and the basic medical services, including general outpatient registration, chemotherapy, linear accelerator radiotherapy, blood examination, image examination (such as nuclear magnetic resonance, CT, ultrasound, molybdenum target, electrocardiogram), medicines and consumables, of our Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center’s basic medical services have been fully covered by Shanghai basic medical insurance. However, we cannot assure you that we can establish and manage the business relationship with insurance companies properly and effectively. Without the insurance coverage, our future revenue may not meet our forecasts and profitability will be adversely affected. We may also face collection risks as insurance companies may not pay for certain clinical procedures.

With the rising conflicts between doctors and patients, if we cannot properly handle disputes with patients in a timely manner, we will face the increasing risk of litigation.

Recently, patient-doctor conflicts and litigation have increased in China. Patients in China are demanding higher-service quality of the medical services and treatments they receive from hospitals. In our centers and hospitals, we also deal with patient disputes and litigation due to real or perceived medical incidents and practices. While we offer periodic training to all medical staff in our centers and hospitals, our patients may still raise issues with treatment procedures, especially cancer patients who experience higher than expected side-effects, sometimes resulting in unexpected deaths.

While our cooperative centers and our hospitals in operation are covered by medical malpractice insurance and we have also purchased bodily-injury insurance for our medical staff, the process to reach a settlement, typically in the form of a financial settlement under the medical malpractice insurance, is time-consuming. The settlement process also requires our management team to divert attention from the normal operation of the centers and hospital. If we cannot properly handle the medical disputes in our centers and hospitals, we may face increasing risks of litigation and our reputation among patients may be adversely affected.

The proper implementation of our strategy requires that we recruit, train and retain the doctors, specialists and other medical staff. If we cannot achieve the proper levels of doctor recruitment and retention, our current and future hospitals’ business may be adversely affected.

The financial and operational performance of our existing hospital and our planned proton center, premium cancer hospitals and specialty cancer hospitals depend on our ability to attract and retain quality doctors, nurses, hospital administrators and managers. Under the regulatory environment in China, doctors and nurses remain affiliated with hospitals and their professional registration and accreditation require the approval of hospitals they serve. The government policy is relaxing on the mobility of doctors and other medical professionals, such as the policy to allow “multiple-location practices” for doctors. However, full enactment and implementation may take time and vary from region to region.

To attract, train and retain qualified doctors, nurses and hospital managers, we may need to offer compensation packages superior to those of government hospitals, provide more professional training opportunities, such as overseas training and exchange, and include the medical team in our employee share incentive plan. These measures may result in higher compensation and administrative expenses and adversely affect our financial and operational results.

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Our business is subject to seasonality.

During a fiscal year, the first quarter usually sees fewest patient visits, both inpatient and outpatient, mainly due to the Chinese New Year. The fourth quarter is usually the busiest quarter during the year, as most patients, especially patients from the rural areas, will have more free time to visit hospitals. Since our cooperative centers are located within the government hospitals, they are subjected to seasonality of patient traffic as well.

Our planned proton center, premium cancer hospitals and specialty cancer hospitals will also be affected by seasonality, although to a lesser degree, as cancer patients need to receive treatment and diagnosis immediately. If we cannot manage and mitigate the seasonality effectively, our financial and operational results will be adversely affected.

Our business depends substantially on the continuing efforts of our executive officers and other key personnel, and our business may be severely disrupted if we lose their services.

We depend on the key members of our management team and of our material subsidiaries, including Dr. Jianyu Yang, chairman and our chief executive officer, Mr. Jing Zhang, consultant of Beijing Meizhong Jiahe Hospital Management Co., Ltd. and the chairman of Beijing Proton Medical Center and Datong Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center, and Mr. Yaw Kong Yap, our chief financial officer, as well as other key personnel for the continued growth of our business. The loss of any of these key members or other key personnel could delay the implementation of our business strategy and adversely affect our operations.

Our future success also depends in large part on our ability to attract and retain highly qualified management personnel. The process of hiring suitable, qualified personnel is often lengthy and such talented and highly qualified management personnel is often in short supply in China. If our recruitment and retention efforts are unsuccessful, it may be more difficult for us to execute our business strategy.

We may not always make a similar smooth transition if any executive officers or key personnel leave our company in the future. Although none of the key members of our management team is of retirement age in the near future and we are not aware of any current key members of our management team and of our material subsidiaries or other key personnel planning to retire or leave us, if one or more of such personnel are unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we may not be able to replace them readily, if at all. Consequently, our business may be severely disrupted, and we may incur additional expenses to recruit and retain new officers.

In addition, we do not maintain key employee insurance. We have entered into employment agreements and confidentiality agreements with the key members of our management team and other key personnel. However, if any disputes arise between any of our key members of our management team or other key personnel and us, we cannot assure you, in light of uncertainties associated with the PRC legal system, the extent to which any of these agreements could be enforced in China, where all key members of our management team and other key personnel reside and hold some of their assets. See “—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could materially adversely affect us.”

Our articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could adversely affect the rights of holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs.

Our fourth amended and restated articles of association limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions. These provisions could deprive our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transaction. For example, our board of directors has the authority, without further action by our shareholders, to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges, and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any of which may be greater than the rights associated with our ordinary shares, in the form of ADS or otherwise.

Preferred shares could be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of our company or to make removal of management more difficult. If our board of directors issues preferred shares, the price of our ADSs may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs may be adversely affected.

| 13 |

We may require additional funding to finance our operations, which financing may not be available on terms acceptable to us or at all, and if we are able to raise funds, the value of your investment in us may be negatively impacted.

Our business may require expenditures that exceed our available capital resources. To the extent that our funding requirements exceed our financial resources, we will seek additional financing or defer planned expenditures. We may not be able to obtain these bank loans or additional funds on terms acceptable to us, or at all. In addition, our ability to raise additional funds is subject to a variety of uncertainties, including, but not limited to:

| · | our future financial condition, results of operations and cash flows;

| · | general market conditions for capital raising and debt financing activities; and

| · | economic, political and other conditions in China and elsewhere.

If we raise additional funds through equity or equity-linked financings, your equity interest in our company may be diluted. Alternatively, if we incur debt obligations, we may be subject to covenants under the relevant debt instruments that may, among other things, restrict our ability to pay dividends or obtain additional financing, or require us to provide notice or obtain consent for certain significant corporate events.

Some of our loan agreements may contain cross-default provisions where a technical default on one of our obligations under other agreements will trigger a technical default under such agreements. Servicing such debt obligations could also be burdensome to our operations. If we fail to service such debt obligations or are unable to comply with any of these covenants, we could be in default under such debt obligations and our liquidity and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

If we fail to comply with financial covenants under our loan agreements, our financial condition, results of operations and business prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

We have entered into and may in the future enter into loan agreements containing financial covenants that require us to maintain certain financial ratios. We may not be able to comply with these financial covenants from time to time. If we need to obtain waivers from lenders with respect to prepayment or to amend financial covenants or other relevant provisions under such loan agreements to address potential breaches, we may not be able to reach agreements with the lenders to avoid a breach.

If we are required to repay a significant portion or all of our existing indebtedness prior to their maturity, we may lack sufficient financial resources to do so. A breach of those financial covenants will also restrict our ability to pay dividends. Any of those events could materially adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and business prospects.

We have granted security interests over certain of our medical equipment to secure bank borrowings. Any failure to satisfy our obligations under such borrowings could lead to the forced sale of such equipment.

In order to secure our bank loans, we granted security interests in equipment with a net carrying value of RMB111.7 million, RMB37.5 million and nil, representing 14.4%, 4.7% and nil of the net value of our net property, plant and equipment of RMB775.3 million, RMB793.6 million and RMB1,219.3 million (US$177.3 million) as of December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, in each case respectively. Although we did not grant security interest in equipment to secure our bank loans in 2018, we granted other forms of security, such as prepaid land lease payment and construction in progress, and we cannot assure you that we will not grant security interest in equipment in the future.

Any failure to satisfy our obligations under these loans could lead to the forced sale of our medical equipment that secure these loans, the suspension of the operation of the centers in which such medical equipment is used, or otherwise damage our relationship with our hospital partners and our reputation in the medical community, all of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operation.

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If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may lose investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements.

We are subject to reporting obligations under the U.S. securities laws. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, adopted rules requiring every public company to include a management report on the company’s internal control over financial reporting in its annual report, which contains management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting. In addition, an independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectiveness of a company’s internal control over financial reporting. We have been subject to these requirements since the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010.

Our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018. See “Item 15. Controls and Procedures.” Our independent registered public accounting firm has issued an attestation report, which has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective in all material aspects as of December 31, 2018. However, if we fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in the future, our management and our independent registered public accounting firm may not be able to conclude that we have effective internal control over financial reporting at a reasonable assurance level. This could in turn result in loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements and negatively impact the trading price of our ADSs. Furthermore, we have incurred and anticipate that we will continue to incur considerable costs, management time and other resources in an effort to comply with Section 404 and other requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

Our business may be adversely affected by fluctuations in the value of the Renminbi as a significant portion of our capital expenditures relates to the purchase of medical equipment priced in U.S. dollars.

A significant portion of our capital expenditures relates to the purchase of radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging equipment from manufacturers outside of China. As the price of such equipment is denominated almost exclusively in U.S. dollars, any depreciation in the value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar could significantly increase our capital expenditures, reduce the profitability of our network of centers and materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

If we grant employee share options, restricted shares or other equity incentives in the future, our net income could be adversely affected.

We adopted our 2008 share incentive plan on October 16, 2008, which was subsequently amended on November 17, 2009, November 26, 2011 and May 29, 2015 Although the 2008 share incentive plan was terminated on its tenth anniversary of the effective date in October 2018, we are still required to account for share-based compensation in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation, which requires a company to recognize, as an expense, the fair value of share options and other equity incentives to employees based on the fair value of equity awards on the date of the grant, with the compensation expense recognized over the period in which the recipient is required to provide service in exchange for the equity award.

We granted the options and/or restricted shares under our 2008 share incentive plan in 2009, 2011, 2014, 2017 and 2018. See details of the grants in “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation—Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers—Share Incentive Plans” We did not grant any option under our 2008 share incentive plan in 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015 and 2016.

We granted share options in 2007, before adopting our 2008 share incentive plan, to certain executive officers that were subsequently exercised in 2008.

As a result, we incurred share-based compensation expenses of RMB8.4 million in 2016, RMB11.6 million in 2017 and RMB11.2 million (US$1.6 million) in 2018 related to share-based awards. If we grant more options, restricted shares or other equity incentives in the future, we could incur significant compensation charges and our results of operations could be adversely affected.

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We are a Cayman Islands company and, because judicial precedent regarding the rights of shareholders is more limited under Cayman Islands law than that under U.S. law, you may have less protection for your shareholder rights than you would under U.S. law.

Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time, the Companies Law (as amended) of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take legal action against the directors and us, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands.

The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from English common law, which has persuasive, but not binding, authority on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States.

The Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. In addition, some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands.

As a result of all of the above, public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests through actions against us, our management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as shareholders of a company incorporated in the U.S.

You may have difficulty enforcing judgments obtained against us.

We are a Cayman Islands company and substantially all of our assets are located outside of the United States. We conduct substantially all of our operations in the PRC and Singapore. In addition, most of our directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for you to effect service of process within the United States upon these persons.

It may also be difficult for you to enforce judgments obtained in U.S. courts based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against us and our officers and directors. Most of our officers and directors not residents in the United States and the substantial majority of their assets are located outside of the United States.

In addition, the courts of the Cayman Islands or the PRC may not recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts against us or such persons based on the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state. It is also uncertain whether such Cayman Islands or PRC courts would be competent to hear original actions brought in the Cayman Islands or the PRC against us or such persons predicated upon the securities laws of the United States or any state.

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.

Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the U.S. that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including: (i) the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K; (ii) the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act; (iii) the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and (iv) the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material nonpublic information under Regulation FD.

We are required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend to publish our financial results on a half-yearly basis as press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the New York Stock Exchange. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.

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We are exempt from certain corporate governance requirements of the New York Stock Exchange.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to exempt from certain corporate governance requirements of the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”). Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the New York Stock Exchange corporate governance listing standards. For instance, we are not required to: (i) have a majority of the board of directors be independent; (ii) have a compensation committee or a corporate governance and nominating committee consisting entirely of independent directors; or (iii) have regularly scheduled executive sessions with only independent directors each year. We intend to rely on some of these exemptions. As a result, you may not be provided with the benefits of certain corporate governance requirements of the NYSE.

We may be classified as a passive foreign investment company, which could result in adverse United States federal income tax consequences to United States Holders.

We believe we were not a passive foreign investment company (a “PFIC”) for our taxable year ended on December 31, 2018, although there can be no assurance in this regard. The determination of whether or not we are a PFIC is made on an annual basis and depends on the composition of our income and assets. A non-U.S. corporation will be considered a PFIC for any taxable year if either (i) at least 75% of its gross income is passive income or (ii) at least 50% of the value of its assets (based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets during a taxable year) is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income (which includes cash). The market value of our assets may be determined in large part by the market price of our ADSs and ordinary shares, which is likely to fluctuate. In addition, the composition of our income and assets will be affected by how, and how quickly, we spend our cash. If we are treated as a PFIC for any taxable year during which United States Holders (as defined in “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—United States Federal Income Taxation”) hold ADSs or ordinary shares, certain adverse United States federal income tax consequences could apply to such United States Holders with respect to any “excess distribution” received from us and any gain from a sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares. See “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—United States Federal Income Taxation— Passive Foreign Investment Company.”

If a United States person is treated as owning at least 10% of our shares, such holder may be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences.

If a United States person is treated as owning (directly, indirectly or constructively) at least 10% of the value or voting power of our stock (including our ordinary shares and ADSs), such person may be treated as a “United States shareholder” with respect to each “controlled foreign corporation” in our group (if any). If our group includes one or more U.S. subsidiaries, certain of our non-U.S. subsidiaries could be treated as controlled foreign corporations (regardless of whether we are not treated as a controlled foreign corporation). A United States shareholder of a controlled foreign corporation may be required to report annually and include in its U.S. taxable income its pro rata share of “Subpart F income,” “global intangible low-taxed income” and investments in U.S. property by controlled foreign corporations, regardless of whether we make any distributions. An individual that is a United States shareholder with respect to a controlled foreign corporation generally would not be allowed certain tax deductions or foreign tax credits that would be allowed to a United States shareholder that is a U.S. corporation. Failure to comply with these reporting obligations may subject you to significant monetary penalties and may prevent the statute of limitations with respect to your U.S. federal income tax return for the year for which reporting was due from starting. We cannot provide any assurances that we will assist investors in determining whether any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries is treated as a controlled foreign corporation or whether such investor is treated as a United States shareholder with respect to any of such controlled foreign corporations or furnish to any United States shareholders information that may be necessary to comply with the aforementioned reporting and tax paying obligations. A United States investor should consult its advisors regarding the potential application of these rules to an investment in the stock.

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Risks Related to Our Industry

Healthcare administrative authorities in China currently set procurement quotas for certain types of medical equipment.

The Rules on Procurement and Use of Large Medical Equipment issued on December 31, 2004 by the NHC, the National Development and Reform Commission of PRC (“NDRC”) and the Ministry of Finance, regulate the procurement, installation and operation of large medical equipment in China. Pursuant to these rules, the NDRC and the NHC or the relevant provincial healthcare administrative authorities set quotas for large medical equipment, and hospitals must obtain a large medical equipment procurement license prior to the procurement of any such equipment.

For medical equipment classified as Class A large medical equipment, which includes proton beam therapy systems and PET-MR, the NHC conducts procurement planning and approval. In addition, the NHC issues large medical equipment procurement licenses. For medical equipment classified as Class B large medical equipment, which includes gamma knife systems, PET-CT scanners and linear accelerators, the relevant provincial healthcare administrative authorities conduct procurement planning and approval. These rules apply to public and private civilian medical institutions, whether non-profit or for-profit.

Although these rules do not directly apply to military hospitals in China, the healthcare administrative authority of the general logistics department of the PRC People’s Liberation Army (the “PLA”) uses these rules as a reference to approve the procurement of such medical equipment. The procurement regulations issued by the NHC stipulate that from 2018 to 2020, the total number of PET-CT large medical equipment procurement licenses issued in China cannot exceed 710 by the end of 2020. According to “the configuration plan of large medical equipment from 2018 to 2020” (“2018 to 2020 Plan”) issued by NHC on October 26, 2018, national master plan configures a maximum of 10 newly added proton therapy treatment systems between 2018 and 2020. The allocation will depend on the actual situation of regional function orientation, radiation capacity of medical services and the service level of diagnosis and treatment of medical institutions. By the end of 2019, one unit will be allocated in each of the six regions, which are North China, East China, Central and Southern China, Northeastern China, Southwestern China and Northwestern China. By the end of 2020, one more unit will be allocated in each of the four regions, which contains North China, East China, Central Southern China and Southwestern China. In addition, “2018 to 2020 Plan” also stipulates the provincial the procurement planning and quotas for Class B large medical equipment procurement licenses.

Although the current number of procurement licenses available did not significantly impact our expansion plans in 2018, the limitation on the number of procurement licenses available and any adverse changes to such procurement licenses available in the future, or any failure of our hospital partners and our planned hospital(s) to obtain such licenses, may affect our expansion plan after 2018. Any of the foregoing could materially adversely affect our future prospects.

In addition, for most of the medical equipment that we intend to install and operate in our planned proton center, premium cancer hospitals and specialty cancer hospitals, we will need to obtain large medical equipment procurement licenses from the NHC or provincial level healthcare administrative authorities. We may not be able to obtain such licenses in a timely manner or at all, which could delay or prevent the opening of our planned hospitals, and could materially adversely affect our growth strategy and results of operations. See “—Risks Related to Our Company—We plan to establish and operate proton centers, premium cancer hospitals and specialty cancer hospitals that will be majority owned by us and are subject to significant risks.”

Certain of our hospital partners have not received large medical equipment procurement licenses or interim procurement permits for some of the medical equipment in our network of centers which could result in fines or the suspension from use of such medical equipment.

The quota requirement for large medical equipment procurement became effective in March 2005. A medical institution that houses equipment purchased prior to that time is required to retroactively apply for and obtain a large medical equipment procurement license. If a medical institution is unable to obtain a procurement license as a result of a lack of procurement quotas for such medical equipment allocated to the region in which the medical institution is located, an interim procurement permit for large medical equipment must be obtained instead.

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As of December 31, 2018, we had eight cooperative centers under service-only agreements pursuant to which we only managed those cooperative centers in exchange for a management fee and we did not purchase and lease to the hospitals the medical equipment used at those cooperative centers. Medical equipment in the other 23 cooperative centers in our network were subject to large medical equipment procurement quota requirements, of which 19 centers obtained procurement licenses, three centers were in the processing of applying for the procurement license or permit and one center was not clear whether any procurement license or permit was required according to the current regulations. Although our hospital partners are in the process of applying to the competent regulatory authorities for procurement licenses or permits, we cannot assure you that they will be successful. If our hospital partners fail to obtain either a procurement license or an interim procurement permit, the cooperative centers in our network operating such medical equipment may be required to discontinue operations and may be deprived of revenue from operating such equipment or assessed a fine. Any of the foregoing risks could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operation.

Pricing for the services provided by our network of centers may suffer from reductions in treatment and examination fees set by the Chinese government.

Cooperative centers in our network are primarily located in non-profit civilian and military hospitals in China. The medical service fees charged by these non-profit hospitals are subject to price ceilings set by the relevant provincial or regional price control authorities and healthcare administrative authorities in accordance with the Opinion Concerning the Reform of Medical Service Pricing Management issued on July 20, 2000 by the NDRC and the Ministry of Health. Those authorities may adjust these price ceilings downwards or upwards from time to time. Historically, treatment fees for large medical equipment were requested to reduce. In the future, if the government reduces examination or treatment fees for the services provided by the centers in our network, our contracted percentage of each center’s revenue net of specified operating expenses may decrease, hospitals may be discouraged from entering into or renewing their agreements with us, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.

Our business may be harmed by technological and therapeutic changes or by shifts in doctors’ or patients’ preferences for alternative treatments.

The treatment of cancer patients is subject to potentially revolutionary technological and therapeutic changes. Future technological developments could render our equipment and the services provided in our network of centers and our hospital obsolete. We may incur significant costs in replacing or modifying equipment in which we have already made a substantial investments prior to the end of its anticipated useful life.

In addition, there may be significant advances in other cancer treatment methods, such as chemotherapy, surgery, biological therapy or cancer prevention techniques, which could reduce demand or even eliminate the need for the radiotherapy services that we provide. Patients and doctors may also choose alternative cancer therapies over radiotherapy due to any number of reasons. Any shifts in doctors’ or patients’ preferences for other cancer therapies over radiotherapy may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The technology used in some of our radiotherapy equipment, particularly our body gamma knife and our proton beam therapy system, has been in use for a limited period of time and the international medical community has not yet developed a large quantity of peer-reviewed literature that supports their safe and effective use.

The technology in some of our radiotherapy equipment, particularly the body gamma knife system and the proton beam therapy system, has been in use for a limited period of time, and the international medical community has not yet developed a large quantity of peer-reviewed literature that supports their safe and effective use. As a result, such technology may not gain acceptance by doctors and patients in China or may lose any acceptance previously gained if negative information concerning their effectiveness or safety emerges.

As our agreements with manufacturers do not directly address such contingencies, we cannot assure you that equipment manufacturers will allow us to return their equipment or will otherwise reimburse us for losses that we may suffer under all such circumstances. Since each unit of our medical equipment represents a significant investment, any of the foregoing could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operation.

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We or our hospital partners may be unable to obtain permits and authorizations from regulatory authorities in China relating to our medical equipment, which could delay the installation or interrupt the operation of our equipment.

For our hospital-based centers, our hospital partners must obtain a radiation safety permit from the Ministry of Environmental Protection (“MEP”) and a radiotherapy permit from the competent healthcare administrative authorities to operate the medical equipment in our network of centers that contains radioactive materials or emit radiation during operation.

Our hospital partners must also obtain a radiation worker permit from the competent provincial healthcare administrative authorities for each medical technician who operates such equipment. Any failure on the part of our hospital partners to obtain approvals or renewals of these permits from the MEP or the competent healthcare administrative authorities could delay the installation, or interrupt the operation, of our medical equipment, either of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operation.

Each of our planned proton center, premium cancer hospitals and specialty cancer hospitals in China that we majority own must obtain a radiation safety permit from the MEP and a radiotherapy permit, medical institution practicing license and radiation worker permits for our staff from the relevant provincial healthcare administrative authorities.

Any failure on our part to obtain approvals or renewals of these permits could delay the opening, or interrupt the operation, of our proton center, premium cancer hospitals and specialty cancer hospitals, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operation. For more information on risks related to our planned specialty cancer hospitals, see “—Risks Related to Our Company—We plan to establish and operate proton centers, premium cancer hospitals and specialty cancer hospitals that will be majority owned by us and are subject to significant risks.”

If the government and public insurers in the PRC do not provide sufficient coverage and reimbursement for the radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging services provided by our network of centers, our revenues could be adversely affected.

Self-payments account for approximately 28.8% of total medical expenses in China in 2017, approximately 28.9% of total medical expenses were sourced from direct payments by the government and approximately 42.3% of total medical expenses were sourced from government-directed public medical insurance schemes, commercial insurance plans and employers in 2017, according to the NHC. For public servants and others covered by 1989 Administrative Measure on Public Health Service and the 1997 Circular of Reimbursement Coverage of Large Medical Equipment of Public Health Service, the government either fully or partially reimburses medical expenses for certain approved cancer diagnosis and radiotherapy treatment services, including treatments utilizing linear accelerators and diagnostic imaging services utilizing CT and magnetic resonance imaging (“MRI”) scanners.

However, gamma knife treatments and positron emission tomography (“PET”) scans are currently not eligible for reimbursement under this plan. Urban residents in China are covered by one of two urban public medical insurance schemes and rural residents are covered under a new rural healthcare insurance program launched in 2003.

The urban employees basic medical insurance scheme, which covers employed urban residents, partially reimburses urban workers for treatments utilizing linear accelerators and gamma knife systems and diagnostic imaging services utilizing CT and MRI scanners, with reimbursement levels varying from province to province. For urban non-workers and rural residents, the types of cancer diagnosis and radiotherapy treatments covered are generally set with reference to the policy for urban employees in the same region of the country. However, the reimbursement levels for covered medical expenses for urban non-workers and rural residents, which vary widely from region to region and treatment to treatment, are generally lower than those for urban employees in the same region.

We cannot assure you that the current coverage or reimbursement levels for cancer diagnosis or radiotherapy treatments will persist. If national or provincial authorities in China reduce the coverage or reimbursement levels for the radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging services provided by our network of centers, patients may opt for or be forced to resort to other forms of cancer therapy. In addition, our business, financial condition and results of operation could be materially and adversely affected.

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We will target the high net-worth population which is not covered by the government insurance programs. If we cannot meet their demands effectively or reach them through effective marketing, our financial position and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Our planned proton center and premium cancer hospitals will provide international-standard cancer treatments, especially radiotherapy services. We will target the high net-worth population in China, who may demand high-quality and differentiated medical services not available in government hospitals. As China’s economic growth continues, the number of high net-worth population will keep growing as well.

However, this group of population usually has access to high-quality medical services and many of them visit hospitals overseas already. Our success depends on whether we will can provide the quality of medical services comparable to or better than international standards. If we fail to target this group of patients, i.e., high net-worth population, or fail to offer competitive services, our financial position and results of operations may be adversely affected.

We are facing competition from other hospitals in the market. In particular, competition for high-end patients.

As China’s healthcare reform deepens and more private hospitals enter into the market, more hospitals will offer differentiated services that are not currently available in China’s healthcare service market. The high-net-worth population usually has access and resources to the best hospitals and medical experts in China. To reach this group of patients, we need to establish our industry position and reputation as the best cancer specialty service provider in China, which offers comparable or better services than other domestic and international hospitals.

Our planned proton centers, premium cancer hospitals and specialty cancer hospitals will face growing competition from other private and international hospitals in China. If we cannot establish a set of proper medical protocols and build up a strong reputation among patients, our revenue and profits will be affected adversely.

In recent years, national policy of limiting foreign investment in the healthcare industry has been relaxed, foreign hospitals constantly influx the Chinese market, and Chinese patients have gradually sought healthcare services in the overseas market, such as Japan, Korea, other Southeast Asian countries. We also face the risks of loss of patient sources.

As China’s healthcare reforms progress and restrictions are relaxed on private and international investments, more international hospitals are planning to enter into the Chinese healthcare service market. As a result, our planned proton center, premium cancer hospitals and specialty cancer hospitals will face future competition from international hospitals, many of which will target the same high net-worth population. However, if we cannot execute our strategy properly, our operation and financial conditions will be affected.

In addition, more Chinese patients are traveling overseas to seek best treatment available to locations such as Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea or Southeast Asian nations. Concord International Hospital in Singapore and the MD Anderson Proton Therapy Center in the United States also receive patients from mainland China.

Development of cancer radiotherapy and cancer treatment technology, and medical equipment based on new technologies and research are advancing rapidly. If we cannot keep pace with advances in medical technology, we will be at risk.

We believe our planned proton center will offer the most advanced and cutting-edge treatment to cancer patients in China, including proton beam therapy, the most sophisticated radiotherapy currently available in the market. While considered the most accurate and effective radiotherapy mode at this time, proton therapy treatment may be overtaken by new trends or breakthroughs in the radiotherapy market. For instance, there is a trend of miniaturization of proton therapy equipment, which delivers the same treatment at lower upfront investments and physical specifications.

Although the miniature proton therapy equipment is not widely adopted, if the trend becomes popular, our planned proton center may face more competition as capital expenditures for proton centers will be substantially lower and more hospitals and institutions enter into the segment and offer the treatment at lower prices. We need to follow the technology development closely or face the risk of lower cost alternative treatments.

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Risks Related to Doing Business in China

Adverse changes in political, economic and other policies of the Chinese government could materially adversely affect the overall economic growth of China, which could materially and adversely affect the growth of our business and our competitive position.

We conduct our operations primarily in China although we also conduct our operations in Singapore. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects are affected significantly by economic, political and legal developments in China. The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including:

| · | the degree of government involvement;

| · | the level of development;

| · | the growth rate;

| · | the control of foreign exchange;

| · | the allocation of resources;

| · | an evolving regulatory system; and

| · | lack of sufficient transparency in the regulatory process.

While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth in the past 30 years, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. The Chinese economy has also experienced certain adverse effects due to the recent global financial crisis. The Chinese government has implemented measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may also negatively affect us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations applicable to us.

The Chinese economy has been transitioning from a planned economy to a more market-oriented economy. Although the Chinese government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets and the establishment of sound corporate governance in business enterprises, the Chinese government still owns a substantial portion of the productive assets in China. The Chinese government’s control of these assets and other aspects of the national economy could materially and adversely affect our business.

The Chinese government also exercises significant control over Chinese economic growth through the allocation of resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. Any adverse change in the economic conditions or government policies in China could materially adversely affect overall economic growth and the level of healthcare investments and expenditures in China, which in turn could lead to a reduction in demand for our products and materially adversely affect our businesses.

Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could materially adversely affect us.

The PRC legal system is based on written statutes. Prior court decisions may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value. In 1979, the PRC government began to promulgate a comprehensive system of laws and regulations governing economic matters in general. The overall effect of legislation since then has been to significantly enhance the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investments in China.

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We conduct all of our business through our subsidiaries established in China and Singapore. Our PRC subsidiaries are generally subject to laws and regulations applicable to foreign investment in China and, in particular, laws applicable to foreign-invested enterprises. However, since these laws and regulations are relatively new and the PRC legal system continues to rapidly evolve, the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involves uncertainties, which may limit legal protections available to us.

In addition, some regulatory requirements issued by certain PRC government authorities may not be consistently applied by other government authorities (including local government authorities), making strict compliance with all regulatory requirements impractical, or in some circumstances, impossible. For example, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce the legal protections that we enjoy either by law or contract. However, since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy than in more developed legal systems.

These uncertainties may impede our ability to enforce the contracts we have entered into with our business partners, customers and suppliers. In addition, such uncertainties, including the inability to enforce our contracts, together with any development or interpretation of PRC law that is adverse to us, could materially adversely affect our business. Furthermore, intellectual property rights and confidentiality protections in China may not be as effective as in the United States or other countries.

Accordingly, we cannot predict the effect of future developments in the PRC legal system, including the promulgation of new laws, changes to existing laws or the interpretation or enforcement thereof, or the preemption of local regulations by national laws. These uncertainties could limit the legal protections available to us and other foreign investors, including you. In addition, any litigation in China may be protracted and result in substantial costs and diversion of our resources and management attention.

The M&A rule establishes more complex procedures for some acquisitions of Chinese companies by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in China.

The M&A rule (as defined below) establishes additional procedures and requirements that could make some acquisitions of Chinese companies by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex. These procedures and regulations require in some instances that the Ministry of Commerce (“MOFCOM”) be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a Chinese domestic enterprise.

We may grow our business in part by acquiring complementary businesses. Complying with the requirements of the M&A rule to complete such transactions could be time-consuming. Any required approval processes, including obtaining approval from MOFCOM, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share.

PRC foreign exchange rules may limit our ability to acquire PRC companies and adversely affect the implementation of our strategy, business and prospects.

On July 4, 2014, State Administration of Foreign Exchange (“SAFE”) promulgated the Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control of Domestic Residents’ Overseas Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Offshore Special Purpose Vehicles (“SAFE Circular No. 37”), which replaced the former Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for PRC Residents to Engage in Financing and Inbound Investment via Overseas Special Purpose Vehicles (“SAFE Circular No. 75”) promulgated by SAFE on October 21, 2005.

SAFE Circular No. 37 requires PRC residents to register with local branches of SAFE in connection with their direct establishment or indirect control of an offshore entity, for the purpose of overseas investment and financing, with such PRC residents’ legally owned assets or equity interests in domestic enterprises or offshore assets or interests, which is referred to in SAFE Circular No. 37 as a “special purpose vehicle.” SAFE Circular No. 37 requires amending the registration in the event of any significant changes with respect to the special purpose vehicle, such as an increase or decrease of capital contributed by PRC residents share transfer or exchange, merger, division or other material events.

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In the event that a PRC resident holding interests in a special purpose vehicle fails to complete the required SAFE registration, the PRC subsidiaries of that special purpose vehicle may be prohibited from making profit distributions to the offshore parent and from carrying out subsequent cross-border foreign exchange activities. The special purpose vehicle may also be restricted from contributing additional capital into its PRC subsidiaries. Failure to comply with the various SAFE registration requirements described above could result in liability under PRC law for evasion of foreign exchange controls.

Currently, several of our beneficial owners who are residents in the PRC and are or may be subject to the requirements of registering with the competent local branch of SAFE with respect to their investments in our company as required by SAFE Circular No. 75. They will update their registration filings with SAFE under SAFE Circular No. 37 when there are any changes that should be registered under SAFE Circular No. 37. However, we may not at all times be fully aware or informed of the identities of all our beneficial owners that are required to make such registrations, and if or when we have such shareholders or beneficial owners, we may not always be able to compel them to comply with SAFE Circular No. 37 requirements.

As a result, we cannot assure you that all of our shareholders or beneficial owners who are PRC residents will at all times comply with, or in the future make or obtain any applicable registrations or approvals required by, SAFE Circular No. 37 or other related regulations. The failure or inability of such individuals to comply with the registration procedures set forth in these regulations may subject us to fines or legal sanctions, restrictions on our cross-border investment activities or our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends to, or obtain foreign-exchange-dominated loans from, our company, or prevent us from making distributions or paying dividends. As a result, our operations and our ability to make distributions to you could be materially adversely affected.

Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to use our revenues effectively and the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to obtain financing.

We receive substantially all of our revenues in Renminbi, which currently is not a freely convertible currency. Restrictions on currency conversion imposed by the PRC government may limit our ability to use revenues generated in Renminbi to fund our expenditures denominated in foreign currencies or our business activities outside China, if any. Under China’s existing foreign exchange regulations, Renminbi may be freely converted into foreign currency for payments relating to “current account transactions,” which include among other things dividend payments and payments for the import of goods and services, by complying with certain procedural requirements.

Our PRC subsidiaries are able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to us without prior approval from the SAFE, by complying with certain procedural requirements. Our PRC subsidiaries may also retain foreign currency in their respective current account bank accounts for making payments in international current account transactions. However, the PRC government may take measures in the future to restrict access to foreign currencies for current account transactions.

Conversion of Renminbi into foreign currencies, and of foreign currencies into Renminbi, for payments relating to “capital account transactions,” which principally includes investments and loans, generally requires the approval of SAFE and other relevant PRC governmental authorities. Restrictions on the convertibility of the Renminbi for capital account transactions could affect the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make investments overseas or to obtain foreign currency through debt or equity financing, including by means of loans or capital contributions from us.

If our PRC subsidiaries borrow foreign currency from us or other foreign lenders, they must do so within approved limits that satisfy their approval documentation and PRC debt to equity ratio requirements. Such loans must be registered with the SAFE or its local counterpart. In practice, it could be time-consuming to complete such SAFE registration process.

If we finance our PRC subsidiaries through additional capital contributions, the amount of these capital contributions must be approved by or filed with MOFCOM in China or its local counterpart. On August 29, 2008, SAFE promulgated Circular 142, a notice regulating the conversion by a foreign-invested company of foreign currency into Renminbi by restricting how the converted Renminbi may be used. The notice requires that Renminbi converted from the foreign currency-denominated capital of a foreign-invested company may only be used for purposes within the business scope approved by the applicable governmental authority and may not be used for equity investments within the PRC unless specifically provided for otherwise in its business scope.

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In addition, SAFE strengthened its oversight over use of Renminbi funds converted from the foreign currency-denominated capital of a foreign-invested company. The use of such Renminbi may not be changed without approval from SAFE, and may not be used to repay Renminbi loans if the proceeds of such loans have not yet been used for purposes within the company’s approved business scope. Violations of Circular 142 may result in severe penalties, including substantial fines as set forth in the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations.

On March 30, 2015, SAFE promulgated the Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming the Management Approach regarding the Settlement of Foreign Exchange Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises (“SAFE Circular No. 19”), which replaced the former notice on the conversion by a foreign-invested company of foreign currency into Renminbi. Pursuant to SAFE Circular No. 19, the foreign exchange capital of foreign-invested enterprises shall be subject to discretional foreign exchange settlement. For domestic equity investment made with capital obtained from foreign exchange settlement, the invested enterprises first shall handle the registration of domestic reinvestment at the foreign exchange bureaus (banks) at the places of registration and open the corresponding Account Pending for Foreign Exchange Settlement Payment.

The enterprises making the investment shall then transfer the capital in Renminbi obtained from foreign exchange settlement based on the actual investment scale to the Account Pending for Foreign Exchange Settlement Payment opened by the invested enterprises. This may help foreign-invested enterprises carry out domestic equity investment with the capital obtained from foreign exchange settlement to some extent.

Fluctuations in the value of the Renminbi may materially adversely affect your investment.

The value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in China’s political and economic conditions. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its decade-old policy of pegging the value of the Renminbi to the U.S. dollar, and the Renminbi appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years.

Between July 2008 and June 2010, this appreciation halted and the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar remained within a narrow band. Since June 2010, the Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar.

There remains significant international pressure on the PRC government to liberalize its currency policy, which could result in a further and more significant fluctuation in the value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar. In addition, as we rely entirely on dividends paid to us by our PRC subsidiaries, any significant revaluation of the Renminbi may materially adversely affect our revenues and financial condition, and the value of any dividends payable on our ADSs in foreign currency terms.

For example, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars that we receive from a future offering into Renminbi for our operations, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would decrease the Renminbi amount that we receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert our Renminbi into U.S. dollars to make payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or ADSs or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would negatively affect the U.S. dollar amount available to us. In addition, appreciation or depreciation in the value of the Renminbi relative to the U.S. dollar would affect our financial results reported in U.S. dollar terms without giving effect to any underlying change in our business or results of operations.

We rely on dividends paid by our subsidiaries for our cash needs, and any limitation on the ability of our subsidiaries to make payments to us could materially adversely affect our ability to conduct our business.

We conduct our business primarily through our consolidated subsidiaries incorporated in China and Singapore. We rely on dividends paid by these consolidated subsidiaries for our cash needs, including the funds necessary to pay any dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders, service any debt we may incur and pay our operating expenses. The payment of dividends by entities established in China is subject to limitations. Regulations in China permit payment of dividends only out of accumulated profits as determined in accordance with accounting standards and regulations in China.

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Each of our PRC subsidiaries, including wholly foreign-owned enterprises (generally known as WFOEs), and joint venture enterprises is also required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profit based on PRC accounting standards each year to its general reserves or statutory capital reserve fund until the aggregate amount of such reserves reaches 50% of its respective registered capital. Our statutory reserves are not distributable as loans, advances or cash dividends. We anticipate that in the foreseeable future our PRC subsidiaries will need to continue to set aside 10% of their respective after-tax profits to their statutory reserves.

In addition, if any of our PRC subsidiaries incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. Any limitations on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to transfer funds to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends and otherwise fund and conduct our business.

In addition, under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law (the “EIT Law”), the Circular issued by the State Administration of Taxation on January 29, 2008 regarding a summary on the dividend rates under the double tax treaties (“Notice 112”), the Arrangement between the Mainland of China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income (“PRC-HK DTA”), or the Double Taxation Arrangement (Hong Kong), which became effective on December 8, 2006, and the Notice of the State Administration of Taxation Regarding Interpretation and Recognition of Beneficial Owners under Tax Treaties (“Notice 601”), which became effective on October 27, 2009, dividends from our PRC subsidiaries paid to us through our Hong Kong subsidiary may be subject to a withholding tax at a rate of 10%.

This rate may be lowered to 5% if our Hong Kong subsidiary is considered a “beneficial owner” that is generally engaged in substantial business activities and entitled to treaty benefits under the Double Taxation Arrangement (Hong Kong). Furthermore, the ultimate tax rate will be determined by treaty between the PRC and the tax residence of the holder of the PRC subsidiary. We are actively monitoring the proposed withholding tax and are evaluating appropriate organizational changes to minimize the corresponding tax impact.

Dividends we receive from our operating subsidiaries located in the PRC would be subject to PRC withholding tax.

The EIT Law provides that a maximum income tax rate of 20% may be applicable to dividends payable to non-PRC investors that are “non-resident enterprises,” to the extent such dividends are derived from sources within the PRC. The State Council has reduced such rate to 10%, in the absence of any applicable tax treaties that may reduce such rate, through the implementation regulations.

We are a Cayman Islands holding company and substantially all of our income may be derived from dividends we receive from our operating subsidiaries located in the PRC. If we are required under the EIT Law to pay income tax for any dividends we receive from our subsidiaries, the amount of dividends, if any, we may pay to our shareholders and ADS holders may be materially adversely affected.

According to the PRC-HK DTA, Notice 112, Notice 601 and Guoshuihan [2009] No. 81, dividends paid to enterprises incorporated in Hong Kong are subject to a withholding tax of 5% provided that a Hong Kong resident enterprise owns over 25% of the PRC enterprise continuously in the last 12 months before distributing the dividend and can be considered as a “beneficial owner” and entitled to treaty benefits under the PRC-HK DTA.

Cyber Medical Networks Limited (“Cyber Medical”) is a Hong Kong company. Under the aforementioned arrangement, dividends paid to us by Cyber Medical may be subject to the 5% income tax if we and Cyber Medical are considered “non-resident enterprises” under the EIT Law and Cyber Medical is considered as a “beneficial owner” and entitled to treaty benefits under the PRC-HK DTA.

If Cyber Medical is not regarded as the beneficial owner of any such dividends, it will not be entitled to the treaty benefits under the PRC-HK DTA. As a result, such dividends would be subject to normal withholding income tax of 10% as provided by the PRC domestic law rather than the favorable rate of 5% applicable under the PRC-HK DTA.

The British Virgin Islands does not have a tax treaty with the PRC. Our Medical Services, Ltd. (“OMS”), the direct holding company of Aohua Technology, is incorporated in the British Virgin Islands. If OMS is considered a “non-resident enterprise” under the EIT law, the withholding tax of 10% would be imposed on our dividend income received from Aohua Technology.

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We may be classified as a “resident enterprise” for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, which could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders.

The EIT Law provides that enterprises established outside of China whose “effective management organizations” are located in China are considered “resident enterprises” and are generally subject to the uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate on their worldwide income. In addition, a circular issued by the State Administration of Taxation on April 22, 2009 regarding the standards used to classify certain Chinese-invested enterprises controlled by Chinese enterprises or Chinese group enterprises and established outside of China as “resident enterprises” clarified that dividends and other income paid by such “resident enterprises” will be considered to be PRC source income, subject to PRC withholding tax, currently at a rate of 10%, when recognized by non-PRC enterprise shareholders.

This circular also subjects such “resident enterprises” to various reporting requirements with the PRC tax authorities. Under the implementation regulations to the enterprise income tax, an “effective management organization” is defined as a body that has material and overall management and control over the manufacturing and operations, personnel and human resources, finances and properties of an enterprise. In addition, the circular mentioned above sets out criteria for determining whether “effective management organizations” are located in China for overseas incorporated, domestically controlled enterprises.

However, as this circular only applies to enterprises established outside of China that are controlled by PRC enterprises or groups of PRC enterprises, it remains unclear how the tax authorities will determine the location of “effective management organizations” for overseas incorporated enterprises that have no actual controller like us and some of our subsidiaries. Therefore, although substantially all of our management is currently located in the PRC, it remains unclear whether the PRC tax authorities would require our overseas registered entities to be treated as PRC tax resident enterprises.

We do not currently consider our company to be a PRC tax resident enterprise. However, if the PRC tax authorities disagree with our assessment and determine that we are a “resident enterprise,” we may be subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 25% on our worldwide income and dividends paid by us to our non-PRC shareholders as well as capital gains recognized by them with respect to the sale of our shares, except for the income from equity investment income such as dividend and bonus between “resident enterprise,” and other resident enterprises of China, which shall be identified as tax-exempted income, may be subject to a PRC withholding tax. This will have an impact on our effective tax rate, materially adversely affect our net income and results of operations, and may require us to withhold tax on our non-PRC shareholders.

Dividends payable by us to our foreign investors and gains on the sale of our ADSs or ordinary shares may become subject to taxes under PRC tax laws.

Under the EIT Law and implementation regulations issued by the State Council, a 10% PRC income tax is applicable to dividends payable to investors that are “non-resident enterprises,” which do not have an establishment or place of business in the PRC or which have such establishment or place of business but have income not effectively connected with the establishment or place of business, to the extent such dividends are derived from sources within the PRC. Similarly, any gain realized on the transfer of ADSs or shares by such investors is also subject to a 10% PRC income tax if such gain is regarded as income derived from sources within the PRC.

It is unclear whether dividends paid on our ordinary shares or ADSs, or any gain realized from the transfer of our ordinary shares or ADSs, would be treated as income derived from sources within the PRC and would as a result be subject to PRC tax. If we are considered a PRC “resident enterprise,” then any dividends paid to our overseas shareholders or ADS holders that are “nonresident enterprises” may be regarded as being derived from PRC sources and, as a result, would be subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of 10%.

In addition, if we are considered a PRC “resident enterprise,” non-resident enterprise shareholders of our ordinary shares or ADSs may be eligible for the benefits of income tax treaties entered into between China and other countries. If we are required under the EIT Law to withhold PRC income tax on dividends payable to our non-PRC investors that are “non-resident enterprises,” or if you are required to pay PRC income tax on the transfer of our ordinary shares or ADSs, the value of your investment in our ordinary shares or ADSs may be materially adversely affected.

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If we are found to have failed to comply with applicable laws, we may incur additional expenditures or be subject to significant fines and penalties.

Our operations are subject to PRC laws and regulations applicable to us. However, the scope of many PRC laws and regulations are uncertain, and their implementation could differ significantly in different localities. In certain instances, local implementation rules and their implementation are not necessarily and fully consistent with the regulations at the national level. Although we strive to comply with all applicable PRC laws and regulations, PRC government authorities may determine that we have not complied with certain laws or regulations.

Our auditor, like other independent registered public accounting firms operating in China, is not permitted to be subject to inspection by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board and, as such, investors may be deprived of the benefits of such inspection.

Our independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit reports included in our annual reports filed with the SEC, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), is required by the laws of the United States to undergo regular inspections by PCAOB to assess its compliance with the laws of the United States and professional standards. Because our auditor is located in China, a jurisdiction where PCAOB is currently unable to conduct inspections without the approval of PRC authorities, our auditor, like other independent registered public accounting firms operating in China, is currently not inspected by PCAOB.

In May 2013, PCAOB announced that it had entered into a Memorandum of Understanding on Enforcement Cooperation with China Securities Regulatory Commission (the “CSRC”) and the Ministry of Finance, which establishes a cooperative framework between the parties for the production and exchange of audit documents relevant to investigations undertaken by PCAOB, the CSRC or the Ministry of Finance in the United States and the PRC. PCAOB remains in discussions with the CSRC and the Ministry of Finance to permit joint inspections in the PRC of audit firms that are registered with PCAOB and audit Chinese companies that trade on U.S. exchanges.

Inspections of other firms that PCAOB has conducted outside of China have identified deficiencies in those firms’ audit procedures and quality control procedures, which may be addressed as part of the inspection process to improve future audit quality. The inability of PCAOB to conduct inspections of independent registered public accounting firms operating in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures or quality control procedures. As a result, investors may be deprived of the benefits of PCAOB inspections.

We face risks related to natural disasters and health epidemics in China, which could materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our business could be materially adversely affected by severe weather conditions and natural disasters or the outbreak of health epidemics in China. As our network of radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging centers are located in hospitals across China, our operations may be particularly vulnerable to any health epidemic. In the last decade, the PRC has suffered health epidemics related to the outbreak of avian influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome, the influenza A (H1N1) and H7N9.

Any future natural disasters or health epidemics in the PRC could severely disrupt our daily operations, and may even require a temporary closure of our centers. Such closures may disrupt our operations and adversely affect our results of operations. Our operations could also be disrupted if our suppliers, customers or business partners were affected by such natural disasters or health epidemics.

Proceedings instituted recently by the SEC against five PRC-based accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act.

In December 2012, the SEC brought administrative proceedings against five accounting firms in China, including our independent registered public accounting firm, alleging that they had refused to produce audit work papers and other documents related to certain other China-based companies under investigation by the SEC. On January 22, 2014, an initial administrative law decision was issued, censuring these accounting firms and suspending four of these firms from practicing before the SEC for six months. The decision is neither final nor legally effective unless and until reviewed and approved by the SEC.

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On February 12, 2014, four of these PRC-based accounting firms appealed to the SEC against this decision. In February 2015, each of the four PRC-based accounting firms agreed to a censure and to pay a fine to the SEC to settle the dispute and avoid suspension of their ability to practice before the SEC. The settlement requires the firms to follow detailed procedures to seek to provide the SEC with access to Chinese firms’ audit documents via the CSRC. If the firms do not follow these procedures, the SEC could impose penalties such as suspensions, or it could restart the administrative proceedings.

In the event that the SEC restarts the administrative proceedings, depending upon the final outcome, listed companies in the United States with major PRC operations may find it difficult or impossible to retain auditors in respect of their operations in the PRC, which could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act, including possible delisting. Moreover, any negative news about the proceedings against these audit firms may cause investor uncertainty regarding China-based, United States-listed companies and the market price of our ADSs may be adversely affected.

If our independent registered public accounting firm were denied, even temporarily, the ability to practice before the SEC and we were unable to timely find another registered public accounting firm to audit and issue an opinion on our consolidated financial statements, our consolidated financial statements could be determined not to be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act. Such a determination could ultimately lead to our delisting from the NYSE or deregistration from the SEC, or both, which would substantially reduce or effectively terminate the trading of our ADSs in the United States.

Risks Related to Our Ordinary Shares and ADSs

The market price for our ADSs may be volatile.

The market price for our ADSs has been and may continue to be highly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to factors including the following:

| · | announcements of technological or competitive developments;

| · | regulatory developments in China affecting us or our competitors;

| · | announcements of studies and reports relating to the effectiveness or safety of the services provided in our network of centers or those of our competitors;

| · | actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly operating results and changes or revisions of our expected results;

| · | changes in financial estimates by securities research analysts;

| · | changes in the economic performance or market valuations of other medical services companies;

| · | addition or departure of our senior management and other key personnel;

| · | release or expiration of lock-up or other transfer restrictions on our outstanding ordinary shares or ADSs;

| · | sales or perceived sales of additional ordinary shares or ADSs; and

| · | general economic or political conditions in China or elsewhere in the world.

In addition, the securities market has from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to the operating performance of particular companies. For example, the securities of some China-based companies that have listed their securities in the United States have experienced significant volatility since their initial public offerings, including, in some cases, substantial price declines in trading prices.

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The trading performances of these Chinese companies’ securities after their offerings may affect the attitudes of investors toward Chinese companies listed in the United States, which consequently may impact the trading performance of our ADSs, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, any negative news or perceptions about inadequate corporate governance practices or fraudulent accounting, corporate structure or other matters of other Chinese companies may negatively affect the attitudes of investors towards Chinese companies in general, including us, regardless of whether we have engaged in any inappropriate activities.

In particular, the global financial crisis and the ensuing economic recessions in many countries have contributed and may contribute to extreme volatility in the global stock markets, such as the large decline in share prices in the United States, China and other jurisdictions in late 2008, early 2009 and the second half of 2011. These broad market and industry fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of our ADSs.

In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, shareholders have often instituted securities class action litigation against that company. If we were involved in a class action suit or other securities litigation, it would divert the attention of our senior management, require us to incur significant expense and, whether or not adversely determined, materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Substantial future sales or perceived sales of our ADSs in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline.

Sales of our ADSs or ordinary shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our ADSs to decline. In addition, certain of our shareholders or their transferees and assignees have the right to cause us to register the sale of their shares under the Securities Act upon the occurrence of certain circumstances.

Registration of these shares under the Securities Act would result in these shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act immediately upon the effectiveness of the registration. Sales of these registered shares in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline.

Holders of ADSs have fewer rights than shareholders and must act through the depositary to exercise those rights.

Holders of ADSs do not have the same rights as our shareholders and may only exercise voting rights with respect to the underlying ordinary shares in accordance with the deposit agreement. Under the deposit agreement, if the vote is by show of hands, the depositary will vote the deposited securities in accordance with the voting instructions received from a majority of holders of ADSs that provided timely voting instructions. If the vote is by poll, the depositary will vote the deposited securities in accordance with the voting instructions it timely receives from ADS holders. In the event of poll voting, deposited securities for which no instructions are received will not be voted.

Under our fourth amended and restated articles of association, the minimum notice period required to convene a general meeting is seven days. When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient notice of a shareholders’ meeting to permit you to your ordinary shares to allow you to cast your vote with respect to any specific matter. In addition, the depositary and its agents may not be able to send voting instructions to you or carry out your voting instructions in a timely manner.

We will make all reasonable efforts to cause the depositary to extend voting rights to you in a timely manner, but we cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote your shares. Furthermore, the depositary and its agents will not be responsible for any failure to carry out any instructions to vote, for the manner in which any vote is cast or for the effect of any such vote. As a result, you may not be able to exercise your right to vote and you may lack recourse if your ordinary shares are not voted as you requested. In addition, in your capacity as an ADS holder, you will not be able to call a shareholder meeting.

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Holders of our Class B ordinary shares will control the outcome of shareholder actions in our company.

Our ordinary shares are divided into Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. Holders of Class A ordinary shares are entitled to one vote per share, while holders of Class B ordinary shares are entitled to ten votes per share. In 2018, the Class A ordinary shares held by Morgancreek Investment Holding Limited (“Morgancreek”) were converted into Class B ordinary shares at one-to-one ratio and Morgancreek completed its restructuring. Immediately after the exchange and Morgancreek’s restructuring, the spouse of Dr. Jianyu Yang, our chairman and chief executive officer, indirectly held 70% interest in Morgancreek, Dr. Jianyu Yang became Morgancreek’s sole director and Morgancreek held 38,287,948 of our Class B ordinary shares and 4,660,976 of our ADSs. Dr. Jianyu Yang has the power to direct Morgancreek as to the voting and disposition of the Class B ordinary shares and the ADSs held by Morgancreek. As of the date of this annual report, Dr. Jianyu Yang beneficially held 40.5% in our company, representing 73.2% of the total voting rights in our company.

The greater voting rights of the Class B ordinary shares gives Class B ordinary shareholders the power to control any actions that require shareholder approval under Cayman Islands law, our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association and the NYSE requirements. These actions include the election and removal of any member of our board of directors; mergers, consolidations and other business combinations; changes to our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association; the number of shares available for issuance under share incentive plans; and the issuance of significant amounts of our ordinary shares in private placements.

Due to the disparate voting rights attached to the two classes of our ordinary shares, holders of our Class B ordinary shares could have sufficient voting rights to determine the outcome of all matters requiring shareholder approval even if it holds considerably less than a majority of the combined total of our outstanding Class A and Class B ordinary shares.

Holders of our Class B ordinary shares may also cause transactions to occur that might not be beneficial to you as a holder of ADSs and may prevent transactions that would be beneficial to you. For example, their voting power may prevent a transaction involving a change of control of us, including transactions in which you as a holder of our ADSs might otherwise receive a premium for your securities over the then-current market price.

Similarly, holders of our Class B ordinary shares may approve a merger or consolidation of our company that may result in you receiving a stake (either in the form of shares, debt obligations or other securities) in the surviving or new consolidated company, which may not operate our current business model and dissenter rights may not be available to you in such an event. This concentrated control could discourage others from pursuing any potential merger, takeover or other change of control transactions that holders of Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial.

You may be subject to limitations on transfers of your ADSs.

Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems is expedient to do so in connection with the performance of its duties. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary deem it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason.

Your right to participate in any future rights offerings may be limited, which may cause dilution to your holdings and you may not receive cash dividends if it is impractical to make them available to you.

We may, from time to time, distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. However, we cannot make any such rights available to you in the United States unless we register such rights and the securities to which such rights relate under the Securities Act or an exemption from the registration requirements is available. Also, under the deposit agreement, the depositary bank will not make rights available to you unless the distribution to ADS holders of both the rights and any related securities are either registered under the Securities Act, or exempted from registration under the Securities Act.

We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective. We may also not be able to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, you may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution in your holdings.

The depositary has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on our ordinary shares or other deposited securities after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary may, at its discretion, decide that it is inequitable or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs.

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For example, the depositary may determine that it is not practicable to distribute certain property through the mail, or that the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of mailing them. In these cases, the depositary may decide not to distribute such property and you will not receive such distribution.

| ITEM 4. | INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

| A. | History and Development of the Company

Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited (“Concord Medical”) was incorporated in the Cayman Islands on November 27, 2007 as a limited liability company. Concord Medical became our ultimate holding company on March 7, 2008, when the shareholders of Ascendium Group Limited (“Ascendium”), a holding company incorporated in the British Virgin Islands on September 10, 2007, exchanged all of their shares Ascendium for shares of Concord Medical. Prior to that, on October 30, 2007, Ascendium had acquired 100% of the equity interests in Our Medical Services, Ltd. (“OMS”), resulting in a change in control. We refer to this transaction as the OMS reorganization in this annual report. Prior to the OMS reorganization, OMS, together with Shenzhen Aohua Medical Service Co., Ltd. (“Aohua Medical”), in which OMS effectively held all of the equity interests at the time, operated all of our business.

Aohua Medical was incorporated by OMS on July 23, 1997. OMS contributed RMB4.8 million to Aohua Medical, representing 90% of the equity interests in Aohua Medical. The remaining 10% equity interest in Aohua Medical was held by two nominees who acted as the custodians of such equity interest. On June 10, 2009, this 10% equity interest was transferred to our subsidiary Shenzhen Aohua Medical Leasing and Services Co., Ltd. (“Aohua Leasing”). The two nominees have not maintained their required capital contributions at any time subsequent to the incorporation of Aohua Medical. Due to this capital deficiency as well as other legal conditions, the two nominees had no legal rights to participate either retrospectively or prospectively at any time in any profits or losses of Aohua Medical or to share in any residual assets or any proceeds in the event that Aohua Medical encountered a liquidation event. For these reasons, we did not account for this 10% equity interest as a minority interest in our consolidated results of operations or financial position. In December 2011, we effectuated a merger through which Aohua Medical was merged into Aohua Leasing. Aohua Leasing acquired all of the assets and assumed all of the liabilities of Aohua Medical, which was dissolved upon the merger. Aohua Leasing subsequently changed its name to Aohua Technology.

On July 31, 2008, our subsidiary Ascendium acquired 100% of the equity interests in China Medstar Pte. Ltd. (“China Medstar”), together with its wholly owned PRC subsidiary, Shanghai Medstar, for approximately £17.1 million. China Medstar, through its then subsidiary Shanghai Medstar, provided medical equipment leasing and management services to hospitals in the PRC. On March 1, 2009, 100% of the equity interests in Shanghai Medstar was transferred from China Medstar to Ascendium. On August 17, 2009, the registration for such transfer was completed.

On October 28, 2008, we acquired 100% of the equity interests in Yundu through our subsidiaries Aohua Leasing and Meizhong Jiahe (formerly known as CMS Hospital Management Co., Ltd. (“CMS Hospital Management”)) for consideration of approximately RMB35.0 million.

In April 2010, we acquired four radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging centers in Hebei Province for consideration of RMB60.0 million, including RMB42.0 million in cash and RMB18.0 million in contingent consideration, by acquiring 100% of the equity interests in Tianjin Concord Medical (formerly known as Tianjin Kangmeng Radiology Equipment Management Co., Ltd.).

In July 2010, we acquired 52% of the equity interests in Chang’an CMS International Cancer Center and Xi’an Wanjiehuaxiang Medical Technology Development Co., Ltd. (“WHT”) for consideration of RMB103.2 million from Chang’an Hospital. In June 2012, we acquired through Cyber Medical and Shanghai Medstar 52% of the equity interests in Chang’an Hospital, for a total consideration of approximately RMB248.8 million in cash. In December 2014, we sold our 52% equity interest in Chang’an Hospital and WHT for total cash consideration of approximately RMB397.9 million in order to focus on building a nationwide network of diagnosis and treatment centers and specialized cancer hospitals.

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In May, June and September 2011, we incorporated four holding companies, namely, (i) US Proton Therapy Holdings Limited (BVI) in British Virgin Islands, (ii) US Proton Therapy Holdings Limited (Delaware) in Delaware, USA, (iii) Guangzhou Concord Cancer Center in PRC, and (iv) Medstar Overseas Limited in British Virgin Islands for potential future acquisitions and businesses. None of these holding companies had any substantive assets or business as of the date of this annual report.

In December 2012, we acquired 19.98% of equity interests in the MD Anderson Proton Therapy Center, a leading proton treatment center in the world, for a total consideration of approximately US$32.3 million. In August 2015, we acquired an additional 7.04% equity interest in the MD Anderson Proton Therapy Center from an existing owner of the general partner, for a total consideration of approximately US$4.6 million. According to the partnership agreement, we have significant influence over the MD Anderson Proton Therapy Center. In November 2018, MD Anderson Proton Therapy Center reached an agreement with The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (“UTMDACC”) to sell all its assets and liabilities to UTMDACC, as well as terminating management service agreement between MD Anderson Proton Therapy Center and PTC-Houston Management, LP, at a consideration of RMB212.9 million (US$31.0 million). In December 2018, we received all the shared consideration from PTC-Houston Management, LP. After the transaction, we still retained the partnership shares of 59.51% in PTC-Houston Management, LP., the general partner of the center.

In October 2014, we established a wholly-owned free-standing radiotherapy cancer center, Datong Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center in Datong City, Shanxi Province, to provide advanced, best-practice diagnostic and radiotherapy services with 100 beds.

In April 2015, we acquired 100% of the equity interests in Fortis Surgical Hospital (“Fortis Surgical Hospital”) for consideration of SGD55.0 million in cash from Fortis Healthcare International, a subsidiary of Fortis Healthcare Ltd. After the transaction, the hospital was renamed Concord Healthcare Singapore Pte. Ltd. In October 2015, we changed its name to Concord Cancer Hospital, which provides oncology as its main service, including medical oncology and surgical oncology, in Singapore. In June 2017, we changed the name to Cancer International Hospital.

On January 25, 2016, Meizhong Jiahe completed its listing on the National Equities Exchange and Quotations, (“NEEQ”) which is also known as the New Third Board in China, for a private placement financing. Meizhong Jiahe will focus on providing management services to our existing network centers and specialty cancer hospital projects in the future. In September and December 2016, Meizhong Jiahe completed two rounds of private offerings of additional shares and received proceeds of approximately RMB141.7 million, after which we held a 85.34% equity interest in Meizhong Jiahe. In February 2018, Meizhong Jiahe delisted from NEEQ.

In January 2016, we acquired from Chang’an Information Industry (Group) Co., Ltd. 100% of the equity interests in Beijing Century Friendship, which held a 55% equity interest in Beijing Proton Medical Center, for a total consideration of RMB100.6 million. As a result, we indirectly held a 80% equity interest in Beijing Proton Medical Center through Beijing Century Friendship and King Cheers. See the paragraphs below regarding details of the subsequent restructurings and the changes in our effective equity interests in Beijing Century Friendship and Beijing Proton Medical Center. Beijing Century Friendship has engaged in the establishment and construction of Beijing Proton Medical Center.

On February 22, 2016, the board of Meizhong Jiahe approved a restructuring plan (the “Reorganization”), pursuant to which Meizhong Jiahe acquired 100% of the equity interests in Aohua Technology for cash consideration of approximately RMB322.7 million and 100% of the equity interests in Beijing Century Friendship for cash consideration of approximately RMB100.6 million. After completion of the Reorganization in September 2016, Meizhong Jiahe holds the network business which was formerly under Aohua Technology’s management, and our cancer radiotherapy hospital business in China.

In November 2016, we entered into a framework agreement, as amended, with Zhongrong Guofu Investment Management Company Limited (“ZR Guofu”) to establish an offshore fund, namely Zhongrong International Growth Fund SPC - ZR Concord Healthcare Investment Fund SP (“SP”), for the purpose of acquiring our several hospital businesses, including Concord International Hospital, Guangzhou Concord Cancer Center and PTC-Houston Management, LP, collectively the “CCM Hospital Business.” Pursuant to the framework agreement, among others, ZR Guofu shall provide management and consultation services on the funds, and we shall continue to manage the CCM Hospital Businesses. ZR Guofu subscribed Class A shares of SP with a consideration of RMB521.4 million, while we subscribed Class B shares of the SP with the consideration of creditor’s rights of RMB166.3 million due from CCM Hospital Business and cash of RMB7.5 million. In 2016, we and ZR Guofu injected RMB7.5 million and RMB521.4 million, respectively, to the SP, which was then provided to the CCM Hospital Business as loans. After the restructuring mentioned below, only Cancer International Hospital was retained in the CCM Hospital Business at the end of December 31, 2018.

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In 2016, we and ZR Guofu established an onshore fund, Guofu Huimei. The registered capital of Guofu Huimei is RMB1,009.0 million. In 2016, ZR Guofu and we subscribed the registered capital of RMB746.0 million and RMB263.0 million, respectively, for a 73.93% equity interest and a 26.07% equity interest in Guofu Huimei, respectively. The capital injection was completed in April 2017. In 2018, ZR Guofu and Guofu Huimei reached an agreement pursuant to which ZR Guofu withdrew its investments in Guofu Huimei. As a result, ZR Guofu exited the onshore fund, Guofu Huimei, and our equity interests in Guofu Huimei increased to 100%. As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, we held 26.07% and 100%, respectively, of the equity interests in Guofu Huimei.

In April 2017, we and ZR Guofu entered into a supplemental contract to the framework agreement, pursuant to which, Guofu Huimei will be used as the platform to invest and provide loans to some domestic entities engaging in hospital business. Among others, during 2017, Guofu Huimei acquired a 78.31% equity interest in Beijing Century Friendship which holds a 55% equity interest in Beijing Proton Medical Center with a consideration of RMB388.5 million and a 54.8% equity interest of Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center at consideration of RMB182.1 million through capital injections. As a result of the foregoing, as of December 31, 2017, our effective equity interest in Beijing Century Friendship decreased from 100% to 42.1%, our total effective equity interest in Beijing Proton Medical Center decreased to 48.16% (through Beijing Century Friendship and King Cheers) from 80% and our total effective equity interest in Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center was 49.48% (after more acquisitions by our other subsidiaries in 2017). In June 2018, Meizhong Jiahe entered into agreements with Guofu Huimei to purchase its 78.31% equity interest in Beijing Century Friendship which holds a 55% equity interest of Beijing Proton Medical Center and a 54.8% equity interest in Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center at a consideration of RMB388.5 million (US$56.5 million) and RMB182.1 million (US$26.5 million), respectively. Meanwhile, ZR Guofu and Guofu Huimei reached an agreement according to which ZR Guofu withdrew its original investments in Guofu Huimei. Therefore, we held a 100% equity interest in Beijing Century Friendship, a 80% equity interest in Beijing Proton Medical Center and a 90% equity interest of Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center through our wholly-owned or majority-owned subsidiaries upon execution and closing of the agreement. As of December 31, 2018, our effective equity interest in Beijing Century Friendship was 60%, our total effective equity interest in Beijing Proton Medical Center was 58% (through Beijing Century Friendship and King Cheers) and our effective equity interest in Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center was 55.42%.

Pursuant to the supplemental contract, the 75% equity interest in SP held by the ZR Guofu is contractually required to be repurchased by us at the end of four years from the establishment of SP in November 2016 at a consideration equivalent to the investment cost of RMB521.4 million. ZR Guofu is also entitled to an annual premium at 15% for its capital contribution of RMB521.4 million in SP in the form of interest expense and consultation expense. In addition, our share in Beijing Century Friendship, certain construction in progress and certain prepaid land lease payments are pledged to secure our obligation to repurchase capital contribution from ZR Guofu.

On December 20, 2017, we repaid a loan with principal of RMB97.1 million to ZR Guofu, and repurchased a 100% equity interest of CMS Holdings with a consideration of US$1.0 Upon completion, we pledged the shares in CMS Holdings to ZR Guofu.

In 2018, ZR Guofu and Guofu Huimei reached an agreement pursuant to which ZR Guofu withdrew its investments in Guofu Huimei. In September 2018, ZR Guofu completed the withdrawal of its investments in Guofu Huimei and exited Guofu Huimei and we became the sole shareholder of Guofu Huimei. We obtained control of Guofu Huimei in October 2018. As a result, as of December 31, 2018, we held a 100% equity interest in Guofu Huimei. In addition, after Guofu Huimei became our wholly-owned subsidiary, Shanghai Rongchi Medical Management Limited (“SH Rongchi”) and Tianjin Jiatai Entity Management limited Partnership (“Tianjin Jiatai”) became our equity investees.

We expect our acquisitions of the remaining equity interests in Guofu Huimei, Shanghai Concord Medical Cancer Center and Beijing Century Friendship not held by us in 2018 support our strategy to facilitate our long-term goal to develop specialized hospital chains in cancer and oncology treatment services including diagnostic imaging, radiation oncology treatment and medical oncology treatment.

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In October 2017, an indirect subsidiary of Fosun International Limited, a company organized under the laws of Hong Kong principally engaged in creating customer-to-maker ecosystems in health, happiness and wealth, entered into a share purchase agreement with the affiliates of Carlyle Group (“Carlyle entities”) to purchase all of our ordinary shares beneficially owned by the Carlyle entities, which accounted for approximately 9.9% of our total issued and outstanding shares. The transaction closed in November 2017.

In March 2018 and July 2018, we, the investment institutions led by CICC Capital Management Company Limited (“CICC Capital”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of China International Capital Corporation Limited (“CICC”), and other investors entered into agreements pursuant to which the parties jointly made a strategic investment in our subsidiary, Meizhong Jiahe. The total investment was RMB1.5 billion (US$218.2 million). After completion of the investment, those investment institutions led by CICC Capital and the other minority investors held a total of 40% of the equity interests in Meizhong Jiahe and our equity interests in Meizhong Jiahe was diluted to 60%. As of December 31, 2018, our effective equity interests in Meizhong Jiahe was 60%.

Shanghai Concord Medical Imaging Diagnostic Center, our first independent imaging diagnostic center, obtained an independent imaging diagnostic license in October 17, 2017. Through Shanghai Concord Medical Imaging Diagnostic Center, we expect to introduce world-class diagnostic technology and management services, covering the medical center and the Yangtze river delta region through a remote sharing consultation platform, and provide a full range of imaging diagnosis and high-quality services for domestic and foreign commercial insurance patients.

See “—C. Organizational Structure” for our effective equity interests in our subsidiaries as of the date of this annual report.

As of the date of this annual report, we conduct substantially all of our operations through Concord International Hospital in Singapore, Datong Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center in PRC and Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center in PRC for our hospital business and the following subsidiaries for our network business in the PRC:

| · | Aohua Technology, our subsidiary incorporated in the PRC, which provides radiotherapy and diagnostic equipment leasing services to hospitals in the PRC;

| · | Shanghai Medstar, our subsidiary incorporated in the PRC, which sells medical equipment and provides radiotherapy and diagnostic equipment leasing and management services to hospitals in the PRC;

| · | Meizhong Jiahe, our subsidiary incorporated in the PRC, which provides radiotherapy and diagnostic equipment management services to hospitals in the PRC; and

| · | Yundu, our subsidiary incorporated in the PRC, which provides teleconsultation, and medical information technology services in the PRC.

Our principal executive offices are located at 18/F, Tower A, Global Trade Center, 36 North Third Ring Road East, Dongcheng District, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, 100013. Our telephone number at this address is (86 10) 5903-6688 and our fax number is (86 10) 5957-5252. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at P.O. Box 31119 Grand Pavilion, Hibiscus Way, 802 West Bay Road, Grand Cayman, KY1-1205, Cayman Islands. Our website is www.concordmedical.com. The information contained on our website is not a part of this annual report.

The SEC also maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding registrants that file electronically with the SEC. Our annual report and some of the other information submitted by us to the SEC may also be accessed through this web site.

Initial Public Offering

On December 11, 2009, our ADSs were listed on the NYSE.

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Dual Class Share Structure

In January 2015, our shareholders approved the creation of a dual class share structure. In October 2018, Bluestone Holdings Limited, a company indirectly wholly owned by Mr. Zheng Cheng, transferred its shares in Morgancreek to companies wholly owned by Mr. Hao Zhou and Ms. Bi Zhang, the spouse of Dr. Jianyu Yang, respectively. On the same day, all the Class A ordinary shares held by Morgancreek were converted into Class B ordinary shares. Morgancreek transferred 7,500,000 Class B ordinary shares to Bluestone. Upon completion of these transactions, Mr. Zhou and Ms. Zhang indirectly hold 30% and 70% shares of Morgancreek, respectively, and Dr. Cheng holds ordinary shares of our company through Bluestone. As of the date of this annual report, 130,181,077 ordinary shares were outstanding, including 84,393,129 Class A ordinary and 45,787,948 Class B ordinary shares. Class A ordinary shares are each entitled to one vote, whereas Class B ordinary shares are each entitled to ten votes.

Going Private Proposal

Our board of directors received a non-binding proposal letter, dated July 11, 2016, from Dr. Jianyu Yang, our chairman and chief executive officer, Morgancreek, an investment vehicle controlled by Dr. Yang, and Blue Ocean Management Limited (together with Dr. Yang and Morgancreek, the “Buyer Parties”) to acquire all of our outstanding Class A ordinary shares and ADSs, in both cases, that are not beneficially owned by them and their affiliates, at a price of US$1.73 per Class A ordinary share or US$5.19 per ADS, as the case may be, in cash, in a “going private” transaction, subject to certain conditions.

Our board of directors received a letter dated November 13, 2017 from the Buyer Parties, stating that the Buyer Parties would withdraw the non-binding going private proposal and had determined not to proceed with the going private proposal under the circumstances at that time.

| B. | Business Overview

Overview

We operate an extensive network of radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging centers in China. As of December 31, 2018, our network consisted of 31 cooperative centers based in 21 hospitals, spanning over 21 cities across 14 provinces and administrative regions in China. These hospitals substantially consist of 3A hospitals, the highest ranked hospitals by quality and size in China as determined in accordance with the standards of NHC in China (formerly the Ministry of Health).

Since April 2015, we have operated Concord International Hospital in Singapore, which we acquired from Fortis Healthcare International, providing oncology as its main service, including medical oncology and surgical oncology, in Singapore. We plan to establish Concord International Hospital as a platform for high-end medical treatment that will include academic research targeting patients in Singapore as well as patients coming from China as part of our efforts to expand overseas.

Cancer has become a serious global public health problem. According to the latest global cancer data issued on September 18, 2018 and WHO World Cancer Report 2018, both issued by World Health Organization (“WHO”), the burden of cancer rose to 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million cancer death in 2018 globally and there were 3.8 million new cancer cases and 2.3 million cancer-caused deaths in China. Moreover, according to the China Health Statistics Yearbook 2018, cancer is still one of the leading causes of death (26.1% of total death) in China. According to the latest Chinese Cancer Report issued by the Chinese National Cancer Institute in January 2019, the burden of cancer showed a continuous upward trend in China in recent 10 years, the incidence of cancer increased by about 3.9% from 2005 to 2015 and the mortality increased by 2.5% annually from 2005 to 2015. The number of cancer cases and cancer-caused death is expected to increase in the next decade. Major factors that contribute to the increase of cancer cases include demographic reasons, such as aging population, smoking and air pollution.

Radiotherapy is considered a mature treatment for many types of cancer. For example, nasopharyngeal cancer (“NPC”), also known as ‘Canton Cancer’, is the most prevalent cancer in Southern China, including Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian Provinces, as well as Hong Kong and Taiwan. The most common treatment of NPC is radiotherapy or comprehensive therapy based on radiotherapy.

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In the future, more advanced treatment methods, such as proton therapy, are expected to be used for the treatment of NPC patients. Proton therapy can significantly reduce the radiation damage to the critical organs. We are working with leading domestic and international medical institutions to develop a clinical workflow of proton therapy for NPC.

We are also working with such institutions to reduce the cancer survival rate gap between China and U.S., by providing more advanced medical treatment to our patients. We believe that our leading network and experience and expertise uniquely position us to address the underserved market in China for radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging services.

We established most of the cooperative centers in our network through long-term lease and management services arrangements with our hospital partners. Under these arrangements, we receive a contracted percentage of each cooperative center’s revenue. Each cooperative center is located on the premises of our hospital partners and is typically equipped with a primary unit of advanced radiotherapy or diagnostic imaging equipment, such as a linear accelerator, head gamma knife system, body gamma knife system, PET-CT scanner or MRI scanner.

We provide clinical support services to doctors who work in the cooperative centers in our network. These services include developing treatment protocols for doctors and organizing joint diagnosis between doctors in our network and clinical research. In addition, we help recruit and determine the compensation of doctors and other medical personnel in our network and are typically in charge of most of the non-clinical aspects of the centers’ daily operations, including marketing, training and administrative duties. Our hospital partners are responsible for the centers’ clinical activities, the medical decisions made by doctors, and the employment of the doctors in accordance with regulations.

We believe that our success is largely due to the high quality clinical care provided at our network of centers and our market-oriented management culture and practices. Many of the doctors who work in our network have extensive clinical experience in radiotherapy, some of whom are recognized as leading experts in radiation oncology in China. We enhance the quality of clinical care in our network through established training of, and on-going clinical education for, doctors in our network.

We believe that our market-oriented management culture and practices allow us to manage cooperative centers more efficiently and offer more consistent and better patient services than our competitors. We believe that our success has allowed us to develop a strong reputation within the medical community, which in turn gives us a competitive advantage in gaining patient referrals and establishing new cooperative centers.

To complement our organic growth, we have selectively acquired businesses to expand our network of centers. In July 2008, we acquired China Medstar, a company then publicly listed on the Alternative Investment Market of the London Stock Exchange (AIM) for approximately £17.1 million. At the time of the acquisition, China Medstar jointly managed 23 centers with its hospital partners across 14 cities in China. In April 2010, we acquired four radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging centers in Hebei Province for RMB60.0 million by acquiring 100% of the equity interests in Tianjin Concord Medical (formerly known as Tianjin Kangmeng Radiology Equipment Management Co., Ltd.)

Since 2010, we have shifted our focus to developing our own proton centers, premium cancer hospitals and specialty cancer hospitals. We are establishing freestanding radiotherapy cancer centers in our network of centers in China which we will wholly own and register as specialty cancer hospitals with required departments, including radiation, imaging, test laboratory, inpatient and nursing. Datong Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center, the first cancer hospital under our Meizhong Jiahe brand, opened preliminarily in May 2016 and officially opened for operations in May 2017.

We also plan to establish and operate premium cancer hospitals and proton centers in and out of China to develop our hospital business as part of our growth strategy. Our premium cancer hospitals, which will provide premium cancer treatment services to our patients, currently include Concord International Hospital in Singapore that we acquired in April 2015 from Fortis Healthcare International and two planned hospitals in China, namely, Shanghai Concord Cancer Center and Guangzhou Concord Cancer Center. We commenced construction of Shanghai Concord Cancer Center in September 2017, with an estimated construction period of three years. We also commenced construction of Guangzhou Concord Cancer Center in November 2017, with an estimated construction period of two years.

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We believe our planned proton center will offer the most advanced and cutting-edge treatment to cancer patients by providing services such as proton beam therapy, the most sophisticated radiotherapy currently available in the market. We are in the process of establishing Beijing Proton Medical Center, and the construction commenced in June 2017, with an estimated construction period of two years. In December 2012, we acquired indirect ownership of 19.98% of the equity interests in the MD Anderson Proton Therapy Center. In August 2015, we acquired an additional 7.04% equity interest in the MD Anderson Proton Therapy Center from an existing owner of the general partner to expand our expertise and knowledge base in preparation for the future operation of proton centers in China. According to the partnership agreement, we have significant influence over the MD Anderson Proton Therapy Center. Although MD Anderson Proton Therapy Center sold its assets and liabilities in November 2018, we retained the partnership shares of 59.51% in PTC-Houston Management, LP., the general partner of the center.

Our business structure has evolved in recent years through the development of new specialty cancer hospitals, such as Datong Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center, and premium hospitals. Our total net revenues were RMB455.0 million, RMB331.0 million and RMB190.9 million (US$27.8 million) for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. For additional information relating to our history and reorganization and our financial presentation, see “—A. History and Development of the Company,” “—C. Organizational Structure” and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.”

Our Network of Centers

As of December 31, 2018, we operated an extensive network of 31 cooperative centers based in 21 hospitals, spanning over 21 cities across 14 provinces and administrative regions in China. These hospitals substantially consist of 3A hospitals, the highest ranked hospitals by quality and size in China based on the standards of the NHC. Our network includes 19 radiotherapy centers and 12 diagnostic imaging centers and includes no centers that provide other treatment and diagnostic services, such as electroencephalography for the diagnosis of epilepsy, thermotherapy to increase the efficacy of and for pain relief after radiotherapy and chemotherapy, high intensity focused ultrasound therapy for the treatment of cancer, stereotactic radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of Parkinson’s Disease and refraction and tonometry for the diagnosis of ophthalmic conditions.

Each cooperative center is typically equipped with a primary unit of medical equipment, such as a linear accelerator, head gamma knife system, body gamma knife system, PET-CT scanner or MRI scanner. Each cooperative center is located on the premises of our hospital partners with the facilities of the centers provided by the hospitals. Each cooperative center typically includes a treatment area, a patient preparation and observation room, working areas for the center’s doctors and other personnel and a waiting and reception area.

Our Arrangements with Hospital Partners

Lease and Management Services Arrangements

As of December 31, 2018, we had 31 cooperative centers established under lease and management services arrangements. We typically establish such centers with hospitals by entering into a lease agreement and a management agreement.

Under these lease and management services arrangements, we are responsible for purchasing the medical equipment used in these cooperative centers. We lease medical equipment to hospitals for a fixed period and establish and manage the cooperative centers in conjunction with our hospital partners. These arrangements are typically long-term in nature, ranging from 5 to 20 years.

We receive from the hospital a contracted percentage of each center’s revenue net of specified operating expenses. The contracted percentage typically ranges from 50% to 90% and are typically adjusted based on a declining scale over the term of the arrangement. We also have cooperative centers that operate under revenue-sharing agreements, which stipulate the percentage of the revenue and the pre-operating expenses to be shared with our hospital partners.

The specified operating expenses of cooperative centers typically include variable expenses such as the salaries and benefits of the medical and other personnel at the cooperative center, the cost of medical consumables, marketing expenses, training expenses, utility expenses and routine equipment repair and maintenance expenses. Typically, these lease and management services arrangements may be terminated upon the mutual agreement of the parties if the cooperative centers experience an operating loss for a specified period of time or fail to achieve certain operating targets.

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In addition, the arrangements typically can be terminated upon the default or failure by either party to perform its respective obligations under the arrangement. In the event of termination, most arrangements call for the parties to reach a mutual agreement to resolve the remaining obligations of the parties or the division of assets that have been acquired for the cooperative centers. Under certain of these arrangements, our hospital partners must compensate us based on the average contracted percentage for an agreed upon period of time if we are not responsible for the early termination.

Management Services

From time to time, we provide management services to radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging centers under service-only agreements. As of December 31, 2018, we had such agreements for eight cooperative centers. Unlike the cooperative centers established under lease and management services arrangements, we do not purchase and lease to the hospitals the medical equipment used at the cooperative centers established under service-only agreements. Rather, we only manage such cooperative centers in exchange for a management fee typically consisting of a contracted percentage of the revenue net of specified operating expenses of the cooperative center.

In addition, as compared to our lease and management services arrangements, the terms of the service-only agreements are typically shorter. We enter into such service-only agreements on a strategic basis to expand the coverage of our network. We expect to enter into additional strategic service-only agreements with other hospitals in the future.

Technical Services

We provide technical services to radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging centers under technical service agreements. As of December 31, 2018, we had such agreements at five cooperative centers. Similar to management services arrangements, we do not invest in the medical equipment installed at the cooperative centers.

Instead, we provide technical support, equipment and software maintenance and tele-diagnosis services to cooperative centers in exchange for a fixed fee. The terms are usually similar to those of our lease and management services contracts. As our telemedicine business grows, we expect to enter into more of the technical services agreements with other hospitals in the future.

Brand Royalty Fees

Starting from the year of 2016, we granted several newly set-up specialty cancer hospitals, on a fixed annual fee, the right to use the brand of Meizhong Jiahe. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, revenue from brand royalty fees amounted to RMB9.4 million, RMB6.6 million and RMB5.2 million (U$$0.8 million).

Service Offerings in Our Network; Medical Equipment

Each of the cooperative centers in our network is typically equipped with a primary unit of medical equipment, such as a linear accelerator, head gamma knife system, body gamma knife system, PET-CT scanner or MRI scanner. Set forth below is a summary of the principal treatment and diagnostic imaging systems provided at our cooperative centers.

Linear Accelerators External Beam Radiotherapy

As of December 31, 2018, we owned six linear accelerators (excluding those in the eight cooperative centers in our network under service-only agreements pursuant to which we only manage those cooperative centers in exchange for a management fee and we did not purchase and lease to the hospitals the medical equipment used at those cooperative centers). As of December 31, 2018, the cooperative centers under service-only agreements in our network owned two linear accelerators. Linear accelerators use microwave technology to deliver a high-energy x-ray beam directed at the tumor. Linear accelerators can be used to treat tumors in the brain or elsewhere in the body. A typical course of treatment given to a patient ranges from 20 to 40 daily sessions and with each session lasting for 10 to 20 minutes.

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Since linear accelerators move during treatment, they are not as precise as gamma knife systems. However, linear accelerators are capable of treating larger tumors. Linear accelerators can also be integrated with specialized computer software and advanced imaging and detection equipment to provide more effective and advanced treatments.

Such advanced treatments include three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy, which uses imaging equipment to create detailed, three-dimensional representations of the tumor and surrounding organs. The radiation beam can then be shaped to match the patient’s tumor, reducing the radiation damage to healthy tissues. In general, such advanced methods increase the medical service fees charged as compared to the maximum medical service fees that can be charged for treatments.

Gamma Knife Radiosurgery

A gamma knife is used in radiosurgery for the treatment of tumors and other abnormal growths. A gamma knife uses multiple radiation sources, which differentiates it from traditional radiotherapy where only a single radiation source is used. These radioactive sources, which are typically cobalt-60, a radioactive isotope, emit gamma rays that are passed through a collimator unit to produce a highly-focused beam of radiation. The individual beams then converge to deliver an extremely concentrated dose of radiation to locations within the patient that are identified using imaging guidance systems, such as PET-CT or MRI scanners.

The intense radiation produced by a gamma knife at a precise target point destroys tumor cells, while minimizing damage to the surrounding healthy tissues. The treatment procedure is minimally or not invasive and may be used as a primary or supplementary treatment option for cancer patients. The treatment requires no general anesthesia and provides an alternative treatment option to patients who may not be good candidates for surgery.

In addition, the gamma knife procedure usually involves shorter patient hospitalization, is more cost effective than surgery and avoids many of the potential risks and complications associated with other treatment options. Our network of centers currently operates two types of gamma knife systems, head gamma knife systems and body gamma knife systems. As of December 31, 2018, we owned six gamma knife systems, including three head gamma knife systems and three body gamma knife systems (excluding those in the eight cooperative centers under service-only agreements in our network). As of December 31, 2018, the cooperative centers under service-only agreements in our network owned three gamma knife systems, including two head gamma knife systems and one body gamma knife systems.

Head Gamma Knife Systems

Head gamma knife systems are primarily used for the treatment of brain tumors. The treatment is typically completed in one 10 to 30 minute session rather than in multiple daily sessions spanning several weeks during which time small doses of radiation are given at each session. Head gamma knife systems can also be used to treat other conditions, such as certain types of brain lesions, trigeminal neuralgia (facial pain) and arteriovenous malformations (abnormal connection between veins and arteries).

Body Gamma Knife Systems

Body gamma knife systems are used for the treatment of tumors located in the body but outside of the brain. Treatments using the body gamma knife are provided over a course of multiple sessions spanning several weeks. The radiation that converges from the individual beams is less concentrated than in head gamma knife systems due to the difficulty of fixing and restricting the movement of the body. The PRC State Food and Drug Administration (the “SFDA”) developed and approved this widely used technology in China.

Diagnostic Imaging

Our network of centers employs a wide range of diagnostic imaging equipment. Such equipment includes some of the most advanced diagnostic imaging technology available in China, including PET-CT scanners. A PET-CT scanner combines a PET scanner and a CT scanner in one unit. PET-CT scanners allow the functional imaging obtained by PET scanning, which depicts the spatial distribution of metabolic or biochemical activities in the body, to be more precisely aligned or correlated with the anatomic imaging obtained by a CT scanner.

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Other diagnostic imaging services offered in our cooperative centers include MRI. MRI scanners use a powerful magnetic field, radio frequency pulses and computers to produce detailed pictures of organs, soft tissues, bone and virtually all other internal body structures. MRI technology, which does not involve radiation, is typically able to provide a much greater level of contrast between the different soft tissues of the body than CT, making it especially useful in neurological or oncological imaging. As of December 31, 2018, we owned nine MRI scanners and did not own any PET-CT scanner (excluding those in the eight cooperative centers under service-only agreements in our network) and the cooperative centers under service-only agreements in our network owned one PET-CT scanners and two MRI scanners.

Medical Equipment Procurement

The medical equipment used in our network of centers is highly complex and usually a limited number of manufacturers worldwide produce such equipment. We typically purchase medical equipment used in our cooperative network directly from domestic manufacturers and through importers from overseas manufacturers.

In accordance with PRC laws and regulations, the procurement, installation and operation of Class A or Class B large medical equipment by hospitals in China are subject to procurement quotas or procurement planning. A large medical equipment procurement license must also be obtained prior to the purchase of such medical equipment. For medical equipment classified as Class A large medical equipment, which includes gamma knife systems, proton beam therapy systems and PET-CT scanners, quotas are set by the NHC and the NDRC and large medical equipment procurement licenses are issued by the NHC.

For medical equipment classified as Class B large medical equipment, which includes linear accelerators and MRI and CT scanners, relevant provincial healthcare administrative authorities conduct procurement planning and approvals with ratification by the NHC. Provincial healthcare administrative authorities issue large medical equipment procurement licenses. A large medical equipment procurement license is not required for medical equipment that is not classified as either Class A or Class B large medical equipment.

These rules concerning procurement of large medical equipment apply to public and private medical institutions in China, whether non-profit or for-profit, except for military hospitals in China, which have a separate procurement system. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation of Our Industry—Regulations in China—Regulation of Medical Institutions—Large Medical Equipment Procurement License.”

Once non-profit hospitals have obtained large medical equipment procurement licenses, the purchase of medical equipment for such hospitals is conducted through a collective tender process. The tender process is centralized in accordance with the relevant PRC laws and regulations and is supervised by the NHC for Class A large medical equipment.

For Class B large medical equipment, the relevant provincial heath administrative authorities supervise the tender process. Equipment purchases by military hospitals are also conducted through a centralized collective tender process supervised by the general logistics department of the PLA. The government or military authority will appoint an agent to manage the tender process who must be certified by the government and be qualified to conduct the tender process. The agent publicizes information relevant to the tender process, such as the type of equipment requested by the hospital and the desired commercial terms.

The manufacturers prepare the tender document according to the agent’s requirement and submit their bids to the agent on or before the specified date. The agent then consults with industry experts in evaluating each bid and the industry experts make a determination on the winning manufacturer. When the tender process is complete, the results are publicly announced and an import permit is issued for the equipment of the winning manufacturer. We then begin negotiations with such manufacturer or its importer with respect to the purchase price and the purchasing terms for the equipment based on the general commercial terms submitted by such manufacturer in the tender process.

Financing Leases and Other Business Arrangements

We have entered into financing lease agreements in connection with sale and leaseback agreements with several hospitals to which we lease radiotherapy, diagnostic and other equipment. We will transfer the leased properties to the lessee by the end of the lease term pursuant to the financing lease agreement. The terms of the financing leases vary, usually between three to 10 years.

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We have, from time to time, purchased medical equipment from manufacturers or distributors for re-sale to hospitals. We also have contractual relationships with certain equipment manufacturers and acted as a distributor of such manufacturer’s equipment in selling medical equipment to hospitals. Although we may continue these activities on a limited basis in the future, we do not expect these activities to represent an important part of our business going forward.

Specialty Cancer Hospitals

In addition to our cooperative centers, we are establishing specialty cancer hospitals that will focus on providing radiotherapy services as well as diagnostic imaging services, chemotherapy and surgery. We intend for these specialty cancer hospitals to provide a complete and coordinated treatment program for cancer patients. We expect these hospitals to be centers of excellence in our network providing cancer treatments to patients using the latest radiotherapy technology in China in our network of centers.

Typically, in China the various specialist doctors such as surgeons, radiation oncologists or medical oncologists who provide care to a given cancer patient do not collaborate. We believe that the quality of cancer treatment will be greatly improved at our specialty cancer hospitals, because we will employ and manage the various specialist doctors directly and promote the appropriate coordination of their services for the benefit of cancer patients. We believe that these hospitals will play an important role in strengthening our reputation as the leading provider of radiotherapy services in China and developing our corporate brand.

We expect to wholly own and operate these specialty cancer hospitals. We expect to purchase all the medical equipment for these hospitals and employ and manage all the personnel, including doctors, nurses, medical technicians and administrative personnel. The specialty cancer hospitals will be licensed as for-profit hospitals in China and subject to PRC laws and regulations and permits requirements.

As for-profit hospitals, we do not expect that the medical service fees of our specialty cancer hospitals to be subject to price controls, although they will be subject to certain taxes not applicable to non-profit hospitals. We plan to fund the development of our specialty cancer hospitals with bank loans and cash on hand.

In October 2014, we established a wholly-owned radiotherapy cancer center, Datong Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center in Datong City, Shanxi Province, to provide advanced, best-practice diagnostic and radiotherapy services with 100 beds with a planned gross floor area of 5,983 square meters. It is the first free-standing center in our network of centers. Datong Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center, opened preliminarily in May 2016 and officially opened for operation in May 2017.

In May 2017, we opened Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center in Shanghai to provide outpatient services, imaging diagnosis services and daily radiotherapy and chemotherapy services. Since February 28, 2019, the nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and cancer radiotherapy services and the basic medical services, including general outpatient registration, chemotherapy, linear accelerator radiotherapy, blood examination, image examination (such as nuclear magnetic resonance, CT, ultrasound, molybdenum target, electrocardiogram), medicines and consumables, of our Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center’s basic medical services have been fully covered by Shanghai basic medical insurance.

The center is registered as a specialty cancer hospital with required departments, including radiation, imaging, test laboratory, inpatient and nursing. We plan to have this center apply to join the local social insurance coverage. This free-standing center facility constitutes an important step of our broader strategy to build a nationwide chain of free-standing cancer treatment and diagnosis centers in the future.

Operation of Radiotherapy and Diagnostic Imaging Centers in Our Network

The following is a brief summary of the various aspects of the operations of the radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging centers in our network of centers.

Management Structure

We manage each of the radiotherapy and diagnostic centers jointly with our hospital partners. Our hospital partners appoint a medical director to each center and are responsible for the centers’ clinical activities, the medical decisions made by doctors, and the employment of doctors in accordance with the licensing regulations. We provide clinical support to doctors, including developing treatment protocols for doctors and organizing joint diagnosis between doctors in our network and clinical research.

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We appoint either an operations director or a project manager to each cooperative center. The director or manager provides most of the non-clinical aspects of the centers’ day-to-day operations, which include marketing, providing training and clinical education to doctors and other medical personnel in cooperative centers and other general administrative duties such as arranging for the repair and maintenance of medical equipment. Budgets for each cooperative center are established annually based on discussions between our hospital partners and us. Costs incurred at the cooperative centers usually require approval of both our hospital partners and us. As a matter of practice, certain major expenditures of the cooperative center are subject to further approval by our hospital partners’ management and our management.

We have established operating procedures and a comprehensive quality assurance program designed to ensure that our cooperative centers operate efficiently and provide consistent and high quality services. The operating procedures cover the use and maintenance of the medical equipment and interactions with patients, from initial patient appointment and registration to post-treatment follow-up. The operations director or project manager of each cooperative center is primarily responsible for ensuring the adherence to our operating procedures and comprehensive quality assurance program.

At the corporate level, we have established a dedicated operations department to supervise and provide support to ensure the effective operation of each cooperative center. We actively monitor the activities of each cooperative center and conduct scheduled annual evaluations for the cooperative centers. These evaluations focus on whether our operating personnel follow applicable procedures and perform at the expected level. In addition to the scheduled annual review, we conduct unscheduled evaluations for certain randomly selected centers.

The results of these evaluations help determine the compensation received by our operations directors or project managers and our other employees at the cooperative centers. We receive weekly reports on the operating activities for each cooperative center, which help us identify opportunities for improvement with respect to various aspects of each center’s operations. We also have a risk management department that helps to ensure that we meet applicable PRC laws and regulations and compliance standards for the operation of our business. We have also adopted a code of ethics.

For our specialty cancer hospitals, we intend to maintain full operating control over all clinical and non-clinical aspects of its operation, including direct supervision over medical decisions made by doctors.

Staffing

In addition to the operations director or project manager appointed by us to each cooperative center, we typically staff each cooperative center with dedicated marketing and accounting personnel. Our hospital partners appoint medical directors to the cooperative centers and, except in very limited cases, they also assign all of the doctors and other medical personnel to the cooperative centers.

However, we also help our hospital partners to recruit many of the doctors or medical personnel that provide services at the cooperative center. We provide feedback to our hospital partners as to the suitability and performance of the doctors and other medical personnel at each cooperative center, and work with our hospital partners to help ensure that each cooperative center is staffed with the most qualified and suitable personnel. In addition, we help our hospital partners determine the compensation of doctors and other medical personnel providing services in our network of centers.

On a limited basis, we also enter into employment agreements with doctors to work at cooperative centers in our network after consulting with our hospital partners where such centers are based. We are establishing specialty cancer hospitals, such as Datong Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center. We expect to be responsible for employing and managing all personnel of such specialty cancer hospitals, including doctors and other medical personnel, in the future.

Medical Affairs

We have a medical affairs department to support the training, clinical education and clinical research activities of our network of centers. Prior to setting up a new center, we arrange training for the medical professionals of such new center at certain established centers in our network designated as training centers. This provides the medical professionals of each new center with the opportunity to gain hands-on clinical experience in advanced radiotherapy treatment and diagnostic imaging technologies, and to benefit from the considerable clinical knowledge of the doctors and other medical personnel at the designated training centers.

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The doctors at the designated training centers evaluate the performance of the medical professionals of the new center and ensure that they can provide high quality clinical care. In addition, we arrange training for the medical staff with the medical equipment manufacturers.

We also periodically provide follow-up training at selected centers and host academic conferences and semi-annual academic seminars where doctors and other medical personnel from our network of centers and medical experts in China share their knowledge and clinical experience. From time to time, we invite experts from professional or academic institutions, such as the Oncology Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Medical Science, to give lectures and provide guidance as to the latest developments and trends in radiotherapy treatments.

We believe that a well-managed clinical research program enhances the reputation of doctors in our network, which in turn enhances the reputation of our network of centers. We maintain a database of radiotherapy treatments. This collection of data can be used, upon approval by us and our hospital partners, to conduct cross-center clinical research and statistical analysis to determine the efficacy and potential of treatment methods offered in our network.

We actively organize, encourage and assist doctors in our network to engage in clinical research and to publish their results. We assist in coordinating the clinical research efforts between different radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging centers in our network, which is critical for certain research initiatives that require a significant amount of clinical data that would be difficult for one center to collect.

Doctors in China have historically had limited opportunities for discussions or consultations with doctors outside of their own hospital. Our network offers doctors the opportunity to consult with each other on challenging cases and treatments. In addition, we have developed treatment protocols that are introduced to each cooperative center and can be followed by doctors in our network of centers.

We also evaluate the clinical activities of each cooperative center as part of our annual evaluations to ensure that high quality treatments or services are provided to patients. We also publish an internal quarterly magazine titled “Stereotactic Radiosurgery” that highlights the different clinical cases treated in our centers and the latest developments in radiosurgery treatment. We further assist in the publication of other literature related to radiosurgery.

Marketing

Marketing efforts for each cooperative center in our network are primarily initiated and implemented by the marketing personnel or the operations director or project manager at each cooperative center with the support of our headquarters. Each center’s marketing efforts are directed at other doctors in the hospital where the cooperative center is based and at other local hospitals.

These marketing efforts focus on informing such doctors of the applicability and benefits of radiotherapy and the expertise and experience of the doctors at the cooperative centers. We also create and distribute educational materials and brochures and engage in consumer advertising and educational campaigns through television, magazines and electronic media.

Each cooperative center must report its marketing activities to us, and we closely monitor such activities and provide approval for major marketing initiatives. We also oversee the budget for marketing activities at the cooperative centers.

We assist the cooperative centers by providing relevant content for marketing materials and help coordinate with leading experts in the medical community to attend conferences or seminars hosted by the centers. As our network of centers expands and as we began operating the first of our specialty cancer hospitals in the first half of 2017, we plan to begin centralizing certain of our marketing and advertising efforts.

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Accounting and Payment Collection

Our hospital partners are responsible for patient billing and fee collections and for delivering to us our contracted percentage of medical fees based on our arrangements with them. We typically hire accounting personnel at each of our centers who are in charge of keeping books and records as to the revenues and expenses of the center. We reconcile the accounting records for each cooperative center in our network with our hospital partners periodically.

After the revenue net of specified operating expenses of a cooperative center is agreed upon between us and our hospital partner, we will bill our hospital partner for our portion of the revenue determined based on our contracted percentage. Our hospital partners will then go through their internal approval process, which usually takes about 45 days from the time of billing before making payments to us. We have implemented accounting procedures at each of the cooperative centers in our network, and perform periodic reviews to help ensure that such activities are properly conducted. For our specialty cancer hospitals, we are responsible for patient billing and fee collection.

Medical Equipment Maintenance and Repair

The equipment manufacturers or third party service companies typically carry out equipment maintenance and repair. The manufacturers typically provide equipment warranties for a period of one year. After the warranty period expires, we typically enter into service agreements with the manufacturers or third party service companies to provide periodic maintenance and repair services.

We have also established a dedicated engineering team that is responsible for the general preventive maintenance of medical equipment used in our network of centers. Our engineering team serves as an initial point of contact when problems arise and coordinates with equipment manufacturers or a third-party service company to help ensure that problems are resolved in a timely manner.

Pricing of Medical Services

Medical service fees generated through the use of both Class A and Class B large medical equipment at non-profit civilian hospitals. Military hospitals are subject to the pricing guidance of the relevant provincial or regional price control authorities and healthcare administrative authorities. The pricing guidance sets forth the range of medical service fees that can be charged by non-profit civilian medical institutions and military hospitals. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Industry—Pricing for the services provided by our network of centers may suffer from reductions in treatment and examination fees set by the Chinese government.”

The relevant price control authorities and healthcare administrative authorities provide notices to hospitals, which in turn provide immediate notices to us, as to any change in the pricing ceiling for medical services. The timing between when notices are provided by the relevant price control authorities and healthcare administrative authorities and the effective date of such pricing change varies in different cities and regions as well as the relevant medical services in question, but typically ranges from one to three months. For-profit hospitals or centers based in for-profit hospitals in China, such as our planned specialty cancer hospitals, are not subject to such pricing restrictions and are entitled to set medical service fees based on their cost structures, market demand and other factors.

Our Premium Cancer Hospitals

Permits Needed to Establish a Medical Institution

In order to establish a medical institution, we need to apply for and receive approvals and permits/licenses from various government authorities and agencies. Since 2012, companies that are registered in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan are permitted to establish wholly-owned medical institutions in selected cities in China, including Shanghai, Chongqing, Jiangsu, Fujian Hainan and Guangdong, after obtaining relevant permits from the local authorities and agencies, the procedure of which may be substantially different in various regions.

The procedure to establish a wholly-owned foreign medical institution in Beijing, for instance, also requires applications to the several government agencies and departments, including local public health bureau, fire department and environmental protection bureau. These agencies need to review the application from different perspectives, such as compliance with local healthcare planning, fire safety and environment impact. If radiation therapy is included in the services to be offered, radiation protection review will be included in the procedures as well.

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After reviews are completed and approvals from the above agencies are received, we can apply to the local public health bureau for a Permit of Operations for Foreign Invested Medical Institution. Then we need to apply to the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Commerce for Permit to Establish Foreign Invested Corporation, after which we can apply to the local Administration of Industry and Commerce to obtain a license for the registration of the corporation. All of our self-owned hospitals have received these permits or equivalents.

Shanghai Concord Cancer Center

In April 2014, we received the relevant government approval for the establishment of Shanghai Concord Cancer Center, a 400-bed cancer specialty hospital with a planned gross floor area of 158,769 square meters in Shanghai New Hongqiao International Medical Center. Our Shanghai Concord Cancer Center will utilize the advance domestic and international therapeutic methods, medical process and management system.

The hospital plans to install the most advanced cancer diagnosis and treatment equipment and multidiscipline system. We are in the process of finalizing the pre-construction work. The construction of this hospital project commenced in September 2017, with an estimated construction period of three years.

Guangzhou Concord Cancer Center

In January 2011, we entered into a framework agreement with Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center and a third party to build Guangzhou Concord Cancer Center, a 400-bed specialty hospital in Guangzhou with a planned gross floor area of 40,000 square meters for cancer diagnosis and treatment. In May 2012, we obtained the approval of establishing medical institution from the NHC of Guangdong Province.

Guangzhou Concord Cancer Center was granted the land usage rights from the local land administrative bureau in 2012 and obtained the relevant land use rights certificate in 2013. The construction of this hospital project commenced in November 2017, with an estimated construction period of two years.

Concord International Hospital

As a part of our overseas business expansion, we acquired 100% of the equity interests in Fortis Surgical Hospital from Fortis Healthcare International, a subsidiary of Fortis Healthcare Ltd., for SGD55.0 million in cash in April 2015. We changed the name of the hospital to Concord Cancer Hospital in October 2015. In June 2017, we changed its name to Concord International Hospital. Concord International Hospital has 31-bed patient capacity and provides oncology as its main service, including medical oncology and surgical oncology, in Singapore.

Concord International Hospital is a private facility in Singapore that was originally established in July 2012. We plan to establish Concord International Hospital as a platform for high-end medical treatment that will also include academic research targeting patients in Singapore as well as patients coming from China as part of our efforts to expand overseas business.

Our Proton Centers

Beijing Proton Medical Center

We have entered into a framework agreement with Chang’an Information Industry (Group) Co., Ltd. and China-Japan Friendship Hospital to establish Beijing Proton Medical Center. We expect Beijing Proton Medical Center to allow us to bring the latest in radiotherapy treatment technology to China and increase the radiotherapy treatment options available to cancer patients.

Beijing Proton Medical Center is expected to be equipped with the proton beam therapy system in China licensed for clinical use. Beijing Proton Medical Center is expected to have a gross floor area of approximately 12,555 square meters and 50 licensed patient beds. Beijing Proton Medical Center will primarily offer treatments using a proton beam therapy system, which are designed to be non-invasive and usually do not require hospitalization.

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Proton beam therapy is a form of external beam radiotherapy that uses beams of protons rather than the x-ray beams used by linear accelerators. The advantages of proton beam therapy compared to other types of external beam radiotherapy is that a proton beam’s signature energy distribution curve, known as the “Bragg peak,” allows for greater accuracy in targeting tumor cells so that healthy tissue is exposed to a smaller dosage.

Proton beam therapy can focus cell damage caused by the proton beam at the precise depth of the tissue where the tumor is situated, while tissues located before the Bragg peak receive a reduced dose and tissues situated after the peak receive none. These advantages make proton beam therapy a preferred option for treating certain types of cancers where conventional radiotherapy would damage surrounding tissues to an unacceptable level, such as tumors near optical nerves, the spinal cord or central nervous system and in the head and neck area, as well as prostate cancer and cancer in pediatric cases. Proton beam therapy is not a widely utilized treatment modality, with only approximately 55 proton beam therapy treatment centers in operation or under construction worldwide.

The framework agreement contemplates that we are to invest equity capital to Beijing Proton Medical Center project that was previously invested and developed by Chang’an Information Industry (Group) Co., Ltd., King Cheers and China-Japan Friendship Hospital. In January 2016, we acquired from Chang’an Information Industry (Group) Co., Ltd. a 100% equity interest in Beijing Century Friendship, which held a 55% equity interest in Beijing Proton Medical Center and was set up for the construction of Beijing Proton Medical Center, for total cash consideration of RMB100.6 million. As a result, we held a total of 80% equity interest in Beijing Proton Medical Center through Beijing Century Friendship and King Cheers. During 2017, more investments were injected to Beijing Century Friendship and Beijing Proton Medical Center. As of December 31, 2017, our total equity interest in Beijing Proton Medical Center decreased from 80% to 48.16%, with the remaining equity interests held by China-Japan Friendship Hospital and parties from Zhongrong. During 2018, we, through our majority-owned subsidiary, acquired all the equity interests in Beijing Century Friendship, which held 55% of Beijing Proton Medical Center. As a result, as of December 31, 2018, we held a 58% equity interest in Beijing Proton Medical Center through Beijing Century Friendship and King Cheers. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—History and Development of the Company.”

We have received the relevant government approvals for the establishment of Beijing Proton Medical Center. The construction of this hospital project commenced in June 2017, with an estimated construction period of two years.

The MD Anderson Cancer Center (The Proton Therapy Center)

In December 2012, we acquired indirect ownership of 19.98% of the equity interests in the MD Anderson Proton Therapy Center, and in August 2015, we acquired an additional 7.04% equity interest in the MD Anderson Proton Therapy Center from an existing owner of the general partner. The MD Anderson Proton Therapy Center is a leading proton treatment center in the world. According to the partnership agreement, we have significant influence over the MD Anderson Proton Therapy Center.

As we plan to invest and operate proton centers in China in the future, this transaction may enable us to expand our expertise and knowledge base in preparation for the operation of future proton centers. After the closing of the transaction, we became the second largest owner of the MD Anderson Proton Therapy Center, behind UTMDACC. We joined both the board of directors of PTC-Houston Management, LP, the general partner of the center, and the center’s advisory committee.

The MD Anderson Proton Therapy Center is an affiliate of UTMDACC. Opened in 2006, it was the fourth proton treatment center in the U.S. For nine of the past 10 years, UTMDACC has been ranked the leading in cancer hospital in the U.S. News & World Report’s “Best Hospitals” survey.

The MD Anderson Proton Therapy Center is an international center of excellence for proton therapy, research and education. It is the world’s first proton therapy facility located within a comprehensive cancer center and the only proton therapy center that is part of the top-ranked cancer center in the world. Its highly skilled and experienced cancer care team includes radiation oncologists, pediatric radiation oncologists, research nurses, registered nurses, radiation therapists, medical dosimetrists, physicists and other cancer professionals who work to provide an individualized treatment plan for each patient’s cancer.

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The MD Anderson Proton Therapy Center houses four treatment rooms that include one fixed beam room and three equipped with gantries within 96,000-square-feet of space. Each gantry is three stories tall, 35 feet in diameter, weighs 190 tons and rotates around a patient to direct the proton beam precisely at the cancerous tumor. The center also includes clinical space and examination rooms for consultations and patient visits, anesthesiology work areas, holding and recovery areas, medical dosimetry areas for treatment planning and other areas related to the care, treatment, education and research of proton technology. In addition, the Proton Therapy Center has a dedicated, on-site machine shop that produces the apertures and other pieces needed to precisely and effectively deliver proton therapy to patients.

In November 2018, MD Anderson Proton Therapy Center reached an agreement with UTMDACC to sell all its assets and liabilities to UTMDACC, as well as terminating management service agreement between MD Anderson Proton Therapy Center and PTC-Houston Management, LP. After the transaction, we still retained the partnership shares of 59.51% in PTC-Houston Management, LP.

Business Development

Our business development team is responsible for pursuing opportunities to develop cooperative centers with hospitals and our hospital investment team is responsible for pursuing opportunities to establish proton centers, premium cancer hospitals and specialty cancer hospitals. When examining potential opportunities, we take into account factors that include:

| · | population density, demographics and the level of economic development of the regions or cities in which such new centers and hospitals would be located; and

| · | the reputation of the potential hospital partner and its doctors, nurses and other personnel and the number of licensed patient beds and patient volume for our planned cooperative centers.

After each potential opportunity is identified and evaluated by the business development team or the hospital investment team, as applicable, the opportunity is presented to our investment committee for review. Our investment committee consists of several of our senior executives and members of our board of directors, and includes chairman of the committee, Dr. Jianyu Yang, Mr. Yaw Kong Yap and two rotating regional directors. New projects need to be approved by a super-majority approval of our investment evaluation committee and also by our chief executive officer.

Seasonality

During a fiscal year, the first quarter usually sees fewest patient visits, both inpatient and outpatient, mainly due to the Chinese New Year. The fourth quarter is usually the busiest quarter during the year, as most patients, especially patients from the rural areas, will have more free time to visit hospitals.

Since our cooperative centers are located within the government hospitals, they are also subject to seasonality of the patient traffic. Our planned proton center, premium cancer hospitals and specialty cancer hospitals will also be affected by seasonality, although to a lesser degree, as cancer patients need to receive treatment and diagnosis immediately.

Competition

The radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging markets in China and Singapore are fragmented and competition is intense. The cooperative centers in our network and our hospital compete primarily on a regional or local basis with government-owned and private hospitals that offer radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging services either directly or in conjunction with third parties, such as China Renji Medical Group Ltd. In addition, since hospitals typically establish radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging centers located on their premises through long term lease and management services arrangements with us or our competitors, in a given locality over a given period only a limited number of top-tier hospitals may not yet have entered into long-term arrangements with us or other companies.

Certain medical equipment that can be purchased by us or our hospital partners, such as head gamma knife systems of PET-CT scanners, further limit the number of top-tier hospitals that we or our competitors can enter into arrangements with in a given period. We primarily compete with our competitors based on the range of services provided, the reputation of cooperative centers in our network and our hospital among doctors and patients in China and Singapore and level of patient service and satisfaction.

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In addition, we compete with those who offer other types of available treatment methods that we do not offer, such as chemotherapy, surgery, different forms of radiotherapy that we do not offer, other alternative treatment methods commercialized in recent years and certain treatments that are currently in the experimental stage. These treatments may be more effective or less costly, or both, compared to the treatment methods that our centers and hospital provide.

Intellectual Property

To protect our corporate name, we have applied to the PRC Trademark Office of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce for and obtained the registration of our trademark “Medstar” in October 2009 and a total of 52 other trademarks, including “Concord Medical,” as of the date of this annual report. We also own the rights to 132 domain names that we use in connection with the operation of our business. Many of the domain names that we own include domain names in Chinese that contain relevant key words associated with various types of cancer, radiotherapy, gamma knife systems, linear accelerators or other medical equipment used or treatments and services provided in our network.

We believe that such domain names provide us with the opportunity to enhance our marketing efforts for the treatments and services provided in our network and enhance patients’ knowledge as to cancers, the benefits of radiotherapy and the various treatment options that are available. Other than the use of our trademark and domain names, our business generally does not directly depend on any patents, licensed technology or other intellectual property. However, we cannot be certain that the equipment manufacturers from which we purchase equipment have all requisite third-party consents and licenses for the intellectual property used in the equipment they manufacture.

As a result, those equipment manufacturers may be exposed to risks associated with intellectual property infringement and misappropriation claims by third parties which, in turn, may subject us to claims that the equipment we have purchased infringes the intellectual property rights of third parties. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Company—We may fail to protect our intellectual property rights or we may be exposed to misappropriation and infringement claims by third parties, either of which may materially adversely affect our business.”

As we begin to operate specialty cancer hospitals under our own brand name in the future and as our brand name gains more recognition among the general public, we will work to increase, maintain and enforce our rights in our trademark portfolio. The protection of these rights is important to our reputation and branding strategy and the continued growth of our business.

Environmental Matters

The NHC enacted the Administrative Measures on Medical Wastes Management of Medical Institutions in 2003, which sets forth the management of and criteria for the disposal of medical waste generated in the operation of medical institutions. As the supervising authority, the environmental protection authority at the county or higher levels is responsible for environmental inspections of hospitals within their jurisdictions. The NHC and the environmental protection authorities have also promulgated a series of regulations on the disposal of dangerous medical waste and the requirements of vehicles used to transport medical wastes.

In addition, certain medical equipment used in our network of centers, such as gamma knife systems, use radioactive sources. In accordance with the Regulation on Radioisotope and Radiation Equipment Safety and Protection promulgated by the PRC State Council in 2005, these radioactive sources should be returned to the manufacturer of such radioactive materials or sent to dedicated radioactive waste disposal units appointed by the MEP. Radioactive materials are generally obtained from, and returned to, the medical equipment manufacturers or other third parties, which then have the ultimate responsibility for their proper disposal.

However, as all centers in our network are located on the premises of our hospital partners, we do not directly oversee the disposal of certain medical waste generated in the centers. The failure of any of our hospital partners to dispose of such waste in accordance with PRC laws and regulations may have an adverse effect on the operation of centers in our network. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Company—Most of our radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging equipment contains radioactive materials or emits radiation during operation.”

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We are responsible for the disposal of the medical waste generated from our own hospital in Singapore. For our planned proton center, premium cancer hospitals and specialty cancer hospitals, we will also be responsible for the disposal of the medical waste generated.

Insurance

We maintain property insurance on many of the medical equipment used in our network of centers to protect against loss in the event of fire, earthquake, flood and a wide range of natural disasters.

We do not typically maintain any professional malpractice liability insurance since we do not employ the doctors and other medical personnel providing services in cooperative centers, except in very limited cases and the centers are located on the premises of our hospital partners. We have entered into framework agreements to establish proton center, premium cancer hospitals and specialty cancer hospitals that are to be majority-owned by us. We are in the process of employing all of the personnel of such hospitals, including doctors, nurses and medical technicians. As a result, we have obtained professional malpractice liability insurance for such centers and hospitals. However, there can be no assurance that such insurance will be available at a reasonable price or that we will be able to maintain adequate levels of professional and general liability insurance coverage.

We are not directly responsible for any incidents that occur in the course of providing treatment. However, as certain agreements entered into with our hospital partners require us to share in the expenses related to medical disputes and for such expenses to be included as the expenses of the cooperative centers, while the centers will purchase the professional malpractice liability insurance themselves, we have obtained professional malpractice liability insurance for a limited number of centers. We have also obtained professional malpractice liability insurance for our hospital in Singapore.

We do not maintain product liability insurance for medical equipment. Except for our own hospital in Singapore, we do not maintain real property insurance on the cooperative centers as this is the responsibility of our hospital partners.

We do not maintain business interruption insurance or key employee insurance for our executive offices as we believe it is not the normal industry practice in China to maintain such insurance. We consider our current insurance coverage to be adequate. However, uninsured damage to any of the medical equipment in our network of centers or inadequate insurance carried by our partner hospitals as to their respective centers could significantly disrupt the operation of centers in our network and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Legal and Administrative Proceedings

We are not currently involved in any material litigation, arbitration or administrative proceedings. However, we may from time to time become a party to various other litigation, arbitration or administrative proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business.

Regulation of Our Industry

This section sets forth a summary of the most significant regulations or requirements that affect our business activities in China and Singapore or our shareholders’ right to receive dividends and other distributions from us.

Regulations in China

General Regulatory Environment

China’s healthcare industry is regulated by various government agencies, including the NHC. The NHC has branch offices across China that oversee the healthcare industry at the provincial and county levels, which branch offices, together with the NHC, we refer to as the healthcare administrative authorities. The healthcare administrative authorities and other government agencies, such as the NDRC, the SFDA, the MEP and MOFCOM, have promulgated rules and regulations relating to the procurement of large medical equipment, the pricing of medical services, the operation of radiotherapy equipment, the licensing and operation of medical institutions and the licensing of medical staff.

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Permits Required by Our Company

Medical Equipment Operating Enterprise Permits

The SFDA categorizes medical equipment into three classes according to the level of control by the government authorities that, in the judgment of the SFDA, is required for their safe and effective operation. Class I medical equipment are those medical equipment that require only an ordinary level of control in order to ensure their safe and effective operation. Class II medical equipment are those medical equipment that require a heightened level of control in order to ensure their safe and effective operation. Class III medical equipment are those medical equipment that are used to support or maintain human life, are implanted into the human body or otherwise pose a potential danger to the human body. Class III medical equipment require strict control in order to ensure their safe and effective operation. In order to ensure an adequate level of control in the operation of Class II and Class III medical equipment, enterprises that engage in the operation of such equipment, which include gamma knife systems, linear accelerators, MRI systems and PET-CT systems, must each obtain a medical equipment operating enterprise permit from the relevant provincial drug supervision and administration agency. As a result, our subsidiaries Shanghai Medstar and Aohua Technology must each obtain a medical equipment operating enterprise permit from the relevant provincial drug supervision and administration agency pursuant to the Medical Equipment Supervision and Administration Regulation effective as of April 1, 2000. Each such permit is valid for a term of five years and, prior to expiration, must be reviewed by and an extension of its term must be obtained from the relevant authorities. All our aforementioned subsidiaries have obtained medical equipment operating enterprise permits.

Radiation Safety Permits

As organizations that produce, sell or use radioactive materials or devices in the PRC, our subsidiaries Shanghai Medstar, Aohua Technology are required to obtain radiation safety permits from the relevant national or provincial environmental protection authorities pursuant to the Regulation on Radioisotope and Radiation Equipment Safety and Protection issued on September 14, 2005 by the PRC State Council and the Rules on Radioisotopes and Radiation Device Safety Permit issued on January 18, 2006 by the State Environmental Protection Administration (now the MEP) and amended on December 6, 2008 by the MEP. Each such radiation safety permit is valid for a term of five years and, prior to expiration, must be reviewed by and an extension of its term must be obtained from the relevant authorities. Shanghai Medstar has received a radiation safety permit, but the radiation safety permit of Aohua Technology expired on October 14, 2014 and has not been obtained from the relevant authorities due to the fact that Aohua Technology has stopped selling radioactive materials or devices in the PRC.

Any organization that is subject to radiation safety permitting requirements is required to strictly observe state regulations regarding individual radiation dosage monitoring and health administration, conduct individual dosage monitoring and occupational health examinations for its staff that are directly involved in the production, sale or use of radioactive materials or devices and maintain individual dosage files and occupational health files. Any used radioactive source materials must be returned to the manufacturer or the original exporter of the equipment. If return to the manufacturer or the original exporter is not possible, the used radioactive materials must be delivered to a qualified radioactive waste consolidation and storage unit for storage.

Regulation of Medical Institutions

Distinction between For-Profit and Non-Profit Medical Institutions

Medical institutions in China can be divided into three main categories: public non-profit medical institutions, private non-profit medical institutions and for-profit medical institutions. Medical institutions falling under each category have differing registered business purposes and governing financial, tax, pricing and accounting standards than medical institutions falling under one of the other categories. Public non-profit medical institutions, including those owned by the government and military hospitals, are set up and operated to provide a public service and are eligible for financial subsidies from the government. In contrast, private non-profit medical institutions are not eligible for government financial subsidies. Both public and private nonprofit medical institutions are required to set their medical service fees within a range stipulated by the relevant governmental price control authorities, to implement financial and accounting systems in accordance with standards promulgated by government authorities and to retain any profits for the continued development of such institutions.

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For-profit medical institutions are permitted to set prices for their medical services in accordance with the market, to implement financial and accounting systems in accordance with market practice for business enterprises and to distribute profits to their shareholders. Like private non-profit medical institutions, for-profit medical institutions are not entitled to government financial subsidies. The proton center, premium cancer hospitals and specialty cancer hospitals that we plan to develop will be established as for-profit medical institutions.

Medical Institution Practicing License

Pursuant to the Regulation on Medical Institution issued on February 26, 1994 and amended on February 6, 2016 by the PRC State Council, any organization or individual that intends to establish a medical institution must obtain a medical institution practicing license from the relevant healthcare administrative authorities. In determining whether to approve any application, the relevant healthcare administrative authorities are to consider whether the proposed medical institution comports with the population, medical resources, medical needs and geographic distribution of existing medical institutions in the regions for which such authorities are responsible as well as whether the proposed medical institution meets the basic medical standards set by the NHC. Each of the independent proton center, premium cancer hospitals and specialty cancer hospitals that we intend to establish would need to obtain such a medical institution practicing license.

Large Medical Equipment Procurement License

The procurement, installation and operation in China of large medical equipment, which is defined as any medical equipment valued at over RMB5.0 million or listed in the medical equipment administration catalogue of the NHC, is regulated by the Rules on Procurement and Use of Large Medical Equipment issued on December 31, 2004 by the NHC, the NDRC and the Ministry of Finance, which became effective on March 1, 2005. Pursuant to these rules, quotas for large medical equipment are set by the NHC and the NDRC or the relevant provincial healthcare administrative authorities, and hospitals must obtain a large medical equipment procurement license prior to the procurement of any such equipment that is covered by the rules on procurement. For large medical equipment classified as Class A large medical equipment, which includes proton beam therapy systems and PET-MR, quotas are set by the NHC and the NDRC and large medical equipment procurement licenses are issued by the NHC. For large medical equipment classified as Class B large medical equipment, which includes gamma knife system, PET-CT scanners and linear accelerators, procurement planning and approval is conducted by the relevant provincial healthcare administrative authorities conduct procurement planning and approval. These rules apply to public and private civilian medical institutions, whether non-profit or for-profit.

According to “2018 to 2020 Plan” issued by NHC on October 26, 2018, the national master plan configures a maximum of 10 newly added proton therapy treatment systems between 2018 and 2010. The allocation will depend on the actual situation of regional function orientation, radiation capacity of medical services and the service level of diagnosis and treatment of medical institutions. By the end of 2019, one unit will be allocated in each of the six regions, which are North China, East China, Central and Southern China, Northeastern China, Southwestern China and Northwestern China. By the end of 2020, one more unit will be allocated in each of the four regions, which contains North China, East China, Central Southern China and Southwestern China. In addition, “2018 to 2020 Plan” stipulates provincial the procurement planning and quotas for Class B large medical equipment procurement licenses.

In accordance with “2018 to 2020 Plan,” the total number of PET-CT large medical equipment procurement licenses issued in China cannot exceed 710 from the date of the plan through the end of 2020, the new licenses cannot exceed 377 and the total number of large medical equipment procurement licenses issued for gamma knife systems cannot exceed 254 nationwide. There is currently no guidance as to the total number of large medical equipment procurement licenses that may be issued for other types of medical equipment that the cooperative centers in our network operate.

With respect to any Class A or Class B large medical equipment purchased before the Rules on Procurement and Use of Large Medical Equipment came into effect on March 1, 2005, the medical institution that houses such equipment must apply to the NHC or the relevant provincial healthcare administrative authorities for a large medical equipment procurement license for such equipment. If such medical institution is unable to obtain a procurement license as a result of a lack of procurement quotas for such medical equipment allocated to the region in which the medical institution is located, an interim procurement permit for large medical equipment is required to be obtained instead. Moreover, any medical institution holding an interim permit must pay taxes on income derived from the use of the equipment covered by the interim permit and, upon the expiration of the useful life of such medical equipment, the medical institution must dispose of such equipment and is not permitted to replace it with a newer model. Some of our medical equipment have not yet received a large medical equipment procurement license or interim permits. For more information, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Industry—Certain of our hospital partners have not received large medical equipment procurement licenses or interim procurement permits for some of the medical equipment in our network of centers which could result in fines or the suspension from use of such medical equipment.”

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Radiotherapy Permit

Medical institutions that engage in radiotherapy are governed by the Regulatory Rules on Radiotherapy issued on January 24, 2006 by the NHC and are required to obtain a radiotherapy permit from the relevant healthcare administrative authorities. These rules require such medical institutions to possess qualifications sufficient for radiotherapy work, which include having adequate facilities for housing radiotherapy equipment as well as having qualified, properly trained personnel. Medical institutions that operate medical equipment containing radioactive materials are also required to obtain a radiation safety permit. See “—Permits Required by Our Company—Radiation Safety Permits.”

Radiation Worker Permit

Medical institutions that engage in the operation of medical equipment that contains radioactive materials or emits radiation during operation are required to obtain a radiation worker permit from the competent healthcare administrative authorities for each medical technician who operates such equipment.

Regulation of Military Hospitals

The procurement, installation and operation of large medical equipment by medical institutions of the PLA is regulated by the healthcare administrative authority of the general logistics department of the PLA with reference to the Rules on Procurement and Use of Large Medical Equipment. The general logistic department of the PLA issues a large equipment application permit to those military hospitals approved for procurement. The procurement planning records and annual reviews are provided to the NHC for its records.

Restrictions on Cooperation Agreements

Since the effectiveness in September 2000 of the Implementation Opinions on the Management by Classification of Urban Medical Institutions by the NHC, the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Ministry of Finance and the NDRC, non-profit medical institutions other than military hospitals have been prohibited from entering into new cooperation agreements or continuing to operate under existing cooperation agreements with third parties pursuant to which the parties jointly invest in or cooperate to set up for-profit centers or units that are not independent legal entities. However, according to the Opinions on Certain Issues Regarding Management by Classification of Urban Medical Institutions issued on July 20, 2001 by the NHC, the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Ministry of Finance and the NDRC, a non-profit medical institution that lacks sufficient funds to purchase medical equipment outright may enter into a leasing agreement pursuant to which the medical institution leases medical equipment at market rates. In response to this regulatory change, we have replaced the majority of our cooperation agreements with non-profit civilian hospitals with leasing and management agreements.

Regulation of Proton Treatment Centers

Pursuant to the Administrative Measures on Clinical Application of Medical Technology, effective as of May 1, 2009, medical institutions must apply to the NHC for approval before utilizing certain medical technologies. On November 13, 2009, the NHC issued the Trial Administrative Rules on Proton and Heavy Ion Radiotherapy Technologies, which provide the guidelines for government authorities to review and approve applications of medical institutions for clinical use of proton and heavy ion radiotherapy technologies. Furthermore, these rules set out the minimum requirements for medical institutions and their medical staff to provide proton and heavy ion radiotherapy. Such requirements include, among other things, that medical institutions that are eligible for providing proton and heavy ion radiotherapy must (i) be 3A hospitals, (ii) have a radiotherapy department with 10 or more years of radiotherapy experience and 30 or more inpatient beds, (iii) have a diagnostic imaging department with five or more years of diagnostic imaging experience and equipped with diagnostic imaging equipment such as MRI, CT and PET-CT, and (iv) have at least two staff doctors possessing technical competence in the clinical application of proton and heavy ion radiotherapy technologies. Our Beijing Proton Medical Center has already received preliminary approval from the NHC prior to the promulgation of these new rules. These rules will apply to any proton or heavy ion radiotherapy treatment centers that we or our hospital partners may build and operate in the future.

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Registration of Doctors

Doctors in China must obtain a doctor practitioner or assistant doctor practitioner license in accordance with the Law on Medical Practitioners, effective as of May 1, 1999, and the Interim Measures for Registration of Medical Practitioners, effective as of July 16, 1999. Currently, each doctor is required to practice in the medical institution specified in such doctor’s registration. If a doctor intends to change his/her practice location, including but not limited to moving to or from a non-profit medical institution or to or from a for-profit medical institution, practice classification, practice scope or other registered matters, such doctor is required to apply for such change with the competent healthcare administrative authorities. However, with the approval of the medical institution with which a doctor is affiliated, a doctor may, within his/her scope of practice, undertake outside consultations, including diagnostic and treatment activities, for patients of another medical institution.

The Notice Concerning the Doctors to Practice in Different Locations, which is issued by the NHC on September 11, 2009, sets forth the basic principles for doctors to practice in different medical institutions. Pursuant to the notice doctors are allowed to be employed by more than two medical institutions subject to the approval of the NHC. However the implementation details are currently unclear. On January 1, 2010, the Trial Management Measures Concerning the Doctors to Practice in Different Locations issued by Guangdong provincial branches of the NHC became effective. The measures provide that doctors, who meet the requirements set forth therein, may apply to practice in different medical institutions. The measures are currently effective for a trial period of three years.

Pricing of Medical Services

Pursuant to the Opinion Concerning the Reform of Medical Service Pricing Management issued by the NDRC and the NHC on July 20, 2000, medical services fees generated through the use of both Class A and Class B large medical equipment at nonprofit medical institutions and military hospitals are subject to the pricing guidelines of the relevant provincial or regional price control authorities and healthcare administrative authorities. The pricing guidance sets forth the range of medical services fees that can be charged by non-profit medical institutions and military hospitals. For-profit medical institutions are not subject to such pricing restrictions and are entitled to set medical services fees based on their cost structures, market demand and other factors. According to the Implementation Plan for the Recent Priorities of the Health Care System Reform (2009-2011), which was issued by the State Council on March 18, 2009, the Chinese government is aiming to reduce the examination fees for large medical equipment. In addition, according to the Opinion on the Reform of Pharmaceuticals and Healthcare Service Pricing Structures issued on November 9, 2009 by the NDRC, the NHC and the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security (the “MHRSS”), the Chinese government is also aiming to reduce treatment fees for large medical equipment. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Industry—Pricing for the services provided by our network of centers may suffer from reductions in treatment and examination fees set by the Chinese government.”

Medical Insurance Coverage

China has a complex medical insurance system that is currently undergoing reform. Typically, those covered by medical insurance must pay for medical services out of their own pocket at the time services are rendered and must then seek reimbursement from the relevant insurer. For public servants and others covered by the 1989 Administrative Measure on State Provision of Healthcare and the 1997 Circular on Reimbursement Coverage of Large Medical Equipment under State Provision of Healthcare, the PRC government currently either fully or partially reimburses medical expenses for certain approved cancer diagnosis and radiotherapy treatment services, including treatments utilizing linear accelerators and diagnostic imaging services utilizing CT and MRI scanners. However, gamma knife treatments and PET scans are currently not eligible for reimbursement under this plan.

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Urban residents in China that are not covered by the 1989 Administrative Measure on State Provision of Healthcare and the 1997 Circular on Reimbursement Coverage of Large Medical Equipment under State Provision of Healthcare are covered by one of two nationwide public medical insurance schemes, which are the Urban Employees Basic Medical Insurance Program and the Urban Residents Basic Medical Insurance Program. Rural residents in China are covered under a new Rural Cooperative Medical Program launched in 2003. The Urban Employees Basic Medical Insurance Program, which covers employed urban residents, partially reimburses urban workers for treatments utilizing linear accelerators and gamma knife systems and diagnostic imaging services utilizing CT and MRI scanners, with reimbursement levels varying from province to province. However, diagnostic imaging services utilizing PET and PET-CT scans are currently not reimbursable under the Urban Employees Basic Medical Insurance Program. For urban non-workers who are covered by the Urban Residents Basic Medical Insurance Program and rural residents who are covered by the new Rural Cooperative Medical Program, the types of cancer diagnosis and radiotherapy treatments that are covered are generally set with reference to the policy for urban employees in the same region of the country. However, the reimbursement levels for covered medical expenses for urban non-workers and rural residents, which vary widely from region to region and treatment to treatment, are generally lower than those for urban employees in the same region. Currently no reimbursement is available for proton beam therapy treatments.

The table below summarizes certain key aspects of these three medical insurance programs:

|  | Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance Program |  | Urban Residents Basic Medical Insurance Program |  | Rural Cooperative Medical Program
Launch Time |  | 1998 |  | 2007 |  | 2003
Participants |  | Urban employees |  | Urban non-employees |  | Rural residents
Participation |  | Mandatory |  | Voluntary |  | Voluntary
Number of People covered in 2010 |  | Approximately 237 million (36% of China’s urban population) |  | Approximately 195 million (29% of China’s urban population) |  | Approximately 815 million (96% of China’s rural population)
Total reimbursement amount |  | RMB180 billion in 2009 |  | N/A |  | RMB66.2 billion in 2010
Funding |  | Employers and employees: · employer contributes approximately 6% of each employee’s total salary; and |  | Households and the government: · monthly premium are paid by each household; and |  | Individuals and the government: · individual pays no less than RMB20.0 per year and local government subsidizes no less than RMB40.0 per person annually; and
|  | · employee contributes approximately 2% of such employee’s total salary. |  | · Government subsidies no less than RMB80.0 per person annually and RMB40.0 per person annually for the mid/western regions of China, with greater subsidies provided to low-income families and disabled persons. |  | · government subsidizes RMB40.0 per person annually for the middle and western regions of the country and a smaller amount for the eastern region.
General Reimbursement Policy |  | Reimbursement comes from two sources—individual’s reimbursement account and the social medical expense pool: |  | There is no specific requirement or guidance from the central government. Reimbursement policy is separately determined by local governments. |  | The central government suggests that, beginning in the second half of 2009, the reimbursement cap for all regions should be no less than six times the average annual per capita net income of rural residents in the region.
|  | · All of the employee’s contribution and 30% of the employer’s contribution are allocated to the individual’s reimbursement account; the reimbursement cap from the individual account is the balance of that account; and |  |  |  |
|  | · The remaining 70% of the employers’ contribution is aggregated into a social medical expense pool; the reimbursement cap from the social medical expense pool for an individual participant in a calendar year is around four times the regional average annual salary. |  |  |  |

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|  | Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance Program |  | Urban Residents Basic Medical Insurance Program |  | Rural Cooperative Medical Program
Examples of Local Reimbursement Policy |  | Shanghai: reimbursement cap from the social medical expense pool for an individual participant in a calendar year is approximately four times the average annual salary in Shanghai from the previous year. |  | Jiangsu Province: approximately 50% to 60% of medical expense can be reimbursed by the program. |  | Guangdong Province: maximum reimbursement amount is approximately RMB50,000 per person per year.
|  | Inner Mongolia: reimbursement cap from the social medical expense pool for an individual participant in a calendar year is RMB25,000. |  | Sichuan Province: approximately 60% (and not less than 50%) of medical expense can be reimbursed by the program. |  | Hubei Province: maximum reimbursement amount for hospitalization is approximately RMB30,000 per person per year.
|  |  |  | Guangdong Province: approximately 40% to 60% of medical expense can be reimbursed by the program; maximum reimbursement amount is approximately two times the average annual salary in Guangdong Province from the previous year. |  | Anhui Province: maximum reimbursement amount for hospitalization is approximately RMB30,000 per person per year.

Sources: Ministry of Health, MHRSS, National Bureau of Statistics, and various other central and local PRC government websites.

Foreign Exchange Control and Administration

Pursuant to the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulation promulgated on January 29, 1996, as amended on January 14, 1997 and August 5, 2008, and various regulations issued by the SAFE and other relevant PRC government authorities, the Renminbi is freely convertible only with respect to current account items, such as trade-related receipts and payments, interest and dividends. Capital account items, such as direct equity investments, loans and repatriations of investments, require the prior approval of the SAFE or its local branches for conversion of Renminbi into foreign currency, such as U.S. dollars, and remittance of the foreign currency outside the PRC. Payments for transactions that take place within the PRC must be made in Renminbi. Foreign exchange transactions under the capital account are still subject to limitations and require approvals from, or registration with, the SAFE and other relevant PRC governmental authorities, or their competent local branches.

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On August 29, 2008, the SAFE promulgated SAFE Circular No. 142, a notice regulating the conversion by a foreign-invested company of foreign currency into Renminbi by restricting how converted Renminbi may be used. This notice requires that Renminbi converted from the foreign currency-denominated capital of a foreign-invested company only be used for purposes within the business scope approved by the applicable governmental authority and may not be used for equity investments within the PRC unless specifically provided for otherwise in its business scope. In addition, the SAFE strengthened its oversight of the flow and use of Renminbi funds converted from the foreign currency-denominated capital of a foreign-invested company. The use of such Renminbi may not be changed without SAFE’s approval and may not be used to repay Renminbi loans if the proceeds of such loans have not yet been used for purposes within the company’s approved business scope. Violations of SAFE Circular No. 142 may result in severe penalties, including substantial fines as set forth in the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulation. Furthermore, SAFE promulgated a circular on November 19, 2010 (generally known as Circular No. 59), which tightens the examination on the authenticity of settlement of net proceeds from an offering and requires that the settlement of net proceeds shall be in accordance with the description in its prospectus. On August 4, 2014, SAFE issued SAFE Circular 36 that launched the pilot reform of administration regarding conversion of foreign currency registered capitals of foreign-invested enterprises in 16 pilot areas. According to SAFE Circular 36, an ordinary foreign-invested enterprise in the pilot areas is permitted to use Renminbi converted from its foreign-currency registered capital to make equity investments in the PRC, subject to certain registration and settlement procedure as set forth in SAFE Circular 36.

On July 4, 2014, SAFE promulgated the Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control of Domestic Residents’ Overseas Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Offshore Special Purpose Vehicles (“SAFE Circular No. 37”), which replaced the former Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for PRC Residents to Engage in Financing and Inbound Investment via Overseas Special Purpose Vehicles (“SAFE Circular No. 75”) promulgated by SAFE on October 21, 2005.

SAFE Circular No. 37 requires PRC residents to register with local branches of SAFE in connection with their direct establishment or indirect control of an offshore entity, for the purpose of overseas investment and financing, with such PRC residents’ legally owned assets or equity interests in domestic enterprises or offshore assets or interests, which is referred to in SAFE Circular No. 37 as a “special purpose vehicle.” SAFE Circular No. 37 further requires amendment to the registration in the event of any significant changes with respect to the special purpose vehicle, such as an increase or decrease of capital contributed by PRC residents share transfer or exchange, merger, division or other material events. In the event that a PRC resident holding interests in a special purpose vehicle fails to complete the required SAFE registration, the PRC subsidiaries of that special purpose vehicle may be prohibited from making profit distributions to the offshore parent and from carrying out subsequent cross-border foreign exchange activities and the special purpose vehicle may be restricted in its ability to contribute additional capital into its PRC subsidiaries. Furthermore, failure to comply with the various SAFE registration requirements described above could result in liability under PRC law for evasion of foreign exchange controls.

Currently, several of our beneficial owners who are residents in the PRC and are or may be subject to the requirements of making registration with the competent local branch of SAFE with respect to their investments in our company as required by SAFE Circular No. 75 and will update their registration filings with SAFE under SAFE Circular No. 37 when there are any changes that should be registered under SAFE Circular No. 37. However, we cannot assure you that all of our beneficial owners who are PRC residents will at all times comply with, or in the future make or obtain any applicable registrations or approvals required by, SAFE Circular No. 37 or other related regulations. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—PRC foreign exchange rules may limit our ability to acquire PRC companies and adversely affect the implementation of our strategy, business and prospects.”

Dividend Distributions

Pursuant to the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulation promulgated in 1996, as amended in 1997 and 2008, and various regulations issued by the SAFE and other relevant PRC government authorities, the PRC government imposes restrictions on the convertibility of Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, on the remittance of currency out of China. Our PRC subsidiaries are regulated under the Foreign Investment Enterprise Law, which was issued on April 12, 1986 and amended on October 31, 2000, the Implementation Rules of the Foreign Investment Enterprise Law, which was issued on October 28, 1990 and amended on April 12, 2001, and the newly revised PRC Company Law, which became effective as of December 28, 2013. Pursuant to these regulations, each of our PRC subsidiaries must allocate at least 10.0% of its after-tax profits to a statutory common reserve fund. When the accumulated amount of the statutory common reserve fund exceeds 50.0% of the registered capital of such subsidiary, no further allocation is required. Funds allocated to a statutory common reserve fund may not be distributed to equity owners as cash dividends. Furthermore, each of our PRC subsidiaries may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits, as determined by such subsidiary’s ultimate decision-making body, to its staff welfare and bonus funds, which allocated portion may not be distributed as cash dividends.

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Regulations Relating to Employee Share Options

Pursuant to the Administration Measure for Individual Foreign Exchange issued in December 2006 and the Implementation Rules of Administration Measure for Individual Foreign Exchange, issued in January 2007 by the SAFE, all foreign exchange matters relating to employee stock award plans or stock option plans for PRC residents may only be transacted upon the approval of the SAFE or its authorized branch. On March 28, 2007, the SAFE promulgated the Application Procedure of Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Employee Stock Award Plan or Stock Option Plan of Overseas-Listed Company, or the Stock Option Rule. Under the Stock Option Rule, PRC citizens who participate in employee stock award and share option plans of an overseas publicly-listed company must register with the SAFE and complete certain related procedures. These procedures must be conducted by a PRC agent designated by the subsidiary of such overseas publicly-listed company with which the PRC citizens affiliate. The PRC agent may be a subsidiary of such overseas publicly-listed company, any such PRC subsidiary’s trade union having legal person status, a trust and investment company or other financial institution qualified to act as a custodian of assets. Such participant’s foreign exchange income received from the sale of shares or dividends distributed by the overseas publicly-listed company must first be remitted into a collective foreign exchange account opened and managed by the PRC agent prior to any distribution of such income to such participants in a foreign currency or in Renminbi.

Pursuant to Circular No. 106, employee stock award plans and employee share option plans of special purpose vehicles must be filed with the SAFE while applying for the registration for the establishment of the special purpose vehicles. After employees exercise their options, they must apply for an amendment to the registration for the special purpose vehicle with the SAFE. We intend to comply with these regulations and to ask our PRC optionees to comply with these regulations. In accordance with the Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Issues concerning the Administration of Foreign Exchange Used for Domestic Individuals’ Participation in Equity Incentive Plans of Companies Listed Overseas issued by SAFE on February 15, 2012, individuals who participate in equity incentive plans of the same overseas listed company shall, through the domestic company to which the said company is affiliated, collectively entrust a domestic agency to handle issues like foreign exchange registration, account establishment, funds transfer and remittance, and entrust an overseas institution to handle issues like exercise of options, purchase and sale of corresponding stocks or equity, and transfer of corresponding funds. However, as these rules have only been recently promulgated, it is currently unclear how these rules will be interpreted and implemented. If the applicable authorities determine that we or our PRC optionees have failed to comply with these regulations, we or our PRC optionees may be subject to fines and legal sanctions.

Provisions Regarding Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors and Overseas Listings

On August 8, 2006, six PRC regulatory agencies, including MOFCOM, the State Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, the State Administration for Taxation, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, the CSRC and the SAFE, jointly issued the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rule, which became effective on September 8, 2006. The M&A Rule, among other things, includes provisions that require any offshore special purpose vehicle, formed for the purpose of an overseas listing of equity interests in a PRC company that is controlled directly or indirectly by one or more PRC companies or individuals, to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. The application of the M&A Rule is currently unclear. However, our PRC counsel, Jingtian & Gongcheng Attorneys At Law, has advised us that based on its understanding of the current PRC laws, rules and regulations and the M&A Rule, the M&A Rule does not require that we obtain prior CSRC approval for the listing and trading of our ADSs on the NYSE, because our acquisition of the equity interests in our PRC subsidiaries is not subject to the M&A Rule due to the fact that Shanghai Medstar and Aohua Technology were already foreign-invested enterprises before September 8, 2006, the effective date of the M&A Rule. Jingtian & Gongcheng Attorneys At Law has further advised us that their opinions summarized above are subject to the timing and content of any new laws, rules and regulations or clear implementations and interpretations from the CSRC in any form relating to the M&A Rule.

Regulation of Loans between a Foreign Company and its Chinese Subsidiary

A loan made by foreign investors as shareholders in a foreign-invested enterprise is considered to be foreign debt in China and is subject to several Chinese laws and regulations, including the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulation of 1996 and its amendments of 1997 and 2008, the Interim Measures on Foreign Debts Administration of 2003 (the “Interim Measures”), the Statistical Monitoring of Foreign Debts Tentative Provisions of 1987 and its implementing rules of 1998, the Administration Provisions on the Settlement, Sale and Payment of Foreign Exchange of 1996, and the Notice of the SAFE on Issues Related to Perfection of Foreign Debts Administration, dated October 21, 2005.

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Under these rules and regulations, a shareholder loan in the form of foreign debt made to a Chinese entity does not require the prior approval of the SAFE. However, such foreign debt must be registered with and recorded by the SAFE or its local branch in accordance with the relevant PRC laws and regulations. Our PRC subsidiaries can legally borrow foreign exchange loans up to their respective borrowing limits, which is defined as the difference between the amount of their respective “total investment” and “registered capital” as approved by the MOFCOM, or its local counterparts. Interest payments, if any, on the loans are subject to a 10% withholding tax unless any such foreign shareholder’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a different withholding arrangement. Pursuant to Article 18 of the Interim Measures, if the amount of foreign exchange debt of our PRC subsidiaries exceeds their respective borrowing limits, we are required to apply to the relevant Chinese authorities to increase the total investment amount and registered capital to allow the excess foreign exchange debt to be registered with the SAFE.

Taxation

For a discussion of applicable PRC tax regulations, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.”

Regulation on Employment

On June 29, 2007, the National People’s Congress promulgated the Labor Contract Law of PRC (the “Labor Law”), which became effective as of January 1, 2008. On September 18, 2008, the PRC State Council issued the PRC Labor Contract Law Implementation Rules, which became effective as of the date of issuance. The Labor Law and its implementation rules are intended to give employees long-term job security by, among other things, requiring employers to enter into written contracts with their employees and restricting the use of temporary workers. The Labor Law and its implementation rules impose greater liabilities on employers, require certain terminations to be based upon seniority rather than merit and significantly affect the cost of an employer’s decision to reduce its workforce. Employment contracts lawfully entered into prior to the implementation of the Labor Law and continuing after the date of its implementation remain legally binding and the parties to such contracts are required to continue to perform their respective obligations thereunder. However, employment relationships established prior to the implementation of the Labor Law without a written employment agreement were required to be memorialized by a written employment agreement that satisfies the requirements of the Labor Law within one month after it became effective on January 1, 2008.

Regulations in Singapore

Singapore’s healthcare system is regulated by the NHC of Singapore and its statutory boards (the “MOH of Singapore”). All healthcare facilities such as hospitals, medical centers, community health centers, nursing homes, clinics (including dental clinics) and clinical laboratories (including x-ray laboratories) are required to apply for licenses under The Private Hospitals and Medical Clinics Act (Chapter 248) and the regulations made thereunder (the “PHMC Act/Regulations”). All healthcare facilities are also required to maintain a good standard of medical/clinical services under the PHMC Act/Regulations.

License Required by Our Company

Pursuant to the PHMC Act which was issued in 1980 and revised in 1999, no premises or conveyance shall be used as a private hospital or healthcare establishment except under the authority and in accordance with the terms and conditions of a license issued by the MOH of Singapore; if a private hospital or healthcare establishment is not licensed or is used otherwise than in accordance with the terms and conditions of its license, every person having the management or control thereof shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding SGD20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or to both; the MOH of Singapore may order the person having the management or control of any unlicensed private hospital or healthcare establishment to close that private hospital or healthcare establishment either forthwith or within such time as they may specify; and if the person to whom an order is given fails to comply with the order, he shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding SGD10,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to both and, in the case of a continuing offence, to a further fine not exceeding SGD1,000 for every day or part thereof during which the offence continues after conviction. We have obtained a license from the MOH of Singapore to operate Concord International Hospital.

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Registration of Medical Practitioner

The Singapore Medical Council, a statutory board under the MOH of Singapore, maintains the Register of Medical Practitioners in Singapore, administers the compulsory continuing medical education (generally known as CME) program and also governs and regulates the professional conduct and ethics of registered medical practitioners. Pursuant to the Medical Registration Act (Chapter 174) which was issued in 1997 and revised in 2014, no person shall practice as a medical practitioner or do any act as a medical practitioner unless he is registered under this act and has a valid practicing certificate.

Duties and Responsibilities of Persons who Manage a Private Hospital

Pursuant to Guidelines under the PHMC Act (1980) and Regulations (1991), any person who manages a private hospital, medical clinic or clinical laboratory shall, where applicable: (a) at all times exercise close personal supervision of the premises and the persons employed therein and cause all orders and directions of the medical practitioner in charge of the patients to be faithfully and diligently carried out; (b) keep and maintain all materials, equipment and appliances necessary for the proper diagnosis, care or treatment of patients or running of the services and shall provide any additional equipment and appliances as may be directed by the MOH of Singapore from time to time; (c) accept for admission into the private hospital (excluding nursing homes) only those patients recommended by a registered medical practitioner; (d) be responsible for the maintenance of the standards of practice acceptable to the MOH of Singapore; and (e) be responsible for the notification for any patient with or suspected to have a notifiable disease, as required under the Infectious Diseases Act of Singapore.

Requirements of Drugs, etc.

Pursuant to Guidelines under the PHMC Act (1980) and Regulations (1991), every private hospital shall maintain: (a) storage of all antiseptics, drugs for external use and disinfectants separate from internal and injectable medication; (b) an adequate supply of medicinal products and appropriate records of such products; and (c) a means of identifying the signatures of all medical practitioners authorized to use the pharmaceutical services for prescriptions.

Requirements of Equipment

Pursuant to Guidelines under the PHMC Act (1980) and Regulations (1991), every private hospital shall ensure that procedures are drawn up regarding the proper use, care and maintenance of all equipment used in the private hospital and shall comply with established or recommended procedures; and every piece of equipment used in any endoscopic, operative or invasive procedure shall be rendered sterile by the appropriate procedure.

| C. | Organizational Structure

The following diagram illustrates our company’s organizational structure, and the place of formation, ownership interest and affiliation of each of our principal subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities as of the date of this annual report.

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| D. | Property, Plant and Equipment

Our principal headquarters are located at 18/F, Tower A, Global Trade Center, 36 North Third Ring Road East, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100013. We occupy and use this office space with a gross floor area of approximately 1,930 square meters, pursuant to lease agreements entered into in January 2012.

The following table sets forth our leased properties for office space use as of the date of this annual report:

Location |  | Size (in square meters) |  | Expiration Date |  | Usage of Property
Beijing |  | 1,930 |  | May 2021 |  | Office space
Beijing |  | 29 |  | June 2019 |  | Office space
Beijing |  | 253 |  | January 2021 |  | Office space
Shanghai |  | 30 |  | October 2020 |  | Office space
Shenzhen |  | 242 |  | December 2024 |  | Office space
Tianjin |  | 10 |  | March 2022 |  | Office space
Guangzhou |  | 284 |  | July 2019 |  | Office space
Guangzhou |  | 586 |  | October 2020 |  | Office space

We also own certain properties in China and Singapore to establish and operate premium cancer hospitals and specialty cancer hospitals as part of our business expansion. When we state that we own certain properties in China, we own the relevant land use rights because land is owned by the PRC government under the PRC land system.

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The following table sets forth the details of our leased and self-owned properties for hospital and medical center use as of the date of this annual report:

Location |  | Planned/ Actual Size (in square meters) |  | Planned/ Actual Capacity (beds) |  | Usage of Property |  | Nature of Properties |  | Status(4)(5)
Singapore |  | 2,544 |  | 31 |  | Concord International Hospital |  | Owned |  | Acquired in 2015
Shanghai(1) |  | 158,769 |  | 400 |  | Shanghai Concord Cancer Center |  | Owned |  | Held for future development
Guangzhou(2) |  | 40,000 |  | 400 |  | Guangzhou Concord Cancer Center |  | Owned |  | Held for future development
Wuxi(3) |  | 8,743 |  | 200 |  | Wuxi Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center |  | Owned |  | Held for future development
Datong |  | 5,983 |  | 100 |  | Datong Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center |  | Leased (Expire in September 2034) |  | In operation
Shanghai |  | 2,500 |  | 0 |  | Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center |  | Leased (Expire in September 2026) |  | In operation
Shanghai |  | 10,986 |  | 0 |  | Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Medical Imaging Diagnosis Center |  | Leased (Expire in September 2036) |  | Under construction

_______________________

| (1) | In July 2015, we entered into the land grant contract for one land parcel in Shanghai with an aggregate site area of approximately 47,867 square meters for the construction of our planned Shanghai Concord Cancer Center.

| (2) | In August 2012, we entered into the land grant contract for one land parcel in Guangzhou with an aggregate site area of approximately 33,340 square meters for the construction of our planned Guangzhou Concord Cancer Center.

| (3) | In January 2016, we entered into the land grant contract for one land parcel in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province with an aggregate site area of 8,743 square meters for our planned specialty cancer hospital project in Wuxi.

| (4) | See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Network of Centers,” “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Premium Cancer Hospitals” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Proton Centers” for more details of each our hospital projects.

| (5) | See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Acquisitions and Capital Expenditures” for more details of the capital expenditures plans of our planned hospital projects.

The cooperative centers in our network typically have gross floor area ranging from approximately 100 to 400 square meters depending on the services provided at the cooperative center.

We owned the following primary medical equipment as of December 31, 2018, which are located in the various centers across our network:

Number of primary medical equipment owned(1): |  |  |
Linear accelerators |  |  | 6 |
Head gamma knife systems |  |  | 3 |
Body gamma knife systems |  |  | 3 |
PET-CT scanners |  |  | 0 |
MRI scanners |  |  | 9 |
Others(2) |  |  | 2 |
Total |  |  | 23 |

_______________________

| (1) | Excluding data from eight centers under service-only agreements as of December 31, 2018.

| (2) | Included a neutron knife therapy system and a surgical robot.

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| ITEM 4A. | UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

| ITEM 5. | OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. This discussion may contain forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. See “—G. Safe Harbor.” Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Item 3. Key Information —D. Risk Factors” or in other parts of this annual report.

| A. | Operating Results

Overview

We operate an extensive network of radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging centers in China. We have established most of the cooperative centers in our network through long-term lease and management services arrangements with hospitals typically ranging from 5 to 20 years. Under these arrangements, we receive a contracted percentage of each center’s revenue. Such contracted percentages typically range from 50% to 90% and are adjusted based on a declining scale over the term of the arrangement. Each cooperative center is located on the premises of our hospital partners and is typically equipped with a primary unit of advanced radiotherapy or diagnostic imaging equipment, such as a linear accelerator, head gamma knife system, body gamma knife system, PET-CT scanner or MRI scanner. We manage each cooperative center jointly with our hospital partners and we purchase the medical equipment used in our network of centers and lease such equipment to our hospital partners.

In January 2016, we acquired a 100% equity interest in Beijing Century Friendship, which held a 55% equity interest in Beijing Proton Medical Center, for a total consideration of RMB100.6 million. After the completion of this acquisition, we held a total of 80% of the equity interests in Beijing Proton Medical Center through Beijing Century Friendship and King Cheers and the results of operations of Beijing Century Friendship and Beijing Proton Medical Center were consolidated into our results of operation commencing in the first quarter of 2016. In April 2017, more investments were injected to Beijing Century Friendship and Beijing Proton Medical Center. Upon the capital injection, our equity interest in Beijing Century Friendship decreased from 100% to 42.1% and our total equity interest in Beijing Proton Medical Center decreased to 48.16% (through Beijing Century Friendship and King Cheers) from 80%. As a result, we lost the control in Beijing Century Friendship and Beijing Proton Medical Center in April 2017 and accounted for it as a deemed disposal and recognized a gain. Beijing Century Friendship and Beijing Proton Medical Center were not our consolidated subsidiaries commencing in the third quarter of 2017. During 2018, we, through our majority-owned subsidiary, acquired all the equity interests in Beijing Century Friendship which held a 55% equity interest in Beijing Proton Medical Center. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—History and Development of the Company.” As a result, as of December 31, 2018, our effective equity interest in Beijing Century Friendship was 60% and our total effective equity interest in Beijing Proton Medical Center was 58% (through Beijing Century Friendship and King Cheers). In October 2018, we obtained the control of Beijing Century Friendship and Beijing Proton Medical Center. The results of operations of Beijing Century Friendship and Beijing Proton Medical Center were therefore consolidated into our results of operation commencing in the fourth quarter of 2018.

During 2018, Guofu Huimei was undergoing certain restructuring. Upon the completion, we became a holder of 90% equity interest in Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center. As of December 31, 2018, our effective equity interest in Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center was 55.42%. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—History and Development of the Company.” In October 2018, we obtained the control of Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center. The results of operations of Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center was consolidated into our results of operation commencing in the fourth quarter of 2018.

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In 2016, we and ZR Guofu established an offshore fund, SP, and an onshore fund, Guofu Huimei, for the purpose of investments in our hospital business. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company.” The offshore fund SP was determined as a variable interest entity as the cash injection from ZR Guofu was not equity at risk. The 75% equity interest in SP held by the ZR Guofu was contractually required to be repurchased by us at the end of four years from the establishment of SP in November 2016 at a consideration equivalent to the investment cost of RMB521.4 million. ZR Guofu was also entitled to an annual premium at 15% for its capital contribution of RMB521.4 million in SP in the form of interest expense and consultation expense. In addition, our shares in Beijing Century Friendship, certain construction in progress and certain prepaid land lease payments have been pledged to secure our obligation to repurchase capital contribution from ZR Guofu. As we maintained the power to direct the activities that most significantly affect SP’s economic performances through agreed terms of supplemental contracts and absorbed the expected losses of SP, we were the primary beneficiary of SP and consolidated SP and its subsidiaries in 2016. As of December 31, 2017, we held a 26.07% equity interest in Guofu Huimei. The onshore fund Guofu Huimei was not a variable interest entity, we did not control but we could exercise significant influence over Guofu Huimei and thus we recorded Guifu Huimei as an investment under equity method. In 2018, ZR Guofu and Guofu Huimei reached an agreement pursuant to which ZR Guofu withdrew its investments in Guofu Huimei. In September 2018, ZR Guofu completed the withdrawal of its investments in Guofu Huimei and exited Guofu Huimei and we became the sole shareholder of Guofu Huimei. We accounted for it as a single transaction and obtained control of Guofu Huimei, Beijing Century Friendship and Beijing Proton Medical Center on October 8, 2018. As a result, as of December 31, 2018, we held a 100% equity interest in Guofu Huimei and Guofu Huimei was consolidated into our results of operation commencing in the fourth quarter of 2018. In addition, after Guofu Huimei became our wholly-owned subsidiary, SH Rongchi and Tianjin Jiatai became our equity investees and were accounted for as investments under equity method in 2018.

Our business has dropped in recent years due to termination of some cooperative centers. Revenues from our network business decreased to RMB138.1 million (US$20.1 million) in 2018 from RMB299.3 million in 2017 and RMB443.5 million in 2016, primarily due to termination of centers and reduction in profit sharing amount attributable to the change in profit sharing ratio for centers that are at the later stage of cooperative agreements. However, revenues from our hospital business increased to RMB52.8 million (US$7.7 million) in 2018 from RMB31.7 million in 2017 and RMB11.5 million in 2016, primarily due to increases in revenues generated from Concord International Hospital in Singapore and Datong Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center in PRC upon the normal operation, and the consolidation of Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Centers Co., Ltd. in the fourth quarter of 2018.

Since January 1, 2018, we changed our method of accounting for revenue from contracts with customers, our method of accounting the recognition of the income tax consequence of intra-entity transfer of assets, the presentation of the cash flows and our method of accounting for certain long-term investments in the year ended December 31, 2018. We adopted ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, (“ASC 606”), which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 605, Revenue Recognition, (“ASC 605”), using the modified retrospective transition method applied to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under ASC 606, while prior period amounts have not been adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with historic accounting under ASC 605. The impact of adopting the new revenue standard was not material to our consolidated financial statements and there was no adjustment to beginning retained earnings on January 1, 2018. We adopted ASU 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory, which requires the recognition of the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset, other than inventory, on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective adoption method. The adoption of this accounting standard resulted in an adjustment to beginning accumulated deficit for deferred tax liability and beginning accumulated deficit. This deferred tax liability is entirely offset and therefore resulted in a change to beginning accumulated deficit. The cumulative effect of changes made to our consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2018 for the adoption of ASU 2016-16 was RMB5.6 million (US$0.8 million). We also adopted ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash, effective January 1, 2018 using the retrospective transition method and included all restricted cash with cash and cash equivalent when reconciling beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows. Net increase (decrease) in cash in 2016 and 2017 was adjusted. The impact of adopting this new standard was not material to our consolidated financial statements. Furthermore, we adopted ASC Topic 321, Investments-Equity Securities, (“ASC 321”) and the cumulative effect of adopting the new standard on opening accumulated deficit is nil. See “—Critical Accounting Policies—Long-term Investments.” The impact of adopting this new standard was not material to our consolidated financial statements.

Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

Our financial performance and results of operations are generally affected by the number of cancer patients in China and in the regions in which we have operations. According to the latest global cancer data issued on September 18, 2018 and WHO World Cancer Report 2018, both issued by WHO, the burden of cancer rose to 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million cancer death in 2018 globally and there were 3.8 million new cancer cases and 2.3 million cancer-caused deaths in China. Moreover, according to the China Health Statistics Yearbook 2018, cancer is still one of the leading causes of death (26.1% of total death) in China. According to the latest Chinese Cancer Report issued by the Chinese National Cancer Institute in January 2019, the burden of cancer showed a continuous upward trend in China in recent 10 years, the incidence of cancer increased by about 3.9% from 2005 to 2015 and the mortality increased by 2.5% annually from 2005 to 2015.

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Based on a survey conducted by the NHC, the increase in cancer cases is primarily attributable to demographic changes and urbanization. With the continued increase in disposable income, government healthcare spending and medical insurance coverage, there has been a considerable increase in demand for cancer diagnosis and treatments and we have been able to grow our business significantly by providing high quality radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging services in China to address these needs. In addition, public hospitals generally lack the financial resources to purchase, or the expertise to operate, radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging centers. Such factors combined have contributed favorably to the growth of our business.

We believe that the radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging market will remain favorable in the future. However, changes in the cancer treatment market in China, whether due to changes in government policy or any decrease in the number of cancer cases treated by radiotherapy in China, may adversely affect our results of operations. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation of Our Industry.”

In addition to general industry and regulatory factors, our financial performance and results of operations are affected by company-specific factors. We believe that the most significant of these factors are:

| · | our ability to expand our network and our hospitals in and out of China;

| · | the number of patient cases treated in our network and our hospitals;

| · | the operational arrangements with our hospital partners;

| · | the range and mix of services provided in our network and our hospitals; and

| · | the cost of our medical equipment.

Our Ability to Expand Our Network of Centers and Our Hospitals in and out of China

As of December 31, 2018, our network consisted of 31 cooperative centers based in 21 hospitals, spanning over 21 cities across 14 provinces and administrative regions in China. Our ability to expand, and to optimize the number of, our network of centers is one of the most important factors affecting our results of operation and financial condition. Historically, our business growth has been primarily driven by developing new cooperative centers by entering into new arrangements with hospital partners or acquisitions from third parties. In addition to our cooperative centers, we are establishing specialty cancer hospitals in our network as well as proton centers and premium cancer hospitals in China.

The development of these hospitals is an important step of our broader strategy and is expected to become the key driver of our future growth. Each additional center and hospital that we develop increases the number of patient cases treated in our network and hospitals and contributes to our revenue growth. However, new cooperative centers developed by entering into new arrangements with hospital partners and our planned hospitals generally involve a ramp-up period during which time the operating efficiency of such centers and hospitals may be lower than that of our established centers, which may negatively affect our profitability. In addition, if we establish additional cooperative centers and hospitals through acquisition, our acquired intangible assets will increase and the resulting amortization expenses may, to a significant extent, offset the benefit of the increase in revenues generated from cooperative centers and hospitals established through acquisitions.

Furthermore, other factors such as the financial resources and know-how of hospitals in China to purchase medical equipment directly and to operate radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging centers independently, and the number of units of radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging equipment that are allocated by the PRC government for purchase, will also affect our ability to expand our network and our hospitals. Our ability to expand, and to optimize the number of cooperative centers and specialty cancer hospitals in our network and our hospitals will depend on a number of factors, such as:

| · | the reputation of our existing network of cooperative centers and doctors providing services in our network of centers and our hospitals;

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| · | our financial resources;

| · | our ability to timely establish and manage new cooperative centers in conjunction with our hospital partners and our own planned hospitals;

| · | our relationship with our hospital partners; and

| · | performance of our hospital partners and our own planned hospitals.

We closed 7 cooperative centers, 14 cooperative centers and 13 cooperative centers in 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively, due to expiration of the arrangements with certain of these cooperative centers as well as our focus on developing our hospital business going forward. Our first specialty cancer hospital, Datong Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center, opened preliminarily in May 2016 and officially opened for operation in May 2017.

Our premium cancer hospitals, which will provide premium cancer treatment services to our patients, currently include Concord International Hospital in Singapore, which we acquired in April 2015 from Fortis Healthcare International, and two planned hospitals in China, Shanghai Concord Cancer Center and Guangzhou Concord Cancer Center. We commenced construction of Shanghai Concord Cancer Center in September 2017, with an estimated construction period of three years. We also commenced construction of Guangzhou Concord Cancer Center in November 2017, with an estimated construction period of two years.

We are in the process of establishing Beijing Proton Medical Center. The construction commenced in June 2017, with an estimated construction period of two years. In December 2012, we acquired indirect ownership of 19.98% of the equity interests in the MD Anderson Proton Therapy Center, and in August 2015, we acquired additional 7.04% of the equity interests in the MD Anderson Proton Therapy Center from an existing owner of the general partner to expand our expertise and knowledge base in preparation for the operation of future proton centers in China. Although MD Anderson Proton Therapy Center sold its assets and liabilities in November 2018, we retained the partnership shares of 59.51% in PTC-Houston Management, LP., the general partner of the center.

The Number of Patient Cases Treated in Our Network and Our Hospitals

Increasing the number of patient cases diagnosed and treated at our existing centers and hospital is important for the growth of our business. The number of patient cases is primarily driven by reputation of the doctors, centers and hospitals. Doctors decide whether to refer patients to centers in our network and our hospitals based on factors such as the reputation of the center and hospital, the location of the center and hospital and the reputation of the doctors who provide services in the center and hospital. In addition, the referring doctors’ awareness of the efficacy and benefits of radiotherapy treatments and their preference as to other cancer treatment methods contribute to their willingness to refer cases for diagnosis and treatment to the centers in our network and our hospital.

Accordingly, we have focused our marketing efforts on increasing referring doctors’ awareness of the efficacy of radiotherapy treatments and the advantages of the treatment options available to their patients in our network of centers and our hospital. There is also typically a ramp-up period for newly established centers and hospital during which acceptance by doctors and patients of such new centers and hospital gradually pick up and the number of patient cases increase.

However, the numbers of our treatment and diagnostic patient cases in our network decreased from 16,300 and 217,991, respectively, in 2017, to 11,111 and 147,158, respectively, in 2018, primarily due to the reduction of our network centers. However, our treatment and diagnostic patient cases in Datong Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center in PRC, Concord International Hospital in Singapore and Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center in PRC increased to 1,101, 1,127 and 1,617, respectively, in 2017, to 3,221, 2,550 and 3,070, respectively, in 2018.

The Operational Arrangements with Our Hospital Partners

The majority of our total net revenues is derived from our lease and management services arrangements with our hospital partners which typically range from five to 20 years and under which we receive a contracted percentage of each cooperative center’s revenue. Such contracted percentage typically range from 50% to 90% and are typically adjusted based on a declining scale over the term of the arrangement but in certain circumstances, are fixed for the duration of the arrangement.

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In the event that specified operating expenses exceed the revenues of the cooperative center, we would collect no revenues from such center. As a result, our ability to negotiate a higher contracted percentage and our ability to contain operating expenses will significantly affect our revenues and profitability.

In negotiations with hospitals as to our contracted percentage, we consider factors such as:

| · | the size and location of potential hospital partner;

| · | the length of the arrangement;

| · | the type of medical equipment to be installed in the hospital’s center;

| · | the capabilities of the doctors that will provide services at the cooperative centers; and

| · | the potential growth of such center.

Our ability to achieve a higher contracted percentage also depends on our bargaining power relative to our potential hospital partners and on the purchase price of the medical equipment to be used at the new cooperative centers. We believe that our contracted percentage of cooperative centers’ revenue for new arrangements will generally decline over time as the purchase prices of the primary medical equipment used in our network of centers decrease due to technological advancement and increased competition.

We also provide management services to a small number of cooperative centers through service-only agreements where we receive a management fee equal to a contracted percentage of each cooperative center’s revenue net of specified operating expenses. Such service-only agreements typically increase our profitability as we do not own the medical equipment used by such centers, and thus do not incur the associated depreciation expenses.

However, service-only agreements are usually short-term in nature, and the risk of non-renewal of such agreements is high. We also typically receive a lower contracted percentage under such service-only agreements compared to the percentage we receive from cooperative centers managed under lease and management services arrangements. Accordingly, we do not intend to substantially increase the number of service-only agreements in the future.

We are currently in the process of establishing proton centers, premium cancer hospitals and specialty cancer hospitals that we will majority owned and operate. For such hospitals, we will need to hire a significant number of medical and other personnel and incur other start-up costs that will result in an increase in our operating expenses without a corresponding increase in revenues during the initial ramp-up period. As a result, our profitability may be negatively affected.

The Range and Mix of Services Provided in Our Network and Our Hospitals

The medical service fees charged for the services provided in our network of centers and our hospitals vary by the type of medical equipment used as well as the provinces or regions in China and Singapore in which such centers and hospitals are located due to the varying applicable price ceilings. Medical service fees in China are subject to government controlled price ceilings established by the relevant government authorities in the different provinces and regions. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Industry—Pricing for the services provided by our network of centers may suffer from reductions in treatment and examination fees set by the Chinese government” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation of Our Industry—Regulations in China—Regulation of Medical Institutions—Pricing of Medical Services.”

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The maximum medical service fees for the same treatment using the same equipment may differ among provinces and regions. Centers and hospitals established in provinces or regions with a significantly higher price ceiling may result in an increase in our revenues derived from such centers and hospitals and higher profit margin for the centers and hospitals, resulting in an increase in our profitability. In addition, certain medical services allow us to charge higher fees than other types of medical services.

For example, medical service fees for treatments provided through head gamma knife systems typically range from approximately RMB12,000 to RMB16,000 per patient case, with each treatment lasting one session for approximately 30 to 90 minutes, medical service fees for treatments provided through body gamma knife systems typically range from approximately RMB20,000 to RMB30,000 per patient case, with each treatment lasting three to six sessions and 30 to 60 minutes each, and medical service fees for treatments provided through linear accelerators typically range from approximately RMB5,000 to RMB60,000 per patient case, with each treatment lasting from 30 to 40 sessions and 10 to 20 minutes each.

In addition, linear accelerators can be integrated with specialized computer software and advanced imaging and detection equipment to provide more effective and advanced treatments such as three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy, which significantly increase the medical service fees per treatment. Furthermore, diagnostic imaging services typically have lower profit margins than radiotherapy treatments.

The Cost of Our Medical Equipment

Depreciation expense associated with the medical equipment that we purchase and use in our centers and hospitals represents a significant portion of our cost of revenues. Our ability to reduce the price of medical equipment purchased, thereby reducing the depreciation expense associated with the medical equipment purchased, will increase our profitability. Our extensive network of centers has provided us with increased bargaining power with equipment manufacturers.

We have entered into strategic agreements with certain medical equipment manufacturers in order to lower the average cost of our equipment. These agreements provide that we will receive preferential pricing if we purchase a certain number of units of equipment from a manufacturer within a given period. However, we are not required by such agreements to commit to purchase a minimum number of units of equipment from such manufacturers or precluded from purchasing equipment from other manufacturers.

We aim to continue to enter into additional strategic agreements with medical equipment manufacturers to reduce the cost of our equipment in the future. Furthermore, we expect the purchase prices of our primary medical equipment to decrease over time as a result of technological advancement and increased competition.

Financial Impact of Our Acquisitions and Disposals

The consideration we paid for each acquisition was allocated to the net assets acquired at estimated fair value, with the acquired intangible assets amortized over the period of expected benefits to be realized. During 2018, we acquired more equity interests in Beijing Century Friendship, Beijing Proton Medical Center, Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center and Guofu Huimei and ZR Guofu and Guofu Huimei reached an agreement according to which ZR Guofu withdrew its original investments in Guofu Huimei. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—History and Development of the Company.” Upon the completion, we held a 100% equity interest in Beijing Century Friendship, a 80% equity interest in Beijing Proton Medical Center, a 90% equity interest in Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center and a 100% equity interest in Guofu Huimei through our wholly-owned or majority-owned subsidiaries. We account for it as a single transaction and obtained control of Guofu Huimei, Beijing Century Friendship, Beijing Proton Medical Center and Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center on October 8, 2018. The fair value of the gross assets acquired during the acquisition is not concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets and it meets the definition of a business and was accounted for as business acquisition under ASC 805. As of December 31, 2018, our effective equity interest in Beijing Century Friendship was 60%, our total effective equity interest in Beijing Proton Medical Center was 58% (through Beijing Century Friendship and King Cheers), our effective equity interest in Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center was 55.42% and our effective equity interest in Guofu Huimei was 100%.

Beijing Century Friendship and Beijing Proton Medical Center

In January 2016, we acquired a 100% equity interest in Beijing Century Friendship, which held a 55% equity interest in Beijing Proton Medical Center, for a total consideration of RMB100.6 million. As a result, we held a total of 80% of the equity interests in Beijing Proton Medical Center through Beijing Century Friendship and King Cheers Center and the results of operations of Beijing Century Friendship and Beijing Proton Medical Center were consolidated into our results of operation commencing in the first quarter of 2016.

In April 2017, more investments were injected to Beijing Century Friendship and Beijing Proton Medical Center. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—History and Development of the Company.” Upon the capital injection, our equity interest in Beijing Century Friendship decreased from 100% to 42.1% and our total equity interest in Beijing Proton Medical Center decreased to 48.16% (through Beijing Century Friendship and King Cheers) from 80%. As a result, we lost the control in Beijing Century Friendship and Beijing Proton Medical Center in April 2017 and accounted for it as a deemed disposal and recognized a gain. The gain was measured as the difference between the fair value of the retained non-controlling interest at the date of deconsolidation and the carrying amount of the former subsidiaries’ net assets. The direct interest held in Beijing Century Friendship and Beijing Proton Medical Center by us was accounted for as equity method investment. Beijing Century Friendship and Beijing Proton were not our consolidated subsidiaries commencing in the third quarter of 2017.

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During 2018, we, through our majority-owned subsidiary, acquired all the equity interests in Beijing Century Friendship (and therefore, a 80% equity interest in Beijing Proton Medical Center). As a result, as of December 31, 2018, our effective equity interest in Beijing Century Friendship was 60% and our total effective equity interest in Beijing Proton Medical Center was 58% (through Beijing Century Friendship and King Cheers). In addition, in October 2018, we obtained the control of Beijing Century Friendship and Beijing Proton Medical Center. The results of operations of Beijing Century Friendship and Beijing Proton Medical Center were therefore consolidated into our results of operation commencing in the fourth quarter of 2018.

Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center

As of December 31, 2017, our total effective equity interest in Guofu Huimei was 35.20%. During 2018, Guofu Huimei was undergoing certain restructuring. Upon the completion, we became a holder of 90% equity interest in Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center. As of December 31, 2018, our effective equity interest in Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center was 55.42%. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—History and Development of the Company.” In addition, in October 2018, we obtained the control of Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center. The results of operations of Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center were consolidated into our results of operation commencing in the fourth quarter of 2018.

Guofu Huimei

As of December 31, 2017, our total effective equity interest in Guofu Huimei was 26.07%. Guofu Huimei was not a variable interest entity, we did not control Guofu Huimei but we could exercise significant influence over Guofu Huimei and thus we recorded Guifu Huimei as an investment under equity method. In 2018, ZR Guofu and Guofu Huimei reached an agreement pursuant to which ZR Guofu withdrew its investments in Guofu Huimei. In September 2018, ZR Guofu completed the withdrawal of its investments in Guofu Huimei and exited Guofu Huimei and we became the sole shareholder of Guofu Huimei. We obtained control of Guofu Huimei in October 2018. As a result, as of December 31, 2018, we held a 100% equity interest in Guofu Huimei and Guofu Huimei was consolidated into our results of operations commencing in fourth quarter of 2018. In addition, after Guofu Huimei became our wholly-owned subsidiary, SH Rongchi and Tianjin Jiatai became our equity investees and were accounted for as investments under equity method.

Key Components of Results of Operations

Revenues

Our revenues are generated from our network business and our hospital business. The following table sets forth revenue contribution from our network business and our hospital business for the periods indicated:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | % of Total Net Revenues |  |  | RMB |  |  | % of Total Net Revenues |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |  |  | % of Total Net Revenues |
|  | (in thousands, except for percentages) |
Net Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Network business |  |  | 443,529 |  |  |  | 97.4 |  |  |  | 299,321 |  |  |  | 90.4 |  |  |  | 138,070 |  |  |  | 20,081 |  |  |  | 72.3 |
Hospital business |  |  | 11,513 |  |  |  | 2.6 |  |  |  | 31,656 |  |  |  | 9.6 |  |  |  | 52,828 |  |  |  | 7,684 |  |  |  | 27.7 |
Total net revenues |  |  | 455,042 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | 330,977 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | 190,898 |  |  |  | 27,765 |  |  |  | 100.0 |

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The following table sets forth our total net revenues by geographic regions for the periods indicated:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | % of Total Net Revenues |  |  | RMB |  |  | % of Total Net Revenues |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |  |  | % of Total Net Revenues |
|  | (in thousands, except for percentages) |
PRC |  |  | 443,601 |  |  |  | 97.5 |  |  |  | 302,304 |  |  |  | 91.3 |  |  |  | 149,548 |  |  |  | 21,751 |  |  |  | 78.3 |
Singapore |  |  | 11,441 |  |  |  | 2.5 |  |  |  | 28,673 |  |  |  | 8.7 |  |  |  | 41,350 |  |  |  | 6,014 |  |  |  | 21.7 |
Total net revenues |  |  | 455,042 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | 330,977 |  |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | 190,898 |  |  |  | 27,765 |  |  |  | 100.0 |

Network Business

Revenues generated from our network business consist of revenues derived from our network of centers that are directly related to the number of patient cases treated in our cooperative centers. We receive a contracted percentage of each center’s revenue. Such revenues are derived from medical service fees received by our hospital partners for the services provided in the cooperative centers. The operating expenses of cooperative centers typically include variable expenses, such as salaries and benefits of the medical and other personnel at the cooperative center, the cost of medical consumables, marketing expenses, training expenses, utility expenses and routine equipment repair and maintenance expenses.

Corporate level expenses that cannot be directly attributable to one cooperative center are typically accounted for as our cost of revenues. In addition, under certain lease and management services arrangements with our hospital partners, certain of the center-incurred expenses may be accounted for as our cost of revenues rather than as the expenses of the cooperative centers. Our contracted percentages typically range from 50% to 90% and are typically adjusted on a declining scale over the term of the arrangement. Revenues derived from such cooperative centers are accounted for as “lease and management services” on our consolidated statement of operation.

We also provide management services to a limited number of cooperative centers through service-only agreements under which the hospital or other third parties own the medical equipment. We typically receive a management fee from each cooperative center equal to a contracted percentage of the cooperative center’s revenue net of specified operating expenses. Revenues derived from providing management services through service-only agreements are accounted for as “management services” on our consolidated statement of operations. As of December 31, 2018, we managed eight centers under service-only agreements.

For medical services provided at the cooperative centers, patients pay fees directly to our hospital partners and we are not responsible for patient billing and fee collection. Medical service fees in China are typically paid in full upfront by patients prior to receiving services. Generally, patients claim reimbursements, if any is available under the applicable public or private medical insurance plans. As a result, hospitals do not generally experience bad debt problems.

However, the healthcare reform announced by the PRC government in January 2009 has introduced pilot public medical insurance plans. Under these plans patients are only responsible for paying their deductible amounts upfront and hospitals are responsible for seeking reimbursements from the relevant government authorities after the treatments are provided. Certain of the hospitals in which some of the centers in our network are based are involved in such pilot medical insurance plan. We do not expect such change in payment timing to materially affect our ability to collect our contracted percentage from our hospital partners. However, the ability of our hospital partners to collect medical service fees from government authorities in a timely manner may affect the timing of payments made by our hospital partners to us as a result.

In the past, we recorded uncollectible accounts receivable. Our allowance for doubtful accounts amounted to RMB0.06 million, RMB1.3 million and RMB3.6 million (US$0.5 million) as of December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively.

We have historically derived a large portion of our total net revenues from a limited number of our hospital partners. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, net revenue derived from our top five hospital partners amounted to approximately 27.7%, 32.7% and 35.0%, respectively, of our total net revenues. Our largest hospital partner accounted for 9.9%, 12.5% and 9.7% of our total net revenues during those periods, respectively.

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The following table sets forth revenue contribution from the leases and management service centers whose contracts would expire in the next five fiscal years:

|  | Number of Centers |  |  | Aggregate Revenues in 2018 |  |  | % of Total Net Revenues |
|  |  |  |  | RMB in thousands |  |  | US$ in thousands |  |  |  |
2019 |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 658 |  |  |  | 96 |  |  |  | 0.35 |
2020 |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 3,215 |  |  |  | 468 |  |  |  | 1.70 |
2021 |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 25,172 |  |  |  | 3,661 |  |  |  | 13.30 |
2022 |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 10,471 |  |  |  | 1,523 |  |  |  | 5.53 |
2023 |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 20,750 |  |  |  | 3,018 |  |  |  | 10.96 |
Total |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 60,267 |  |  |  | 8,765 |  |  |  | 31.84 |

Hospital Business

Revenues generated from our hospital business consists of medicine income and medical service income generated from our self-owned hospitals. Medicine income includes medicine prescribed to patients during or after treatment by the doctors in our hospitals.

Medical service income include revenue generated from outpatients, which mainly consist of activities for physical examination, treatment, surgeries and tests, as well as that generated from inpatients, which mainly consist of activities for clinical examination and treatment, surgeries, and other fees such as room charges and nursing care. In 2018, we derived all of our revenues from hospital business from the operation of Concord International Hospital in Singapore, Datong Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center and Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center.

Cost of Revenues and Operating Expenses

The following table sets forth our cost of revenues and operating expenses in absolute amounts and as percentage of our total net revenues for the periods indicated.

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | % of Total Net Revenues |  |  | RMB |  |  | % of Total Net Revenues |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |  |  | % of Total Net Revenues |
|  | (in thousands, except for percentages) |
Cost of revenues |  |  | 286,543 |  |  |  | 63.0 |  |  |  | 232,979 |  |  |  | 70.4 |  |  |  | 171,136 |  |  |  | 24,891 |  |  |  | 89.6 |
Gross profit |  |  | 168,499 |  |  |  | 37.0 |  |  |  | 97,998 |  |  |  | 29.6 |  |  |  | 19,762 |  |  |  | 2,874 |  |  |  | 10.4 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling expenses(1) |  |  | 70,093 |  |  |  | 15.4 |  |  |  | 43,608 |  |  |  | 13.2 |  |  |  | 21,718 |  |  |  | 3,159 |  |  |  | 11.4 |
General and administrative expenses(1) |  |  | 205,908 |  |  |  | 45.3 |  |  |  | 237,646 |  |  |  | 71.8 |  |  |  | 291,854 |  |  |  | 42,448 |  |  |  | 152.9 |
Impairment of long-lived assets |  |  | 61,124 |  |  |  | 13.4 |  |  |  | 28,600 |  |  |  | 8.6 |  |  |  | 5,433 |  |  |  | 790 |  |  |  | 2.8 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 337,125 |  |  |  | 74.1 |  |  |  | 309,854 |  |  |  | 93.6 |  |  |  | 319,005 |  |  |  | 46,397 |  |  |  | 167.1 |

_______________________

| (1) | Our selling expenses included share-based compensation of RMB0.8 million, RMB1.5 million and RMB2.0 million (US$0.3 million) in 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively, which was related to certain share options granted in 2011, 2014, 2017 and 2018. Our general and administrative expenses included share-based compensation of RMB7.6 million, RMB10.1 million and RMB9.2 million (US$1.3 million) in 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively, which was related to certain share options granted in 2011, 2014, 2017 and 2018. We did not grant any share options under our 2008 share incentive plan in 2012, 2013, 2015 and 2016. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employee—B. Compensation—Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers—Share Incentive Plans” for details of the grants under our share incentive plans.

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Cost of Revenues. Our cost of revenues for network business primarily consists of the amortization of acquired intangibles, the depreciation of medical equipment purchased, installed and operated in our network of centers and other costs, including material cost of disposal medical supplies. With the decrease of the amortization of acquired intangible assets, we expect such cost of revenues to decrease in the future in line with the decrease in our revenues because of the termination of our cooperative centers.

Our cost of revenues also include salaries and benefits for personnel employed by us and assigned to centers in our network, such as our project managers, as well as other costs that include certain training, marketing and selling and equipment repair and maintenance expenses that are not accounted for as the centers’ operating expenses in accordance with the terms of our lease and management services arrangements with our hospital partners. In addition, certain expenses are allocated as our cost of revenues instead of centers’ operating expenses if such expenses are incurred across several centers and cannot be allocated to one individual center.

Our cost of revenues for hospital business primarily consists of medicine costs, medical consumables, labor costs of doctors, nurses and other staff involved in the care or treatment of patients, depreciation, utilities as well as other related costs incurred in the normal business of a hospital.

Selling Expenses. Selling expenses consist primarily of expenses associated with the development of new centers and hospitals, such as salaries and benefits for our business development personnel, marketing expenses and travel related expenses. Selling expenses decreased from 2016 to 2017 and from 2017 to 2018 due to the termination of cooperative centers. We expect our selling expenses to continue to decrease in absolute amount in the future, in line with the termination of cooperative centers. Our selling expenses include share-based compensation of RMB0.8 million in 2016, RMB1.5 million in 2017 and RMB2.0 million (US$0.3 million) in 2018.

General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and benefits for our finance, human resources and administrative personnel, fees and expenses of legal, accounting and other professional services, insurance expenses, travel related expenses, depreciation of equipment and facilities used for administrative purposes, and other expenses. Our general and administrative expenses also include share-based compensation expenses of RMB7.6 million in 2016, RMB10.1 million in 2017 and RMB9.2 million (US$1.3 million) in 2018. See “—Share-based Compensation.”

Without taking into account the share-based compensation expenses, our general and administrative expenses have increased in absolute dollar terms as we have recruited additional general and administrative employees and have incurred additional costs related to the growth of our business. We expect such expenses to continue to increase in absolute dollar terms in the future, in line with the expansion of our network business and hospital business and the growth in our total net revenues.

Impairment of Long-lived Assets. Our impairment of long-lived assets was RMB61.1 million, RMB28.6 million and RMB5.4 million (US$0.8 million) for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 respectively.

Share-based Compensation

On October 16, 2008, our board of directors adopted the 2008 share incentive plan. The plan provided for the grant of options, share appreciation rights, or other share-based awards to key employees, directors or consultants. Our board of directors and shareholders initially authorized the issuance of up to 4,765,800 ordinary shares upon exercise of awards granted under our 2008 share incentive plan. On November 26, 2011, our board of directors and the shareholders authorized the issuance of additional 5,101,968 ordinary shares under the 2008 share incentive plan. On May 29, 2015, our board of directors and the shareholders authorized the issuance of additional 4,940,550 ordinary shares under the 2008 share incentive plan.

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On November 27, 2009 and September 30, 2011, we granted options to purchase a total of 4,765,800 ordinary shares at exercise prices of US$3.67 and US$2.17 per share, respectively, under our 2008 share incentive plan to our directors and employees. On February 18, 2014, we granted options to purchase 3,479,604 shares at an exercise price of US$2.04 per share that have a contractual life of eight years and vest over four equal installments on the first, second, third and fourth anniversary of the grant date. We also granted 1,370,250 restricted shares, 21,132 restricted shares and 69,564 restricted shares on February 18, 2014, July 1, 2014 and August 1, 2014, respectively, to certain directors, officers and employees. On August 7, 2017, August 8, 2017 and September 13, 2017, we granted 1,453,950 restricted shares, 3,319,200 restricted shares and 45,000 restricted shares, respectively, to certain directors, officers and employees. On October 2, 2018, we granted 5,992,605 restricted shares to certain directors, officers and employees. The restricted shares vest over four equal installments on the first, second, third, and fourth anniversary of the grant date.

We recognize the compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award. With respect to share options, we calculated the estimated grant date fair value of the share options granted on the date of grant, using a Binomial Tree Model. The risk-free rate was based on the US Treasury bond yield curve in effect at the time of grant for periods corresponding with the expected term of the option. The dividend yield was estimated based on the average of our historical dividend yields. The volatility assumption was estimated based on the historical price volatility of ordinary shares of comparable companies in the health care industry. The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying awards and the fair value of the our shares that would have been received by the option holders if all in-the-money options had been exercised on the issuance date.

We recorded share-based compensation expenses of approximately RMB8.4 million in 2016, RMB11.6 million in 2017 and RMB11.2 million (US$1.6 million) in 2018. The 2008 share incentive plan was terminated on the tenth anniversary of the effective date in October 2018. The awards granted prior to the terminate date are still subject to the 2008 share incentive plan.

Taxation

Cayman Islands

We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands. Under the current law of the Cayman Islands, we are not subject to income or capital gains tax. In addition, dividend payments made by us are not subject to withholding tax in the Cayman Islands.

British Virgin Islands

Certain of our subsidiaries are established in the British Virgin Islands and under the current laws of the British Virgin Islands, such subsidiaries are not subject to income or capital gains tax.

United States

US Proton Therapy Holdings Limited (Delaware) is incorporated in the State of Delaware, the United States in 2011. The entity is subject to U.S. federal and state income tax (graduated income tax rate up to 35% in 2016 and 2017 and 21% in 2018) on its taxable income under the current laws of the United States. The activities of US Proton Therapy Holdings Limited (Delaware) are located solely in the state of Texas and as such, it is subject to Texas Franchise Tax. The amount of current income tax for federal and state for US Proton Therapy Holdings Limited (Delaware) was nil, nil and RMB2.9 million (US$0.4 million) for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017, and 2018.

Hong Kong

We did not have any assessable profits subject to the Hong Kong profits tax in 2016, 2017 and 2018. We do not anticipate having any income subject to income taxes in Hong Kong in the foreseeable future.

Singapore

China Medstar is incorporated in Singapore and does not conduct any substantive operations of its own. In April 2015, we acquired Concord International Hospital, which has remained in a loss position since its establishment. No provision for Singapore profits tax has been made in the consolidated financial statements as the companies have no assessable profits for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018. In addition, upon payments of dividends by China Medstar and Concord International Hospital to its shareholder, no Singapore withholding tax will be imposed.

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People’s Republic of China

Our PRC subsidiaries are incorporated in the PRC and are governed by applicable PRC income tax laws and regulations. Under the EIT Law and the implementation regulations, the PRC has adopted a uniform tax rate of 25% for all enterprises. Our PRC subsidiaries are subject to the tax rate of 25% since 2012.

The EIT Law provides that enterprises established outside of China whose “effective management organizations” are located in China are considered “resident enterprises” and are generally subject to the uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate on their worldwide income. In addition, a recent circular issued by the State Administration of Taxation regarding the standards used to classify certain Chinese-invested enterprises controlled by Chinese enterprises or Chinese group enterprises and established outside of China as “resident enterprises” clarified that dividends and other income paid by such “resident enterprises” will be considered to be PRC source income, subject to PRC withholding tax, currently at a rate of 10%, when recognized by non-PRC enterprise shareholders.

This circular also subjects such “resident enterprises” to various reporting requirements with the PRC tax authorities. Under the implementation regulations to the EIT Law, an “effective management organizations” is defined as a body that has material and overall management and control over the manufacturing and operations, personnel and human resources, finances and properties of an enterprise. In addition, the recent circular mentioned above details that certain Chinese-invested enterprises controlled by Chinese enterprises or Chinese group enterprises will be classified as “resident enterprises” if all of the following are located or resident in China: senior management personnel and departments that are responsible for daily production, operation and management; financial and personnel decision making bodies; key properties, accounting books, company seal, and minutes of board meetings and shareholders’ meetings; and half or more of the directors with voting rights or senior management.

However, as this circular only applies to enterprises established outside of China that are controlled by PRC enterprises or groups of PRC enterprises, it remains unclear how the tax authorities will determine the location of “effective management organizations” for overseas incorporated enterprises that are controlled by individual PRC residents like us and some of our subsidiaries. Therefore, although substantially all of our management is currently located in the PRC, it remains unclear whether the PRC tax authorities would require our overseas registered entities to be treated as PRC tax resident enterprises. If the PRC tax authorities determine that we are a “resident enterprise,” we may be subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 25% on our worldwide income.

Under the EIT Law, a maximum withholding income tax rate of 20% may be applicable to dividends payable to non-PRC investors that are “non-resident enterprises,” to the extent such dividends are derived from sources within the PRC, and the State Council has reduced such rate to 10% through the implementation regulations. We are a Cayman Islands holding company and substantially all of our income may be derived from dividends we receive from our operating subsidiaries located in the PRC. According to the PRC-HK DTA, Notice 112, Notice 601 and Guoshuihan [2009] No. 81, dividends paid to enterprises incorporated in Hong Kong are subject to a withholding tax of 5% provided that a Hong Kong resident enterprise owns no less than 25% of the PRC enterprise continuously in the last 12 months before distributing the dividend and can be considered as a “beneficial owner” and entitled to treaty benefits under the PRC-HK DTA.

Thus, dividends paid to us through our Hong Kong subsidiary by our subsidiaries in China may be subject to the 5% income tax if the Cayman Islands holding company and our Hong Kong subsidiary are considered as “non-resident enterprises” under the EIT Law and our Hong Kong subsidiary is considered to be a “beneficial owner” and entitled to treaty benefits under the PRC-HK DTA. If we are considered as non-resident enterprise and required under the EIT Law to pay income tax for any dividends we receive from our subsidiaries, it will materially and adversely affect the amount of dividends, if any, we may pay to our shareholders and ADS holders.

Critical Accounting Policies

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect (i) the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, (ii) disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the balance sheet dates, and (iii) the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. We evaluate these estimates and assumptions based on historical experience, knowledge and assessment of current business and other conditions, expectations regarding the future based on available information and reasonable assumptions, which together form a basis for making judgments about matters not readily apparent from other sources. Since the use of estimates is an integral component of the financial reporting process, actual results could differ from those estimates.

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Some of our accounting policies require higher degrees of judgment than others in their application. When reviewing our financial statements, you should consider (i) our selection of critical accounting policies, (ii) the judgment and other uncertainties affecting the application of such policies and (iii) the sensitivity of reported results to changes in conditions and assumptions. We consider the policies discussed below to be critical to an understanding of our financial statements as their application places the most significant demands on the judgment of our management.

Revenue Recognition

Our net revenues consist of network revenues and hospital revenues.

On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, (ASC 606), which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC 605, Revenue Recognition, using the modified retrospective transition method applied to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under ASC 606, while prior period amounts have not been adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with historic accounting under ASC 605. The impact of adopting the new revenue standard was not material to consolidated financial statements and there was no adjustment to beginning retained earnings on January 1, 2018.

Under ASC 606, an entity recognizes revenue when our customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration that the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements or elements of an arrangement within the scope of ASC 606, the entity performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price, including variable consideration, if any; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. We only apply the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the entity will collect the consideration to which it is entitled in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer.

Once a contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606 at contract inception, we review the contract to determine which performance obligations we must deliver and which of these performance obligations are distinct. We recognize revenue based on the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to each performance obligation when that performance obligation is satisfied or as it is satisfied.

We are a principal and record revenue on a gross basis when we are primarily responsible for fulfilling the service, have discretion in establish pricing and control the promised service before transferring that service to customers. Otherwise, we record revenue at the net amounts as commissions.

We are subject to sales taxes such as business tax, value-added tax and goods and service tax on the revenue. We have recognized revenues net of these taxes and related surcharges. Such taxes and related surcharges for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 were approximately RMB5.9 million, RMB2.4 million and nil, respectively. If revenue recognition is deferred to a later period, the related tax and other surcharges are also deferred and will be recognized only upon recognition of the deferred revenue.

The following table presents our revenues disaggregated by revenue source.

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  | (in thousands) |
Network revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease income(1) |  |  | 365,459 |  |  |  | 232,015 |  |  |  | 71,864 |  |  |  | 10,452 |
Management services and technical services |  |  | 49,079 |  |  |  | 46,143 |  |  |  | 50,291 |  |  |  | 7,315 |
Direct financing lease income(1) |  |  | 14,100 |  |  |  | 7,554 |  |  |  | 4,859 |  |  |  | 707 |
Brand royalty fees |  |  | 9,435 |  |  |  | 6,604 |  |  |  | 5,189 |  |  |  | 754 |
Consumables sales |  |  | 5,456 |  |  |  | 7,005 |  |  |  | 5,867 |  |  |  | 853 |
|  |  | 443,529 |  |  |  | 299,321 |  |  |  | 138,070 |  |  |  | 20,081 |
Hospital revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Medicine income and medical service |  |  | 11,513 |  |  |  | 31,656 |  |  |  | 52,828 |  |  |  | 7,684 |
|  |  | 11,513 |  |  |  | 31,656 |  |  |  | 52,828 |  |  |  | 7,684 |
Total revenues |  |  | 455,042 |  |  |  | 330,977 |  |  |  | 190,898 |  |  |  | 27,765 |

(1) Operating lease income and direct financing lease income were recognized under ASC 840.

Network Revenue

Lease and Management Services

Lease and management service arrangements typically include the purchase and installation of diagnostic imaging and/or radiation oncology system (“medical equipment”) at the hospitals, and the full-time deployment of a qualified system technician who is responsible for certain management services related to the radiotherapy or diagnostic services being performed by the hospital centers’ doctors to their patients.

The term of our leases and management service arrangements with independent hospitals ranged from 5 to 20 years. Pursuant to these arrangements, we receive a portion of the hospital’s profits from delivering the diagnostic imaging and/or radiation oncology services to patients, based on profit sharing formula predetermined in the contracts.

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Pursuant to ASC 840, Leases (“ASC 840”), we determined that the lease and management service arrangements contain a lease of medical equipment. The hospital has the ability and right to operate the medical equipment while obtaining more than a minor amount of the output. The arrangements also contain a non-lease deliverable being the management service. We allocate the total arrangement consideration between the lease element (including related executory costs) and non-lease elements on a relative standalone selling price basis. We apply the measurement and recognition principles under ASC 840 for the lease component and the measurement and recognition principles under ASC 606 to the non-lease components.

Our variable rent payments are fully constrained at inception of the contract. Variable fees are included in the arrangement transaction price when significant reversal is not expected to occur, which is the time when the hospital calculates the profit sharing under the arrangement and agreed upon by both parties. We then allocate the consideration between lease and non-lease components and recognize revenue upon receipt of the monthly revenue settlement statements.

Management Services and Technical Services

We provide stand-alone management and technical services to certain hospitals which already possess radiotherapy and diagnostic equipment. Management services typically include the provision of diagnosis and treatment techniques, expert support, advertising and promotion as well as comprehensive operational management services. Technical services mainly include maintenance and upgrade of the radiotherapy and diagnostic equipment.

The fees for management and technical services are calculated based on a predetermined percentage of monthly revenue generated by the hospital unit or in limited instances on a fixed monthly fee. Variable fees are fully constrained at contract inception due to the uncertainty of the hospital units’ monthly revenue. Variable fees are included in the transaction price when a significant reversal of revenue recognized is not expected to occur, typically upon receipt of the monthly revenue statement from hospitals. Fixed monthly fees are recognized ratably over the service term

Direct Financing Lease Income

We purchase hospital equipment from third party equipment manufacturers which is installed at various hospitals throughout the PRC. The hospitals utilize the hospital equipment radiotherapy or diagnostic services being performed by the hospital centers’ doctors to their patients. These lease arrangements include either title transfer upon maturity of the lease term or bargain purchase option held by the hospital. We receive fixed monthly rental payments from the hospital, which on a discounted basis does not give rise to any dealer profit.

Consumables Sales

Consumable sales represented the sales of supplies to certain hospitals in the PRC. We act primarily as a reseller, and do not have pricing authority or have title to the inventory prior to delivery to the hospital. We are an agent and record revenue related to consumables sales on a net basis when the equipment is delivered to the customer and the sales price is determinable.

Brand royalty fees

Brand royalty fees represented the right to use the brand of Meizhong Jiahe by several newly set-up specialty cancer hospitals since the year of 2016, on a fixed annual fee. Fixed annum fees are recognized ratably over the service term.

Hospital Revenue

Prior to 2015, we operated a full service hospital that we acquired in 2012, Chang’an Hospital, which was then disposed of in 2014. Starting 2015, we began to operate a premium cancer hospital through the acquisition of Concord International Hospital. Hospital revenue consists of medicine income and medical service income. Medicine income includes medicine prescribed to patients during or after treatment by doctors.

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Medical service income includes revenue generated from outpatients, which mainly consist of activities for physical examinations, treatments, surgeries and tests. Medical service income also includes revenue generated from inpatients, which mainly consist of activities for clinical examinations and treatments, surgeries, and other fees such as room charges and nursing care. We are a principal as we are primarily responsible for providing medical services to the income, control the promised services before transferring to patients, and have pricing discretion. We generally record hospital revenue on a gross basis.

In limited instances, the patient services are provided by visiting consultants, who are not considered our employees. As the visiting consultants have the discretion to take their patients to other hospital for the required treatment and set their own consultation fee charged to patients, we are an agent in such arrangement. We collect fees on behalf of the visiting consultants and record revenue at the net amounts as commissions.

Cost of Revenues

Network costs mainly consist of the amortization of acquired intangibles, depreciation of medical equipment purchased, installed and operated in the network of centers and other costs, including salaries and material costs of medical supplies.

Costs relating to Lease and Management Service Arrangement

Cost of medical equipment that is leased under an operating lease is included in property, plant and equipment on our balance sheet. The medical equipment is depreciated using our depreciation policies. The cost of the management service component is recognized as an expense as incurred.

Cost of Management Services and Technical Services

Cost of management services and technical services mainly include labor costs, and, where applicable, medical consumables and maintenance expenses which are expensed as incurred.

Cost of Consumables Sales

Cost of consumables sales, recorded net against the related revenue, includes the cost of the consumables purchased and other direct costs involved in the consumables sales.

Hospital costs mainly include medicine costs, medical consumables, labor costs of doctors, nurses and other staff involved in the care or treatment of patients, depreciation, rental fees of hospital buildings, utilities and other related costs incurred in the normal business of a hospital.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

We consider many factors in assessing the collectability of its receivables due from its customers, such as the age of the amounts due, and the customer’s payment history and credit-worthiness. An allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded in the period in which uncollectability is determined to be probable. Accounts receivable balances are written off after all collection efforts have been exhausted.

Fees for medical services provided at the centers are paid directly to our hospital partners by patients and we are not responsible for patient billing and fee collection. Medical service fees in China are typically paid in full upfront by patients prior to receiving services. Generally, patients claim reimbursements, if any, is available under the applicable public or private medical insurance plans. As a result, hospitals do not generally experience bad debt problems.

However, the healthcare reform announced by the PRC government in January 2009 has introduced pilot public medical insurance plans. Under these plans patients are only responsible for paying their deductible amounts upfront and hospitals are responsible for seeking reimbursements from the relevant government authorities after providing treatments. Certain of the hospitals in which some of the centers in our network are based are involved in such pilot medical insurance plan.

We do not expect such change in payment timing to materially affect our ability to collect our contracted percentage from our hospital partners. However, the ability of our hospital partners to collect medical service fees from the government authorities in a timely manner may affect the timing of payments made by our hospital partners to us as a result.

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The following table sets forth our account receivables by age and pay or type as of December 31, 2018:

|  | 1-6 months |  |  | 7-12 months |  |  | 1-2 years |  |  | Over 2 years |  |  | Total |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
|  | (in thousands) |
Network Business |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  |  | 46,092 |  |  |  | 17,774 |  |  |  | 15,432 |  |  |  | 4,119 |  |  |  | 83,417 |
Allowance for doubtful accounts |  |  | — |  |  |  | (220 | ) |  |  | (923 | ) |  |  | (2,240 | ) |  |  | (3,383 | )
Accounts receivable, net |  |  | 46,092 |  |  |  | 17,554 |  |  |  | 14,509 |  |  |  | 1,879 |  |  |  | 80,034 |
Hospital Business |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  |  | 6,761 |  |  |  | 215 |  |  |  | 47 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 7,036 |
Allowance for doubtful accounts |  |  | (28 | ) |  |  | (162 | ) |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (202 | )
Accounts receivable, net |  |  | 6,733 |  |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 6,834 |

We routinely evaluate the collectability of accounts receivable of each customer on a specific identification basis. When we are aware of circumstances that may impair a specific customer’s ability to meet its financial obligations subsequent to the original sale, we record a specific allowance against amounts due, and thereby reduce the net recognized receivable to the collectible amount.

We attempt to collect accounts receivables within the hospital payment terms. Standard payment terms are typically 90 days after invoice date. Hospital payment terms vary from one another. Any departure from the standard hospital payment term must be approved by the chief financial officer and/or the finance controller.

Our management evaluates our account receivable on a quarterly basis. As of the date of this annual report, we do not expect any material uncertainties which would affect the future realization of revenues.

Long-term Investments

Our long-term investments consist of equity investments without readily determinable fair value and equity method investments.

Prior to adopting ASC 321, Investments-Equity Securities, on January 1, 2018, we carried at cost our investments in investees that did not have readily determinable fair value and over which we did not have significant influence, in accordance with ASC Subtopic 325-20, Investments-Other: Cost Method Investments, (“ASC 325-20”). We only adjusted the carrying value of such investments for other-than-temporary decline in fair value and for distribution of earnings that exceed our share of earnings since our investment. Our management regularly evaluated the impairment of equity investments without readily determinable fair value based on the performance and financial position of the investee as well as other evidence of market value. Such evaluation included, but was not limited to, reviewing the investee’s cash position, recent financing, projected and historical financial performance, cash flow forecasts and financing needs. An impairment loss was recognized in earnings equal to the excess of the investment’s cost over our fair value at the balance sheet date of the reporting period for which the assessment was made. The fair value would then become the new cost basis of the investment.

We have adopted ASC 321 since January 1, 2018 and the cumulative effect of adopting the new standard on opening accumulated deficit is nil. Pursuant to ASC 321, equity investments, except for those accounted for under the equity method and those that result in consolidation of the investee and certain other investments, are measured at fair value, and any changes in fair value are recognized in earnings. For equity securities without readily determinable fair value and do not qualify for the existing practical expedient in ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, (“ASC 820”), to estimate fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) of the investment, we have elected to use the measurement alternative to measure those investments at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer, if any. Pursuant to ASC 321, for equity investments that we elect to use the measurement alternative, we make a qualitative assessment of whether the investment is impaired at each reporting date. If a qualitative assessment indicates that the investment is impaired, the entity has to estimate the investment’s fair value in accordance with the principles of ASC 820. If the fair value is less than the investment’s carrying value, the entity has to recognize an impairment loss in net income equal to the difference between the carrying value and fair value.

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Investments in equity investees represent investments in entities in which we can exercise significant influence but do not own a majority equity interest or control are accounted for using the equity method of accounting in accordance with ASC Subtopic 323-10, Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures: Overall, (“ASC 323-10”). We apply the equity method of accounting that is consistent with ASC 323-10 in limited partnerships in which we hold a three percent or greater interest. Under the equity method, we initially record our investment at cost and prospectively recognize our proportionate share of each equity investee’s net profit or loss into our consolidated statements of operations. The difference between the cost of the equity investee and the amount of the underlying equity in the net assets of the equity investee is recognized as equity method goodwill included in equity method investments on the consolidated balance sheets. We evaluate our equity method investments for impairment under ASC 323-10. An impairment loss on the equity method investments is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations when the decline in value is determined to be other-than-temporary.

As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, we recorded long-term investments of RMB754.3 million and RMB388.4 million (US$56.5 million), respectively.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the amounts assigned to the fair value of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed of an acquired business. In accordance with ASC Topic 350, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, (“ASC 350”), recorded goodwill amounts are not amortized, but rather are tested for impairment annually or more frequently if there are indicators of impairment present.

In accordance with ASC 350, we assigned and assessed goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level. A reporting unit is an operating segment or one level below the operating segment. As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, we had three reporting units, consisting of network business, overseas hospital business and domestic hospital business. Goodwill that has arisen as a result of the acquisitions of subsidiaries during the year was assigned to hospital business reporting unit.

Intangible Assets, Net

Intangible assets relate to medical business qualification and permission for medical equipment operation, customer relationships and operating leases that are not considered to have indefinite useful lives. Intangible assets are carried at cost less accumulated amortization and any recorded impairment. Intangible assets acquired in a business combination were recognized initially at fair value at the date of acquisition. These intangible assets are amortized on a straight line basis over the economic life.

The operating license relates to the medical business qualification and permission for medical equipment operation. The favorable leases relate to favorable lease terms as lessee based on market conditions that existed on the date of acquisition and are amortized over the remaining term of the leases.

The customer relationship assets relate to the ability to sell existing and future services to existing customers and have been estimated using the income method.

Operating leases relate to favorable operating lease terms based on market conditions that existed on the date of acquisition and are amortized over the term of the leases.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets and Acquired Intangibles

We evaluate our long-lived assets or asset group including acquired intangibles with finite lives for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances (such as a significant adverse change to market conditions that will impact the future use of the assets) indicate that the carrying amount of a group of long-lived assets may not be fully recoverable.

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When these events occur, we evaluate the impairment by comparing the carrying amount of the assets to future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. If the sum of the expected undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the assets, we recognize an impairment loss based on the excess of the carrying amount of the asset group over its fair value, generally based upon discounted cash flows or quoted market prices.

Share-based Compensation

Share-based awards and restricted shares granted to employees are accounted for under ASC718, Compensation-Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”).

In accordance with ASC 718, we determine whether a share option should be classified and accounted for as a liability award or equity award. All grants of share-based awards to employees classified as equity awards are recognized in the financial statements based on their grant date fair values which are calculated using an option pricing model. We have elected to recognize compensation expense using the straight-line method for all share options granted with graded vesting based on service conditions.

To the extent the required vesting conditions are not met resulting in the forfeiture of the share-based awards, previously recognized compensation expense relating to those awards are reversed. Forfeitures were accounted as they occur. Share-based compensation expense is recorded net of estimated forfeitures such that expense is recorded only for those share-based awards that are expected to vest.

We adopted ASU No. 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, (“ASU 2016-09”), and elected to account for forfeitures as they occur.

Business Combination and Non-controlling Interests

We account for business combinations using the purchase method of accounting in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations. ASC 805 requires us to recognize separately from goodwill the assets acquired, the liabilities assumed and the non-controlling interest at their acquisition date fair values. Goodwill as of the acquisition date is measured as the excess of consideration transferred and the net of the acquisition date fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. In cases where we acquire less than 100% ownership interest, we will derive the fair value of the acquired business as a whole, which will typically include a control premium and subtract the consideration transferred by us for the controlling interest to identify the fair value of the non-controlling interest.

In addition, the share purchase agreements may contain contingent consideration provisions obligating us to pay additional purchase consideration, upon the acquired business’s achievement of certain agreed upon operating performance based milestones. Under ASC 805, these contingent consideration arrangements are required to be recognized and measured at fair value at the acquisition date as either a liability or as an equity instrument. Liability instruments must be remeasured at each reporting period through the results of our comprehensive income (loss) until such time as to when the contingency is resolved. Where the fair value of the net assets acquired exceeds the consideration paid, a gain as a result of the bargain purchase will be recognized through the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) at the close of the transaction.

We derive estimates of the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed using reasonable assumptions based on historical experiences and on the information obtained from management of the acquired companies. Critical estimates in valuing certain of the intangible assets and pre-existing agreements included but were not limited to the following: deriving estimates of future expected cash flows from the acquired business, the determination of an appropriate discount rate deriving assumptions regarding the period of time that the related benefits would continue and the initial measurement and recognition of any contingent consideration arrangements and the evaluation of whether contingent consideration arrangement is in substance compensation for future services. Unanticipated events may occur which may affect the accuracy or validity of such assumptions or estimates.

In a business combination achieved in stages, we re-measure the previously held equity interest in the acquiree immediately before obtaining control at its acquisition date fair value and the re-measurement gain or loss, if any, is recognized in the consolidated income statements.

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For our non-wholly owned subsidiaries, a non-controlling interest is recognized to reflect portion of equity that is not attributable, directly or indirectly, to us. When the non-controlling interest is contingently redeemable upon the occurrence of a conditional event, which is not solely within our control, the non-controlling interest is classified as mezzanine equity. We accretes changes in the redemption value over the period from the date that it becomes probable that the mezzanine equity will become redeemable to the earliest redemption date using the effective interest method. When the noncontrolling interest is mandatory redeemable on a fixed or determinable date, the noncontrolling interest is classified as liabilities.

If a transaction does not meet the definition of a business, the transaction is recorded as an asset acquisition. Accordingly, the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed are measured at the fair value of the consideration paid, based on their relative fair values at the acquisition date. Acquisition-related costs are included in the consideration paid and capitalized. Any contingent consideration payable that is dependent on the purchaser’s future activity is not included in the consideration paid until the activity requiring the payment is performed. Any resulting future amounts payable are recognized in profit or loss when incurred. No goodwill and no deferred tax asset or liability arising from the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recognized upon the acquisition of assets.

In January 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business, which clarifies the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of businesses. We adopted ASU 2017-01 on January 1, 2018, there is no significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Income Taxes

We follow the liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates that will be in effect in the period in which the differences are expected to reverse. We record a valuation allowance to offset deferred tax assets if based on the weight of available evidence, it is more-likely-than-not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rate is recognized in tax expense in the period that includes the enactment date of the change in tax rate.

We adopted ASC 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), which clarifies the accounting and disclosure for uncertainty in income taxes. Interest and penalties arising from underpayment of income taxes shall be computed in accordance with the applicable tax laws. The amount of interest expense is computed by applying the applicable statutory rate of interest to the difference between the tax position recognized and the amount previously taken or expected to be taken in a tax return.

Interests and penalties recognized in accordance with ASC 740 is classified in the financial statements as a component of income tax expense. In accordance with the provisions of ASC 740, we recognize in our financial statements the impact of a tax position if a tax return position or future tax position is “more likely than not” to prevail based on the facts and technical merits of the position. Tax positions that meet the “more likely than not” recognition threshold are measured at the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon settlement.

Our estimated liability for unrecognized tax positions which is included in the “accrued expenses and other liabilities” account and “accrued unrecognized tax benefits and surcharges, non-current portion” account is periodically assessed for adequacy and may be affected by changing interpretations of laws, rulings by tax authorities, changes and/or developments with respect to tax audits, and expiration of the statute of limitations. The outcome for a particular audit cannot be determined with certainty prior to the conclusion of the audit and, in some cases, appeal or litigation process. The actual benefits ultimately realized may differ from our estimates.

As each audit is concluded, adjustments, if any, are recorded in our financial statements. In future periods, changes in facts, circumstances, and new information may require us to adjust the recognition and measurement estimates with regard to individual tax positions. Changes in recognition and measurement estimates are recognized in the period in which the changes occur.

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On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU No. 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory, which requires the recognition of the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset, other than inventory, when the transfer occurs using the modified retrospective adoption method. In 2015, Aohua Technology transferred 100% equity of Tianjin Concord Medical to Shanghai Medstar, resulting in a deferred tax liability of RMB5.6 million (US$0.8 million). Upon the adoption of ASU 2016-16, the deferred tax liability was reversed through an opening adjustment to accumulative deficit as of January 1, 2018. The cumulative effect of changes made to our consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2018 for the adoption of ASU 2016-16 was as follows:

|  | Balance at December 31, 2017 |  |  | Adjustments Due to ASU 2016-16 |  |  | Balance at January 1, 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  | 73,577 |  |  |  | (5,632 | ) |  |  | 67,945 |
Equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (879,393 | ) |  |  | 5,632 |  |  |  | (873,761 | )

Segment Reporting

In accordance with ASC 280, Segment Reporting (“ASC 280”), our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) has been identified as the chief executive officer, who is also the executive chairman of the board of directors. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, our CODM evaluates segment performance based on the measures of revenues, costs of sales and gross profit (loss) by the network and hospital segments. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, we had two operating and reporting segments, including our network and hospital segments.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth a summary, for the periods indicated, of our consolidated results of operations. Our historical results presented below are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any future period.

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  | (in thousands, except share, per share and per ADS data) |
Selected Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss Data |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues, net of business tax, value-added tax and related surcharges |  |  | 455,042 |  |  |  | 330,977 |  |  |  | 190,898 |  |  |  | 27,765 |
Cost of revenues |  |  | (286,543 | ) |  |  | (232,979 | ) |  |  | (171,136 | ) |  |  | (24,891 | )
Gross profit |  |  | 168,499 |  |  |  | 97,998 |  |  |  | 19,762 |  |  |  | 2,874 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling expenses(1) |  |  | (70,093 | ) |  |  | (43,608 | ) |  |  | (21,718 | ) |  |  | (3,159 | )
General and administrative expenses(2) |  |  | (205,908 | ) |  |  | (237,646 | ) |  |  | (291,854 | ) |  |  | (42,448 | )
Impairment of long-lived assets |  |  | (61,124 | ) |  |  | (28,600 | ) |  |  | (5,433 | ) |  |  | (790 | )
Operating loss |  |  | (168,626 | ) |  |  | (211,856 | ) |  |  | (299,243 | ) |  |  | (43,523 | )
Interest expense |  |  | (89,327 | ) |  |  | (89,959 | ) |  |  | (46,232 | ) |  |  | (6,724 | )
Foreign exchange gain, net |  |  | 13,472 |  |  |  | 4,023 |  |  |  | 36,531 |  |  |  | 5,313 |
(Loss) gain on disposal of long-lived assets |  |  | (7,619 | ) |  |  | (31,437 | ) |  |  | 4,711 |  |  |  | 685 |
Interest income |  |  | 27,982 |  |  |  | 12,077 |  |  |  | 14,168 |  |  |  | 2,061 |
Changes in fair value of derivatives |  |  | 713 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Income (loss) from equity method investments |  |  | 616 |  |  |  | 1,454 |  |  |  | (20,747 | ) |  |  | (3,018 | )
(Loss) gain on disposal of subsidiaries |  |  | — |  |  |  | 58,913 |  |  |  | 3,341 |  |  |  | 486 |
Other income, net |  |  | 18,191 |  |  |  | 2,890 |  |  |  | 34,206 |  |  |  | 4,975 |
Gain on disposal of an equity method investment |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 48,019 |  |  |  | 6,984 |
Loss before income taxes |  |  | (204,598 | ) |  |  | (253,895 | ) |  |  | (225,246 | ) |  |  | (32,761 | )
Income tax expenses |  |  | (60,486 | ) |  |  | (31,789 | ) |  |  | (34,051 | ) |  |  | (4,953 | )
Net loss |  |  | (265,084 | ) |  |  | (285,684 | ) |  |  | (259,297 | ) |  |  | (37,714 | )
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests |  |  | (3,217 | ) |  |  | (1,364 | ) |  |  | (24,422 | ) |  |  | (3,552 | )
Net loss attributable to Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited |  |  | (261,867 | ) |  |  | (284,320 | ) |  |  | (234,875 | ) |  |  | (34,162 | )

| (1) | Our selling expenses included share-based compensation of RMB0.8 million in 2016, RMB1.5 million in 2017 and RMB2.0 million (US$0.3 million) in 2018.

| (2) | Our general and administrative expenses included share-based compensation of RMB7.6 million in 2016, RMB10.1 million in 2017 and RMB9.2 million (US$1.3 million) in 2018.

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Year Ended December 31, 2018 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2017

Total Net Revenues. Our total net revenues decreased by 42.3% to RMB190.9 million (US$27.8 million) for the year ended December 31, 2018 from RMB331.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily due to a decrease in our net revenues from the network business due to termination of some cooperative centers and reduction of profit sharing amount, which was partially offset by the increase in our net revenues from the hospital business.

Network Business. Our net revenues generated from our network business decreased by 53.9% to RMB138.1 million (US$20.1 million) for the year ended December 31, 2018 from RMB299.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily due to termination of some cooperative centers and reduction of profit sharing amount attributable to the change in profit sharing ratio for cooperative centers that were at the later stage of cooperative agreements.

Hospital Business. Our net revenues generated from hospital business increased by 66.9% to RMB52.8 million (US$7.7 million) for the year ended December 31, 2018 from RMB31.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily because Datong Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center and Concord International Hospital in Singapore stepped into normal operation and Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Centers Co., Ltd. was consolidated into our results of operations in the fourth quarter of 2018.

Cost of Revenues. Total cost of revenues decreased by 26.5% to RMB171.1 million (US$24.9 million) for the year ended December 31, 2018 from RMB233.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily due to the decrease in our cost of revenues of network business due to termination of some cooperative centers and reduction in operating costs of the existing operating centers resulting from cost control measures, which was partially offset by the increase in our cost of revenues of hospital business.

Network Business. Our cost of revenues of network business decreased by 52.4% to RMB79.3 million (US$11.5 million) for the year ended December 31, 2018 from RMB166.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily due to termination of some cooperative centers and reduction in operating costs of the existing operating centers resulting from cost control measures.

Hospital Business. Our cost of revenues of hospital business increased by 38.0% to RMB91.9 million (US$13.4 million) for the year ended December 31, 2018 from RMB66.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily due to increased costs of revenues attributable to an increase in hospital clinical staff and facilities, and the consolidation of Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Centers Co., Ltd. in the fourth quarter of 2018.

Gross Profit and Gross Margin. As a result of the foregoing, our gross profit decreased by 79.8% to RMB19.8 million (US$2.9 million) for the year ended December 31, 2018 from RMB98.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Our gross margin decreased to 10.4% for the year ended December 31, 2018 from 29.6% for the year ended December 31, 2017.

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Operating Expenses. Our operating expenses increased by 3.0% to RMB319.0 million (US$46.4 million) for the year ended December 31, 2018 from RMB309.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily due to increased operating costs of hospitals.

Selling Expenses. Our selling expenses decreased by 50.2% to RMB21.7 million (US$3.2 million) for the year ended December 31, 2018 from RMB43.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Selling expenses as a percentage of total net revenues decreased to 11.4% for the year ended December 31, 2018 from 13.2% for the year ended December 31, 2017. The decrease was mainly due to termination of some cooperative centers and improved cost control measures implemented in cooperative centers.

General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses increased by 22.8% to RMB291.9 million (US$42.4 million) for the year ended December 31, 2018 from RMB237.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. General and administrative expenses as a percentage of total net revenues increased to 152.9% for the year ended December 31, 2018 from 71.8% in 2017. The increase was mainly due to increased expenditure of MD Anderson Proton Therapy Center’s consultant service for Guangzhou Concord Cancer Center and Shanghai Concord Cancer Center and increased bad debt allowance in 2018.

Impairment of Long-lived Assets. We had impairment of long-lived assets of RMB28.6 million and RMB5.4 million (US$0.8 million) for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively. In 2018, most terminated centers were disposed and only two centers had impairment loss in 2018.

Operating Loss. As a result of the foregoing, our operating loss was RMB299.2 million (US$43.5 million) for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to operating loss of RMB211.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Interest Expense. Our interest expense decreased to RMB46.2 million (US$6.7 million) for the year ended December 31, 2018 from RMB90.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily due to capitalized interest of approximately RMB55.5 million (US$8.1 million) in 2018.

Foreign Exchange Gain, Net. Our foreign exchange gain, net increased to RMB36.5 million (US$5.3 million) for the year ended December 31, 2018 from RMB4.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily due to increase in the value of our bank deposits denominated in U.S. dollars.

(Loss) Gain from Disposal of Long-lived Assets. We had a gain from disposal of long-lived assets of RMB4.7 million (US$0.7 million) for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to a loss from disposal of long-lived assets of RMB31.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The change in 2018 was primarily due to termination of cooperative centers. In 2017, the long-lived assets were impaired upon termination of the cooperative centers. In 2018, we had gains upon actual disposal of those terminated cooperative centers when the proceeds exceeded the residual values of the long-lived assets after accounting for the impairment.

Interest Income. Our interest income increased to RMB14.2 million (US$2.1 million) for the year ended December 31, 2018 from RMB12.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. This increase was primarily due to the increased interest income from restricted cash deposit in banks.

Income (loss) from Equity Method Investments. We had loss from equity method investments of RMB20.7 million (US$3.0 million) for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to an income from equity method investments of RMB1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. The change in 2018 was primarily due to the loss incurred by Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center, our equity investees in the first three quarters of 2018.

Other Income, Net; Gain on Disposal of Subsidiaries; Gain on Disposal of an Equity Method Investment. For the year ended December 31, 2017, we had other income, net of RMB2.9 million and gain on disposal of subsidiaries of RMB58.9 million. The gain on disposal of subsidiaries was primarily attributable by our lost of control in Beijing Century Friendship and Beijing Proton Medical Center, which we accounted for as a deemed disposal and recognized a gain. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we had other income, net of RMB34.2 million (US$5.0 million), gain on disposal of subsidiaries of RMB3.3 million (US$0.5 million) and gain on disposal of an equity method investment of RMB48.0 million (US$7.0 million). Gain on disposal of subsidiaries in 2018 was primarily due to the completion of the transfer of our 100% equity interest in CMS Radiotherapy Holdings Limited to our related party, Beijing Allcure Medical Technology Co. Ltd., in May 2018. Our other income, net in 2018 was primarily attributable by investment income for disposal preexisting shares for Guofu Huimei, Beijing Century Friendship, Beijing Proton Medical Center and Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center. Our gain on disposal of an equity method investment in 2018 was primarily due to gain from disposal of assets and liabilities of MD Anderson Proton Therapy Center.

Income Tax Expenses. Our income tax expenses increased by 7.1% to RMB34.1 million (US$5.0 million) for the year ended December 31, 2018 from RMB31.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017.

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Net Loss. As a result of the foregoing, we had a net loss of RMB259.3 million (US$37.7 million) for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to a net loss of RMB285.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Year Ended December 31, 2017 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2016

Total Net Revenues. Our total net revenues decreased by 27.3% to RMB331.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from RMB455.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, primarily due to termination of some cooperative centers and reduction of profit sharing amount for cooperative centers that were at the later stage of cooperative agreements.

Network Business. Our net revenues generated from network business decreased by 32.6% to RMB299.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from RMB443.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, primarily due to termination of some cooperative centers and reduction of profit sharing amount for cooperative centers that were at the later stage of cooperative agreements.

Hospital Business. Our net revenues generated from hospital business increased by 178.1% to RMB31.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from RMB11.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, primarily due to the official operation of Datong Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center and re-open of Concord International Hospital in Singapore after renovation.

Cost of Revenues. Total cost of revenues decreased by 18.7% to RMB233.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from RMB286.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, primarily due to termination of some cooperative centers and reduction in operating costs of the existing operating centers resulting from cost control measures.

Network Business. Our cost of revenues of network business decreased by 32.8% to RMB166.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from RMB247.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, primarily due to termination of some cooperative centers and reduction in operating costs of the existing operating centers resulting from cost control measures.

Hospital Business. Our cost of revenue of hospital business increased by 70.8% to RMB66.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from RMB39.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, primarily due to increased marketing and promotion cost and an increase in hospital clinical staff and facilities.

Gross Profit and Gross Margin. As a result of the foregoing, our gross profit decreased by 41.8% to RMB98.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from RMB168.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. Our gross margin decreased to 29.6% for the year ended December 31, 2017 from 37.0% for the year ended December 31, 2016, primarily due to termination of centers and reduction of profit sharing, which brought more significant decreases in net revenue compared to decreases in costs, and increased operating costs in hospitals.

Operating Expenses. Our operating expenses business decreased by 8.1% to RMB309.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from RMB337.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 primarily due to decreased operating costs in hospitals.

Selling Expenses. Our selling expenses decreased by 37.8% to RMB43.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from RMB70.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. Selling expenses as a percentage of total net revenues decreased to 13.2% for the year ended December 31, 2016 from 15.4% for the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease was mainly due to termination of some cooperative centers and improved cost control measures implemented in cooperative centers.

General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses increased by 15.4% to RMB237.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from RMB205.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. General and administrative expenses as a percentage of total net revenues increased to 71.8% for the year ended December 31, 2017 from 45.3% in 2016. The increase was mainly due to the increase of interest expense and consultation expense.

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Impairment of Long-lived Assets. We had impairment of long-lived assets of RMB61.1 million and RMB28.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017, respectively, primarily because we had more long-lived assets for impairment in 2016.

Operating Loss. As a result of the foregoing, our operating loss was RMB211.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to operating loss of RMB168.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Interest Expense. Our interest expense increased from RMB89.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 to RMB90.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily due to interest on capital injection from Zhongrong International Growth Fund SPC - ZR Concord healthcare Investment Fund SP (“SP”).

Foreign Exchange Gain, Net. Our foreign exchange gain, net decreased to RMB4.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from RMB13.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, primarily due to depreciation in value of our bank deposits denominated in U.S. dollars.

Loss from Disposal of Long-lived Assets. Our loss from disposal of long-lived assets increased to RMB31.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from RMB7.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, primarily due to the termination of cooperative centers.

Interest Income. Our interest income decreased to RMB12.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from RMB28.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. This decrease was primarily due to the decreased amount of restricted cash, decreases in interest rates in China and overseas and adjustment of cash deposit composition ratio.

Changes in Fair Value of Derivatives. Our gain from changes in fair value of derivatives decreased to RMB0.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from RMB0.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, primarily due to settlement of the IFC loan in year 2016.

Income (Loss) from Equity Method Investments. Our income from equity method investments was RMB1.5 million, as compared to an income from equity method investments of RMB0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase was primarily due to the increased in net profit of MD Anderson Proton Therapy Center.

Other Income, Net; Gain on Disposal of Subsidiaries. For the year ended December 31, 2016, we had other income, net of RMB18.2 million. For the year ended December 31, 2017, we had other income, net of RMB2.9 million and gain on disposal of subsidiaries of RMB58.9 million. The gain on disposal of subsidiaries was primarily attributable by our lost of control in Beijing Century Friendship and Beijing Proton Medical Center, which we accounted for as a deemed disposal and recognized a gain.

Income Tax Expenses. Our income tax expenses decreased by 47.4% to RMB31.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 from RMB60.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. This decrease was primarily due to the increase in loss before tax.

Net Loss. As a result of the foregoing, we had a net loss of RMB285.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to a net loss of RMB265.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016.

| B. | Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our liquidity needs include (i) net cash used in operating activities that consists of (a) cash required to fund the initial build-out and continued expansion of our network of centers and our hospitals and (b) our working capital needs, which include payment of our operating expenses and financing of our accounts receivable; and (ii) net cash used in investing activities that consists of the investments in our direct investment entities. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through cash flows from operations and short-term and long-term bank borrowings.

We had net current assets of RMB358.4 million (US$52.1 million) as of December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, we had RMB404.7 million (US$58.9 million) in cash and cash equivalents, RMB422.0 million (US$61.4 million) in restricted cash, RMB396.5 million (US$57.7 million) in short-term borrowings outstanding, of which RMB396.5 million (US$57.7 million) was secured by restricted cash deposited in local banks, and RMB541.6 million (US$78.8 million) in long-term borrowings outstanding, including the current portion of such long-term borrowings outstanding of RMB44.1 million (US$6.4 million). We believe that our current cash and anticipated cash flow from operations will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs, including our cash needs for working capital and capital expenditures, for at least the next 12 months.

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In December 2012 and November 2013, we entered into a short-term credit facility of US$16.5 million and US$16.5 million, respectively, with HSBC Bank (Hong Kong) Company Limited, secured by restricted cash deposited in HSBC Bank (China) Company Limited, which were used for the investment of MD Anderson Proton Therapy Center. The loans carried an interest rate of three-month LIBOR+1.75% and one-month LIBOR+1%, respectively, and were renewed on a yearly basis. As of December 31, 2018, the loans were fully repaid and we had no plan to renew these loans.

In September 2014, we entered into a short-term credit facility with HSBC Bank (Hong Kong) Company Limited, whereby we were entitled to borrow loans up to US$25.0 million. We drew down US$12.1 million in September 2014 and repaid in May 2017; drew down US$3.9 million in October 2014 and repaid in March 2017; drew down US$1.0 million in December 2014 and repaid in November 2016; drew down US$4.1 million in September 2015 and repaid in September 2017; drew down US$3.9 million in October 2015; drew down US$6.9 million and US$17.3 million in February 2017 and May 2017, respectively. These loans were secured by restricted cash deposited in HSBC Bank (China) Company Limited for dividend payments bearing an interest rate of one-month LIBOR/HIBOR+1% per annum, and were used to pay dividends. These loans were renewed on a yearly basis. As of December 31, 2018, the loan was fully repaid and we had no plan to renew these loans.

In June 2015, CCM (Hong Kong) Medical Investments Limited (“CCM Hong Kong”), as the borrower, entered into a long-term loan agreement with Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited, as guarantor A, Shanghai Medstar, as guarantor B, Ascendium, as the shareholder of the borrower, and Gopher Investment Fund III SPC (“Gopher”) for the account of Gopher Asia Credit SP, as the original lender, whereby we are entitled to borrow a U.S. dollar term loan of up to US$25.0 million bearing an interest rate of 9.0% per annum for our general working capital purposes. This loan is secured by certain shares in CCM Hong Kong beneficially owned by Ascendium and guaranteed by Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited and Shanghai Medstar. As of December 31, 2018, the loan was fully repaid.

In August 2015, we entered into a short-term credit facility with HSBC Bank (Hong Kong) Company Limited, whereby we were entitled to borrow a loan of US$25.0 million. We drew down US$6.0 million in December 2015 and repaid in 2016. We drew down US$14.4 million in 2016. This loan was secured by restricted cash deposited in HSBC Bank (China) Company Limited bearing an interest rate of three-month LIBOR+1% per annum, and was used for our investment in Concord International Hospital in Singapore. As of December 31, 2018, the loan was fully repaid.

In July 2016, Shanghai Medstar entered into a long-term loan agreement of RMB16.5 million with Agricultural Bank Of China Limited, Shanghai Branch that bears an interest rate of 4.75% per annum. As of December 31, 2018, we had an outstanding balance of RMB4.1 million (US$0.6 million). The loan will be due in July 2019.

In December 2017, we entered into a short-term loan agreement of RMB128.0 million with Shanghai Pudong Development Bank that bore an interest rate of 4.35% per annum. The loan was secured by restricted cash deposited in Shanghai Pudong Development Bank of RMB105.5 million and RMB29.5 million, bearing an interest rate of 1.85% and 2.13% per annum, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, the loan was fully repaid.

In May 2018, Shanghai Concord Cancer Center entered into a long-term loan agreement of RMB1,000.0 million (US$145.4 million) with Bank of Shanghai that bears an interest rate of 5.88% per annum. The loan is secured by land use rights and construction in progress. As of December 31, 2018, we had an outstanding balance of RMB233.8 million (US$34.0 million). The loan will be due in May 2028.

In July 2018, Guangzhou Concord Cancer Center entered into a long-term loan agreement of RMB500.0 million (US$72.7 million) with China Construction Bank that bears an interest rate of 4.9% per annum. The loan is secured by land use rights. As of December 31, 2018, we had an outstanding balance of RMB200.0 million (US$29.1 million). The loan will be due in July 2028.

In July 2018, Ascendium entered into a short-term loan agreement of RMB180.0 million (US$26.2 million) with Bank of Shanghai that bears an interest rate of 5.87% per annum. The loan was secured by restricted cash deposited in Bank of Shanghai of RMB158.0 million, bearing an interest rate of 4.6% per annum. As of December 31, 2018, we had an outstanding balance of RMB149.2 million (US$21.7 million). The loan will be due in July 2019.

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In December 2018, Medstar Overseas entered into a short-term loan agreement of RMB250.0 million (US$36.4 million) with Shanghai Huarui Bank that bears an interest rate of 3.3% per annum. The loan is secured by restricted cash deposited in Shanghai Huarui Bank of RMB150.3 million, bearing an interest rate of 1.5% per annum. As of December 31, 2018, we had an outstanding balance of RMB147.3 million (US$21.4 million). The loan will be due in December 2019.

In December 2018, Ascendium entered into a short-term loan agreement of RMB128.0 million (US$18.6 million) with Shanghai Huarui Bank that bears an interest rate of 3.3% per annum. The loan was secured by restricted cash deposited in Shanghai Huarui Bank of RMB102.1 million, bearing an interest rate of 1.5% per annum. As of December 31, 2018, we had an outstanding balance of RMB100.0 million (US$14.5 million). The loan will be due in December 2019.

In December 2018, Shanghai Medstar entered into a long-term loan agreement of RMB65.0 million (US$9.5 million) with Zhejiang Marine Leasing Co., Ltd. The loan bears an interest rate of 8% per annum. The loan was secured by equipment. As of December 31, 2018, we had an outstanding balance of RMB65.0 million (US$9.5 million). The loan will be due in December 2023.

Certain bank borrowings were secured by equipment with a net carrying value of RMB111.7 million, RMB37.5 million and nil, accounts receivable with a carrying value of RMB34.9 million, RMB13.1 million and nil, net investment in financing leases with carrying value of RMB75.5 million, RMB24.2 million and nil, certain prepaid land lease payment with a carrying value of nil, RMB48.3 million and RMB425.7 million (US$61.9 million), certain construction in progress with a carrying value of nil, RMB206.2 million and RMB633.4 million (US$92.1 million), deposit for non-current asset with a carrying value of nil, nil and RMB13.8 million (US$2.0 million) and restricted cash of RMB568.5 million, RMB564.0 million and RMB422.0 million (US$61.4 million), as of December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively.

As at December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the short-term bank and other borrowing bore a weighted average interest of 2.72%, 2.45% and 4.08% per annum, and the long-term bank and other borrowings bore a weighted average interest of 7.44%, 12.16% and 9.81% per annum, respectively.

As of December 31, 2018, we had unutilized short-term bank credit lines and unutilized long-term bank credit lines amounting to RMB33.5 million (US$4.9 million) and RMB1,060.0 million (US$154.2 million), respectively.

In addition, in December 2015, we issued secured borrowings, with asset-back securities arrangement, in aggregate principal amount of RMB417.0 million with an annual interest rate from 5.0% to 6.0% to third party investors through an underwriter. The borrowings have maturity terms ranged from one to five years and are secured by our future leasing revenue from 14 network hospitals. We received net proceeds of RMB404.0 million, which was net of the refundable security deposit of RMB13.0 million paid to such underwriter. For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017, we repaid the secure borrowings and the related interest according to the payment schedule. As of December 31, 2017, the outstanding balance was RMB248.6 million, including the current portion of RMB85.1 million. In 2018, we repaid the remaining principal of RMB248.6 million (US$36.2 million) of the principle amount and settled the asset-backed securities.

From time to time, we also enter into loan agreements with our related parties. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions.”

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Statements of Cash Flow

The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  | (in thousands) |
Selected Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow Data |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net cash (used in) generated from operating activities |  |  | (78,078 | ) |  |  | 26,732 |  |  |  | (38,591 | ) |  |  | (5,614 | )
Net cash (used in) generated from investing activities(1) |  |  | (74,847 | ) |  |  | (313,010 | ) |  |  | (1,000,355 | ) |  |  | (145,496 | )
Net cash (used in) generated from financing activities |  |  | (117,922 | ) |  |  | 189,899 |  |  |  | 1,203,042 |  |  |  | 174,976 |
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalent and restricted cash |  |  | (11,240 | ) |  |  | 157 |  |  |  | 459 |  |  |  | 67 |
Net (decrease) increase in cash(2) |  |  | (282,087 | ) |  |  | (96,222 | ) |  |  | 164,555 |  |  |  | 23,933 |
Cash at beginning of the year |  |  | 1,040,486 |  |  |  | 758,399 |  |  |  | 662,177 |  |  |  | 96,310 |
Cash at end of the year |  |  | 758,399 |  |  |  | 662,177 |  |  |  | 826,732 |  |  |  | 120,243 |

| (1) | Net cash used in investing activities in 2016 included prepayments in long-term investments of RMB181.5 million and acquisitions of property, plant and equipment of RMB79.0 million. Net cash generated from investing activities in 2016 included proceeds from principal portion of direct financing leases of RMB108.1 million and cash arising from the consolidation of Beijing Century Friendship and Beijing Proton Medical Center of RMB26.2 million. Net cash used in investing activities in 2017 included acquisitions of and deposits for the purchases of property, plant and equipment of RMB289.1 million and investments in equity method investees of RMB97.8 million. Net cash generated from investing activities in 2017 included proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment of RMB38.1 million and proceeds from principal portion of direct financing leases of RMB61.9 million. Net cash used in investing activities in 2018 included acquisitions of and deposits for the purchases of property, plant and equipment of RMB764.4 million (US$111.2 million) and acquisitions of Guofu Huimei, Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center, Beijing Century Friendship and Beijing Proton Medical Center, net of cash acquired of RMB528.7 million (US$76.9 million) and purchase of short-term investments of RMB252.3 million (US$36.7 million). Net cash generated from investing activities in 2018 included redemption from short-term investments of RMB202.3 million (US$29.4 million), proceeds from disposal of other investment of RMB212.9 million (US$31.0 million) and proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment of RMB113.0 million (US$16.4) million.

| (2) | Net increase (decrease) in cash in 2016 and 2017 was adjusted due to our adoption of ASU 2016-18 Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash, effective January 1, 2018 using the retrospective transition method and included all restricted cash with cash and cash equivalent when reconciling beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows.

Net Cash (Used in) Generated from Operating Activities

The primary factors affecting our operating cash flow is the amount and timing of payments of our contractual percentage of each center’s revenue net of specified operating expenses that we received from our hospital partners, the payment of medicine expenses and medical service fees by our patients in Concord International Hospital, and cash payments that we made in connection with establishing new cooperative centers and hospitals.

Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2018 was RMB38.6 million (US$5.6 million), resulting primarily from our net loss of RMB259.3 million (U$37.7 million), as adjusted by the reconciliation of certain non-cash items, including (i) interest and consultation expenses of RMB46.2 million (US$6.7 million), (ii) depreciation of property, plant and equipment of RMB40.8 million (US$5.9 million), (iii) gains from disposal of an equity method investment, attributable to MD Anderson Proton Therapy Center’s sale of its assets and liabilities to UTMDACC, of RMB48.0 million (US$7.0 million), and (iv) gains from revaluation of previously held equity interests of RMB28.8 million (US$4.2 million). Additional factors affecting operating cash flow included (i) an increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities of RMB51.9 million (US$7.5 million), (ii) an increase in accounts receivable of RMB48.4 million (US$7.0 million), (iii) an increase in other non-current assets of RMB41.1 million (US$6.0 million), and (iv) an increase in accrued unrecognized tax benefits of RMB46.2 million (US$6.7 million).

Net cash generated from operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2017 was RMB26.7 million, resulting primarily from changes in accounts receivable of RMB43.4 million, changes in prepayments and other current assets of RMB4.2 million, changes in accrued expenses and other liabilities of RMB11.2 million and adjustments on (i) depreciation of property, plant and equipment of RMB83.2 million, (ii) interest and consultation expense of RMB125.3 million, (iii) loss on disposal of long-lived assets, net of RMB31.4 million and (iv) impairment of long-lived assets of RMB28.6 million. These were offset by our net loss of RMB285.7 million.

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Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2016 was RMB78.1 million, resulting primarily from our net loss of RMB265.1 million, which was partially offset by (i) depreciation of property, plant and equipment of RMB117.1 million and (ii) impairment of long-lived assets of RMB61.1 million.

Net Cash Used in Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2018 was RMB1,000.4 million (US$145.5 million), consisting primarily of acquisitions of and deposits for the purchases of property, plant and equipment of RMB764.4 million (US$111.2 million) and acquisitions of Guofu Huimei, Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center, Beijing Century Friendship and Beijing Proton Medical Center, net of cash acquired of RMB528.7 million (US$76.9 million) and purchase of short-term investments of RMB252.3 million (US$36.7 million), partially offset by redemption from short-term investment of RMB202.3 million (US$29.4 million) proceeds from disposal of an equity investment, attributable to our sharing of proceeds generated from MD Anderson Proton Therapy Center’s sale of its assets and liabilities to UTMDACC, of RMB212.9 million (US$31.0 million) and proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment of RMB113.0 million (US$16.4 million).

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2017 was RMB313.0 million, consisting primarily of (i) acquisitions of and deposits for the purchases of property, plant and equipment of RMB197.8 million and investments in equity method investees of RMB97.8 million, which were partially offset by proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment of RMB38.1 million and proceeds from principal portion of direct financing leases of RMB61.9 million.

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2016 was RMB74.8 million, consisting primarily of (i) prepayments in long-term investment and (ii) acquisition of property and equipment, which were partially offset by proceeds from principal portion of direct financing leases.

Net Cash Generated from (Used in) Financing Activities

Net cash generated from financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2018 was RMB1,203.0 million (US$175.0 million), consisting primarily of proceeds from issuance of contingently redeemable noncontrolling interests of a subsidiary of RMB1,500 million (US$218.2 million) associated with the strategy investment in Meizhong Jiahe by CICC and other investors, proceeds from short-term bank borrowings of RMB726.7 million (US$105.7 million) and proceeds from long-term bank and other borrowings of RMB472.6 million (US$68.7 million), which were partially offset by the repayment of short-term bank borrowings of RMB864.3million (US$125.7 million), repayment of long-term bank borrowings of RMB504.8 million (US$73.4 million), borrowings from related parties of RMB174.3 million (US$25.4 million) and repayment of secured borrowings of RMB243.3 million (US$35.4 million).

Net cash generated from financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2017 was RMB189.9 million, consisting primarily of proceeds received from short term borrowing of RMB292.8 million and long-term bank and other borrowings of RMB280.4 million, which were partially offset by the repayment of short-term bank borrowings of RMB317.9 million, repayment of long-term bank borrowings of RMB87.4 million, payments for purchase of mandatorily redeemable non-controlling interests of RMB97.1 million and repayment of secured borrowings of RMB81.0 million.

Net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2016 was RMB117.9 million, consisting primarily of (i) repayment of long-term and short term bank borrowings of RMB892.3 million and (ii) dividends paid to ordinary shareholders of RMB285.8 million, which was partially offset by proceeds received from advance payment of investment from others of RMB528.9 million and proceeds received from short-term bank borrowings of RMB497.6 million.

Acquisitions and Capital Expenditures

In January 2016, we acquired 100% of the equity interests in Beijing Century Friendship, which held a 55% equity interest in Beijing Proton Medical Center, for a total consideration of RMB100.6 million (US$14.6 million). After the transaction, we held a total of 80% of the equity interests in Beijing Proton Medical Center through Beijing Century Friendship and King Cheers.

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In June 2018, Meizhong Jiahe entered into separate agreements with Guofu Huimei to purchase all its 78.31% equity interest in Beijing Century Friendship which held a 55% equity interest of Beijing Proton Medical Center and a 54.8% equity interest in Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center at consideration of RMB388.5 million (US$56.5 million) and RMB182.1 million (US$26.5 million), respectively. The consideration was paid in June 2018 and July 2018, respectively, and the related commercial registrations were completed on July 26, 2018 and October 8, 2018, respectively. Meanwhile, ZR Guofu and Guofu Huimei reached an agreement, according to which ZR Guofu withdrew its investments in Guofu Huimei, amounting to RMB746.0 million (US$108.5 million). We became the sole shareholder of Guofu Huimei after ZR Guofu’s withdrawal of its investments in Guofu Himei in July 2018 and the completion of commercial registration on October 3, 2018. Upon the completion, we held a 100% equity interest in Beijing Century Friendship, a 80% equity interest in Beijing Proton Medical Center, a 90% equity interest in Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center and a 100% equity interest in Guofu Huimei through our wholly-owned or majority-owned subsidiaries. We accounted for it as a single transaction and obtained control of Guofu Huimei, Beijing Century Friendship and Beijing Proton Medical Center and Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center on October 8, 2018.

In 2016, 2017 and 2018, our capital expenditures totaled RMB118.9 million, RMB289.9 million and RMB870.7 million (US$126.6 million), respectively. In past years, our capital expenditures related primarily to the purchase of medical equipment and the acquisition of assets from third parties. Our capital expenditures in 2018 increased by RMB580.8 million (US$84.8 million) as compared to 2017, primarily due to acquisitions of and deposits for the purchases of property, plant and equipment.

We estimate that our expected aggregate capital expenditures in 2019 will be approximately RMB1.8 billion (US$261.8 million) to RMB1.9 billion (US$276.3 million), which we will use mainly for construction and medical equipment procurement of premium hospitals in Shanghai, Guangzhou and Beijing. As of December 31, 2018, we had bank credit lines totaling RMB1,930 million (US$280.1 million), of which RMB1,093.5 million (US$159.0 million) had not been utilized. There are no financing term among our bank loan terms which will have an adverse effect on our operations.

We believe that our current levels of cash and cash flows from operations will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for at least the next 12 months. However, we may need additional cash resources in the future if we experience changed business conditions or other developments, or if we decide to distribute special dividends or if we find and wish to pursue opportunities for investment, acquisition, strategic cooperation or other similar actions.

If we determine that our cash requirements exceed our amounts of cash on hand, we may seek to issue debt or equity securities or obtain a credit facility. Any issuance of equity or equity-linked securities could cause dilution for our shareholders. Any incurrence of indebtedness could increase our debt service obligations and cause us to be subject to restrictive operating and finance covenants. When we need additional cash resources, financing may only be available to us in amounts or on terms that would not be acceptable to us or financing may not be available at all.

Recent Accounting Pronouncement

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), (“ASU 2016-02”). ASU 2016-02 specifies the accounting for leases. For operating leases, ASU 2016-02 requires a lessee to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability, initially measured at the present value of the lease payments, in its balance sheet. The standard also requires a lessee to recognize a single lease cost, calculated so that the cost of the lease is allocated over the lease term, on a generally straight-line basis. ASU 2016-02 is effective for public business entities for annual reporting periods and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2018. We will adopt ASU 2016-02 on January 1, 2019 using by modified retrospective method and will not restate comparable periods. We will elect the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance, which allow us to carry forward the historical lease classification, the assessment whether a contract is or contains a lease and initial direct costs for any leases that exist prior to adoption of the new standard. We will also elect the practical expedient not to separate lease and non-lease components for certain classes of underlying assets and the short-term lease exemption for contracts with lease terms of 12 months or less. Certain operating leases related to land use right, offices facilities will be subject to ASU 2016-02 and right-of-use assets and lease liabilities will be recognized on our consolidated balance sheet. We currently believe the most significant change will be related to the recognition of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on our balance sheet for certain in-scope operating leases. We do not expect any material impact on net assets and the consolidated statement of comprehensive income as a result of adopting the new standard.

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In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”), which requires the measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets held at amortized cost. ASU 2016-13 replaces the existing incurred loss impairment model with an expected loss methodology, which will result in more timely recognition of credit losses. ASU 2016-13 is effective for annual reporting periods, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2019. In November 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-19—Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses. The amendments clarify that receivables arising from operating leases are not within the scope of Subtopic 326-20. We are currently in the process of evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2016-13 and ASU 2018-19 on our consolidated financial statements.

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting, to provide clarity and reduce both (1) diversity in practice and (2) cost and complexity when applying the guidance in Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation, to a change to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award. We are currently in the process of evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2017-09 on our consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework-Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement (“ASU 2018-13”), which eliminates, adds and modifies certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. Under the guidance, public companies will be required to disclose the range and weighted average used to develop significant unobservable inputs for Level 3 fair value measurements. The guidance is effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and for interim periods within those fiscal years, but entities are permitted to early adopt either the entire standard or only the provisions that eliminate or modify the requirements. We are currently in the process of evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2018-13 on our consolidated financial statements.

.

| C. | Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.

We do not make, and do not expect to make, significant expenditures on research and development activities.

| D. | Trend Information

Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events for the year ended December 31, 2018 that are reasonably likely to materially adversely affect our net revenues, income, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that caused the disclosed financial information not necessarily to be indicative of our future operating results or financial condition.

| E. | Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not engage in trading activities involving non-exchange traded contracts or interest rate swap transactions or foreign currency forward contracts. In the ordinary course of our business, we do not enter into transactions involving, or otherwise form relationships with, unconsolidated entities or financials partnerships that are established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes.

In addition, we have not entered into any derivative contracts that are indexed to our shares and classified as shareholder’s equity, or that we do not reflect in our consolidated financial statements. We do not have any retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to an unconsolidated entity or similar arrangement that serves as credit, liquidity or market risk support to such entity. We do not have any variable interest in any unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit support to us or that engages in leasing, hedging or research and development services with us.

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| F. | Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations

The following table sets forth our contractual obligations and commercial commitments as of December 31, 2018:

|  | Payments due by Period |  |  |  |
|  | Total |  |  | Less than 1 year |  |  | 1-3 years |  |  | 3-5 years |  |  | More than 5 years |
|  | (RMB in thousands) |
Short-term debt obligations |  |  | 396,520 |  |  |  | 396,520 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Long-term debt obligations |  |  | 541,593 |  |  |  | 44,068 |  |  |  | 50,024 |  |  |  | 156,797 |  |  |  | 290,704 |
Secured borrowings |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Capital lease obligations |  |  | 400 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 400 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Operating lease obligations |  |  | 124,218 |  |  |  | 18,913 |  |  |  | 42,683 |  |  |  | 24,111 |  |  |  | 38,511 |
Purchase obligations |  |  | 660,758 |  |  |  | 660,758 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | 1,723,489 |  |  |  | 1,120,259 |  |  |  | 93,107 |  |  |  | 180,908 |  |  |  | 329,215 |

Our short- and long-term debt obligations as of December 31, 2018 represented bank borrowings obtained by our subsidiaries. Our short-term bank borrowing outstanding as of December 31, 2018 had a weighted average interest rate of 4.08% per annum. Our long term bank and other borrowings outstanding as of December 31, 2018 had a weighted average interest rate of 9.81% per annum.

As of December 31, 2018, we had RMB396.5 million (US$57.7 million) in short-term borrowings outstanding, of which RMB396.5 million (US$57.7 million) was secured by restricted cash deposited in local banks, and RMB541.6 million (US$78.8 million) in long-term borrowings outstanding, including the current portion of such long-term borrowings outstanding of RMB44.1 million (US$6.4 million).

As of December 31, 2018, our operating lease obligations for 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022 and thereafter were RMB18,913 million (US$2,751 million), RMB20,977 million (US$3,051 million), RMB13,122 million (US$1,909 million), RMB8,584 million (US$1,248 million) and RMB62,622 million (US$9,107 million), respectively.

As of December 31, 2018, we had purchase obligations for certain medical equipment that amounted to RMB660,758 million (US$96,103 million), which are all scheduled to be paid within one year.

| G. | Safe Harbor

This annual report contains forward-looking statements that relate to future events, including our future operating results and conditions, our prospects and our future financial performance and condition, all of which are largely based on our current expectations and projections. The forward-looking statements are contained principally in the sections entitled “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors,” “Item 4. Information on the Company” and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.” These statements are made under the “safe harbor” provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. You can identify these forward looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “future,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “estimate,” “is/are likely to” or other and similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements relating to:

| · | the risks, challenges and uncertainties in the radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging industry and for our business generally;

| · | our current expansion strategy, including our ability to expand our network of centers and to establish specialty cancer hospitals;

| · | our ability to maintain strong working relationships with our hospital partners;

| · | our expectations regarding patients’ and their referring doctors’ demand for and acceptance of the radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging services offered by our centers;

| · | changes in the healthcare industry in China, including changes in the healthcare policies and regulations of the PRC government;

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| · | technological or therapeutic changes affecting the field of cancer treatment and diagnostic imaging;

| · | our ability to comply with all relevant environmental, health and safety laws and regulations;

| · | our ability to obtain and maintain permits, licenses and registrations to carry on our business;

| · | our future prospects, business development, results of operations and financial condition; and

| · | fluctuations in general economic and business conditions in China.

The forward-looking statements made in this annual report relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this annual report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date on which the statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. You should read this annual report completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect.

| ITEM 6. | DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

| A. | Directors and Senior Management

Directors and Executive Officers

The following table sets forth information regarding our directors and executive officers as of the date of this annual report.

Name |  | Age |  | Position/ Title
Jianyu Yang |  | 48 |  | Chairman, chief executive officer
Zheng Cheng |  | 56 |  | Director
Shang Yan Chuang |  | 37 |  | Director
Yaw Kong Yap |  | 55 |  | Chief financial officer, president
Xiao Fu |  | 52 |  | Chief operating officer
Matthew D. Callister |  | 49 |  | Chief medical officer
Denny Lee |  | 52 |  | Independent director
Weibo Yin |  | 88 |  | Independent director
Liping Zhang |  | 47 |  | Independent director

Dr. Jianyu Yang has served as our chairman since November 2011 and has served as our chief executive officer since 2008. He served as a director of our company and president from 2008 to 2011. Prior to joining our company, Dr. Yang served as chief executive officer of Eguard Resource Development Co., Ltd., a PRC company listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange in China principally engaged in the provision of comprehensive solutions in recycling, re-use of solid wastes and wastewater since 2003, vice president of Beijing Sound Environmental Group Co. Ltd. from 2002 to 2003, assistant to the general manager of Xiangcai Securities Co., Ltd. from 2000 to 2002, and senior economist at China Agricultural Bank from 1999 to 2000. Dr. Yang received a doctorate degree in economics from Liaoning University in 1999 in China.

Mr. Zheng Cheng has served as our director since 2008 and served as our president from November 2011 until September 2015, our chief operating officer from 2008 until September 2015 and co-chairman of our board of directors from 2008 to 2011. Mr. Cheng was a co-founder of China Medstar. Prior to founding China Medstar in 1996, Mr. Cheng served as division chief of steel products of China National Defense Military Material General Company from 1992 to 1996 and military physician in the Department of Cerebral Surgery of the Beijing Air Force General Hospital from 1986 to 1992 and in the No. 1 Field Clinic of Yunnan Laoshan Frontier in 1986. Mr. Cheng received his bachelor’s degree in clinical neurosurgery from the First Military Medical University of the People’s Liberation Army of China in 1986. Mr. Cheng is a qualified clinical surgeon in China.

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Mr. Shang Yan Chuang has served as a director of our company since July 2017. Mr. Chuang has served as the chief financial officer of Noah Holdings Limited since September 2016. Mr. Chuang joined Noah Holdings Limited as Director of Investment Relations and Corporate Development in March 2011. In 2012, he founded Noah Holdings (Hong Kong) Limited and served as its executive director and chief executive officer until January 2016. Prior to joining Noah Holdings Limited, Mr. Chuang was a senior executive at Bank of America Merrill Lynch in the Investment Banking Division and Asia Private Equity Division from 2003 to 2011 based in Hong Kong. Mr. Chuang graduated Magna Cum Laude with a bachelor’s degree of Science in Finance from Stern School of Business at New York University.

Mr. Yaw Kong Yap served as our chief financial officer since July 2014 and our president since March 2019. He served as our senior vice president from 2008 to July 2014 and a director and financial controller of our company from 2008 to 2011. Mr. Yap joined China Medstar in 2005 and served as its chief financial officer prior to our acquisition of China Medstar. Prior to joining China Medstar, Mr. Yap served as the chief executive officer of Advanced Produce Centre Development Pte, Ltd., a Singapore real estate company, from 2003 to 2005. Mr. Yap received a bachelor’s degree from Indiana University of Pennsylvania in the United States in 1990. Mr. Yap is Certified Public Accountant in the United States.

Ms. Xiao Fu has served as our chief operating officer since March 2019 and served as our senior vice president from July 2009 to March 2019. Ms. Xiao Fu joined China Medstar in 1997 and served as its Senior Vice President prior to our acquisition of China Medstar. Ms. Xiao Fu graduated from the Shanghai Second Military Medical University in 1986, majoring in Healthcare.

Dr. Matthew D. Callister has served as our chief medical officer since March 2019. Prior to joining our company, Dr. Callister served as the Senior Physician Executive of Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center and Service Line in 2014, the Division Chief of Radiation Oncology at Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center in 2011 and a Consultant at the Department of Radiation Oncology of Mayo Clinic Arizona in 2004. Dr. Callister has been an Adjunct Associate Professor of Radiation Oncology at the UT-MD Anderson Cancer Center from 2011 to present. Dr. Callister received a Doctor of Medicine degree from the Duke University School of Medicine in 1997.

Mr. Denny Lee has served as an independent director of our company since December 2009. Mr. Lee currently serves as an independent director on the board of NetEase, Inc. (formerly known as Netease.com Inc.), a China internet and online game service provider listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market. Mr. Lee was the chief financial officer of Netease, Inc., from 2002 to 2007. Prior to joining Netease, Inc., Mr. Lee worked in the Hong Kong office of KPMG for more than ten years. Mr. Lee also serves as an independent director and the chairman of the audit committee of the following companies, (i) New Oriental Education & Technology Group Inc., a provider of private education services in China, (ii) NIO Inc., the principal business of which is design, jointly manufacture, and sell smart and connected premium electric vehicles, (iii) Jianpu Technology Inc., the principal business of which is operation of open platform for discovery and recommendation of financial products in China, all of which are listed on the NYSE, and (iv) China Metal Resources Utilization Limited, a company listed on the Main Board of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Mr. Lee graduated from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University and was awarded the Professional Diploma in Accounting in November 1990. He is a fellow of The Chartered Association of Certified Accountants and an associate member of The Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants.

Dr. Weibo Yin has served as an independent director of our company since November 2011. He is the Honorary President of Chinese Society of Radiation Oncology and a board member of the International Congress of Radiation Oncology. Dr. Yin has served various positions such as professor emeritus, professor, associate professor and resident doctor in Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical University since 1957. In addition, Dr. Yin has published 155 research papers on radiation oncology, in 32 of which he was the first author. Dr. Yin received his M.D. degree from Peking Union Medical University in 1957.

Dr. Liping Zhang has served as an independent director of our company since September 2017. She joined Trinity Western University as assistant professor in 2005 and has served as associate professor in Trinity Western University since 2014. Prior to joining Trinity Western University, she was a teaching assistant in the Department of Economics at University of Ottawa from 1999 to 2004. Dr. Zhang received a doctorate degree in economics from University of Ottawa in 2005.

The address of our directors and executive officers is Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited, 18/F, Tower A, Global Trade Center, 36 North Third Ring Road East, Dongcheng District, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, 100013.

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| B. | Compensation

Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers

In 2018, the aggregate cash compensation to all of our directors and our executive officers was RMB4.1 million (US$0.9 million). For share-based compensation, see “—Share Incentive Plans.” We did not have any amount accrued in 2018 for pension, retirement or other similar benefits to our directors and our executive officers.

Share Incentive Plans

OMS Share Option Plan

On November 17, 2007, OMS, the predecessor of our company, adopted the OMS option plan, pursuant to which OMS granted to three of its executive directors, Mr. Haifeng Liu, Dr. Jianyu Yang and Mr. Steve Sun, or the OMS grantees, options to purchase a total of up to 25,000,000 ordinary shares, or the OMS share options, to purchase the ordinary shares of OMS at an exercise price of US$0.80 per share. The board of OMS determined these options to become vested upon the satisfaction of a number of performance conditions that related to the completion of the OMS reorganization, achievement of net profit target of OMS, and the raising of new financing. The OMS share options were exercisable from the date of completion of the 2007 audited consolidated financial statements of OMS to December 31, 2008 and were transferrable to any individuals designated by the OMS grantees.

On August 18, 2008, the board of directors of OMS contemplated that the OMS grantees had achieved certain performance conditions outlined in the OMS option plan. However, as the capital structure of our company had changed at that time such that we had replaced OMS as the ultimate holding company of our subsidiaries, the board of directors of OMS resolved that the OMS option plan would be settled in vested options to purchase 21,184,600 ordinary shares of our company, with an exercise price of US$0.79 per share exercisable before December 31, 2008.

On the same day, two of the OMS grantees, Dr. Jianyu Yang and Mr. Steve Sun, exercised their respective options to purchase an aggregate of 6,355,400 ordinary shares of our company, with total proceeds from such exercise received by us amounting to approximately RMB34.4 million. We recorded share-based compensation expense of approximately RMB49.5 million in 2007 related to these options granted, which was recorded in general and administrative expenses. The third OMS grantee, Mr. Haifeng Liu, sold all of his vested options to purchase 14,829,200 ordinary shares of our company to three former directors of China Medstar who are now our directors and executive officers as employment incentive for such directors.

The three executive directors subsequently exercised the vested options with total proceeds from such exercise received by us amounting to approximately US$11.7 million. Given the transfer of the OMS share options to the three directors was provided as an employment incentive, we recorded additional share-based compensation expense of approximately RMB4.2 million in 2008, which was recorded in general and administrative expenses.

2008 Share Incentive Plan

The 2008 share incentive plan was adopted by our shareholders on October 16, 2008 and amended on November 17, 2009 to increase the number of ordinary shares available for grant under the plan. The purpose of the plan is to aid us in recruiting and retaining key employees, directors or consultants and to motivate such persons to exert their best efforts on behalf of our company by providing incentives through the granting of awards. Our board of directors believes that our company benefits from the added interest that such persons have in the welfare of our company as a result of their proprietary interest in our company’s success. Our share incentive plan has provided for the grant of options, share appreciation rights, or other share-based awards, referred to as “awards.” The 2008 share incentive plan was terminated upon its tenth anniversary on October 16, 2018. Any awards granted prior to the termination and remained outstanding will remain effective and subject to the 2008 share incentive plan.

Termination of Awards. Options have specified terms set forth in a share option agreement. If the recipient’s employment with our company is terminated for any reason, the recipient’s vested options shall remain exercisable subject to the provisions of the plan and the option agreement and the recipient’s unvested options shall terminate without consideration. If the options are not exercised or purchased by the last day of the exercise period, they will terminate.

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Administration. Our 2008 share incentive plan is currently administered by the compensation committee of our board of directors. Our board of directors or the compensation committee is authorized to interpret the plan, to establish, amend and rescind any rules and regulations relating to the plan, and to make any other determinations that it deems necessary or desirable for the administration of the plan. Our board of directors or the compensation committee will determine the provisions, terms and conditions of each award consistent with the provisions of the plan, including, but not limited to, the exercise price for an option, vesting schedule, forfeiture provisions, form of payment of exercise price and other applicable terms.

Option Exercise. The term of options granted under the 2008 share incentive plan may not exceed eight years from the date of grant. The consideration to be paid for our ordinary shares upon exercise of an option or purchase of shares underlying the option may include cash, check or other cash-equivalent, consideration received by us in a cashless exercise and, to the extent permitted by our board of directors or the compensation committee and subject to the provisions of the option agreement, ordinary shares or a combination of ordinary shares and cash or cash-equivalents.

Change in Control. If a third-party acquires us through the purchase of all or substantially all of our assets, a merger or other business combination or if during any two consecutive year period individuals who at the beginning of such period constituted the board of directors cease for any reason to constitute a majority of our board of directors, then, if so determined by our board of directors or the compensation committee with respect to the applicable award agreement or otherwise, any outstanding awards that are unexercisable or otherwise unvested or subject to lapse restrictions will automatically be deemed exercisable or otherwise vested or no longer subject to lapse restrictions, as the case may be, as of immediately prior to such change in control.

Our board of directors or the compensation committee may also, in its sole discretion, decide to cancel such awards for fair value, provide for the issuance of substitute awards that will substantially preserve the otherwise applicable terms of any affected awards previously granted, or provide that affected options will be exercisable for a period of at least 15 days prior to the change in control but not thereafter.

Termination of Plan. Our 2008 share incentive plan was terminated upon its tenth anniversary of the effective date on October 16, 2018.

Our board of directors and shareholders authorized the issuance of up to 4,765,800 ordinary shares upon exercise of awards granted under our 2008 share incentive plan upon the adoption of the plan. On November 26, 2011, our board of directors and shareholders authorized the issuance of additional 5,101,968 ordinary shares under the 2008 share incentive plan. On May 29, 2015, our board of directors and shareholders authorized the issuance of additional 4,940,550 ordinary shares under the 2008 share incentive plan.

On November 27, 2009 and September 30, 2011, we granted options to purchase 4,765,800 ordinary shares at an exercise price of US$3.67 and US$2.17 per share, respectively, of which options to purchase an aggregate of 1,716,500 ordinary shares were granted to our executive officers and directors and the remainder to other employees.

On February 18, 2014, we granted options to purchase 3,479,604 ordinary shares at an exercise price of US$2.037, of which options to purchase an aggregate of 2,439,126 ordinary shares were granted to our executive officers and directors and the remainder to other employees. Such options have an exercise price equal to the price per ordinary share of our initial public offering and are subject to a four-year vesting schedule with 25% vesting on each of the first, second, third and fourth anniversary of the grant date, and will terminate no later than eight years from their grant date.

On February 18, 2014, July 1, 2014 and August 1, 2014, we granted 1,370,250, 21,132 and 69,564 restricted shares, respectively, of which 332,446 restricted shares to our executive officers and 1,228,500 restricted shares to other employees. Such restricted shares are subject to a four-year vesting schedule with 25% vesting on each of the first, second, third and fourth anniversary of the grant date, and will terminate no later than eight years from their grant date.

On August 7, 2017, August 8, 2017 and September 13, 2017, we granted 1,453,950, 3,319,200 and 45,000 restricted shares, respectively, of which 901,950 restricted shares to our executive officers and directors, 3,916,200 restricted to other employees. Such restricted shares are subject to a four-year vesting schedule with 25% vesting on each of the first, second, third and fourth anniversary of the grant date, and will terminate no later than eight years from their grant date.

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On October 2, 2018, we granted 5,992,605 restricted shares to certain directors, officers and employees, of which 1,242,000 restricted shares to our executive officers and directors and 4,750,605 restricted shares to other employees. Such restricted shares are subject to a four-year vesting schedule with 25% vesting on each of the first, second, third and fourth anniversary of the grant date, and will terminate no later than eight years from their grant date.

The following table summarizes, as of December 31, 2018, the outstanding options and restricted shares granted to our directors and executive officers and other individuals as a group.

Name |  | Ordinary Shares Underlying Outstanding Options |  |  | Exercise Price Underlying Outstanding Options (US$/Share) |  |  | Restricted Shares |  |  | Grant Date |  |  | Expiration Date |
Jianyu Yang |  |  | 716,310 |  |  |  | 2.037 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | February 18, 2014 |  |  |  | February 17, 2022 |
Zheng Cheng |  |  | 716,310 |  |  |  | 2.037 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | February 18, 2014 |  |  |  | February 17, 2022 |
Shang Yan Chuang |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Yaw Kong Yap |  |  | 225,204 |  |  |  | 2.037 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | February 18, 2014 |  |  |  | February 17, 2022 |
|  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 95,091 |  |  |  | February 18, 2014 |  |  |  | February 17, 2022 |
|  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 21,132 |  |  |  | July 1, 2014 |  |  |  | June 30, 2022 |
|  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 761,850 |  |  |  | August 7, 2017 |  |  |  | August 6, 2025 |
|  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 930,000 |  |  |  | October 2, 2018 |  |  |  | October 1,2026 |
Xiao Fu |  |  | 149,775 |  |  |  | 2.037 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | February 18, 2014 |  |  |  | February 17, 2022 |
|  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 63,240 |  |  |  | February 18, 2014 |  |  |  | February 17, 2022 |
|  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 243,000 |  |  |  | August 8, 2017 |  |  |  | August 7, 2025 |
|  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 720,000 |  |  |  | October 2, 2018 |  |  |  | October 1,2026 |
Matthew D. Callister |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 450,000 |  |  |  | October 2, 2018 |  |  |  | October 1,2026 |
Denny Lee |  |  | 116,283 |  |  |  | 2.037 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | February 18, 2014 |  |  |  | February 17, 2022 |
|  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 95,100 |  |  |  | August 7, 2017 |  |  |  | August 6, 2025 |
|  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 222,000 |  |  |  | October 2, 2018 |  |  |  | October 1,2026 |
Weibo Yin |  |  | 69,771 |  |  |  | 2.037 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | February 18, 2014 |  |  |  | February 17, 2022 |
Liping Zhang |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 45,000 |  |  |  | September 13, 2017 |  |  |  | September 12,2025 |
|  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 90,000 |  |  |  | October 2,2018 |  |  |  | October 1,2026 |
Other individuals as group |  |  | 780,579 |  |  |  | 2.037 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | February 18, 2014 |  |  |  | February 17, 2022 |
|  |  | 355,884 |  |  |  | 2.2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | September 30, 2011 |  |  |  | September 30, 2019 |
|  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 885,561 |  |  |  | February 18, 2014 |  |  |  | February 17, 2022 |
|  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 69,564 |  |  |  | August 1, 2014 |  |  |  | July 31, 2022 |
|  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 486,000 |  |  |  | August 7, 2017 |  |  |  | August 6, 2025 |
|  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,848,950 |  |  |  | August 8, 2017 |  |  |  | August 7, 2025 |
|  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,580,605 |  |  |  | October 2, 2018 |  |  |  | October 1,2026 |

| C. | Board Practices

Committees of the Board of Directors

Board of Directors

We currently have seven directors, including three independent directors, on our board of directors. Our board of directors consists of an audit committee and a compensation committee. We currently do not plan to establish a nominating committee. Each committee’s members and functions are described below.

Audit Committee

Our audit committee consists of Mr. Denny Lee, Dr. Weibo Yin and Dr. Liping Zhang. Mr. Denny Lee is the chairman of our audit committee. Mr. Denny Lee and Dr. Liping Zhang meet the criteria of audit committee financial experts as set forth under the applicable rules of the SEC. Our board of directors has determined that each of our audit committee members satisfies the requirements for an “independent director” within the meaning of Section 303A of the NYSE Listed Company Manual and meets the criteria for independence set forth in Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act. Our board of directors has also determined that the simultaneous service by Mr. Denny Lee on the audit committee of five other public companies would not impair his ability to effectively serve on our audit committee.

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The audit committee oversees our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of the financial statements of our company. The audit committee is responsible for, among other things:

| · | selecting our independent registered public accounting firm and pre-approving all auditing and non-auditing services permitted to be performed by our independent registered public accounting firm;

| · | reviewing with our independent registered public accounting firm any audit problems or difficulties and management’s response;

| · | reviewing and approving all proposed related-party transactions, as defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act;

| · | discussing the annual audited financial statements with management and our independent registered public accounting firm;

| · | reviewing major issues as to the adequacy of our internal controls and any special audit steps adopted in light of significant control deficiencies;

| · | annually reviewing and reassessing the adequacy of our audit committee charter;

| · | such other matters that are specifically delegated to our audit committee by our board of directors from time to time;

| · | meeting separately and periodically with management and our internal auditor and independent registered public accounting firm; and

| · | reporting regularly to the full board of directors.

Compensation Committee

Our compensation committee consists of Dr. Jianyu Yang, Mr. Denny Lee and Dr. Liping Zhang. Dr. Jianyu Yang is the chairman of our compensation committee. Our compensation committee assists the board in reviewing and approving the compensation structure of our directors and executive officers, including all forms of compensation to be provided to our directors and executive officers. Members of the compensation committee are not prohibited from direct involvement in determining their own compensation. Our chief executive officer may not be present at any committee meeting during which his compensation is deliberated. The compensation committee is responsible for, among other things:

| · | approving and overseeing the compensation package for our executive officers;

| · | reviewing and making recommendations to the board with respect to the compensation of our directors;

| · | reviewing and approving corporate goals and objectives relevant to the compensation of our chief executive officer, evaluating the performance of our chief executive officer in light of those goals and objectives, and setting the compensation level of our chief executive officer based on such evaluation; and

| · | reviewing periodically and making recommendations to the board regarding any long-term incentive compensation or equity plans, programs or similar arrangements, annual bonuses, employee pension and welfare benefit plans.

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Duties of Directors

Under Cayman Islands law, our directors have a fiduciary duty to act honestly, in good faith and with a view to our best interests. Our directors also have a duty to exercise the skill they actually possess and such care and diligence that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances. In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our memorandum and articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time. A director may be liable for any loss suffered by us as a result of a breach of their fiduciary duties.

The functions and powers of our board of directors include, among others:

| · | conducting and managing the business of our company;

| · | representing our company in contracts and deals;

| · | convening shareholders’ annual general meetings and reporting its work to shareholders at such meetings;

| · | declaring dividends and other distributions;

| · | appointing officers and determining the term of office of officers;

| · | exercising the borrowing powers of our company and mortgaging the property of our company; and

| · | approving the transfer of shares of our company, including the registration of such shares in our share register.

Terms of Directors and Executive Officers

Our executive officers are elected and appointed by our board of directors. Our directors are not subject to a term of office and hold office until such time as they resign or are removed from office with cause by special resolution or the unanimous written resolution of all shareholders or without cause by ordinary resolution or the unanimous written resolutions of all shareholders. A director will be removed from office automatically if, among other things, the director (i) becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors or (ii) dies or is found by our company to be or becomes of unsound mind. We have not entered into any service agreements with our directors that provide for any type of compensation upon termination.

Employment Agreements

We have entered into employment agreements with all of our executive officers. Under these agreements, each of our executive officers is employed for a non-fixed period of time. These employment agreements can be terminated in accordance with the Labor Contract Law of the PRC and other relevant regulations. Under the Labor Contract Law, we can terminate without any prior notice the employment agreement with any of our executive officers in the event that such officer’s actions have resulted in material and demonstrable harm to our interest.

Under certain circumstances, including where the officer has not performed as expected and, upon internal reassignment or training, still fails to be qualified for the job, we may also terminate the employment agreement with any of our executive officers upon providing a 30-day notice or paying one month in severance. Our executive officer may typically terminate his or her employment at any time if we fail to provide labor protection or work conditions as stipulated in the employment agreement.

The executive officers may also terminate the employment agreement at any time without cause upon a 30-day notice. Usually, if we terminate the employment agreement of any of our executive officers, we have to pay them certain severance pay in proportion to their working years with us, except where such officer’s actions have resulted in material and demonstrable harm to our interests, among other circumstances.

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Each executive officer has agreed to hold, both during and subsequent to the terms of his or her agreement, in confidence and not to use, except in pursuance of his or her duties in connection with the employment, any of our confidential information, technological secrets, commercial secrets and know-how. Each of our executive officers has entered into a confidentiality agreement with us. Our executive officers have also agreed to disclose to us all inventions, designs and techniques resulted from work performed by them, and to assign us all right, title and interest of such inventions, designs and techniques.

Interested Transactions

A director may vote in respect of any contract or transaction in which he or she is interested, provided that the nature of the interest of any directors in such contract or transaction is disclosed by him or her at or prior to its consideration and any vote on that matter.

Remuneration and Borrowing

The directors may determine remuneration to be paid to the directors. The compensation committee assists the directors in reviewing and approving the compensation structure for the directors. The directors may exercise all the powers of our company to borrow money and to mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and uncalled capital, and to issue debentures or other securities whether outright or as security for any debt obligations of our company or of any third party.

Qualification

There is no shareholding qualification for directors.

| D. | Employees

Our employees consist of all personnel that work in our headquarters and our regional offices and certain personnel that work in our network of centers and our hospital in Singapore. Our employees in our network of centers are generally the operation directors or project managers and the marketing, accounting or administrative personnel of the cooperative centers. We had 739, 583 and 584 employees as of December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, we had 487 and 97 employees based in China and Singapore, respectively. The following table set forth certain information about our employees by function as of the period indicated:

|  | As of December 31, 2018 |
|  | Employees |  |  | % of Total |
Management |  |  | 42 |  |  |  | 7.2 |
Administration |  |  | 56 |  |  |  | 9.6 |
Financial control |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | 7.5 |
Hospital and Operation |  |  | 287 |  |  |  | 49.1 |
Marketing |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 2.1 |
Business development |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 1.0 |
Centers |  |  | 137 |  |  |  | 23.5 |
Total |  |  | 584 |  |  |  | 100.0 |

We have entered into employment agreements with each of our employees. We may terminate the employment of any of our employees in the event that such employee’s actions have resulted in material and demonstrable harm to our interests or if the employee has not performed as expected. An employee may typically terminate his or her employment at any time for any material breach of the employment agreement by us. The employee may also terminate the employment agreement at any time without cause upon 30 days prior notice. Each of our employees who has access to sensitive and confidential information has also entered into a non-disclosure and confidentiality agreement with us. For information as to employment agreements with our executive officers, see “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—C. Board Practices—Employment Agreements.”

We are required under the local laws and regulations to make contributions to our employee benefit plans based on specified percentages of the salaries, bonuses, housing allowances and certain other allowances of our employees, up to a maximum amount specified by the respective local government authorities. The total amount of the contributions that we made to employee benefit plans in 2016, 2017 and 2018 was RMB13.1 million, RMB13.3 million and RMB13.3 million (US$1.9 million), respectively. Of the total amount of contributions that we made to employee benefit plans in 2016, 2017 and 2018, RMB0.3 million, RMB0.4 million and RMB0.3million (US$0.04 million) were attributable to Concord International Hospital in Singapore that we acquired in 2015, respectively.

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Our success depends to a significant extent upon, among other factors, our ability to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel. Many of our employees have extensive industry experience, and we place a strong emphasis on improving our employees’ expertise by providing periodic training to enhance their skills and knowledge. Our employees are not covered by any collective bargaining agreement. We believe that we have a good relationship with our employees.

In accordance with applicable PRC laws and regulations, the NHC oversees the activities of doctors in China. The relevant local healthcare administrative authorities above the county level are responsible for the supervision of doctors located in their regions. Doctors in China are regulated by a registration system and each doctor may only practice medicine in the sole medical institution where such doctor is registered.

Doctors are not permitted to be registered in more than one medical institution. However, doctors may, upon the approval of the medical institution with which they are registered, enter into consulting agreements with third parties to engage in medical practice for another institution. We enter into such consulting contracts with doctors from time to time to provide expert assistance and consultation to our company and our network of centers.

In very limited cases, we enter into employment agreements with doctors to work at cooperative centers in our network after consulting with our hospital partners where such centers are based. These doctors register their practice with the hospitals in accordance with applicable PRC laws and regulations. For information as to regulations of medical practitioners in Singapore, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation of Our Industry—Regulations in Singapore—Registration of Medical Practitioner.”

| E. | Share Ownership

The following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares as of the date of this annual report by:

| · | each of our directors and executive officers; and

| · | each person known to us to own beneficially more than 5.0% of our ordinary shares.

The calculations in the table below are based on 130,181,077 ordinary shares outstanding, including 84,393,129 Class A ordinary and 45,787,948 Class B ordinary shares outstanding, as of the date of this annual report.

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|  | Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned(1) |
|  | Class A Ordinary Shares |  |  | Class B Ordinary Shares |  |  | Total Ordinary Shares |  |  | % of Beneficial Ownership(2) |  |  | % of Aggregate Voting Power(3) |
Directors and Executive Officers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Jianyu Yang(4) |  |  | 14,699,238 |  |  |  | 38,287,948 |  |  |  | 52,987,186 |  |  |  | 40.5 |  |  |  | 73.2 |
Zheng Cheng(5) |  |  | 716,310 |  |  |  | 7,500,000 |  |  |  | 8,216,310 |  |  |  | 6.3 |  |  |  | 13.9 |
Shang Yan Chuang |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Yaw Kong Yap |  |  | * |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Xiao Fu |  |  | * |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Matthew D. Callister |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Denny Lee |  |  | * |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Weibo Yin |  |  | * |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Liping Zhang |  |  | * |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
All directors and officers as a group |  |  | 16,984,081 |  |  |  | 45,787,948 |  |  |  | 62,772,029 |  |  |  | 47.3 |  |  |  | 87.2 |
Principal Shareholders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Morgancreek Investment Holdings Limited(6) |  |  | 13,982,928 |  |  |  | 38,287,948 |  |  |  | 52,270,876 |  |  |  | 40.2 |  |  |  | 73.2 |
Solar Honor Limited(7) |  |  | 15,379,303 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 15,379,303 |  |  |  | 11.8 |  |  |  | 2.8 |
Oasis Inspire Limited(8) |  |  | 13,086,350 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,086,350 |  |  |  | 10.1 |  |  |  | 2.4 |
Bluestone Holdings Limited(9) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,500,000 |  |  |  | 7,500,000 |  |  |  | 5.8 |  |  |  | 13.8 |

| * | Less than 1%

| (1) | Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with Rule 13d-3 of the General Rules and Regulations under the Exchange Act. In computing the number of shares beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of that person, we have included shares that the person has the right to acquire within 60 days of this annual report, including through the exercise of any option, warrant or other right, the vesting of restricted shares or the conversion of any other security. These shares, however, are not included in the computation of the percentage ownership of any other person.

| (2) | For each person and group included in this column, percentage of beneficial ownership is based on 130,181,077 ordinary shares outstanding as of the date of this annual report and the shares that the person has the right to acquire within 60 days of this annual reports.

| (3) | For each person and group included in this column, percentage of voting power is calculated by dividing the voting power beneficially owned by such person or group by the voting power of all of our Class A and Class B ordinary shares as a single class. Class A ordinary shares are each entitled to one vote, whereas Class B ordinary shares are each entitled to ten votes. Our Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares vote together as a single class on all matters submitted to a vote of our shareholders, except as may otherwise be required by law. Our Class B ordinary shares are convertible at any time by the holder thereof into Class A ordinary shares on a one-for-one basis.

| (4) | Represents (i) 38,287,948 Class B ordinary shares, each convertible into one Class A ordinary share, and 4,660,976 ADSs, each representing three Class A ordinary shares, held by Morgancreek, a limited liability company organized under the laws of the British Virgin Islands, of which Ms. Bi Zhang, the spouse of Dr. Yang, indirectly holds 70% of the equity interests in Morgancreek and Dr. Yang is the sole director, and as such Dr. Yang has the power to direct Morgancreek as to the voting and disposition of the Class B ordinary shares and the ADSs held by Morgancreek and Dr. Yang may be deemed the beneficial owner of all the Class B ordinary shares and the ADSs representing Class A Ordinary Shares held by Morgancreek, and (ii) 716,310 Class A ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of options held by Dr. Yang that are exercisable currently or within 60 days of the date of this annual report.

| (5) | Represents (i) 7,500,000 Class B ordinary shares, each convertible into one Class A ordinary share, held by Bluestone Holdings Limited, a limited liability company organized under the laws of the British Virgin Islands, of which Mr. Cheng is a sole director and sole shareholder, and (ii) 716,310 Class A ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of options held by Mr. Cheng that are exercisable currently or within 60 days of the date of this annual report.

| (6) | Represents 38,287,948 Class B ordinary shares, each convertible into one Class A ordinary share, and 4,660,976 ADSs, each representing three Class A ordinary shares, held by Morgancreek, a limited liability company organized under the laws of the British Virgin Islands. Cherrylane Investments Limited, a limited liability company organized under the laws of the British Virgin Islands indirectly wholly owned by Ms. Bi Zhang, the spouse of Dr. Yang, holds 70% of the equity interests in Morgancreek. Model Oasis Limited, a limited liability company organized under the laws of the British Virgin Islands wholly owned by Mr. Hao Zhou, indirectly held 30% of the equity interests in Morgancreek. Dr. Yang is the sole director of Morgancreek and has the power to direct Morgancreek as to the voting and disposition of the Class B ordinary shares and the ADSs held by Morgancreek. Dr. Yang may be deemed the beneficial owner of all the Class B ordinary shares and the ADSs representing Class A ordinary shares held by Morgancreek. The address of the principal office of Morgancreek is Vistra Corporate Services Centre, Wickhams Cay II, Road Town, Tortola, VG1110, British Virgin Islands.

| (7) | Represents 14,163,325 Class A ordinary shares and 405,326 ADSs held by Solar Honor Limited, a limited liability company organized under the laws of British Virgin Islands wholly owned by Mr. Hao Zhou. The address of the principal office of Solar Honor Limited is Unit 8, 3/F., Qwomar Trading Complex, Blackburne Road, Port Purcell, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands.

| (8) | Represents 13,086,350 Class A ordinary shares held by Oasis Inspire Limited, a limited liability company organized under the laws of British Virgin Islands directly wholly owned by Fosun Industrial Holdings Limited which is wholly owned by Fosun International Limited, as reported in the Amendment No. 1 to Schedule 13D dated January 16, 2019. The address of the principal office of Oasis Inspire Limited is Vistra Corporate Services Centre, Wickhams Cay II, Road Town, Tortola, VG1110, British Virgin Islands.

| (9) | Represents 7,500,000 Class B ordinary shares, each convertible into one Class A ordinary share, held by Bluestone Holdings Limited, a limited liability company organized under the laws of the British Virgin Islands. The address of the principal office of Bluestone Holdings Limited is Vistra Corporate Services Centre, Wickhams Cay II, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands.

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As of the date of this annual report, a total of 15,179,697 ADSs representing 45,539,091 Class A ordinary shares were outstanding. Such ordinary shares were registered in the name of a nominee of JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., the depositary for the ADSs. We have no further information as to ordinary shares or ADSs held, or beneficially owned, by U.S. persons.

We are currently not aware that we are directly or indirectly owned or controlled by another corporation, by any foreign government or by any other natural or legal person severally or jointly and we are currently not aware of any arrangement that may, at a subsequent date, result in a change of control of our company, other than the beneficial ownership and restructuring information as disclosed in this “E. Share Ownership” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—History and Development of the Company”.

| ITEM 7. | MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

| A. | Major Shareholders

See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—E. Share Ownership.”

| B. | Related Party Transactions

Borrowings with Related Parties

In June 2015, CCM Hong Kong, as the borrower, entered into a long-term loan agreement with Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited, as guarantor A, Shanghai Medstar, as guarantor B, Ascendium, as the shareholder of the borrower, and Gopher for the account of Gopher Asia Credit SP, as the original lender, whereby CCM Hong Kong was entitled to borrow a U.S. dollar term loan of up to US$25.0 million bearing an interest rate of 9.0% per annum. This loan is secured by certain shares in the borrower beneficially owned by Ascendium and guaranteed by Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited and Shanghai Medstar. As of December 31, 2016 and 2017, the outstanding balance of the loan was RMB172.6 million and RMB162.3 million, respectively. The loan was fully paid as of December 31, 2018. In 2016, 2017 and 2018, we incurred interest expenses to Gopher of RMB15.1 million, RMB14.6 million and RMB7.0 million (US$1.0 million), respectively. Gopher is controlled by Mr. Zhe Yin, our former director, who resigned from our board of directors in July 2017.

In April 2017, we entered a loan agreement with Tianjin Jiatai, an equity held by our equity method investee in 2017, for a loan of RMB91.9 million. The loan is intend to be used for purchase medical equipment for Shanghai Meizhongjiahe Medical Image Center which is under the control of Tianjin Jiatai. According to the contract, the terms of the agreement do not stipulate any interest and the payment schedule, the repayment should be settled within five years since the validation date of the contract as appropriate. In 2018, we repaid RMB36.4 million (US$5.3 million) and incurred an interest expense of RMB193,000 (US$28,000). As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, we had an outstanding balance of RMB91.9 million and RMB57.0 million (US$8.3 million), respectively. In addition, we provided management services to Tianjin Jiatai pursuant to our management agreement. As of December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, we recognized management service income of RMB8.0 million, RMB6.6 million and nil, respectively, from Tianjin Jiatai.

In January 2017, we entered two loan agreements with Beijing Century Friendship, our equity method investee in 2017, in total amount of RMB218.1 million. The loans bears no interests and are used for working capital and business development. As of December 31, 2017, we had an outstanding balance of RMB218.1 million. The loan will be due in January 2021. As of December 31, 2018, Beijing Century Friendship was our majority-owned subsidiary and consolidated to our company.

In November 2017, we entered a loan agreement with Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center, our equity method investee in 2017, for a loan of RMB41.0 million. The loan bears no interests and is used for working capital and business development. As of December 31, 2017, we had an outstanding balance of RMB41.0 million. The loan will be due in November 2021. In addition, as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, we recognized management service income of RMB4.1 million and RMB4.3 million (US$0.6 million), respectively, from Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center pursuant to a management agreement. As of December 31, 2018, Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center was our majority-owned subsidiary and consolidated to our company.

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In January 2017, we entered into a long-term loan agreement of RMB300 million with Guofu Huimei, our equity method investee in 2017. The loan bears an interest rate of 15.0% per annum and will be due in January 2021. The loan is used for the construction of hospitals. As of December 31, 2017, we had an outstanding balance of RMB280.1 million. In 2017 and 2018, we incurred an interest expense to Guofu Huimei of RMB31.7 million and RMB16.0 million (US$2.3 million), respectively. As of December 31, 2018, we repaid the principal of the loan while the accrued interest remained outstanding. As of December 31, 2018, Guofu Huimei was our wholly-owned subsidiary and consolidated to our company.

Reorganization and Private Placement

See “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company,” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure.”

Share Incentives

For a discussion of the share option plan adopted in 2007 by OMS, our predecessor, and our 2008 share incentive plan, see “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation—Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers—Share Incentive Plans.”

Employment Agreements

See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—C. Board Practices—Employment Agreements.”

| C. | Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not applicable.

| ITEM 8. | FINANCIAL INFORMATION

| A. | Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information

We have appended consolidated financial statements filed as part of this annual report.

Legal and Administrative Proceedings

We are not currently involved in any material litigation, arbitration or administrative proceedings. However, we may from time to time become a party to various other litigation, arbitration or administrative proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business.

Dividend Policy

On January 7, 2014, July 28, 2014 and December 11, 2015, our board of directors declared special cash dividends of US$0.24 per ordinary share (or US$0.72 per ADS), US$0.30 per ordinary share (or US$0.90 per ADS) and US$0.33 per ordinary share (or US$0.99 per ADS) on our outstanding ordinary shares, respectively. The total amount for the special dividend is approximately US$32.4 million, US$40.6 million and US$44.5 million, based on the number of ordinary shares outstanding as of September 30, 2013, March 31, 2014 and September 30, 2015, respectively. No special dividend was declared on 2016, 2017 and 2018.

Going forward, we intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to operate and expand our business. Our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends. Even if our board of directors decides to pay further dividends, the form, frequency and amount will depend on our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant.

If we pay any further dividends, we will pay our ADS holders to the same extent as holders of our ordinary shares, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, including any applicable fees and expenses. Cash dividends on our ordinary shares, if any, will be paid in U.S. dollars.

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| B. | Significant Changes

Except as described in this annual report, we have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

| ITEM 9. | THE OFFER AND LISTING

| A. | Offer and Listing Details

See “—C. Markets.” for our host market and trading symbol. We have a dual-class ordinary share structure in which Class A ordinary shares have different voting rights from Class B ordinary shares. Class A ordinary shares are each entitled to one vote, whereas Class B ordinary shares are each entitled to ten votes. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our ADSs—Holders of our Class B ordinary shares will control the outcome of shareholder actions in our company.”

| B. | Plan of Distribution

Not applicable.

| C. | Markets

Our ADSs, each representing three of our Class A ordinary shares, have been listed on the NYSE since December 11, 2009 under the symbol “CCM.”

| D. | Selling Shareholders

Not applicable.

| E. | Dilution

Not applicable.

| F. | Expenses of the Issue

Not applicable.

| ITEM 10. | ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

| A. | Share Capital

Not applicable.

| B. | Memorandum and Articles of Association

We are a Cayman Islands exempted company with limited liability and our affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time, and the Companies Law (as amended) of the Cayman Islands, which is referred to as the Companies Law below. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at P.O. Box 31119 Grand Pavilion, Hibiscus Way, 802 West Bay Road, Grand Cayman, KY1-1205, Cayman Islands.

On January 27, 2015, our shareholders by special resolution adopted our fourth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, which replaced the third memorandum and articles of association in its entirety. The following are summaries of material provisions of our fourth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association and the Companies Law insofar as they relate to the material terms of our ordinary shares.

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Ordinary Shares

General

Our ordinary shares are divided into Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. Holders of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares have the same rights except for voting and conversion rights. All references to ordinary shares include the Class A ordinary shares and the Class B ordinary shares.

All of our outstanding ordinary shares are fully paid and non-assessable. Certificates representing our ordinary shares are issued in the registered form. Our shareholders who are non-residents of the Cayman Islands may freely hold and vote their ordinary shares.

Dividends

The holders of our ordinary shares are entitled to such dividends as may be declared by our board of directors subject to the Companies Law.

Voting Rights

Each holder of Class A ordinary shares is entitled to one vote on all matters upon which the Class A ordinary shares are entitled to vote. Each holder of Class B ordinary shares is entitled to ten votes on all matters upon which the Class B ordinary shares are entitled to vote. Each holder is entitled to have the respective number(s) of vote for each share registered in his name on the register of members. Voting at any meeting of shareholders is by show of hands unless a poll is demanded by the chairman of our board of directors or by any shareholder present in person or by proxy.

A quorum is required for a meeting of shareholders. Shareholders who hold at least one-third of all our ordinary shares in issue at the meeting present in person or by proxy or, if a corporation or other non-natural person, by its duly authorized representative constitutes a quorum. Shareholders’ meetings are held annually and may be convened by our board of directors on its own initiative or upon a request to the directors by shareholders holding in the aggregate at least ten percent of our paid-up capital. At least seven days advanced notice is required prior to convening our annual general meeting and other shareholders meetings.

An ordinary resolution of the shareholders requires the affirmative vote of a simple majority of the votes attaching to the ordinary shares cast in a general meeting to pass. A special resolution requires the affirmative vote of not less than two-thirds of the votes cast attaching to the ordinary shares to pass.

Transfer of Ordinary Shares

Subject to the restrictions of our articles of association, as applicable, any of our shareholders may transfer all or any of such shareholder’s ordinary shares by an instrument of transfer in the usual or common form or any other form approved by our board.

Our board of directors may, in its absolute discretion, decline to register any transfer of any ordinary share which is not fully paid up or on which we have a lien. Our directors may also decline to register any transfer of any ordinary share unless:

| · | the instrument of transfer is lodged with us, accompanied by the certificate for the ordinary shares to which it relates and such other evidence as our board of directors may reasonably require to show the right of the transferor to make the transfer;

| · | the instrument of transfer is in respect of only one class of ordinary shares;

| · | the instrument of transfer is properly stamped, if required;

| · | in the case of a transfer to joint holders, the number of joint holders to whom the ordinary share is to be transferred does not exceed four; or

| · | the ordinary shares transferred are free of any lien in favor of us.

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If our directors refuse to register a transfer they shall, within two months after the date on which the instrument of transfer was lodged, send notice of such refusal to both the transferor and transferee. The registration of transfers may, on 14 days’ notice, given by advertisement in one or more newspapers or by electronic means, be suspended and the register closed at such times and for such periods as our board of directors may from time to time determine, provided, however, that the registration of transfers shall not be suspended nor the register closed for more than 30 days in any year.

Liquidation

On a return of capital in connection with the winding up of the company or otherwise (other than in connection with conversion, redemption or purchase of ordinary shares), assets available for distribution to the holders of ordinary shares shall be distributed among them on a pro rata basis. If our assets available for distribution are insufficient to repay all of the paid-up capital, the assets will be distributed so that the losses are borne by our shareholders proportionately.

Calls on Ordinary Shares and Forfeiture of Ordinary Shares

Our board of directors may from time to time call upon shareholders for any amounts unpaid on their ordinary shares in a notice served to such shareholders at least 14 days prior to the specified time of payment. Ordinary shares that have been called upon and remain unpaid are subject to forfeiture.

Redemption of Ordinary Shares

Subject to the provisions of the Companies Law, we are under the terms of our fourth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association to:

| · | issue ordinary shares on terms that they are to be redeemed or are liable to be redeemed at our option or at the option of the shareholders, on such terms and in such manner as we may, before the issue of such ordinary shares, determine;

| · | purchase our own ordinary shares (including any redeemable shares) on such terms and in such manner as we may determine and agree with our shareholders; and

| · | make a payment in respect of the redemption or purchase of our own ordinary shares in any manner authorized by the Companies Law, including out of our capital, profits or the proceeds of a fresh issue of ordinary shares.

Variations of Rights of Shares

All or any of the special rights attached to any class of shares may, subject to the provisions of the Companies Law, be varied either with the written consent of the holders of not less than two-thirds the issued shares of that class or with the sanction of a special resolution passed at a general meeting of the holders of the shares of that class.

Inspection of Books and Records

Holders of our ordinary shares have no general right under Cayman Islands law to inspect or obtain copies of our list of shareholders or our corporate records. However, we will provide our shareholders with annual audited financial statements. See “—H. Documents on Display.”

Changes in Capital

We may from time to time by ordinary resolutions:

| · | increase the share capital by such sum, to be divided into shares of such classes and amount, as the resolution shall prescribe;

| · | consolidate and divide all or any of our share capital into shares of a larger amount than our existing shares;

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| · | convert all or any of our paid up shares into stock and reconvert that stock into paid up shares of any denomination;

| · | sub-divide our existing shares, or any of them into shares of a smaller amount that is fixed by the fourth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association; and

| · | cancel any shares that, at the date of the passing of the resolution, have not been taken or agreed to be taken by any person and diminish the amount of our share capital by the amount of the shares so cancelled.

Subject to the Companies Law and our fourth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association with respect to matters to be dealt with by ordinary resolution, we may, by special resolution, reduce our share capital and any capital redemption reserve in any manner authorized by law.

Issuance of Additional Shares

Our fourth amended and restated memorandum of association authorizes our board of directors to issue additional ordinary shares from time to time as our board of directors shall determine, to the extent there are available authorized but unissued shares.

Our fourth amended and restated memorandum of association authorizes our board of directors (subject to the other provisions with respect to variation of rights of ordinary shares under the articles of association) to establish from time to time one or more series of preferred shares and to determine, with respect to any series of preferred shares, the terms and rights of that series, including:

| · | the designation of the series;

| · | the number of shares of the series;

| · | the dividend rights, dividend rates, conversion rights, voting rights; and

| · | the rights and terms of redemption and liquidation preferences.

Our board of directors may issue preferred shares without action by our shareholders to the extent there are available authorized but unissued preferred shares. In addition, the issuance of preferred shares may be used as an anti-takeover device without further action on the part of the shareholders. Issuance of these shares may dilute the voting power of holders of ordinary shares.

Actions Requiring the Approval of a Supermajority of Our Board of Directors

Actions require the approval of a supermajority of at least two-thirds of our board of directors, including:

| · | the appointment or removal of either our chief executive officer or chief financial officer;

| · | any anti-takeover action in response to a takeover attempt;

| · | any merger resulting in our shareholders immediately prior to such merger holding less than a majority of the voting power of the outstanding share capital of the surviving business entity;

| · | the sale or transfer of all or substantially all of our assets; and

| · | any change in the number of directors on our board of directors.

Conversion of the Shares

All of the issued and outstanding Class B ordinary shares shall automatically convert into Class A ordinary shares, at a ratio of one Class A ordinary share for each Class B ordinary share, in the event that the total number of issued and outstanding Class B ordinary shares is less than 5% of the total number of ordinary shares issued and outstanding. Any Class B ordinary share that is sold, transferred, assigned or disposed of by a registered holder or beneficial owner of such Class B ordinary share to any person who is not (i) the registered holder or beneficial owner of Class B ordinary shares or (ii) an affiliate of the registered holder or beneficial owner such Class B ordinary share being transferred, assigned or disposed of, such Class B ordinary share shall automatically convert into one Class A ordinary share upon the completion of such transfer, assignment or disposition.

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Class A ordinary shares are not convertible under any circumstances.

Difference Between Class A and Class B Ordinary Shares

The difference between the Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares are the special voting attached to the Class B ordinary shares and the conversion rights as disclosed above.

| C. | Material Contracts

We have not entered into any material contracts other than in the ordinary course of business and other than those described in “Item 4. Information on the Company” or elsewhere in this annual report.

| D. | Exchange Controls

See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation of Our Industry.”

| E. | Taxation

Cayman Islands Taxation

The Cayman Islands currently levy no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation, and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. No Cayman Islands stamp duty will be payable unless an instrument is executed in, brought to, or produced before a court of the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands are not parties to any double tax treaties. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands.

People’s Republic of China Taxation

The EIT Law and the implementation regulations for the EIT Law issued by the PRC State Council, impose a single uniform income tax rate of 25% on all Chinese enterprises, including foreign-invested enterprises, and levies a withholding tax rate of 10% on dividends payable by Chinese subsidiaries to their non-PRC enterprise shareholders except with respect to any such non-PRC enterprise shareholder whose jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a different withholding agreement. The EIT Law provides that enterprises established outside of China whose “effective management organizations” are located in China are considered “resident enterprises” and are generally subject to the uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate on their worldwide income. Under the implementation regulations for the EIT Law issued by the PRC State Council, a “effective management organizations” is defined as a body that has material and overall management and control over the manufacturing and operations, personnel and human resources, finances and treasury and assets of an enterprise. On April 22, 2009, the State Administration of Taxation promulgated a circular which sets out criteria for determining whether “effective management organizations” are located in China for overseas incorporated, domestically controlled enterprises. However, as this circular only applies to enterprises incorporated under the laws of foreign countries or regions that are controlled by PRC enterprises or groups of PRC enterprises, it remains unclear how the tax authorities will determine the location of “effective management organizations” for overseas incorporated enterprises that are controlled by individual PRC residents like us and some of our subsidiaries. Therefore, although substantially all of our operational management is currently based in the PRC, it is unclear whether PRC tax authorities would require us to be treated as a PRC tax resident enterprise. We do not currently consider our company to be a PRC tax resident enterprise. However, if the Chinese tax authorities disagree with our assessment and determine that we are a PRC tax resident enterprise, we may be subject to a 25% enterprise income tax on our global income.

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Under the EIT Law and implementation regulations issued by the State Council, a 10% PRC income tax is applicable to dividends payable to investors that are “non-resident enterprises,” which do not have an establishment or place of business in the PRC, or which have such establishment or place of business but the relevant income is not effectively connected with the establishment or place of business, to the extent such dividends have their sources within the PRC. Furthermore, a circular issued by the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation on February 22, 2008 stipulates that undistributed earnings generated prior to January 1, 2008 are exempt from enterprise income tax. We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, which indirectly holds, through Ascendium, Cyber Medical and OMS, our equity interests in our PRC subsidiaries. Our operations are principally conducted through PRC subsidiaries. Thus, dividends for earnings accumulated beginning on January 1, 2008 payable to us by our subsidiaries in China, if any, will be subject to the 10% income tax if we are considered as “nonresident enterprises” under the EIT Law. Under the EIT law, Notice 112, which was issued on January 29, 2008 and the PRC-HK DTA, which became effective on December 8, 2006, dividends from our PRC subsidiaries paid to us through our Hong Kong subsidiary may be subject to a 10% withholding tax or a 5% withholding tax if our Hong Kong subsidiary can be considered as a “beneficial owner” and entitled to treaty benefits under the PRC-HK DTA. Under the existing implementation rules of the EIT Law, it is unclear whether the PRC tax authority would treat us as PRC tax resident enterprise. Accordingly dividends paid by us to our non-PRC tax resident enterprise ADS holders and ordinary shareholders may be deemed to be derived from sources within the PRC and, therefore, be subject to the 10% PRC income tax.

Similarly, any gain realized on the transfer of our ADSs or ordinary shares by our non-PRC tax resident enterprise ADS holders and ordinary shareholders may also be subject to the 10% PRC income tax if we are considered as PRC tax resident enterprise and such gain will be regarded as income derived from sources within the PRC.

United States Federal Income Taxation

The following discussion describes the material United States federal income tax consequences of the ownership of our ordinary shares and ADSs as of the date hereof. The effects of any applicable state or local laws and other U.S. federal tax laws, such as estate and gift tax laws, and the impact of the alternative minimum tax and the Medicare contribution tax on net investment income, are not discussed. The discussion below is based upon the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) and regulations, rulings and judicial decisions thereunder as of the date hereof. All of the foregoing authorities are subject to change, which change could apply retroactively and could affect the tax consequences described below.

The discussion is applicable to United States Holders (as defined below) who hold our ordinary shares or ADSs as capital assets within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Code (generally, property held for investment). As used herein, the term “United States Holder” means a holder of an ordinary share or ADS that is for United States federal income tax purposes:

| · | an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States;

| · | a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for United States federal income tax purposes) created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia;

| · | an estate the income of which is subject to United States federal income taxation regardless of its source; or

| · | a trust if it (1) is subject to the primary supervision of a court within the United States and one or more United States persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (2) has a valid election in effect under applicable United States Treasury regulations to be treated as a United States person.

This discussion does not represent a detailed description of the United States federal income tax consequences applicable to you if you are subject to special treatment under the United States federal income tax laws, including if you are:

| · | a dealer in securities or currencies;

| · | a financial institution;

| · | a regulated investment company;

| · | a real estate investment trust;

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| · | an insurance company;

| · | a tax exempt organization;

| · | a person who acquired ordinary shares or ADSs pursuant to the exercise of any employee share option or otherwise as compensation;

| · | a trader in securities that has elected the mark-to-market method of accounting for your securities;

| · | a person subject to special tax accounting rules as a result of any item of gross income with respect to ordinary shares or ADSs being taken into account in an “applicable financial statement” (as defined in the Code);

| · | a person who owns or is deemed to own more than 10% or more of our stock by vote or value;

| · | a partnership or other pass-through entity for United States federal income tax purposes; or

| · | a person whose “functional currency” is not the United States dollar.

In addition, this discussion is based, in part, upon representations made by the depositary to us and assumes that the deposit agreement, and all other related agreements, will be performed in accordance with their terms. If you own ADSs, you should be treated as the owner of the underlying ordinary shares represented by those ADSs for United States federal income tax purposes.

If an entity treated as a partnership for United States federal income tax purposes) holds our ordinary shares or ADSs, the tax treatment of a partner will generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. If you are a partner of a partnership holding our ordinary shares or ADSs, you should consult your tax advisor.

This discussion does not contain a detailed description of all the United States federal income tax consequences to you in light of your particular circumstances. If you are considering the purchase, ownership or disposition of our ordinary shares or ADSs, you should consult your tax advisor concerning the United States federal income tax consequences to you of the purchase, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares or ADSs in light of your particular situation, as well as any consequences arising under the laws of any other taxing jurisdiction.

ADSs

If you hold ADSs, for United States federal income tax purposes, you generally will be treated as the owner of the underlying ordinary shares that are represented by such ADSs. Accordingly, deposits or withdrawals of ordinary shares for ADSs will not be subject to United States federal income tax. The U.S. Treasury has expressed concerns that intermediaries in the chain of ownership between the holder of an ADS and the issuer of the security underlying the ADS may be taking actions that are inconsistent with the claiming of foreign tax credits for holders of ADSs. Accordingly, the creditability of foreign taxes, if any, as described below, could be affected by actions taken by intermediaries in the chain of ownership between the holder of an ADS and us.

Taxation of Dividends

Subject to the discussion under “—Passive Foreign Investment Company” below, the gross amount of distributions on the ADSs or ordinary shares (including any amounts withheld to reflect PRC withholding taxes) generally will be taxable as dividends, to the extent paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits as determined under United States federal income tax principles. Such income (including withholding taxes) will be includable in your gross income as ordinary income on the day actually or constructively received by you, in the case of the ordinary shares, or by the depositary, in the case of ADSs. Such dividends will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction allowed to corporations under the Code. To the extent that the amount of the distribution exceeds our current and accumulated earnings and profits for a taxable year, as determined under United States federal income tax principles, it will be treated first as a tax-free return of your tax basis in your ADSs or ordinary shares, and to the extent the amount of the distribution exceeds your tax basis, the excess will be taxed as capital gain recognized on a sale or exchange. We do not expect to keep earnings and profits in accordance with United States federal income tax principles. Therefore, you should expect that a distribution will generally be treated as a dividend even if that distribution would otherwise be treated as a non-taxable return of capital or as capital gain under the rules described above.

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With respect to non-corporate United States Holders, certain dividends received from a qualified foreign corporation may be subject to reduced rates of taxation. A foreign corporation is treated as a qualified foreign corporation with respect to dividends received from that corporation on shares (or ADSs backed by such shares) that are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. United States Treasury Department guidance indicates that our ADSs (which are listed on the NYSE), but not our ordinary shares, are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. Thus, we believe that dividends we pay on our ordinary shares that are represented by ADSs, but not on our ordinary shares that are not so represented, will meet such conditions required for the reduced tax rates. There can be no assurance that our ADSs will be considered readily tradable on an established securities market in later years. Consequently, there can be no assurance that dividends paid on our ADSs will continue to qualify for the reduced tax rates. A qualified foreign corporation also includes a foreign corporation that is eligible for the benefits of certain income tax treaties with the United States. In the event that we are deemed to be a PRC “resident enterprise” under PRC tax law (see discussion under “—People’s Republic of China Taxation”), we may be eligible for the benefits of the income tax treaty between the United States and the PRC and, if we are eligible for such benefits, dividends we pay on our ordinary shares, regardless of whether such ordinary shares are represented by ADSs, would generally be subject to the reduced rates of taxation. Non-corporate United States Holders that do not meet a minimum holding period requirement during which they are not protected from the risk of loss or that elect to treat the dividend income as “investment income” pursuant to Section 163(d)(4) of the Code will not be eligible for the reduced rates of taxation regardless of our status as a qualified foreign corporation. In addition, the rate reduction will not apply to dividends if the recipient of a dividend is obligated to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property. This disallowance applies even if the minimum holding period has been met. Moreover, non-corporate United States Holders will not be eligible for reduced rates of taxation on any dividends received from us if we are a PFIC in the taxable year in which such dividends are paid or in the preceding taxable year. You should consult your tax advisor regarding the application of these rules given your particular circumstances.

In the event that we are deemed to be a PRC “resident enterprise” under PRC tax law, you may be subject to PRC withholding taxes on dividends paid to you with respect to the ADSs or ordinary shares (see discussion under “—People’s Republic of China Taxation”). However, you may be able to obtain a reduced rate of PRC withholding taxes under the treaty between the United States and the PRC if certain requirements are met. In addition, subject to certain conditions and limitations, PRC withholding taxes on dividends may be treated as foreign taxes eligible for credit against your United States federal income tax liability. For purposes of calculating the foreign tax credit, dividends paid on the ADSs or ordinary shares will be treated as foreign-source income and will generally constitute passive category income. Furthermore, in certain circumstances, if you have held the ADSs or ordinary shares for less than a specified minimum period during which you are not protected from risk of loss, or are obligated to make payments related to the dividends, you will not be allowed a foreign tax credit for any PRC withholding taxes imposed on dividends paid on the ADSs or ordinary shares. The rules governing the foreign tax credit are complex. You are urged to consult your tax advisor regarding the availability of the foreign tax credit under your particular circumstances.

Passive Foreign Investment Company

Based on our financial statements, relevant market data, and the projected composition of our income and valuation of our assets, including goodwill, we believe we were not a PFIC for United States federal income tax purposes for our taxable year ending December 31, 2018, although there can be no assurance in this regard. If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which you hold our ADSs or ordinary shares, you will be subject to special tax rules discussed below.

In general, we will be a PFIC for any taxable year in which:

| · | at least 75% of our gross income is passive income; or

| · | at least 50% of the value of our assets (based on an average of the quarterly values) is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income (which includes cash).

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For this purpose, passive income generally includes dividends, interest, royalties and rents (other than royalties and rents derived in the active conduct of a trade or business and not derived from a related person), as well as gains from the sale of assets (such as stock) that produce passive income, foreign currency gains, and certain other categories of income. If we own at least 25% (by value) of the stock of another corporation, we will be treated for purposes of the PFIC tests, as owning our proportionate share of the other corporation’s assets and receiving our proportionate share of the other corporation’s income.

The determination of whether we are a PFIC is made annually. Accordingly, it is possible that we may become a PFIC in the current or any future taxable year due to changes in our asset or income composition. Because we have valued our goodwill based on the market value of our equity, a decrease in the price of our ADSs or ordinary shares may result in our becoming a PFIC. In addition, the composition of our income and assets will be affected by how, and how quickly, we spend our cash. If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which you hold our ADSs or ordinary shares, you will be subject to special tax rules discussed below.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which you hold our ADSs or ordinary shares and you do not make a timely mark-to-market election, as described below, you will be subject to special tax rules with respect to any “excess distribution” received and any gain realized from a sale or other disposition, including a pledge, of ADSs or ordinary shares. Distributions received in a taxable year that are greater than 125% of the average annual distributions received during the shorter of the three preceding taxable years or your holding period for the ADSs or ordinary shares will be treated as excess distributions. Under these special tax rules:

| · | the excess distribution or gain will be allocated ratably over your holding period for the ADSs or ordinary shares;

| · | the amount allocated to the current taxable year, and any taxable year prior to the first taxable year in which we were a PFIC, will be treated as ordinary income; and

| · | the amount allocated to each other year will be subject to tax at the highest tax rate in effect for that year and the interest charge generally applicable to underpayments of tax will be imposed on the resulting tax attributable to each such year.

In addition, non-corporate United States Holders will not be eligible for reduced rates of taxation on any dividends received from us if we are a PFIC in the taxable year in which such dividends are paid or in the preceding taxable year. You will be required to file Internal Revenue Service Form 8621 if you hold our ADSs or ordinary shares in any year in which we are classified as a PFIC.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which you hold our ADSs or ordinary shares and any of our non-United States subsidiaries is also a PFIC, a United States Holder would be treated as owning a proportionate amount (by value) of the shares of the lower-tier PFIC for purposes of the application of these rules. You are urged to consult your tax advisor about the application of the PFIC rules to any of our subsidiaries.

Although the determination of whether we are a PFIC is made annually, if we are a PFIC for any taxable year in which you hold our ADSs or ordinary shares, you will generally be subject to the special tax rules described above for that year and for each subsequent year in which you hold the ADSs or ordinary shares (even if we do not qualify as a PFIC in such subsequent years). However, if we cease to be a PFIC, you can avoid the continuing impact of the PFIC rules by making an election to recognize gain as if your ADSs or ordinary shares had been sold on the last day of the last taxable year during which we were a PFIC. You are urged to consult your tax advisor about this election.

In certain circumstances, in lieu of being subject to the excess distribution rules discussed above, you may make an election to include gain on the stock of a PFIC as ordinary income under a mark-to-market method, provided that such stock is regularly traded on a qualified exchange. Under current law, the mark-to-market election may be available to holders of our ADSs which are listed on the NYSE, which constitutes a qualified exchange, although there can be no assurance that the ADSs will be “regularly traded” for purposes of the mark-to-market election. It should be noted that only the ADSs, and not the ordinary shares, are listed on the NYSE. Consequently, if you are a holder of ordinary shares that are not represented by ADSs, you generally will not be eligible to make a mark-to-market election if we are or were to become a PFIC. If you make an effective mark-to-market election, for each taxable year that we are a PFIC, you will include in each year as ordinary income the excess of the fair market value of your ADSs at the end of the year over your adjusted tax basis in the ADSs. You will be entitled to deduct as an ordinary loss in each such year the excess of your adjusted tax basis in the ADSs over their fair market value at the end of the year, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. If you make an effective mark-to-market election, any gain you recognize upon the sale or other disposition of ADSs in a year that we are a PFIC will be treated as ordinary income and any loss will be treated as ordinary loss, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election.

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Your adjusted tax basis in the ADSs will be increased by the amount of any income inclusion and decreased by the amount of any deductions under the mark-to-market rules. If you make a mark-to-market election it will be effective for the taxable year for which the election is made and all subsequent taxable years unless the ADSs are no longer regularly traded on a qualified exchange or the Internal Revenue Service consents to the revocation of the election. Because a mark-to-market election cannot be made for equity interests in any lower-tier PFICs that we own, a United States Holder may continue to be subject to the PFIC rules described above regarding excess distributions and recognized gains with respect to its indirect interest in any investments held by us that are treated as an equity interest in a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. You are urged to consult your tax advisor about the availability of the mark-to-market election and whether making the election would be advisable in your particular circumstances.

A U.S. investor in a PFIC generally can mitigate the consequences of the rules described above by electing to treat the PFIC as a “qualified electing fund” under Section 1295 of the Code. However, this option is not available to you because we do not intend to comply with the requirements necessary to permit you to make this election. You are urged to consult your tax advisors concerning the United States federal income tax consequences of holding ADSs or ordinary shares if we are considered a PFIC in any taxable year.

Taxation of Capital Gains

For United States federal income tax purposes and subject to the discussion under “—Passive Foreign Investment Company” above, you will recognize taxable gain or loss on any sale or exchange of ADSs or ordinary shares in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized for the ADSs or ordinary shares and your tax basis in the ADSs or ordinary shares. Such gain or loss will generally be capital gain or loss. Capital gains of non-corporate United States Holders derived with respect to capital assets held for more than one year are eligible for reduced rates of taxation. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations. Any gain or loss recognized by you will generally be treated as United States source gain or loss. However, if we are treated as a PRC “resident enterprise” for PRC tax purposes and PRC tax was imposed on any gain, and if you are eligible for the benefits of the income tax treaty between the United States and the PRC, you may elect to treat such gain as PRC source gain. If you are not eligible for the benefits of the income tax treaty between the United States and the PRC or you fail to make the election to treat any gain as PRC source, then you generally would not be able to use the foreign tax credit arising from any PRC tax imposed on the disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares, unless such credit can be applied (subject to applicable limitations) against tax due on other income treated as derived from foreign sources in the same income category (generally, the passive category). You are urged to consult your tax advisors regarding the tax consequences if a foreign tax, such as a PRC tax, is imposed on gain on a disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares, including the availability of the foreign tax credit and the election to treat any gain as PRC source, under your particular circumstances.

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding

In general, information reporting will apply to dividends in respect of our ADSs or ordinary shares and to the proceeds from the sale, exchange or redemption of our ADSs or ordinary shares that are paid to you within the United States (and in certain cases, outside the United States), unless you are an exempt recipient such as a corporation. A backup withholding tax may apply to such payments if you fail to provide a taxpayer identification number or certification of other exempt status or fail to report in full dividend and interest income.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax and any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules will be allowed as a refund or a credit against your United States federal income tax liability provided the required information is furnished to the Internal Revenue Service in a timely manner.

| F. | Dividends and Paying Agents

Not applicable.

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| G. | Statement by Experts

Not applicable.

| H. | Documents on Display

We have filed this annual report, including exhibits, with the SEC. As allowed by the SEC, in Item 19 of this annual report, we incorporate by reference certain information we filed with the SEC. This means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to another document filed separately with the SEC. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this annual report.

You may read and copy this annual report, including the exhibits incorporated by reference in this annual report, at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549 and at the SEC’s regional offices in New York, New York and Chicago, Illinois. You can also request copies of this annual report, including the exhibits incorporated by reference in this annual report, upon payment of a duplicating fee, by writing information on the operation of the SEC’s Public Reference Room.

The SEC also maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding registrants that file electronically with the SEC. Our annual report and some of the other information submitted by us to the SEC may be accessed through this web site.

As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of quarterly reports and proxy statements, and officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act.

Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

We will post this annual report on Form 20-F on our website at http://ir.ccm.cn/. In addition, we will provide hardcopies of our annual report free of charge to shareholders and ADS holders upon request.

| I. | Subsidiary Information

For a listing of our subsidiaries, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure.”

| ITEM 11. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Foreign Exchange Risk

Substantially all of our revenues and our expenditures are denominated in Renminbi. However, the price of medical equipment that we purchase from foreign manufacturers is denominated in U.S. dollars. We pay for such equipment in Renminbi through importers at a pre-determined exchange rate that is typically agreed to at the time of purchase that will be adjusted to a certain extent if there is significant fluctuation as to the exchange rate. As a result, fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Renminbi will affect the cost of such medical equipment to us and will affect our results of operation and financial condition.

The Renminbi’s exchange rate with the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by, among other things, changes in China’s political and economic conditions. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Fluctuations in the value of the Renminbi may materially adversely affect your investment.” Any significant revaluation of the Renminbi may materially and adversely affect our cash flows, revenues, earnings and financial position, and the value of, and any dividends payable on, our ADSs in U.S. dollars. Based on the amount of our cash denominated in U.S. dollar as of December 31, 2018, a 10% change in the exchange rates between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar would result in an increase or decrease of RMB1.9 million (US$0.3 million) in our total cash position.

The functional currency of our company and our subsidiaries, including Ascendium, CMS Holdings, OMS, Cyber Medical, China Medstar, King Cheers, Medstar Overseas Ltd., US Proton Therapy Holdings Limited (BVI), and US Proton Therapy Holdings Limited (Delaware) is the U.S. dollar. Our PRC subsidiaries have determined their functional currencies to be the Renminbi based on the criteria set forth under ASC 830, Foreign Currency Matters. Our Singapore subsidiaries have determined their functional currency to be the Singapore dollars. We use the Renminbi as our reporting currency. Translation differences are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), a component of shareholders’ equity. Transactions denominated in foreign currencies are remeasured into our functional currency at the exchange rates prevailing on the transaction dates. Foreign currency denominated financial assets and liabilities are remeasured at the balance sheet date exchange rate. Exchange gains and losses are included in the consolidated statements of income.

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Interest Rate Risk

Our exposure to interest rate risk relates to interest expenses incurred by our short-term and long-term bank borrowings and interest income on our interest-bearing bank deposits. We have not used any derivative financial instruments or engaged in any interest rate hedging activities to manage our interest rate risk exposure. Our future interest expense on our short-term and long-term borrowings may increase or decrease due to changes in market interest rates. During 2018, our short-term and long-term bank borrowings, 3.3% of which were denominated in U.S. dollars while 96.7% of which were denominated in Renminbi, had a weighted average interest rate of 4.1% per annum and 9.8% per annum, respectively

Our future interest income on our interest-bearing cash and pledged deposit balances may increase or decrease due to changes in market interest conditions. We monitor interest rates in conjunction with our cash requirements to determine the appropriate level of bank borrowings relative to other sources of funds. Based on our outstanding borrowings as of December 31, 2018, a 10% change in the interest rates would result in an increase or decrease of RMB5.8 million (US$0.8 million) of our total amount of interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2018. Based on our outstanding interest earning instruments during the year ended December 31, 2018, a 10% change in the interest rates would result in an increase or decrease of approximately RMB0.02 million (US$0.003 million) in our total amount of interest income for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Inflation

According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, China’s overall national inflation rate, as represented by the general consumer price index, was approximately 2.0% in 2016, 1.6% in 2017 and 1.9% in 2018. We have not in the past been materially affected by any such inflation, but inflation could affect us in the future.

| ITEM 12. | DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES

| A. | Debt Securities

Not applicable.

| B. | Warrants and Rights

Not applicable.

| C. | Other Securities

Not applicable.

| D. | American Depositary Shares

The depositary may charge each person to whom ADSs are issued, including, without limitation, issuances against deposits of shares, issuances in respect of share distributions, rights and other distributions, issuances pursuant to a stock dividend or stock split declared by us or issuances pursuant to a merger, exchange of securities or any other transaction or event affecting the ADSs or deposited securities, and each person surrendering ADSs for withdrawal of deposited securities or whose ADRs are cancelled or reduced for any other reason, US$5.00 for each 100 ADSs (or any portion thereof) issued, delivered, reduced, cancelled or surrendered, as the case may be. The depositary may sell (by public or private sale) sufficient securities and property received in respect of a share distribution, rights and/or other distribution prior to such deposit to pay such charge.

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The following additional charges shall be incurred by the ADR holders, by any party depositing or withdrawing shares or by any party surrendering ADSs or to whom ADSs are issued (including, without limitation, issuance pursuant to a stock dividend or stock split declared by us or an exchange of stock regarding the ADRs or the deposited securities or a distribution of ADSs), whichever is applicable:

| · | a fee of up to US$1.50 per ADR or ADRs for transfers of certificated or direct registration ADRs;

| · | a fee of up to US$0.05 per ADS for any cash distribution made pursuant to the deposit agreement;

| · | a fee of up to US$0.05 per ADS per calendar year (or portion thereof) for services performed by the depositary in administering the ADRs (which fee may be charged on a periodic basis during each calendar year and shall be assessed against holders of ADRs as of the record date or record dates set by the depositary during each calendar year and shall be payable in the manner described in the next succeeding provision);

| · | reimbursement of such fees, charges and expenses as are incurred by the depositary and/or any of the depositary’s agents (including, without limitation, the custodian and expenses incurred on behalf of holders in connection with compliance with foreign exchange control regulations or any law or regulation relating to foreign investment) in connection with the servicing of the shares or other deposited securities, the delivery of deposited securities or otherwise in connection with the depositary’s or its custodian’s compliance with applicable law, rule or regulation (which charge shall be assessed on a proportionate basis against holders as of the record date or dates set by the depositary and shall be payable at the sole discretion of the depositary by billing such holders or by deducting such charge from one or more cash dividends or other cash distributions);

| · | a fee for the distribution of securities (or the sale of securities in connection with a distribution), such fee being in an amount equal to the fee for the execution and delivery of ADSs which would have been charged as a result of the deposit of such securities (treating all such securities as if they were shares) but which securities or the net cash proceeds from the sale thereof are instead distributed by the depositary to those holders entitled thereto;

| · | stock transfer or other taxes and other governmental charges;

| · | cable, telex and facsimile transmission and delivery charges incurred at your request in connection with the deposit or delivery of shares;

| · | transfer or registration fees for the registration of transfer of deposited securities on any applicable register in connection with the deposit or withdrawal of deposited securities; and

| · | expenses of the depositary in connection with the conversion of foreign currency into U.S. dollars.

We will pay all other charges and expenses of the depositary and any agent of the depositary (except the custodian) pursuant to agreements from time to time between us and the depositary. The charges described above may be amended from time to time by agreement between us and the depositary.

Our depositary has agreed to reimburse us for certain expenses we incur that are related to establishment and maintenance of the ADR program, including investor relations expenses and exchange application and listing fees. Neither the depositary nor we can determine the exact amount to be made available to us because (i) the number of ADSs that will be issued and outstanding, (ii) the level of fees to be charged to holders of ADSs and (iii) our reimbursable expenses related to the ADR program are not known at this time. The depositary collects its fees for issuance and cancellation of ADSs directly from investors depositing shares or surrendering ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal or from intermediaries acting for them. The depositary collects fees for making distributions to investors by deducting those fees from the amounts distributed or by selling a portion of distributable property to pay the fees. The depositary may collect its annual fee for depositary services by deduction from cash distributions, or by directly billing investors, or by charging the book-entry system accounts of participants acting for them. The depositary may generally refuse to provide services to any holder until the fees and expenses owing by such holder for those services or otherwise are paid.

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We received payments from the depository or any reimbursement relating to the ADS facility in the amount of US$460,556 in 2016, nil in 2017 and US$500,794 (which covered the reimbursement amounts for 2017 and 2018) in 2018.

PART II

| ITEM 13. | DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES

None.

| ITEM 14. | MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS

None.

| ITEM 15. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures within the meaning of Rule 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act as of the end of the period covered by this report, as required by Rule 13a-15(b) under the Exchange Act. Based on such evaluation, our management has concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this annual report, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in ensuring that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act was recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined under Rule 13(a)-15(f) and 15(d)-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. As required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and related rules as promulgated by the SEC, our management, under the supervision and with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting using the criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013 Framework) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). Management’s assessment and conclusion on the effectiveness of internal control over financial did not include the internal controls of Guofu Huimei, CMCC, Beijing Century Friendship and Beijing Proton Medical Center, acquired on October 8, 2018, which are included in the December 31, 2018 consolidated financial statements and constituted RMB950.0 million of total assets as of December 31, 2018 and RMB4.8 million of revenue for the year then ended. Our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018.

Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm

The effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 has been audited by Ernst & Young Hua Ming LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, which has also audited our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018. The attestation report issued by Ernst & Young Hua Ming LLP can be found on page F-3 of this annual report.

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Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Based on the evaluation which our management conducted with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, our management has concluded the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting which existed in our prior year annual report was remediated. There were no other changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this annual report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.

| ITEM 16A. | AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT

Our board of directors has determined that each of our audit committee members satisfies the requirements for an “independent director” within the meaning of Section 303A of the NYSE Listed Company Manual and meets the criteria for independence set forth in Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act and that Mr. Denny Lee and Dr. Liping Zhang of our audit committee qualify as “audit committee financial experts” as defined in Item 16A of Form 20-F.

| ITEM 16B. | CODE OF ETHICS

Our board of directors has adopted a code of ethics that applies to our directors, officers, employees and agents, including certain provisions that specifically apply to our chief executive officer, chief financial officer, chief strategy officer, president, executive president, financial controller and any other persons who perform similar functions for us. We have filed our code of business conduct and ethics as an exhibit to our registration statement on Form F-1 and we have posted our code of business conduct on our website www.concordmedical.com. We hereby undertake to provide to any person without charge, a copy of our code of business conduct and ethics within ten working days after we receive such person’s written request.

| ITEM 16C. | PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

The following table sets forth the aggregate fees by categories specified below in connection with certain professional services rendered by Ernst & Young Hua Ming LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm.

|  |  | For the Year Ended |
|  |  | December 31, |
|  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
|  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
|  |  | (in thousands) |
| Audit Fees(1) |  |  |  | 6,880 |  |  |  | 5,665 |  |  |  | 823.9 |
| Tax Fees(2) |  |  |  | 153 |  |  |  | 164 |  |  |  | 23.9 |
| Non-Audit Fees(3) |  |  |  | 210 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |

_______________________

| (1) | “Audit fees” means the aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firm for the audit of our annual financial statements (including the attestation and reporting on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting). In 2017 and 2018, the audit fee included the fees billed for Singapore local annul audit fee.

| (2) | “Tax fees” represents the aggregated fees billed for professional services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firm for tax advisory and compliance services for US Proton Therapy Holdings Ltd. (Delaware) and Concord Healthcare Singapore Pte. Ltd.

| (3) | “Non-audit fees” represents the aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered by our independent advisory company for financial advisory service for Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited.

The policy of our audit committee or our board of directors is to pre-approve all audit and non-audit services, such as audit-related, tax and other services provided by a professional party.

| ITEM 16D. | EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES

Not applicable.

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| ITEM 16E. | PURCHASE OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS

Not applicable.

| ITEM 16F. | CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT

Not applicable.

| ITEM 16G. | CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

We are a “foreign private issuer” (as such term is defined in Rule 3b-4 under the Exchange Act), and our ADSs, each representing three Class A ordinary shares, are listed in the New York Stock Exchange. Under Section 303A of the New York Stock Exchange Listed Company Manual, New York Stock Exchange listed companies that are foreign private issuers are permitted to follow home country practice in lieu of the corporate governance provisions specified by the New York Stock Exchange with limited exceptions. The following summarizes some significant ways in which our corporate governance practices differ from those followed by domestic companies under the listing standards of the New York Stock Exchange:

| · | our board of directors does not consist a majority of independent directors;

| · | we do not establish a corporate governance and nominating committee; and

| · | our compensation committee does not consist entirely of independent directors.

| ITEM 16H. | MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE

Not applicable.

Part III

| ITEM 17. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

We have elected to provide financial statements pursuant to Item 18.

| ITEM 18. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following financial statements are filed as part of this annual report, together with the report of the independent registered public accounting firm:

| · | Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2017 and 2018;

| · | Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018;

| · | Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018;

| · | Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018; and

| · | Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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| ITEM 19. | EXHIBITS

Exhibit Number | Description of Document
1.1 | Fourth Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 from our announcement on Form 6-K (File No. 001-34563) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 30, 2015)
2.1 | Form of American Depository Receipt (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 7, 2009)
2.2 | Specimen Certificate for Ordinary Shares (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)
2.3 | Form of Deposit Agreement among Concord Medical, the Depositary and Owners and Beneficial Owners of the American Depository Shares issued thereunder (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 7, 2009)
2.4 | Series A Preferred Shares Subscription Agreement, dated as of February 5, 2008, as amended on April 2, 2008 and on October 20, 2008, among CICC Sun Company Limited, Carlyle Asia Growth Partners III, L.P., CAGP III Co-Investment, L.P., Liu Haifeng, Steve Sun, Yang Jianyu, Bona Liu, Our Medical Services, Ltd., Ascendium Group Limited, Shenzhen Aohua Medical Services Co., Ltd. and Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)
2.5 | Amendment No. 1 to Series A Preferred Shares Subscription Agreement, dated as of April 2, 2008, among CICC Sun Company Limited, Carlyle Asia Growth Partners III, L.P., CAGP III Co-Investment, L.P., Liu Haifeng, Steve Sun, Yang Jianyu, Bona Liu, Our Medical Services, Ltd., Ascendium Group Limited, Shenzhen Aohua Medical Services Co., Ltd. and Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)
2.6 | Amendment No. 2 to Series A Preferred Shares Subscription Agreement, dated as of October 20, 2008, among CICC Sun Company Limited, Carlyle Asia Growth Partners III, L.P., CAGP III Co-Investment, L.P., Liu Haifeng, Steve Sun, Yang Jianyu, Bona Liu, Our Medical Services, Ltd., Ascendium Group Limited, Shenzhen Aohua Medical Services Co., Ltd. and Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)
2.7 | Series B Preferred Shares Subscription Agreement, dated as of October 10, 2008, as amended on October 20, 2008, among CICC Sun Company Limited, Carlyle Asia Growth Partners III, L.P., CAGP III Co-Investment, L.P., Starr Investments Cayman II, Inc., Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited and other persons named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)
2.8 | Amendment to Series B Preferred Shares Subscription Agreement, dated as of October 20, 2008, among CICC Sun Company Limited, Carlyle Asia Growth Partners III, L.P., CAGP III Co-Investment, L.P., Starr Investments Cayman II, Inc., Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited and other persons named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)

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Exhibit Number | Description of Document
2.9 | Amended and Restated Shareholders Agreement, dated as of October 20, 2008 among Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited, Carlyle Asia Growth Partners III, L.P., CAGP III Co-Investment, CICC Sun Company Limited, Perfect Key Holdings Limited, Starr Investments Cayman II, Inc. and certain other persons named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.9 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)
2.10 | Share Charge, dated as of November 10, 2008, by CZY Investments Limited in favor of CICC Sun Company Limited, Carlyle Asia Growth Partners III, L.P., CAGP III Co-Investment, L.P. and Starr Investments Cayman II, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.10 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)
2.11 | Share Charge, dated as of November 10, 2008, by Daketala International Investment Holdings Ltd. in favor of CICC Sun Company Limited, Carlyle Asia Growth Partners III, L.P., CAGP III Co-Investment, L.P. and Starr Investments Cayman II, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.11 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)
2.12 | Share Charge, dated as of November 10, 2008, by Dragon Image Investment Ltd. in favor of CICC Sun Company Limited, Carlyle Asia Growth Partners III, L.P., CAGP III Co-Investment, L.P. and Starr Investments Cayman II, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.12 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)
2.13 | Share Charge, dated as of November 10, 2008, by Notable Enterprise Limited in favor of CICC Sun Company Limited, Carlyle Asia Growth Partners III, L.P., CAGP III Co-Investment, L.P. and Starr Investments Cayman II, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.13 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)
2.14 | Share Charge, dated as of November 10, 2008, by Thousand Ocean Group Limited in favor of CICC Sun Company Limited, Carlyle Asia Growth Partners III, L.P., CAGP III Co-Investment, L.P. and Starr Investments Cayman II, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.14 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)
2.15 | Share Charge, dated as of November 10, 2008, by Top Mount Group Limited in favor of CICC Sun Company Limited, Carlyle Asia Growth Partners III, L.P., CAGP III Co-Investment, L.P. and Starr Investments Cayman II, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.15 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)
2.16 | Deed of Amendment, dated as of September 14, 2009, among CICC Sun Company Limited, Carlyle Asia Growth Partners III, L.P., CAGP III Co-Investment, L.P., Starr Investments Cayman II, Inc. and Notable Enterprise Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.16 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)
2.17 | Deed of Partial Release, dated as of September 14, 2009, by CICC Sun Company Limited, Carlyle Asia Growth Partners III, L.P., CAGP III Co-Investment, L.P. and Starr Investments Cayman II, Inc. in favor of CZY Investment Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.17 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)
2.18 | Amendment to Amended and Restated Shareholders Agreement, dated as of November 17, 2009, among Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited, Carlyle Asia Growth Partners III, L.P., CAGP III Co-Investment, CICC Sun Company Limited, Perfect Key Holdings Limited, Starr Investments Cayman II, Inc. and certain other persons named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.18 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 20, 2009)
2.19 | Amendment No. 2 to Amended and Restated Shareholders Agreement, dated as of December 7, 2009, among Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited, Carlyle Asia Growth Partners III, L.P., CAGP III Co-Investment, CICC Sun Company Limited, Perfect Key Holdings Limited, Starr Investments Cayman II, Inc. and certain other persons named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.18 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 7, 2009)
4.1 | 2008 Share Incentive Plan adopted as of October 16, 2008 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)
4.2 | Form of Indemnification Agreement with the Registrant’s directors and officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 20, 2009)
4.3 | Form of Medical Equipment Lease Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)
4.4 | Form of Equipment Management Services Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)
4.5 | Form of Service-only Management Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)
4.6 | Translation of Medical Equipment Lease Agreement, dated as of August 25, 2009, by and between Medstar (Shanghai) Leasing Co., Ltd. and Chang’an Hospital Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 23, 2009)
4.7 | Translation of Service-Only Management Agreement, dated as of August 1, 2008, among Beijing Meizhong Jiahe Hospital Management Co., Ltd. (formerly known as CMS Hospital Management Co., Ltd.), Xi’an Wanjiechangxin Medical Services Company Limited and Chang’an Hospital Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 23, 2009)
4.8 | Translation of Agreement Concerning the Establishment of the Aohai Radiotherapy Treatment and Diagnosis Research Center, dated as of September 19, 1995, by and between the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Navy General Hospital and Beijing Our Medical Equipment Development Company, which transferred its interest in the agreement to Shenzhen Aohua Medical Services Co., Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 23, 2009)
4.9 | Translation of Supplemental Agreement Concerning the Development of the Aohai Radiotherapy Treatment and Diagnosis Research Center, dated as of March 18, 1999, by and between Shenzhen Aohua Medical Services Co., Ltd. and the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Navy General Hospital. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 23, 2009)

| 123 |

Exhibit Number | Description of Document
4.10 | Translation of Supplemental Agreement Concerning the Development of the Aohai Radiotherapy Treatment and Diagnosis Research Center, dated as of September 27, 2003, by and between Shenzhen Aohua Medical Services Co., Ltd. and the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Navy General Hospital. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 23, 2009)
4.11 | Translation of Medical Equipment Lease Agreement, dated as of September 29, 2006, by and between Shanghai Medstar Investment Management Co., Ltd., the predecessor of Medstar (Shanghai) Leasing Co., Ltd., and the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Navy General Hospital. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)
4.12 | Translation of Supplemental Agreement Concerning the Development of the Aohai Radiotherapy Treatment and Diagnosis Research Center, dated as of July 8, 2009, by and between Shenzhen Aohua Medical Services Co., Ltd. and the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Navy General Hospital. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 23, 2009)
4.13 | Translation of Supplemental Agreement to the Service-only Management Agreement, dated as of August 1, 2008, among Xi’an Wanjiechangxin Medical Services Company Limited, Chang’an Hospital Co., Ltd. and Beijing Meizhong Jiahe Hospital Management Co., Ltd. (formerly known as CMS Hospital Management Co., Ltd.) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)
4.14 | Translation of Agreement Regarding the Transfer of Equity in Aohai Radiotherapy Treatment and Diagnosis Research Center, dated as of May 5, 1997, among Beijing Our Medical Equipment Development Company, Shenzhen Aohua Medical Services Co., Ltd. and the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Navy General Hospital. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)
4.15 | Translation of Supplemental Agreement to the Supplemental Agreement Concerning the Development of the Aohai Radiotherapy Treatment and Diagnosis Research Center, dated as of September 15, 2004, by and between Shenzhen Aohua Medical Services Co., Ltd. and the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Navy General Hospital. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)
4.16 | Translation of Supplemental Agreement to the Cooperation Contract Concerning the Aohai Radiotherapy Treatment and Diagnosis Research Center, dated as of August 16, 2003, by and between Shenzhen Aohua Medical Services Co., Ltd. and the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Navy General Hospital. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 17, 2009)
4.17 | Amendment to 2008 Share Incentive Plan adopted as of November 17, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 20, 2009)
4.18 | Translation of Strategic Cooperative Agreement, dated as of November 17, 2009, between China Construction Bank Corporation, Shenzhen Branch and China Medical Services Holdings Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 7, 2009)

| 124 |

Exhibit Number | Description of Document
8.1* | List of Subsidiaries and Consolidated Affiliate Entities
11.1 | Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 from our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-163155) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 20, 2009)
12.1* | CEO Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002
12.2* | CFO Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002
13.1** | CEO Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002
13.2** | CFO Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002
15.1* | Consent of Ernst & Young Hua Ming LLP
101.INS* | XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH* | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL* | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF* | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB* | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE* | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

* Filed with this annual report

** Furnished with this annual report

| 125 |

SIGNATURES

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing its annual report on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

| CONCORD MEDICAL SERVICES HOLDINGS LIMITED
| By | /s/ Jianyu Yang
|  | Name: Jianyu Yang
|  | Title: Chief Executive Officer
Date: April 30, 2019 |  |

| 126 |

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

| Page
Consolidated financial statements |
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2017 and 2018 | F-4
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 | F-6
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 | F-7
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 | F-9
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements | F-10

F-1

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited:

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, cash flows and shareholders' equity for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated April 30, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Adoption of New Accounting Standards

As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed its method of recognition of the income tax consequence of intra-entity transfer of assets, the accounting for revenue from contracts with customers, the presentation of the cash flows and its method of accounting for certain long-term investments in the year ended December 31, 2018.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Ernst & Young Hua Ming LLP |
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2007. |
Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China |
April 30, 2019 |

F-2

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited:

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the “COSO criteria”). In our opinion, Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited (the “Company”) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, cash flows and shareholders' equity for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes of the Company and our report dated April 30, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Ernst & Young Hua Ming LLP |
Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China |
April 30, 2019 |

F-3

CONCORD MEDICAL SERVICES HOLDINGS LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollar (“US$”), except for number of shares)

|  |  |  |  | As at December 31, |
|  | Notes |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  |  |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  |  |  |  | 98,191 |  |  |  | 404,742 |  |  |  | 58,867 |
Restricted cash |  |  |  |  |  |  | 563,986 |  |  |  | 421,990 |  |  |  | 61,376 |
Accounts receivable (net of allowance of RMB12,969 and RMB3,585 (US$521) and including amounts due from related parties amounting to RMB11,425 and RMB5,099 (US$742) as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively) |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 131,952 |  |  |  | 86,868 |  |  |  | 12,634 |
Inventories |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 6,284 |  |  |  | 3,356 |  |  |  | 488 |
Prepayments and other current assets (net of reserve of RMB4,798 and RMB14,798 (US$2,152) and including amounts due from related parties amounting to RMB13,879 and RMB15,572 (US$2,264) as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively) |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 264,723 |  |  |  | 227,714 |  |  |  | 33,120 |
Net investment in direct financing leases, current portion |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 18,900 |  |  |  | 29,638 |  |  |  | 4,311 |
Short-term investment |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 50,000 |  |  |  | 7,272 |
Assets held-for-sale |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 27,100 |  |  |  | 4,384 |  |  |  | 638 |
Total current assets |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,111,136 |  |  |  | 1,228,692 |  |  |  | 178,706 |
Non-current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Prepaid land lease payments |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 447,933 |  |  |  | 438,323 |  |  |  | 63,751 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 793,571 |  |  |  | 1,219,309 |  |  |  | 177,341 |
Goodwill |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 165,171 |  |  |  | 24,023 |
Intangible assets, net |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 7,799 |  |  |  | 456,844 |  |  |  | 66,445 |
Deposits for non-current assets (net of reserve of RMB30,860 and RMB30,860 (US$4,488) as of December 31, 2017 and 2018) |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 266,180 |  |  |  | 637,838 |  |  |  | 92,770 |
Net investment in direct financing leases, non-current portion |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 54,052 |  |  |  | 42,977 |  |  |  | 6,251 |
Long-term investments |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 754,327 |  |  |  | 388,364 |  |  |  | 56,485 |
Other non-current assets |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 30,392 |  |  |  | 7,876 |  |  |  | 1,143 |
Total non-current assets |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,354,254 |  |  |  | 3,356,702 |  |  |  | 488,209 |
Total assets |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,465,390 |  |  |  | 4,585,394 |  |  |  | 666,915 |

F-4

|  |  |  |  | As at December 31, |
|  | Notes |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  |  |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities (including amounts of the consolidated VIE and its subsidiaries without recourse to the primary beneficiary of RMB77,862 and RMB46,013 (US$6,692) as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term bank and other borrowings |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 512,222 |  |  |  | 396,520 |  |  |  | 57,671 |
Long-term bank and other borrowings, current portion (including loan from related party of RMB162,297 and nil as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively) |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 197,139 |  |  |  | 44,068 |  |  |  | 6,409 |
Accounts payable |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,563 |  |  |  | 5,438 |  |  |  | 791 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities (including loan from related party of nil and RMB15,985(US$2,324) and interest payable to related party of RMB5,523 and nil as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively) |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 385,919 |  |  |  | 418,006 |  |  |  | 60,796 |
Income tax payable |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,990 |  |  |  | 3,762 |  |  |  | 547 |
Dividend payable |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 2,338 |  |  |  | 2,471 |  |  |  | 359 |
Total current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,108,171 |  |  |  | 870,265 |  |  |  | 126,573 |
Non-current liabilities (including amounts of the consolidated VIE and its subsidiaries without recourse to the primary beneficiary of RMB404,597 and RMB454,424 (US$66,093) as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term bank and other borrowings, non-current portion (including loan from related party of RMB280,459 and nil as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively) |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 284,584 |  |  |  | 497,526 |  |  |  | 72,362 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 73,577 |  |  |  | 165,646 |  |  |  | 24,092 |
Long-term secured borrowings |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 163,498 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Mandatorily redeemable noncontrolling interest |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 396,281 |  |  |  | 434,216 |  |  |  | 63,154 |
Amounts due to related parties, non-current portion |  |  | 24(c) |  |  |  | 350,969 |  |  |  | 222,518 |  |  |  | 32,363 |
Other long-term liabilities |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 73,392 |  |  |  | 121,342 |  |  |  | 17,648 |
Total non-current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,342,301 |  |  |  | 1,441,248 |  |  |  | 209,619 |
Total liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,450,472 |  |  |  | 2,311,513 |  |  |  | 336,192 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  | 26 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingently redeemable noncontrolling interest |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,720,366 |  |  |  | 250,217 |
Equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Class A ordinary shares (par value of US$0.0001per share; authorized shares-500,000,000; issued shares-142,353,532 as of December 31, 2017 and 2018; outstanding shares-130,091,977 and 84,390,429 as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively) |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 105 |  |  |  | 68 |  |  |  | 10 |
Class B ordinary shares (par value of US$0.0001per share; authorized shares-45,787,948; issued shares-nil and 45,787,948 as of December 31, 2017 and 2018; outstanding shares- nil and 45,787,948 as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively) |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | 5 |
Treasury stock (12,261,555 and 12,175,155 shares as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | (1 | )
Additional paid-in capital |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,860,763 |  |  |  | 1,758,937 |  |  |  | 255,827 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  |  | (47,418 | ) |  |  | (88,621 | ) |  |  | (12,889 | )
Accumulated deficit |  |  |  |  |  |  | (879,393 | ) |  |  | (1,232,991 | ) |  |  | (179,331 | )
Total Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited shareholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |  | 934,049 |  |  |  | 437,422 |  |  |  | 63,621 |
Noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  | 80,869 |  |  |  | 116,093 |  |  |  | 16,885 |
Total equity |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,014,918 |  |  |  | 553,515 |  |  |  | 80,506 |
Total liabilities, mezzanine equity and equity |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,465,390 |  |  |  | 4,585,394 |  |  |  | 666,915 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F-5

CONCORD MEDICAL SERVICES HOLDINGS LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollar (“US$”),

except for number of shares and per share data)

|  |  |  |  | For the Years Ended December 31 |
|  | Notes |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  |  |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Revenues, net of business tax, value-added tax and related surcharges |  |  |  |  |  |  | 455,042 |  |  |  | 330,977 |  |  |  | 190,898 |  |  |  | 27,765 |
Equipment leasing revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  | 379,559 |  |  |  | 239,569 |  |  |  | 76,723 |  |  |  | 11,159 |
Services and other revenues ( including revenue from related parties amounting to RMB8,058, RMB10,695, and RMB9,141 (US$1,330) for the years ended 2016, 2017 and 2018) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 75,483 |  |  |  | 91,408 |  |  |  | 114,175 |  |  |  | 16,606 |
Cost of revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  | (286,543 | ) |  |  | (232,979 | ) |  |  | (171,136 | ) |  |  | (24,891 | )
Gross profit |  |  |  |  |  |  | 168,499 |  |  |  | 97,998 |  |  |  | 19,762 |  |  |  | 2,874 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  | (70,093 | ) |  |  | (43,608 | ) |  |  | (21,718 | ) |  |  | (3,159 | )
General and administrative expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  | (205,908 | ) |  |  | (237,646 | ) |  |  | (291,854 | ) |  |  | (42,448 | )
Impairment of long-lived assets |  |  |  |  |  |  | (61,124 | ) |  |  | (28,600 | ) |  |  | (5,433 | ) |  |  | (790 | )
Operating loss |  |  |  |  |  |  | (168,626 | ) |  |  | (211,856 | ) |  |  | (299,243 | ) |  |  | (43,523 | )
Interest expense (including interest expense to related party amounting to RMB15,073, RMB46,355 and RMB7,150 (US$1,040) for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (89,327 | ) |  |  | (89,959 | ) |  |  | (46,232 | ) |  |  | (6,724 | )
Foreign exchange gain, net |  |  |  |  |  |  | 13,472 |  |  |  | 4,023 |  |  |  | 36,531 |  |  |  | 5,313 |
(Loss) gain on disposal of long-lived assets |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7,619 | ) |  |  | (31,437 | ) |  |  | 4,711 |  |  |  | 685 |
Interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  | 27,982 |  |  |  | 12,077 |  |  |  | 14,168 |  |  |  | 2,061 |
Changes in fair value of derivatives |  |  |  |  |  |  | 713 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Income (loss) from equity method investments |  |  |  |  |  |  | 616 |  |  |  | 1,454 |  |  |  | (20,747 | ) |  |  | (3,018 | )
Gain on disposal of subsidiaries |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 58,913 |  |  |  | 3,341 |  |  |  | 486 |
Other income, net |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18,191 |  |  |  | 2,890 |  |  |  | 34,206 |  |  |  | 4,975 |
Gain on disposal of an equity method investment |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 48,019 |  |  |  | 6,984 |
Loss before income tax |  |  |  |  |  |  | (204,598 | ) |  |  | (253,895 | ) |  |  | (225,246 | ) |  |  | (32,761 | )
Income tax expenses |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | (60,486 | ) |  |  | (31,789 | ) |  |  | (34,051 | ) |  |  | (4,953 | )
Net loss |  |  |  |  |  |  | (265,084 | ) |  |  | (285,684 | ) |  |  | (259,297 | ) |  |  | (37,714 | )
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,217 | ) |  |  | (1,364 | ) |  |  | (24,422 | ) |  |  | (3,552 | )
Net loss attributable to Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited |  |  |  |  |  |  | (261,867 | ) |  |  | (284,320 | ) |  |  | (234,875 | ) |  |  | (34,162 | )
Loss per share for Class A and Class B ordinary shares: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic and diluted |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | (2.00 | ) |  |  | (2.19 | ) |  |  | (2.76 | ) |  |  | (0.40 | )
Weighted average number of class A and class B ordinary shares outstanding: |  |  | 28 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic and diluted |  |  |  |  |  |  | 130,631,867 |  |  |  | 130,091,977 |  |  |  | 130,104,787 |  |  |  | 130,104,787 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax of nil |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation, net tax of nil |  |  |  |  |  |  | (41,394 | ) |  |  | 40,550 |  |  |  | (41,203 | ) |  |  | (5,993 | )
Total other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  | (41,394 | ) |  |  | 40,550 |  |  |  | (41,203 | ) |  |  | (5,993 | )
Comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |  |  | (306,478 | ) |  |  | (245,134 | ) |  |  | (300,500 | ) |  |  | (43,707 | )
Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  | (6,740 | ) |  |  | 2,485 |  |  |  | (22,902 | ) |  |  | (3,331 | )
Comprehensive loss attributable to Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited |  |  |  |  |  |  | (299,738 | ) |  |  | (247,619 | ) |  |  | (277,598 | ) |  |  | (40,376 | )

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F-6

CONCORD MEDICAL SERVICES HOLDINGS LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and US dollar (“US$”))

|  | For the Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  |  | (265,084 | ) |  |  | (285,684 | ) |  |  | (259,297 | ) |  |  | (37,714 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash generated from (used in) operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Share-based compensation (note 23) |  |  | 8,400 |  |  |  | 11,641 |  |  |  | 11,139 |  |  |  | 1,620 |
Depreciation of property, plant and equipment (note 10) |  |  | 117,051 |  |  |  | 83,224 |  |  |  | 40,855 |  |  |  | 5,942 |
Amortization of intangible assets (note 12) |  |  | 10,760 |  |  |  | 6,229 |  |  |  | 4,161 |  |  |  | 605 |
Amortization of prepaid land lease payments (note 11) |  |  | 1,195 |  |  |  | 5,256 |  |  |  | 9,610 |  |  |  | 1,398 |
(Income)loss from equity method investments |  |  | (616 | ) |  |  | (1,454 | ) |  |  | 20,747 |  |  |  | 3,018 |
Loss/ (gains) on disposal of long-lived assets |  |  | 7,619 |  |  |  | 31,437 |  |  |  | (4,711 | ) |  |  | (685 | )
Deferred tax expense (benefits) |  |  | 22,115 |  |  |  | 12,703 |  |  |  | 7,502 |  |  |  | 1,091 |
Allowance for doubtful accounts, net |  |  | 23,446 |  |  |  | 14,840 |  |  |  | 10,605 |  |  |  | 1,542 |
Impairment of long-lived assets |  |  | 61,124 |  |  |  | 28,600 |  |  |  | 5,433 |  |  |  | 790 |
Impairment of Inventories |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,702 |  |  |  | 248 |
Changes in fair value of derivatives |  |  | (713 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Interest and consultation expenses |  |  | - |  |  |  | 125,290 |  |  |  | 46,232 |  |  |  | 6,724 |
Gains on disposal of subsidiaries (note 4) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (58,913 | ) |  |  | (3,341 | ) |  |  | (486 | )
Gains from disposal of an equity method investment (note 15) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (48,019 | ) |  |  | (6,984 | )
Gains from revaluation of previously held equity interests (note 4) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (28,846 | ) |  |  | (4,195 | )
Changes in operating assets and liabilities net of effects of acquisition and disposals: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  |  | 9,922 |  |  |  | 43,406 |  |  |  | 48,384 |  |  |  | 7,037 |
Prepayments and other current assets |  |  | (36,545 | ) |  |  | (4,205 | ) |  |  | (9,876 | ) |  |  | (1,436 | )
Inventories |  |  | (1,923 | ) |  |  | (554 | ) |  |  | 1,803 |  |  |  | 262 |
Other non-current assets |  |  | 14,249 |  |  |  | 7,057 |  |  |  | 41,081 |  |  |  | 5,975 |
Deposits for land use rights |  |  | (13,225 | ) |  |  | (11,379 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Accounts payable |  |  | 6,967 |  |  |  | 5,057 |  |  |  | 530 |  |  |  | 77 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities |  |  | (12,758 | ) |  |  | 11,234 |  |  |  | 51,879 |  |  |  | 7,545 |
Deferred revenue |  |  | 1,791 |  |  |  | 3,022 |  |  |  | 13,269 |  |  |  | 1,930 |
Income tax payable |  |  | (34,991 | ) |  |  | (6,504 | ) |  |  | (45,719 | ) |  |  | (6,650 | )
Accrued unrecognized tax benefit |  |  | 3,138 |  |  |  | 6,429 |  |  |  | 46,286 |  |  |  | 6,732 |
Net cash (used in) generated from operating activities |  |  | (78,078 | ) |  |  | 26,732 |  |  |  | (38,591 | ) |  |  | (5,614 | )
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of short-term investments |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (252,250 | ) |  |  | (36,688 | )
Redemption of short-term investments |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 202,250 |  |  |  | 29,416 |
Prepayment for operating license |  |  | (3,025 | ) |  |  | (6,705 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Disposal of short-term investment |  |  | 60,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Investments in equity method investees |  |  | - |  |  |  | (97,799 | ) |  |  | (15,000 | ) |  |  | (2,182 | )
Prepayments in long-term investments |  |  | (181,500 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Acquisitions of business, net of cash acquired (note 4) |  |  | 26,198 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (528,740 | ) |  |  | (76,902 | )
Disposals of subsidiaries, net of cash disposed (note 4) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (17,528 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Acquisitions of property, plant and equipment |  |  | (78,920 | ) |  |  | (91,260 | ) |  |  | (165,596 | ) |  |  | (24,085 | )
Acquisitions of intangible assets |  |  | (960 | ) |  |  | (749 | ) |  |  | (1,779 | ) |  |  | (259 | )
Deposits for the purchases of property, plant and equipment |  |  | (39,068 | ) |  |  | (197,843 | ) |  |  | (598,800 | ) |  |  | (87,092 | )
Refund from deposits for the purchases of property, plant and equipment |  |  | - |  |  |  | 42,640 |  |  |  | 9,844 |  |  |  | 1,432 |
Advance from disposal of associate company |  |  | 12,999 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Proceeds from disposal of an equity method investment (note 15) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 212,855 |  |  |  | 30,958 |
Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment |  |  | 11,951 |  |  |  | 38,103 |  |  |  | 112,955 |  |  |  | 16,429 |
Proceeds from disposal of intangible assets |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,563 |  |  |  | 373 |
Proceeds from principal portion of direct financing leases |  |  | 108,121 |  |  |  | 61,904 |  |  |  | 9,717 |  |  |  | 1,413 |
Net investment in direct financing leases |  |  | - |  |  |  | (50,000 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Cash distribution from equity method investments (note 15) |  |  | 9,357 |  |  |  | 6,227 |  |  |  | 11,626 |  |  |  | 1,691 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (74,847 | ) |  |  | (313,010 | ) |  |  | (1,000,355 | ) |  |  | (145,496 | )

F-7

|  | For the Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from short-term bank borrowings |  |  | 497,577 |  |  |  | 292,847 |  |  |  | 726,746 |  |  |  | 105,701 |
Proceeds from long-term bank and other borrowings |  |  | 16,500 |  |  |  | 280,459 |  |  |  | 472,607 |  |  |  | 68,738 |
Proceeds from private offerings of subsidiary shares (note 1) |  |  | 139,972 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Proceeds from long-term investment advance (note 1) |  |  | 528,896 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Borrowings from related parties (note 24) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 350,969 |  |  |  | 174,314 |  |  |  | 25,353 |
Repayment of secured borrowings |  |  | (86,000 | ) |  |  | (81,000 | ) |  |  | (243,268 | ) |  |  | (35,382 | )
Refund of deposit for marketable securities |  |  | 3,661 |  |  |  | 2,156 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Deposit for marketable securities (note 19) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (22,557 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Repayment of short-term bank and other borrowings |  |  | (691,261 | ) |  |  | (317,867 | ) |  |  | (864,251 | ) |  |  | (125,700 | )
Repayment of long-term bank and other borrowings |  |  | (201,048 | ) |  |  | (87,387 | ) |  |  | (504,792 | ) |  |  | (73,419 | )
Redemption of mandatorily redeemable noncontrolling interests (note 1) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (97,106 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Payment for interest and consultation expenses |  |  | - |  |  |  | (143,415 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Dividends paid to ordinary shareholders |  |  | (285,829 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Repurchase of ordinary shares |  |  | (30,402 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Purchase of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interests |  |  | (12,130 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (58,314 | ) |  |  | (8,481 | )
Proceeds from sales of subsidiary shares to noncontrolling interests |  |  | 2,142 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Capital injection from a noncontrolling interests in a subsidiary |  |  | - |  |  |  | 12,800 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Proceeds from issuance of contingently redeemable noncontrolling interests of a subsidiary |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,500,000 |  |  |  | 218,166 |
Net cash (used in) generated from financing activities |  |  | (117,922 | ) |  |  | 189,899 |  |  |  | 1,203,042 |  |  |  | 174,976 |
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalent and restricted cash |  |  | (11,240 | ) |  |  | 157 |  |  |  | 459 |  |  |  | 67 |
Net (decrease) increase in cash |  |  | (282,087 | ) |  |  | (96,222 | ) |  |  | 164,555 |  |  |  | 23,933 |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of the year |  |  | 1,040,486 |  |  |  | 758,399 |  |  |  | 662,177 |  |  |  | 96,310 |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the year |  |  | 758,399 |  |  |  | 662,177 |  |  |  | 826,732 |  |  |  | 120,243 |
Reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash to the consolidated balance sheets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 189,905 |  |  |  | 98,191 |  |  |  | 404,742 |  |  |  | 58,867 |
Restricted cash, current portion |  |  | 518,494 |  |  |  | 563,986 |  |  |  | 421,990 |  |  |  | 61,376 |
Restricted cash, non-current portion |  |  | 50,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  | 758,399 |  |  |  | 662,177 |  |  |  | 826,732 |  |  |  | 120,243 |
Supplemental schedule of major cash flows information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income tax paid |  |  | (60,639 | ) |  |  | (21,581 | ) |  |  | (36,559 | ) |  |  | (5,317 | )
Interest paid |  |  | (81,486 | ) |  |  | (89,959 | ) |  |  | (59,492 | ) |  |  | (8,653 | )
Supplemental schedule of major non-cash activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisition of Beijing Century Friendship and BPMC through utilization of prepayment for investment (note 4) |  |  | 100,600 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Acquisition of investment in Guofu Huimei through utilization of prepayment of long-term investment (note 1) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 174,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Acquisition of investment in CMCC included in accrued expense and other liabilities (note 18) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 116,939 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Acquisition of property, plant and equipment, construction in progress and other intangible assets through utilization of deposits |  |  | 19,424 |  |  |  | 4,914 |  |  |  | 205,816 |  |  |  | 29,935 |
Acquisition of property, plant and equipment, construction in progress and other intangible assets through utilization included in accrued expense and other liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  | 42,067 |  |  |  | 22,747 |  |  |  | 3,308 |
Mandatorily redeemable noncontrolling interest through advance from long-term investment |  |  | - |  |  |  | 521,396 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F-8

CONCORD MEDICAL SERVICES HOLDINGS LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”), except for number of shares)

|  | Attributable to Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Number of ordinary share |  |  | Ordinary share |  |  | Treasury stock |  |  | Additional paid-in capital |  |  | Accumulate other comprehensive loss |  |  | Accumulated deficit |  |  | Noncontrolling interests |  |  | Total equity |  |  | Contingently redeemable non controlling interest |
|  |  |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Balance as of January 1, 2016 |  |  | 132,994,201 |  |  |  | 105 |  |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | 1,774,330 |  |  |  | (46,574 | ) |  |  | (336,329 | ) |  |  | 42,262 |  |  |  | 1,433,788 |  |  |  | - |
Net loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (261,867 | ) |  |  | (3,217 | ) |  |  | (265,084 | ) |  |  | - |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (41,394 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,523 | ) |  |  | (44,917 | ) |  |  | - |
Share-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,400 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,400 |  |  |  | - |
Share repurchase |  |  | (2,902,224 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | (30,400 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (30,402 | ) |  |  | - |
Changes in ownership of MHM |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 99,915 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 30,070 |  |  |  | 129,985 |  |  |  | - |
Balance as of December 31, 2016 |  |  | 130,091,977 |  |  |  | 105 |  |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | 1,852,245 |  |  |  | (87,968 | ) |  |  | (598,196 | ) |  |  | 65,592 |  |  |  | 1,231,770 |  |  |  | - |
Balance as of January 1, 2017 |  |  | 130,091,977 |  |  |  | 105 |  |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | 1,852,245 |  |  |  | (87,968 | ) |  |  | (598,196 | ) |  |  | 65,592 |  |  |  | 1,231,770 |  |  |  | - |
Net loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (284,320 | ) |  |  | (1,364 | ) |  |  | (285,684 | ) |  |  | - |
Cumulative adjustments for changes in accounting principles |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,123 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,123 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Other comprehensive income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 40,550 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,849 |  |  |  | 44,399 |  |  |  | - |
Contribution from Noncontrolling interest |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 12,800 |  |  |  | 12,800 |  |  |  | - |
Share-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 11,641 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 11,641 |  |  |  | - |
Disposal of subsidiaries |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | - |
Balance as of December 31, 2017 |  |  | 130,091,977 |  |  |  | 105 |  |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | 1,860,763 |  |  |  | (47,418 | ) |  |  | (879,393 | ) |  |  | 80,869 |  |  |  | 1,014,918 |  |  |  | - |
Balance as of January 1, 2018 |  |  | 130,091,977 |  |  |  | 105 |  |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | 1,860,763 |  |  |  | (47,418 | ) |  |  | (879,393 | ) |  |  | 80,869 |  |  |  | 1,014,918 |  |  |  | - |
Net loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (234,875 | ) |  |  | (24,422 | ) |  |  | (259,297 | ) |  |  | - |
Cumulative adjustments for changes in accounting principles |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,632 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5,632 |  |  |  | - |
Other comprehensive income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (41,203 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,527 |  |  |  | (39,676 | ) |  |  | - |
Accretion of contingently redeemable noncontrolling interests |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (124,355 | ) |  |  | 3,989 |  |  |  | (120,366 | ) |  |  | 120,366 |
Share-based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 11,139 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 11,139 |  |  |  | - |
Contribution from contingently redeemable noncontrolling interests |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,500,000 |
Acquisition of additional shares of non-wholly owned subsidiary |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (35,770 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (22,545 | ) |  |  | (58,315 | ) |  |  | - |
Restricted shares vested |  |  | 86,400 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Acquisition of noncontrolling interests |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 99,480 |  |  |  | 99,480 |  |  |  | - |
Modification of noncontrolling interests |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (77,195 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (22,805 | ) |  |  | (100,000 | ) |  |  | 100,000 |
Balance as of December 31, 2018 |  |  | 130,178,377 |  |  |  | 105 |  |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | 1,758,937 |  |  |  | (88,621 | ) |  |  | (1,232,991 | ) |  |  | 116,093 |  |  |  | 553,515 |  |  |  | 1,720,366 |
Balance as of December 31, 2018 (US$) |  |  | 130,178,377 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 255,827 |  |  |  | (12,889 | ) |  |  | (179,331 | ) |  |  | 16,885 |  |  |  | 80,506 |  |  |  | 250,217 |

F-9

CONCORD MEDICAL SERVICES HOLDINGS LIMITED

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands of Renminbi (“RMB”) and United States Dollar (“US$”),

except for number of shares and per share data)

| 1. | ORGANIZATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited (the “Company”) and its subsidiaries, consolidated variable interest entity (the “VIE”) and subsidiaries of the VIE, which are collectively referred to as the “Group”. The Company was incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands on November 27, 2007.

The Group is principally engaged in the leasing of radiotherapy and diagnostic imaging equipment, and the provision of management services to hospitals. Starting April 2015, the Group is also engaged in hospital operations as a result of the acquisition of Concord Healthcare Singapore Pte. Ltd. (note 4).

| (a) | As of December 31, 2018, subsidiaries of the Company and its consolidated variable interest entities included the following entities:

Entities |  | Date of establishment/acquisition |  | Place of establishment |  | Percentage of ownership by the Company |  |  | Principal activities
Subsidiaries |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ascendium Group Limited (“Ascendium”) |  | September 10, 2007 |  | British Virgin Islands (“BVI”) |  | 100 | % |  | Investment holding
Concord Medical Investment Management Ltd. |  | October 28, 2016 |  | BVI |  | 100 | % |  | Investment holding
Our Medical Services Limited (“OMS”) |  | August 22, 1996 |  | BVI |  | 100 | % |  | Investment holding
Medstar Overseas Ltd. (“Medstar Overseas”) |  | September 22, 2011 |  | BVI |  | 100 | % |  | Investment holding
Cyber Medical Networks Limited (“Cyber”) |  | May 26, 2006 |  | Hong Kong |  | 100 | % |  | Investment holding
China Medical Services Holdings Limited (“CMS Holdings”) |  | July 18, 2008 |  | Hong Kong |  | 100 | % |  | Investment holding
King Cheers Holdings Limited (“King Cheers”) |  | May 18, 2001 |  | Hong Kong |  | 100 | % |  | Investment holding
Shenzhen Aohua Medical Technology Development Co., Ltd. (“Aohua Technology ”) |  | February 21, 2008 |  | PRC |  | 60 | % |  | Leasing of medical equipment and provision of management services
Medstar (Shanghai) Leasing Co., Ltd. (“Shanghai Medstar”) ** |  | March 21, 2003 |  | PRC |  | 100 | % |  | Leasing of medical equipment and provision of management services
Beijing MeizhongJiahe Hospital Management Co., Ltd. (“MHM”) * |  | July 23, 2008 |  | PRC |  | 60 | % |  | Provision of management services
Beijing Yundu Internet Technology Co., Ltd. (“Yundu”) |  | July 26, 2007 |  | PRC |  | 60 | % |  | Provision of management services
Tianjin Concord Medical Technology Limited (“Tianjin Concord Medical”) |  | April 22, 2010 |  | PRC |  | 100 | % |  | Leasing of medical equipment and provision of management services
Guangzhou Jinkangshenyou Investment Co., Ltd. (“JKSY”) |  | August 12, 2010 |  | PRC |  | 100 | % |  | Leasing of medical equipment
Guangzhou Concord Cancer Center (“Guangzhou Concord Cancer Hospital”) |  | June 29, 2011 |  | PRC |  | 48 | % |  | Group’s medical treatment and service business
CCM (Hong Kong) Medical Investments Limited (“CCM (HK)”) |  | June 03, 2013 |  | Hong Kong |  | 85.71 | % |  | Investment holding

F-10

Entities |  | Date of establishment/acquisition |  | Place of establishment |  | Percentage of ownership by the Company |  |  | Principal activities
Shenzhen Concord Medical Investment Limited (“SZ CMS”) |  | January 10, 2014 |  | PRC |  | 60 | % |  | Investment holding
Shanghai Concord Cancer Center Co., Ltd (“SHC”) |  | March 17, 2014 |  | PRC |  | 60.26 | % |  | Group’s medical treatment and service business
Global Medical Imaging (HongKong) Ltd. (“GMI”) |  | May 26, 2014 |  | Hong Kong |  | 100 | % |  | Investment holding
Datong Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center (“DTMZ”) |  | October 23, 2014 |  | PRC |  | 60 | % |  | Group’s medical treatment and service business
Wuxi Concord Medical Development Ltd. ("Wuxi Concord”) |  | December 29, 2015 |  | PRC |  | 100 | % |  | Group’s medical treatment and service business
Concord Hospital Management Group Ltd. (“CHMG”) |  | July 7, 2015 |  | Hong Kong |  | 100 | % |  | Group’s medical treatment and service business
Beijing Concord Medical Technology Ltd.(“BJCMT”)** |  | January 4, 2016 |  | PRC |  | 100 | % |  | Provision of management services
Shanghai Taifeng Medical Technology Ltd (“Taifeng”) ** |  | March 30, 2016 |  | PRC |  | 60 | % |  | Group’s medical treatment and service business
Taizhou Concord Leasing Co., Ltd.** |  | April 20, 2016 |  | PRC |  | 100 | % |  | Group’s medical treatment and service business
Guofu Huimei (Tianjin) Investment Management Partnership Firm (LP) (“Guofu Huimei”) (note 4) |  | October 8, 2018 |  | PRC |  | 100 | % |  | Investment holding
Beijing Century Friendship Science & Technology Development Co., Ltd (“Beijing Century Friendship”) (note 4) |  | October 8, 2018 |  | PRC |  | 60 | % |  | Group’s medical treatment and service business
Beijing Proton Medical Center Co., Ltd (“BPMC”) (note 4) |  | October 8, 2018 |  | PRC |  | 58 | % |  | Group’s medical treatment and service business
Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Cancer Center Co., Ltd. (“CMCC”) (note 4) |  | October 8, 2018 |  | PRC |  | 55.42 | % |  | Group’s medical treatment and service business
VIE |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ZR ConcordHealthcare Investment Fund SP (“SP”) |  | November 2016 |  | Cayman Islands |  | 25 | % |  | Investment holding
Subsidiaries of VIE |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
US Proton Therapy Holdings Limited (“Proton BVI”) |  | May 16, 2011 |  | BVI |  | 25 | % |  | Investment holding
US Proton Therapy Holdings Limited (“US Proton”) |  | June 29, 2011 |  | United States of America |  | 25 | % |  | Investment holding
Concord Medical Services (International) Pte. Ltd. (“China Medstar”) (formerly known as China Medstar Pte. Limited) |  | August 8, 2003 |  | Singapore |  | 25 | % |  | Investment holding
Concord Healthcare Singapore Pte. Ltd. (“CHS”) |  | April 1, 2015 |  | Singapore |  | 25 | % |  | Group’s medical treatment and service business

F-11

* On August 27, 2015, the Group changed the name of CMS Hospital Management Co., Ltd. (“CHM”) to Beijing MeizhongJiahe Hospital Management Co., Ltd. (“MHM”), providing management service to the Group’s existing network.

On September 29, 2016, MHM completed its first-round private offering of additional 926,000 ordinary shares to five institutional investors with a consideration of RMB41,670, among which one investor thereafter transferred all the shares acquired back to the Group in the secondary market. In November 2016, the Group transferred 1,483,000 ordinary shares to and bought 10,000 ordinary shares from other existing shareholders in the secondary market. On December 30, 2016, MHM completed its second-round private offering of additional 6,666,666 ordinary shares to two new institutional investors with a consideration of RMB100,000.

In March 2018, two wholly-owned subsidiaries, Shanghai Medstar and BJCMT subscribed about 66,073,984 and 40,500,000 new issued shares of MHM at a consideration of RMB229,276 (US$33,347) and RMB140,535(US$20,440) in cash, respectively.

On March 26, 2018 and July 10, 2018, the Company entered into agreements with CICC Capital Management Company Limited (“CICC Capital”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of China International Capital Corporation Limited (“CICC”), and six other investors (“Other Investors”). Pursuant to the agreements, CICC Capital and Other Investors make a strategic investment and subscribe new issued 100,000,000 shares of the Company’s subsidiary MHM, with total consideration of RMB1,500,000 (US$218,166). CCIC Capital subscribes 60,000,000 shares of MHM while Other Investors subscribe 40,000,000 shares of MHM.

After the completion of all transactions mentioned above, the Group’s equity shares in MHM had been diluted from 85.34% to 60%.

Pursuant to the agreement, CCIC Capital and Other Investors can request the Company to redeem their interests in MHM upon the occurrence of certain events (ie, failure to complete a qualified IPO by June 30, 2024). The same right is also given to the existing noncontrolling interest shareholder. Given these events are not solely within the control of MHM, the noncontrolling interests of CCIC Capital and Other Investors are contingently redeemable noncontrolling interests and are classified as mezzanine equity. The noncontrolling interests of other existing noncontrolling interests’ holders are also reclassified from permanent equity to mezzanine equity as contingently redeemable noncontrolling interests.

The Company accounts for the changes in accretion to the redemption value in accordance with ASC Topic 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity. The Company elects to use the effective interest method to account for the changes of redemption value over the period from the date of issuance to the earliest redemption date of the noncontrolling interest.

**On January 4, 2016, the Group set up BJCMT for the purpose to provision of management services.

On March 30 and April 20, 2016, the Group set up Shanghai Taifeng Medical Technology Ltd and Taizhou Concord Leasing Ltd. for the purpose to develop Group’s medical treatment and service business.

On September 26, 2016, Shanghai Medstar introduced a new shareholder called Shanghai Huifu Technology Development Co., Ltd. (“Shanghai Huifu”), but Shanghai Huifu has not paid the subscribed captial. Therefore, the equity interest in Shanghai Medstar owned by the Group was still 100%.

F-12

| (b) | Establishment of Onshore Fund and Offshore Fund

In November 2016, the Company entered into a framework agreement with Zhongrong Guofu Investment Management Company Limited (“ZR Guofu”) to establish an offshore fund, namely SP, for the purpose of acquiring several hospital businesses of the Company, including 100% shares of CHS through China Medstar, 70% shares of Guangzhou Concord Cancer Hospital through CMS Holdings and 59.51% shares of PTC-Houston Management, LP (“PTC”) through Proton (BVI), collectively the “CCM Hospital Business”. ZR Guofu will provide management and consultation services on the funds and the Group will continue to manage the CCM Hospital Businesses. ZR Guofu subscribes Class A shares of SP with a consideration of RMB521,396, while the Group subscribes Class B shares of the SP using 1) creditor’s rights of RMB166,299 due from CCM Hospital Business and 2) RMB7,500 cash as consideration. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Group and ZR Guofu had injected RMB7,500 and RMB521,396, respectively, into the SP which was then granted as loans to the CCM Hospital Business.

In addition, the Group and ZR Guofu established an onshore fund, namely Guofu Huimei Investment Management Limited Partnership (“Guofu Huimei”). The registered capital of Guofu Huimei is RMB1,009,000, of which RMB746,001and RMB262,999 were subscribed by ZR Guofu and the Group, for 73.93% and 26.07% equity interest, respectively. General partners of the Guofu Huimei are Shanghai Medstar and ZR Guofu. During the year of 2016, the Group has injected RMB174,000 into Guofu Huimei.

As of December 31, 2016, SP has been established but changes of registration of shareholders and the articles of association of the CCM Hospital Businesses were still in process. As a result, the cash injected by the Group to the SP and Guofu Huimei amounting to RMB181,500 was recorded as “prepayment for long-term investments” under non-current assets and the loans received by the CCM Hospital Business amounted to RMB528,896 was recorded as “advances from long-term investment” under non-current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2016. In addition, the Group has prepaid RMB53,141 to ZR Guofu for the interest expense and consultation expense as of December 31, 2016 which was recorded in “prepayments and other current assets” on the consolidated balance sheet.

In April 2017, the change in register members of Proton (BVI) and China Medstar to SP was completed.

Further in April 2017, the Group and ZR Guofu entered into a supplemental contract to the framework agreement, pursuant to which, Guofu Huimei will be used as the platform to invest and provide loans to some domestic entities engaging in hospital business. During 2017, Guofu Huimei acquired 78.31% equity interest of Beijing Century Friendship Science & Technology Development Co., Ltd. ("Beijing Century Friendship”) which holds 55% equity interest of BPMC at consideration of RMB388,500, 54.8% equity interest of Shanghai Meizhongjiahe Cancer Centers Co., Ltd. (formerly known as Shanghai ProMed Cancer Center Co. Ltd , “CMCC”) at consideration of RMB182,100, 28.77% equity interest of Tianjin Jiatai Entity Management limited Partnership (“Tianjin Jiatai”) at consideration of RMB106,500 and established Shanghai Rongchi Medical Management Limited (“SH Rongchi”) with share capital of RMB695,305. Guofu Huimei also provided loans of RMB17,900 to CMCC and loans of RMB300,000 to Guangzhou Concord Cancer Hospital which had been repaid on July 13, 2018 and June 22, 2018 respectively. The profit or loss of these domestic entities engaging in hospital business is shared proportionally among investors based on the percentage of their respective subscribed share capital.

Pursuant to the supplemental contract, the 75% equity interest in SP held by the ZR Guofu is contractually required to be repurchased by the Group at the end of four years from the establishment of SP in November 2016 at a consideration equivalent to the investment cost of RMB521,396. ZR Guofu is also entitled to an annual premium at 15% for its capital contribution of RMB521,396 in SP in the form of interest expense and consultation expense. In addition, the Group’s share in Beijing Century Friendship (note 15), certain construction in progress (note 10) and certain prepaid land lease payments (note 11) are pledged to secure the capital contribution from ZR Guofu.

On December 20, 2017, the Company repaid a loan with principal of RMB97,106 to ZR Guofu, and repurchased 100% equity interest of CMS Holdings at a consideration of US$1. Upon completion, the shares in CMS Holdings was pledged to ZR Guofu by the Company.

F-13

In June 2018, MHM entered into agreements with Guofu Huimei to purchase its 78.31% equity interests in Beijing Century Friendship which holds 55% equity interest of BPMC and 54.8% equity interest in CMCC at a consideration of RMB388,500 and RMB182,100 respectively. Meanwhile, ZR Guofu and Guofu Huimei reached an agreement according to which ZR Guofu will withdraw its original investments in Guofu Huimei, amounting to RMB746,000. Therefore, MHM hold 100% equity interest of Beijing Century Friendship, 80% equity interest of BPMC and 90% equity interests of CMCC upon execution and closing of the agreement and the Group became the sole shareholder of Guofu Huimei (note4). After the withdrawal, ZR Guofu is no longer part of the onshore fund Guofu Huimei, and the domestic hospital businesses. Meanwhile, on November 29, 2018, the PTC business had been disposed by Proton (BVI) (note 15). As of December 31, 2018, only CHS was retained in the CCM Hospital Business.

The offshore fund SP is determined as a variable interest entity as the cash injection from ZR Guofu of RMB521,396 was not equity at risk. As the Company maintains the power to direct the activities that most significantly affect SP’s economic performances through supplemental contracts agreed terms and absorbs the expected losses of SP, the Company is the primary beneficiary of SP and consolidates SP and its subsidiaries under by ASC 810-10 Consolidation: Overall.

The 75% equity interest held by the ZR Guofu in SP is accounted for as a liability recorded as “Mandatorily redeemable noncontrolling interests” in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as a result of the mandatory redemption feature and is carried at the redemption value at the end of each reporting date as determined in accordance with the contract terms from the day of on which control is transferred to the Company. The 15% annual premium is accrued as an interest expense and consultation expense during each reporting period. As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, the balance of mandatorily redeemable noncontrolling interest was RMB396,281 and RMB434,216 (US$63,154), respectively.

| (c) | VIE disclosures

Creditors of the VIE and its subsidiaries have no recourse to the general credit of the primary beneficiaries of the VIE and its subsidiaries, and such amounts have been parenthetically presented on the face of the consolidated balance sheets. The VIE and its subsidiaries operate the hospital business are recognized in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company has not provided any financial or other support that it was not previously contractually required to provide to the VIE and its subsidiaries during the periods presented.

The following tables represent the financial information of the VIE and its subsidiaries as of December 31, 2017 and 2018 and for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018 before eliminating the intercompany balances and transactions between the VIE and its subsidiaries and other entities within the Group:

|  | As at December 31, |  |  | As at December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash |  |  | 13,161 |  |  |  | 15,935 |  |  |  | 2,318 |
Restricted cash, current portion |  |  | 42 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Accounts receivable (net of allowance of RMB73 (US$11) as of December 31, 2018) |  |  | 3,985 |  |  |  | 4,494 |  |  |  | 654 |
Inventories |  |  | 1,399 |  |  |  | 1,946 |  |  |  | 283 |
Prepayments and other current assets |  |  | 1,988 |  |  |  | 1,986 |  |  |  | 289 |
Amount due from inter-companies* |  |  | - |  |  |  | 80,523 |  |  |  | 11,711 |
Total current assets |  |  | 20,575 |  |  |  | 104,884 |  |  |  | 15,255 |
Non-current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  | 279,240 |  |  |  | 281,395 |  |  |  | 40,927 |
Intangible assets, net |  |  | 202 |  |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 15 |
Deposits for non-current assets |  |  | 172 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Long-term investments |  |  | 195,040 |  |  |  | 31,496 |  |  |  | 4,581 |
Other non-current assets |  |  | 481 |  |  |  | 464 |  |  |  | 67 |
Total non-current assets |  |  | 475,135 |  |  |  | 313,455 |  |  |  | 45,590 |
Total assets |  |  | 495,710 |  |  |  | 418,339 |  |  |  | 60,845 |

F-14

|  | As at December 31, |  |  | As at December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  |  | 1,978 |  |  |  | 462 |  |  |  | 67 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities |  |  | 21,321 |  |  |  | 42,681 |  |  |  | 6,208 |
Income tax payable |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,870 |  |  |  | 417 |
Amount due to inter-companies* |  |  | 54,563 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 77,862 |  |  |  | 46,013 |  |  |  | 6,692 |
Non-current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  | 8,316 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Accrued unrecognized tax benefits & surcharge, non current portion |  |  | - |  |  |  | 20,208 |  |  |  | 2,939 |
Mandatorily redeemable noncontrolling interests |  |  | 396,281 |  |  |  | 434,216 |  |  |  | 63,154 |
Total non-current liabilities |  |  | 404,597 |  |  |  | 454,424 |  |  |  | 66,093 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 482,459 |  |  |  | 500,437 |  |  |  | 72,785 |

| * | Amount due from/to inter-companies represented receivable/payable balances of VIE and its subsidiaries due from/to other subsidiaries within the Group.

|  | As at December 31, |  |  | As at December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Net revenues |  |  | 28,673 |  |  |  | 41,350 |  |  |  | 6,014 |
Net loss |  |  | (141,188 | ) |  |  | (95,788 | ) |  |  | (13,931 | )

|  | As at December 31, |  |  | As at December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Net cash used in operating activities |  |  | (54,113 | ) |  |  | (260,884 | ) |  |  | (37,944 | )
Net cash (used in) generated from investing activities |  |  | (5,582 | ) |  |  | 221,130 |  |  |  | 32,162 |
Net cash generated from financing activities |  |  | 56,787 |  |  |  | 41,886 |  |  |  | 6,092 |
Exchange rate effect on cash, net |  |  | 748 |  |  |  | 600 |  |  |  | 87 |
(Decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (2,160 | ) |  |  | 2,732 |  |  |  | 397 |

F-15

| 2. | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”).

Use of estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the balance sheet dates and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in the Company’s financial statements include, but are not limited to, purchase price allocation, allowance for doubtful accounts, impairment of long-lived assets, useful lives of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets, realization of deferred tax assets, share-based compensation expenses, unrecognized tax benefits, accrued liabilities, the valuation of the Company’s acquired equity investments and derivative instruments and the determination of fair value of the retained investments in the subsidiary which is deemed to be disposed. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.

Principles of consolidation

The consolidated financial statements of the Group include the financial statements of the Company, its subsidiaries and the VIE and its subsidiaries for which the Company or a subsidiary of the Company is the primary beneficiary. All transactions and balances between the Company, subsidiaries and VIE and its subsidiaries have been eliminated upon consolidation. Results of acquired subsidiaries and its VIE and its subsidiaries are consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to the Company.

Foreign currency translation and transactions

The Company’s PRC subsidiaries determine their functional currencies to be the Chinese Renminbi (“RMB”) based on the criteria of ASC 830, Foreign Currency Matters (“ASC 830”). The Company uses the RMB as its reporting currency. Generally, the Company and other subsidiaries incorporated outside PRC use their local currency as functional currency. The Company and the subsidiaries whose functional currency is not RMB use the monthly average exchange rate for the year and the exchange rate at the balance sheet date to translate the operating results and financial position, respectively. Translation differences are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss, a component of shareholders’ equity.

Transactions denominated in foreign currencies are remeasured into the functional currency at the exchange rates prevailing on the transaction dates. Foreign currency denominated financial assets and liabilities are remeasured at the exchange rates prevailing at the balance sheet date. Exchange gains and losses are included in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

Accumulated other comprehensive loss represents the cumulative foreign currency translation adjustments at each balance sheet date.

Convenience translation

Amounts in U.S. dollars are presented for the convenience of the reader and are translated at the noon buying rate of RMB6.8755 to US$1.00 on December 31, 2018 as published on the website of the Federal Reserve Board. No representation is made that the RMB amounts could have been, or could be, converted into US$ at such rate.

F-16

Business combination and noncontrolling interests

The Company accounts for business combinations using the purchase method of accounting in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations. ASC 805 requires the Company to recognize separately from goodwill the assets acquired, the liabilities assumed and the noncontrolling interest at their acquisition date fair values. Goodwill as of the acquisition date is measured as the excess of consideration transferred and the net of the acquisition date fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. In cases where the Company acquires less than 100% ownership interest, the Company will derive the fair value of the acquired business as a whole, which will typically include a control premium and subtract the consideration transferred by the Company for the controlling interest to identify the fair value of the noncontrolling interest. In addition, the share purchase agreements entered into may contain contingent consideration provisions obligating the Group to pay additional purchase consideration, upon the acquired business’s achievement of certain agreed upon operating performance based milestones. Under ASC 805, these contingent consideration arrangements are required to be recognized and measured at fair value at the acquisition date as either a liability or as an equity instrument, with liability instruments being required to be remeasured at each reporting period through the Company’s statements of comprehensive income (loss) until such time as to when the contingency is resolved. Where the fair value of the net assets acquired exceeds the consideration paid, a gain as a result of the bargain purchase will be recognized through the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss at the close of the transaction.

The Company derives estimates of the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed using reasonable assumptions based on historical experiences and on the information obtained from management of the acquired companies. Critical estimates in valuing certain of the intangible assets and pre-existing agreements included but were not limited to the following: deriving estimates of future expected cash flows from the acquired business, the determination of an appropriate discount rate, deriving assumptions regarding the period of time that the related benefits would continue and the initial measurement and recognition of any contingent consideration arrangements and the evaluation of whether contingent consideration arrangement is in substance compensation for future services. Unanticipated events may occur which may affect the accuracy or validity of such assumptions or estimates.

In a business combination achieved in stages, the Company re-measures the previously held equity interest in the acquiree immediately before obtaining control at its acquisition date fair value and the re-measurement gain or loss, if any, is recognized in the consolidated income statements.

For the Company's non-wholly owned subsidiaries, a noncontrolling interest is recognized to reflect portion of equity that is not attributable, directly or indirectly, to the Company. When the noncontrolling interest is contingently redeemable upon the occurrence of a conditional event, which is not solely within the control of the Company, the noncontrolling interest is classified as mezzanine equity. The Company accretes changes in the redemption value over the period from the date that it becomes probable that the mezzanine equity will become redeemable to the earliest redemption date using the effective interest method. When the noncontrolling interest is mandatory redeemable on a fixed or determinable date, the noncontrolling interest is classified as liabilities.

If a transaction does not meet the definition of a business, the transaction is recorded as an asset acquisition. Accordingly, the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed are measured at the fair value of the consideration paid, based on their relative fair values at the acquisition date. Acquisition-related costs are included in the consideration paid and capitalized. Any contingent consideration payable that is dependent on the purchaser’s future activity is not included in the consideration paid until the activity requiring the payment is performed. Any resulting future amounts payable are recognized in profit or loss when incurred. No goodwill and no deferred tax asset or liability arising from the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recognized upon the acquisition of assets.

F-17

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business, which clarifies the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of businesses. The Company adopted ASU 2017-01 on January 1, 2018, there is no significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand and demand deposits placed with banks which are unrestricted as to withdrawal and use and have original maturities less than three months. All highly liquid investments with a stated maturity of 90 days or less from the date of purchase are classified as cash equivalents.

Restricted cash

Restricted cash represents cash pledged to financial institutions as collateral for the Group’s short-term and long-term borrowings, and was recorded under current and non-current on the classification of the underlying bank borrowings (note 17). Such restricted cash is not available to fund the general liquidity needs of the Group.

The Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash, (“ASU 2016-18”), effective January 1, 2018 using the restrospective transition method and included all restricted cash with cash and cash equivalent when reconciling beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amount presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows.

Short-term investments

All highly liquid investments with original maturities of greater than three months, but less than 12 months, are classified as short-term investments. Investments that are expected to be realized in cash during the next 12 months are also included in short-term investments.

The Company accounts for debt securities in accordance with ASC Topic 320, Investments—Debt Securities (“ASC 320”). The Company classifies the short-term investments in debt securities as “held-to-maturity,” “trading” or “available-for-sale,” whose classification determines the respective accounting methods stipulated by ASC 320. Dividend and interest income, including amortization of the premium and discount arising at acquisition, for all categories of investments in securities are included in earnings. Any realized gains or losses on the sale of the short-term investments are determined on a specific identification method, and such gains and losses are reflected in earnings during the period in which gains or losses are realized. Debt investments not classified as trading or as held-to-maturity are classified as available-for-sale debt securities, which are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses recorded in “Accumulated other comprehensive income.” An impairment loss on the available-for-sale debt securities is recognized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income when the decline in value is determined to be other-than-temporary.

Long-term investments

The Company’s long-term investments consist of equity investments without readily determinable fair value and equity method investments.

F-18

Prior to adopting ASC Topic 321, Investments-Equity Securities, (“ASC 321”), on January 1, 2018, the Company carries at cost its investments in investees that do not have readily determinable fair value and over which the Company does not have significant influence, in accordance with ASC Subtopic 325-20, Investments-Other: Cost Method Investments, (“ASC 325-20”). The Company only adjusts the carrying value of such investments for other-than-temporary decline in fair value and for distribution of earnings that exceed the Company’s share of earnings since its investment.

Management regularly evaluates the impairment of equity investments without readily determinable fair value based on the performance and financial position of the investee as well as other evidence of market value. Such evaluation includes, but is not limited to, reviewing the investee’s cash position, recent financing, projected and historical financial performance, cash flow forecasts and financing needs. An impairment loss is recognized in earnings equal to the excess of the investment’s cost over its fair value at the balance sheet date of the reporting period for which the assessment is made. The fair value would then become the new cost basis of the investment.

The Company adopted ASC 321 on January 1, 2018 and the cumulative effect of adopting the new standard on opening accumulated deficit is nil. Pursuant to ASC 321, equity investments, except for those accounted for under the equity method and those that result in consolidation of the investee and certain other investments, are measured at fair value, and any changes in fair value are recognized in earnings. For equity securities without readily determinable fair value and do not qualify for the existing practical expedient in ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, (“ASC 820”), to estimate fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) of the investment, the Company elected to use the measurement alternative to measure those investments at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer, if any. Pursuant to ASC 321, for equity investments that the Company elects to use the measurement alternative, the Company makes a qualitative assessment of whether the investment is impaired at each reporting date. If a qualitative assessment indicates that the investment is impaired, the entity has to estimate the investment’s fair value in accordance with the principles of ASC 820. If the fair value is less than the investment’s carrying value, the entity has to recognize an impairment loss in net income equal to the difference between the carrying value and fair value.

Investments in equity investees represent investments in entities in which the Company can exercise significant influence but does not own a majority equity interest or control are accounted for using the equity method of accounting in accordance with ASC Subtopic 323-10, Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures: Overall, (“ASC 323-10”). The Company applies the equity method of accounting that is consistent with ASC 323-10 in limited partnerships in which the Company holds a three percent or greater interest. Under the equity method, the Company initially records its investment at cost and prospectively recognizes its proportionate share of each equity investee’s net profit or loss into its consolidated statements of operations. The difference between the cost of the equity investee and the amount of the underlying equity in the net assets of the equity investee is recognized as equity method goodwill included in equity method investments on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company evaluates its equity method investments for impairment under ASC 323-10. An impairment loss on the equity method investments is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations when the decline in value is determined to be other-than-temporary.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the amounts assigned to the fair value of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed of an acquired business. In accordance with ASC Topic 350, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, (“ASC 350”), recorded goodwill amounts are not amortized, but rather are tested for impairment annually or more frequently if there are indicators of impairment present.

In accordance with ASC 350, the Company assigned and assessed goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level. A reporting unit is an operating segment or one level below the operating segment. As of December 31, 2017, and 2018, the Company has three reporting units, consisting of network business, overseas hospital business and domestic hospital business. Goodwill that has arisen as a result of the acquisitions of subsidiaries during the year was assigned to domestic hospital business reporting unit.

F-19

The Company early adopted ASU No. 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, (“ASU 2017-04”), which simplifies the accounting for goodwill impairment by eliminating Step two from the goodwill impairment test. Under the new guidance, if a reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, an entity will record an impairment charge based on that difference. The impairment charge will be limited to the amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Fair value is primarily determined by computing the future discounted cash flows expected to be generated by the reporting unit.

The Company elected to perform qualitative assessments on its goodwill which is entirely assigned to the domestic hospital business. As of December 31, 2018, the Company completed its annual impairment test for goodwill that has arisen out of its acquisitions. Based on the requirements of ASC 350-20, the Company evaluated all relevant factors including, but not limited to, macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions and financial performance of the Company. The Company weighed all factors in their entirety and concluded that fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of the reporting unit, goodwill is not impaired and the Company is not required to perform further testing.

Accounts receivable and allowance for doubtful accounts

The Group considers many factors in assessing the collectability of its receivables due from its customers, such as, the age of the amounts due, the customer’s payment history and credit-worthiness. An allowance for doubtful accounts is recorded in the period in which uncollectability is determined to be probable. The Group routinely evaluates the collectability of accounts receivable of each customer on a specific identification basis. At the time when the Group becomes aware of circumstances that may impair a specific customer’s ability to meet its financial obligations, the Group records a specific allowance against amounts due, and thereby reduces the net recognized receivable to the collectible amount. Accounts receivable balances are written off after all collection efforts have been exhausted.

Inventories

Inventories, consisting of medicine, medical supplies and low-value consumables, are accounted for using the first-in first-out method, and are valued at the lower of cost or market.

Lease obligations

In accordance with ASC 840, Leases (“ASC 840”), leases for a lessee are classified at the inception date as either a capital lease or an operating lease. The Company assesses a lease to be a capital lease if any of the following conditions exist: a) ownership is transferred to the lessee by the end of the lease term, b) there is a bargain purchase option, c) the lease term is at least 75% of the property’s estimated remaining economic life or d) the present value of the minimum lease payments at the beginning of the lease term is 90% or more of the fair value of the leased property to the lessor at the inception date. A capital lease is accounted for as if there was an acquisition of an asset and an incurrence of an obligation at the inception of the lease. The capital lease obligation reflects the present value of future rental payments, discounted at the appropriate interest rates. The cost of the asset is amortized over the lease term. However, if ownership is transferred at the end of the lease term, the cost of the asset is amortized as set out under the property, plant and equipment, net section of this note.

Operating lease expenses are recognized on a straight-line basis over the applicable lease term.

Net investment in direct financing leases

Net investment in direct financing leases represents leases of medical equipment arising from sale and leaseback and direct financing lease transactions. For leases where the Group is the lessor, a transaction is accounted for as a direct financing lease if the transaction satisfies one of the four capital lease conditions as discussed under the lease obligations section of this note, the collectability of the minimum lease payments is reasonably predictable, and there are no important uncertainties surrounding the amount of unreimbursable costs yet to be incurred by the Group under the lease.

F-20

The net investment in the direct financing leases consists of the minimum lease payments, net of executory costs and profits thereon, unguaranteed residual value, accruing to the benefit of the Group and initial direct costs less unearned income. Over the period of a lease, each lease payment received is allocated between the repayment of the net investment in the lease and financing lease income based on the effective interest method so as to produce a constant rate of return on the balance of the net investment in the lease. The leased property is collateralized against the lease payments and is transferred to the lessee upon the maturity of the lease. There are no executory costs and profits thereon and unguaranteed residual value with respect to such leased equipment for the periods presented.

Property, plant and equipment, net

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost and are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, as follows:

Category |  | Estimated useful life |  |  | Estimated residual value |
Buildings |  | 20-50 years |  |  | - |
Medical equipment* |  | 5-20 years |  |  | - |
Electronic and office equipment |  | 3-5 years |  |  | - |
Motor vehicles |  | 5 years |  |  | - |
Leasehold improvement and building improvement |  | shorter of lease term or 5 years |  |  | - |

* The cost of the asset is amortized over the estimated useful life. However, if ownership is transferred at the end of the lease term, the cost of the asset is amortized over the shorter of customer contract or the useful life of the asset which ranges from 5-20 years.

Repair and maintenance costs are charged to expense as incurred, whereas the cost of renewals and betterments that extends the useful lives of property, plant and equipment is capitalized as additions to the related assets. Retirements, sales and disposals of assets are recorded by removing the cost and accumulated depreciation from the asset and accumulated depreciation accounts with any resulting gain or loss reflected in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

Costs incurred in constructing new facilities, including progress payment, interest and other costs relating to the construction are capitalized and transferred to fixed assets upon completion. During the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, total interest costs incurred amounted to RMB91,283, RMB128,492 and RMB101,717 (US$14,793), respectively, in which interest costs capitalized amounted to RMB1,956, RMB38,533 and RMB55,485 (US$8,070), respectively.

Intangible assets, net

Intangible assets are carried at cost less accumulated amortization and any recorded impairment. Intangible assets acquired in a business combination were recognized initially at fair value at the date of acquisition. The operating license relates to the medical business qualification and permission for medical equipment operation. The favorable leases relate to favorable lease terms as lessee based on market conditions that exist on the date of acquisition and are amortized over the remaining term of the leases. The customer relationship assets relate to the ability to sell existing and future services to existing customers and have been estimated using the income method. Operating leases relate to favorable operating lease terms based on market conditions that exist on the date of acquisition and are amortized over the remaining term of the leases. The estimated useful life for the intangible assets is as follows:

|  | Estimated useful life
Operating license |  | 20 years
Favorable leases |  | 12 years
Customer relationship |  | 5-16 years
Operating leases |  | 9-16 years
Software |  | 3-5 years

F-21

Prepaid land lease payments

Prepaid land lease payments represent amounts paid for the right to use land in the PRC and are recorded at purchase cost less accumulated amortization. Amortization is provided on a straight-line basis over the terms of the land use rights agreement of 50 years.

Impairment of long-lived assets

The Group evaluates its long-lived assets or asset group including acquired intangibles with finite lives for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances (such as a significant adverse change to market conditions that will impact the future use of the assets) indicate that the carrying amount of a group of long-lived assets may not be fully recoverable. When these events occur, the Group evaluates the impairment by comparing the carrying amount of the assets to future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. If the sum of the expected undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the assets, the Group recognizes an impairment loss based on the excess of the carrying amount of the asset group over its fair value, generally based upon discounted cash flows or market prices.

Impairment loss on long-lived assets of RMB61,124, RMB28,600 and RMB5,433 (US$790) was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively.

Treasury stock

The Company has share repurchase programs where the shares are acquired and subject to cancellation. Cost of the Group’s shares acquired is treated as a deduction from shareholders’ equity. Upon cancellation, any excess of purchase price over par value is charged directly to additional paid-in capital.

Fair value of financial instruments

Financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, short-term investments, finance lease receivables, short-term and long-term bank and other borrowings, accounts payables and amounts due to related parties and mandatorily redeemable noncontrolling interest. The carrying amounts of the Group’s cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, balances with related parties and accounts payable approximate fair value because of their short maturities. The short-term investments are recorded at fair value based on the quoted published price. The carrying amounts of the Group’s short-term and long-term bank and other borrowing and secured borrowings mostly bear interest at floating rates and therefore approximate the fair value of these obligations. For those bank borrowings and mandatorily redeemable noncontrolling interest with fixed interest rates, management uses the discounted cash flow technique based on market interest rate for similar instruments at the balance sheet date and concludes that the carrying value approximates the fair value.

Deferred revenue

Deferred revenue arises from upfront cash payment where the related services have not been rendered and the revenue recognition criteria have yet been fulfilled.

Assets held for sale

Assets (disposal groups) are classified as held for sale if their carrying amount will be recovered principally through a sale transaction rather than through continuing use. This condition is regarded as met only when the sale is highly probable and the long-lived asset (or disposal group) is available for immediate sale in its present condition. Management must be committed to the sale, which should be expected to qualify for recognition as a completed sale within one year from the date of classification.

Assets (disposal groups) classified as held for sale are measured at the lower of their previous carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell.

F-22

Revenue recognition

On January 1, 2018, the Group adopted ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, (“ASC 606”), which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition, (“ASC 605”), using the modified retrospective transition method applied to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under ASC 606, while prior period amounts have not been adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with historic accounting under ASC 605. The impact of adopting the new revenue standard was not material to consolidated financial statements and there was no adjustment to beginning retained earnings on January 1, 2018.

Under ASC 606, an entity recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration that the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements or elements of an arrangement within the scope of ASC 606, the entity performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price, including variable consideration, if any; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. The Group only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the entity will collect the consideration to which it is entitled in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer.

Once a contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606 at contract inception, the Group reviews the contract to determine which performance obligations it must deliver and which of these performance obligations are distinct. The Group recognizes revenue based on the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to each performance obligation when that performance obligation is satisfied or as it is satisfied.

The Group is a principal and records revenue on a gross basis when the Group is primarily responsible for fulfilling the service, has discretion in establish pricing and controls the promised service before transferring that service to customers. Otherwise, the Group records revenue at the net amounts as commissions.

The Group is subject to sales taxes such as business tax, VAT and goods and service tax on the revenue. The Group has recognized revenues net of these taxes and related surcharges. Such taxes and related surcharges for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 were approximately RMB5,854, RMB2,439 and nil, respectively. If revenue recognition is deferred to a later period, the related tax and other surcharges are also deferred and will be recognized only upon recognition of the deferred revenue.

|  | For the Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Network revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease income* |  |  | 365,459 |  |  |  | 232,015 |  |  |  | 71,864 |  |  |  | 10,452 |
Management services and technical services |  |  | 49,079 |  |  |  | 46,143 |  |  |  | 50,291 |  |  |  | 7,315 |
Direct financing lease income* |  |  | 14,100 |  |  |  | 7,554 |  |  |  | 4,859 |  |  |  | 707 |
Brand royalty fees |  |  | 9,435 |  |  |  | 6,604 |  |  |  | 5,189 |  |  |  | 754 |
Consumables sales |  |  | 5,456 |  |  |  | 7,005 |  |  |  | 5,867 |  |  |  | 853 |
|  |  | 443,529 |  |  |  | 299,321 |  |  |  | 138,070 |  |  |  | 20,081 |
Hospital revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Medicine income and medical service |  |  | 11,513 |  |  |  | 31,656 |  |  |  | 52,828 |  |  |  | 7,684 |
|  |  | 11,513 |  |  |  | 31,656 |  |  |  | 52,828 |  |  |  | 7,684 |
|  |  | 455,042 |  |  |  | 330,977 |  |  |  | 190,898 |  |  |  | 27,765 |

* Operating lease income and direct financing lease income were recognized under ASC 840.

(1) Network revenue

| i. | Lease and management services

Lease and management service arrangements typically include the purchase and installation of diagnostic imaging and/or radiation oncology system (“medical equipment”) at the hospitals, and the full-time deployment of a qualified system technician who is responsible for certain management services related to the radiotherapy or diagnostic services being performed by the hospital centers’ doctors to their patients. The term of the Group’s leases and management service arrangements with independent hospitals range from 5 to 20 years. Pursuant to these arrangements, the Group receives a portion of the hospital’s profits from delivering the diagnostic imaging and / or radiation oncology services to patients, based the profit sharing formula predetermined in the contracts.

Pursuant to ASC 840, the Group determined that the lease and management service arrangements contain a lease of medical equipment. The hospital has the ability and right to operate the medical equipment while obtaining more than a minor amount of the output. The arrangements also contain a non-lease deliverable being the management service. The Group allocates the total arrangement consideration between the lease element (including related executory costs) and non-lease elements on a relative standalone selling price basis. The Group applies the measurement and recognition principles under ASC 840 for the lease component and the measurement and recognition principles under ASC 606 to the non-lease components.

F-23

The Group’s variable rent payments are fully constrained at inception of the contract. Variable fees are included in the arrangement transaction price when significant reversal is not expected to occur, which is the time when the hospital calculates the profit sharing under the arrangement and agreed upon by both parties. The Group then allocates the consideration between lease and non-lease components and recognizes revenue upon receipt of the monthly revenue settlement statements.

| ii. | Management services and technical services

The Group provides stand-alone management and technical services to certain hospitals which already possess radiotherapy and diagnostic equipment. Management services typically include the provision of diagnosis and treatment techniques, expert support, advertising and promotion as well as comprehensive operational management services. Technical services mainly include maintenance and upgrade of the radiotherapy and diagnostic equipment. The fees for management and technical services are calculated based on a predetermined percentage of monthly revenue generated by the hospital unit or in limited instances on a fixed monthly fee. Variable fees are fully constrained at contract inception due to the uncertainty of the hospital units’ monthly revenue. Variable fees are included in the transaction price when a significant reversal of revenue recognized is not expected to occur, typically upon receipt of the monthly revenue statement from hospitals. Fixed monthly fees are recognized ratably over the service term.

| iii. | Direct financing lease income

The Group purchases hospital equipment from third party equipment manufacturers which is installed at various hospitals throughout the PRC. The hospital utilize the hospital equipment radiotherapy or diagnostic services being performed by the hospital centers’ doctors to their patients. These lease arrangements include either title transfer upon maturity of the lease term or bargain purchase option held by the hospital. The Group receives fixed monthly rental payments from the hospital, which on a discounted basis does not give rise to any dealer profit. Pursuant to ASC 840, the Group records revenue attributable to direct financing leases so as to produce a constant rate of return on the balance of the net investment in the lease.

| iv. | Consumables sales

Consumable sales represented the sales of supplies to certain hospitals in the PRC. The Group acts primarily as a reseller, and does not have pricing authority or have title to the inventory prior to delivery to the hospital. The Group is an agent and records revenue related to consumables sales on a net basis when the equipment is delivered to the customer and the sales price is determinable.

| v. | Brand royalty fees

Brand royalty fees represented the right to use the brand of Meizhong Jiahe by several newly set-up specialty cancer hospitals since the year of 2016, on a fixed annual fee. Fixed annum fees are recognized ratably over the service term.

(2) Hospital revenue

Hospital revenue consists of medicine income and medical service income. Medicine income includes medicine prescribed to patients during or after treatment by the doctors. Medical service income include revenue generated from outpatients, which mainly consist of activities for physical examinations, treatments, surgeries and tests, as well as that generated from inpatients, which mainly consist of activities for clinical examinations and treatments, surgeries, and other fees such as room charges and nursing care. The Group is a principal as it is primarily responsible for providing medical services to the income, controls the promised services before transferring to patients, and has pricing discretion. The Group generally records hospital revenue on a gross basis.

F-24

In limited instances, the patient services are provided by visiting consultants, who are not considered Group employees. As the visiting consultants have the discretion to take their patients to other hospital for the required treatment and set their own consultation fee charged to patients, the Group is an agent in such arrangement. The Group collects fees on behalf of the visiting consultants and records revenue at the net amounts as commissions.

Cost of revenue

Network costs mainly consist of the amortization of acquired intangibles, depreciation of medical equipment purchased, installed and operated in the network of centers and other costs, including salaries and material costs of medical supplies.

(1) Costs relating to lease and management service arrangement

Cost of medical equipment that is leased under an operating lease is included in property, plant and equipment in the balance sheet. The medical equipment is depreciated using the Group’s depreciation policies. The cost of the management service component is recognized as an expense as incurred.

(2) Cost of management services and technical services

Cost of management services and technical services mainly include labor costs, and, where applicable, medical consumables and maintenance expenses which are expensed as incurred.

(3) Cost of consumables sales

Cost of equipment sales, recorded net against the related revenue, includes the cost of the consumables purchased and other direct costs involved in the consumables sales.

Hospital costs mainly include medicine costs, medical consumables, labor costs of doctors, nurses and other staff involved in the care or treatment of patients, depreciation, hospital buildings rental fee, utilities as well as other related costs incurred in the normal business of a hospital.

Advertising expenditure

Advertising costs are expensed when incurred and are included in selling expenses in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the advertising expenses were RMB7,378, RMB2,910 and RMB2,429 (US$353), respectively.

Income taxes

The Group follows the liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates that will be in effect in the period in which the differences are expected to reverse. The Group records a valuation allowance to offset deferred tax assets if based on the weight of available evidence, it is more-likely-than-not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rate is recognized in tax expense in the period that includes the enactment date of the change in tax rate.

The Group adopted ASC 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), which clarifies the accounting and disclosure for uncertainty in income taxes. Interests and penalties arising from underpayment of income taxes shall be computed in accordance with the applicable tax laws. The amount of interest expense is computed by applying the applicable statutory rate of interest to the difference between the tax position recognized and the amount previously taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. Interests and penalties recognized in accordance with ASC 740 is classified in the financial statements as a component of income tax expense.

F-25

In accordance with the provisions of ASC 740, the Group recognizes in its financial statements the impact of a tax position if a tax return position or future tax position is “more likely than not” to prevail based on the facts and technical merits of the position. Tax positions that meet the “more likely than not” recognition threshold are measured at the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon settlement. The Group’s estimated liability for unrecognized tax positions which are included in the “accrued expenses and other liabilities” account and “accrued unrecognized tax benefits and surcharges, non-current portion” accounts are periodically assessed for adequacy and may be affected by changing interpretations of laws, rulings by tax authorities, changes and/or developments with respect to tax audits, and expiration of the statute of limitations. The outcome for a particular audit cannot be determined with certainty prior to the conclusion of the audit and, in some cases, appeal or litigation process. The actual benefits ultimately realized may differ from the Group’s estimates. As each audit is concluded, adjustments, if any, are recorded in the Group’s financial statements. Additionally, in future periods, changes in facts, circumstances, and new information may require the Group to adjust the recognition and measurement estimates with regard to individual tax positions. Changes in recognition and measurement estimates are recognized in the period in which the changes occur.

On January 1, 2018, the Group adopted ASU No. 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory, which requires the recognition of the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset, other than inventory, when the transfer occurs using the modified retrospective adoption method. In 2015, Aohua Technology transferred 100% equity of Tianjin Concord Medical to Shanghai Medstar resulting in a deferred tax liability of RMB5,632 (US$819). Upon the adoption of ASU 2016-16, the deferred tax liability was reversed through an opening adjustment to accumulative dificit as of January 1, 2018. The cumulative effect of changes made to the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2018 for the adoption of ASU 2016-16 was as follows:

|  | Balance at December 31, 2017 |  |  | Adjustments Due to ASU 2016-16 |  |  | Balance at January 1, 2018 |
|  |  | RMB |  |  |  | RMB |  |  |  | RMB |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  | 73,577 |  |  |  | (5,632 | ) |  |  | 67,945 |
Equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (879,393 | ) |  |  | 5,632 |  |  |  | (873,761 | )

Share-based compensation

Share-based awards and restricted shares granted to employees are accounted for under ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”).

In accordance with ASC 718, the Company determines whether a share option should be classified and accounted for as a liability award or equity award. All grants of share-based awards to employees classified as equity awards are recognized in the financial statements based on their grant date fair values which are calculated using an option pricing model. The Group has elected to recognize compensation expense using the straight-line method for all share options granted with graded vesting based on service conditions. To the extent the required vesting conditions are not met resulting in the forfeiture of the share-based awards, previously recognized compensation expense relating to those awards are reversed. Forfeitures were accounted as they occur. Share-based compensation expense is recorded net of estimated forfeitures such that expense is recorded only for those share-based awards that are expected to vest.

The Company adopted ASU No. 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, (“ASU 2016-09”), and elected to account for forfeitures as they occur.

F-26

Loss per share

The Company computes earnings per Class A and Class B ordinary shares in accordance with ASC Topic 260, Earnings Per Share (“ASC 260”), using the two-class method. Under the provisions of ASC 260, basic earnings per share is computed using the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period except that it does not include unvested ordinary shares subject to repurchase or cancellation. The Company adjusts for the accretion of the redeemable noncontrolling interests in the calculation of income available to ordinary shareholders of the Company used in the earnings per share calculation.

Loss per share is computed in accordance with ASC 260, Earnings Per Share (“ASC 260”). Basic loss per ordinary share is computed by dividing loss attributable to holders of ordinary shares by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Diluted loss per share is calculated by dividing net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders as adjusted for the effect of dilutive ordinary equivalent shares, if any, by the weighted average number of ordinary and dilutive ordinary equivalent shares outstanding during the period. Ordinary equivalent shares consist of the ordinary shares issuable upon the conversion of the share based awards, using the treasury stock method and the ordinary shares issuable upon the conversion of convertible debt instruments, using if-converted method. Ordinary share equivalents are excluded from the computation of diluted per share if their effects would be anti-dilutive.

The liquidation and dividend rights of the holders of the Company’s Class A and Class B ordinary shares are identical, except with respect to voting rights. As a result, and in accordance with ASC 260, the undistributed earnings for each year are allocated based on the contractual participation rights of the Class A and Class B ordinary shares as if the earnings for the year had been distributed. As the liquidation and dividend rights are identical, the undistributed earnings are allocated on a proportionate basis.

For the purposes of calculating the Company’s basic and diluted earnings per Class A and Class B ordinary shares, the ordinary shares relating to the options that were exercised are assumed to have been outstanding from the date of exercise of such options.

Comprehensive loss

Comprehensive loss is defined to include all changes in equity except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners. Among other disclosures, ASC 220, Comprehensive Income (“ASC 220”), requires that all items that are required to be recognized under current accounting standards as components of comprehensive loss be reported in a financial statement that is displayed with the same prominence as other financial statements. During the periods presented, the Group’s comprehensive loss includes net loss and foreign currency translation adjustments and is presented in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

Derivative Instruments

ASC topic 815 (“ASC 815”), Derivatives and Hedging, requires all contracts which meet the definition of a derivative to be recognized on the balance sheet as either assets or liabilities and recorded at fair value. Changes in the fair value of derivative financial instruments are either recognized periodically in earnings or in other comprehensive income (loss) depending on the use of the derivative and whether it qualifies for hedge accounting. Changes in fair values of derivatives not qualified as hedges are reported in earnings. The estimated fair values of derivative instruments are determined at discrete points in time based on the relevant market information. These estimates are calculated with reference to the market rates using industry standard valuation techniques.

F-27

Segment reporting

In accordance with ASC 280, Segment Reporting (“ASC 280”), the Group’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer, who is also the executive chairman of the board of directors. The Group’s CODM evaluates segment performance based on revenues and profit by the network and hospital segments.

Recent accounting pronouncement

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), (“ASU 2016-02”). ASU 2016-02 specifies the accounting for leases. For operating leases, ASU 2016-02 requires a lessee to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability, initially measured at the present value of the lease payments, in its balance sheet. The standard also requires a lessee to recognize a single lease cost, calculated so that the cost of the lease is allocated over the lease term, on a generally straight-line basis. ASU 2016-02 is effective for public business entities for annual reporting periods and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company will adopt ASU 2016-02 on January 1, 2019 using by modified retrospective method and will not restate comparable periods. The Company will elect the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance, which allow the Company to carry forward the historical lease classification, the assessment whether a contract is or contains a lease and initial direct costs for any leases that exist prior to adoption of the new standard. The Company will also elect the practical expedient not to separate lease and non-lease components for certain classes of underlying assets and the short-term lease exemption for contracts with lease terms of 12 months or less. Certain operating leases related to land use right, offices facilities will be subject to ASU 2016-02 and right-of-use assets and lease liabilities will be recognized on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. The Company currently believes the most significant change will be related to the recognition of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on the Company’s balance sheet for certain in-scope operating leases. The Company does not expect any material impact on net assets and the consolidated statement of comprehensive income as a result of adopting the new standard.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”) which requires the measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets held at amortized cost. ASU 2016-13 replaces the existing incurred loss impairment model with an expected loss methodology, which will result in more timely recognition of credit losses. ASU 2016-13 is effective for annual reporting periods, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2019. In November 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-19—Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses. The amendments clarify that receivables arising from operating leases are not within the scope of Subtopic 326-20. The Company is currently in the process of evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2016-13 and ASU 2018-19 on its consolidated financial statements.

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting which to provide clarity and reduce both (1) diversity in practice and (2) cost and complexity when applying the guidance in Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation, to a change to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award. The Company is currently in the process of evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2017-09 on its consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework-Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement (“ASU 2018-13”) which eliminates, adds and modifies certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. Under the guidance, public companies will be required to disclose the range and weighted average used to develop significant unobservable inputs for Level 3 fair value measurements. The guidance is effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and for interim periods within those fiscal years, but entities are permitted to early adopt either the entire standard or only the provisions that eliminate or modify the requirements. The Company is currently in the process of evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2018-13 on its consolidated financial statement.

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| 3. | CONCENTRATION OF RISKS

Concentration of credit risk

Assets that potentially subject the Group to significant concentration of credit risk primarily consist of cash, restricted cash, accounts receivable, advances made to suppliers, loans receivables advance made to and receivables form disposal of medical equipment from hospital customers. The maximum exposure of such assets to credit risk is their carrying amounts as of the balance sheet dates.

As of December 31, 2018, substantially all of the Group’s cash and restricted cash were deposited in financial institutions located in the PRC, Hong Kong, United States of America and in Singapore, which management believes are of high credit quality.

Accounts receivable are typically unsecured and are derived from revenue earned from hospitals in the PRC. The risk with respect to accounts receivable is mitigated by credit evaluations the Group performs on its customers and its ongoing monitoring of outstanding balances.

Advances made to suppliers are typically unsecured and arise from deposits paid in advance for future purchases of medical equipment. Due to the Group’s concentration of advances made to a limited number of suppliers and the significant prepayments that are made to them, any negative events or deterioration in financial strength with respect to the Group’s suppliers may cause material loss to the Group and have a material adverse effect on the Group’s financial condition and results of operations. The risk with respect to advances made to suppliers is mitigated by credit evaluations that the Group performs on its suppliers prior to making any advances and the ongoing monitoring of its suppliers’ performance.

With respect to advances made to and receivables form disposal of medical equipment from hospital customers hospital customers, the Group conducts periodic credit evaluation of its customers but does not require collateral or other security from its hospital customers.

Concentration of customers

The Group currently generates a substantial portion of its revenue from a limited number of customers. As a percentage of revenues, the top five customers accounted for 27.7%, 32.7% and 35.0% for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. The loss of revenue from any of these customers would have a significant negative impact on the Group’s business. However, arrangements with customers are mostly long-term in nature. Due to the Group’s dependence on a limited number of customers and the profit sharing received by the Group depends on the performance of the hospitals that the Group does not control, any negative events with respect to the Group’s customers may cause material fluctuations or declines in the Group’ revenue and have a material adverse effect on the Group’s financial condition and results of operations.

Concentration of suppliers

A significant portion of the Group’s medical equipment and construction is sourced from its five largest suppliers who collectively accounted for 72%, 95% and 90% of total medical equipment and construction purchases of the Group for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. Failure to develop or maintain the relationships with these suppliers may cause the Group not able to identify other suppliers timely in order to expand its business with new hospitals. Any disruption in the supply of medical equipment to the Group may adversely affect the Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

Current vulnerability due to certain other concentrations

The Group’s operations may be adversely affected by significant political, economic and social uncertainties in the PRC. Although the PRC government has been pursuing economic reform policies for more than 20 years, no assurance can be given that the PRC government will continue to pursue such policies or that such policies may not be significantly altered, especially in the event of a change in leadership, social or political disruption or unforeseen circumstances affecting the PRC’s political, economic and social conditions. There is also no guarantee that the PRC government’s pursuit of economic reforms will be consistent or effective.

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The Group transacts most of its business in RMB, which is not freely convertible into foreign currencies. On January 1, 1994, the PRC government abolished the dual rate system and introduced a single rate of exchange as quoted daily by the People’s Bank of China (the “PBOC”). However, the unification of the exchange rates does not imply that the RMB may be readily convertible into United States dollars or other foreign currencies. All foreign exchange transactions continue to take place either through the PBOC or other banks authorized to buy and sell foreign currencies at the exchange rates quoted by the PBOC. Approval of foreign currency payments by the PBOC or other institutions requires submitting a payment application form together with suppliers’ invoices, shipping documents and signed contracts.

Additionally, the value of the RMB is subject to changes in central government policies and international economic and political developments affecting supply and demand in the PRC foreign exchange trading system market.

A medical-related business is subject to significant restrictions under current PRC laws and regulations. Currently, the Group conducts its operations in China through contractual arrangements entered into with hospitals in the PRC. The relevant regulatory authorities may find the current contractual arrangements and businesses to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations. If so, the relevant regulatory authorities would have broad discretion in dealing with such violations.

Foreign currency exchange rate risk

The Company’s exposure to foreign currency exchange rate risk primarily relates to cash and restricted cash denominated in the US$. On June 19, 2010, the People’s Bank of China announced the end of the RMB’s de facto peg to US$, a policy which was instituted in late 2008 in the face of the global financial crisis, to further reform the RMB exchange rate regime and to enhance the RMB exchange rate flexibility. On April 16, 2012, the People’s Bank of China announced a policy to expand the maximum daily floating range of RMB trading prices against the U.S. dollar in the inter-bank spot foreign exchange market from 0.5% to 1%. On March 17, 2014, the People’s Bank of China announced a policy to further expand the maximum daily floating range of RMB trading prices against the U.S. dollar in the inter-bank spot foreign exchange market to 2. The depreciation (appreciation) of the RMB against US$ was 7.2%, (6.3%) and 5.7% during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. In the long term, the RMB may appreciate or depreciate more significantly in value against the U.S. dollar or other foreign currencies, depending on the market supply and demand with reference to a basket of currencies.

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| 4. | ACQUISITIONS AND DISPOSALS

For the year ended December 31, 2016

Acquisition of Beijing Century Friendship and BPMC

On December 18, 2007, the Group entered into a framework agreement with Chang'an Information Industry (Group) Co., Ltd. (“Chang’an Information”) and China-Japan Friendship Hospital to set up Beijing Proton Medical Center Co., Ltd. (“BPMC”), a proton treatment center in Beijing. Pursuant to the framework agreement, the Group paid a deposit of RMB29,600 to Beijing Century Friendship Science & Technology Development Co., Ltd. (“Beijing Century Friendship”), an entity set up by Chang'an Information, to be used for the construction of the proton treatment center. BPMC was legally set up on July 6, 2012. On May 24, 2015, the Group entered into a transfer agreement with Chang’an Information to acquire 100% equity interest of Beijing Century Friendship at a cash consideration of RMB70,000. The closing of the acquisition of Beijing Century Friendship is subject to the condition that Beijing Century Friendship obtains 55% interest of BPMC. The Group fully paid the consideration of RMB70,000 and paid an additional RMB1,000 for the future operations of BPMC as of December 31, 2015.

The acquisition was completed on January 27, 2016 when Beijing Century Friendship obtained 55% equity interest in BPMC, at a total consideration of RMB100,600. Upon the completion, the Group holds 100% equity interests of Beijing Century Friendship and indirectly holds 80% equity interest of BPMC. The transaction did not meet the definition of a business acquisition and was accounted for as an asset acquisition under ASC 805. The purpose of the acquisition is to obtain the license to operate the proton treatment center from the Ministry of Health of China upon the completion of construction of the proton treatment center in BPMC. The major asset acquired was the prepayment for operating license of RMB99,851, with other insignificant financial assets acquired and financial liabilities assumed.

For the year ended December 31, 2017

Disposal of Beijing Century Friendship and BPMC

On April 6, 2017, Guofu Huimei, an equity method investee of the Group, made a capital injection of RMB388,500 (note 1) in cash to Beijing Century Friendship to obtain 78.31% of its equity interest. Before the capital injection, Beijing Century Friendship was a wholly owned subsidiary of the Group and held 55% equity interest in BPMC. Upon the capital injection from Guofu Huimei, the Group’s effective interest in Beijing Century Friendship was diluted to 42.1% with a direct interest of 21.69% held by two subsidiaries of the Company and an indirect interest of 20.41% through Guofu Huimei. The Group lost control in Beijing Century Friendship and BPMC on April 6, 2017 and accounted for it as a deemed disposal and recognized a gain of RMB58,854 in accordance with ASC 810-10-40. The gain was measured as the difference between the fair value of the retained noncontrolling interest at the date of deconsolidation and the carrying amount of the former subsidiaries’ net assets. The direct interest held in Beijing Century Friendship and BPMC by the Group was accounted for as equity method investment (note 15).

F-31

The carrying value of assets and liabilities of Beijing Century Friendship and BPMC as of April 6, 2017 (the date of disposal), are as follows:

|  | RMB |
Current assets |  |  | 18,035 |
Deposit for operating license |  |  | 109,581 |
Other non-current assets |  |  | 45 |
Current liabilities |  |  | (35,152 | )
Noncontrolling interests |  |  | (8 | )
Net assets disposed |  |  | 92,501 |

The Group, with the assistance of an independent third-party valuation firm, determined the fair value of the retained noncontrolling interest of Beijing Century Friendship and BPMC based on a discounted cash flow model. As a result of the disposal, the Group recognized a gain on the deemed disposal of Beijing Century Friendship and BPMC as summarized below:

|  | RMB |
Fair value of retained noncontrolling investment |  |  | 151,355 |
Disposition of net assets |  |  | 92,501 |
Gain on disposal of Beijing Century Friendship and BPMC |  |  | 58,854 |

Disposal of Allcure Medical Holdings Ltd. (BVI) (“Allcure BVI”)

On October 18, 2017, the Group entered into a share transfer agreement with Bluestone Holdings Limited (“Bluestone”), a related party controlled by a director of the Company, to transfer 100% interest of a subsidiary, Allcure BVI with its subsidiary Beijing Allcure Medical Technology Ltd. at consideration of RMB3. A disposal gains of RMB59 was recognized in consolidated financial statements of comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2017.

For the year ended December 31, 2018

Acquisition of Guofu Huimei, Beijing Century Friendship, BPMC and CMCC

In June 2018, MHM, a subsidiary of the Group entered into separate agreements with Guofu Huimei, an equity investee of the Group, to purchase all its 78.31% equity interests in Beijing Century Friendship which holds 55% equity interest of BPMC and 54.8% equity interests of CMCC at consideration of RMB 388,500 and RMB182,100 respectively. The consideration was paid in June 2018 and July 2018 and related commercial registration was completed on July 26, 2018 and October 8, 2018 respectively. Meanwhile, ZR Guofu and Guofu Huimei reached an agreement, according to which ZR Guofu will withdraw its original investments in Guofu Huimei, amounting to RMB746,000, then the Group became the sole shareholder of Guofu Huimei after the investment withdrawn in July 2018 and commercial registration completed on September 3, 2018.

The Group previously held 21.69% equity interest in Beijing Century Friendship, 25% directly interest in BPMC, 35.2% equity interest of CMCC and 26.06% equity interests of Guofu Huimei prior to the transactions mentioned above. Upon the completion, the Group will hold 100% equity interest of Beijing century Friendship, 55% equity interests of BPMC and 90% equity interest of CMCC through MHM, 25% equity interests of BPMC through King Cheers and 100% equity interests of Guofu Huimei through Shanghai Medstar and BJCMT. The Group account for it as a single transaction and obtained control of Guofu Huimei, Beijing Century Friendship BPMC and CMCC on October 8, 2018. The fair value of the gross assets acquired during the acquisition is not concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets and it meets the definition of a business and was accounted for as business acquisition under ASC 805.

F-32

The Company has completed the valuations necessary, with the assistance of an independent third-party valuation firm, to assess the fair values of the tangible and intangible assets acquired, liabilities assumed and the noncontrolling interest, resulting a goodwill was recognized as of the acquisition date. The valuation utilized generally accepted valuation methodologies including the income, market and cost approaches. The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired, liabilities assumed and the noncontrolling interest as of October 8, 2018, the date of acquisition:

|  | RMB |
Current assets |  |  | 47,827 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  | 17,297 |
Intangible assets* |  |  | 454,013 |
Long term investments |  |  | 300,504 |
Other non-current assets |  |  | 108,322 |
Deferred tax assets |  |  | 185 |
Goodwill |  |  | 165,171 |
Current liabilities |  |  | (61,454 | )
Non-current liability |  |  | (165,436 | )
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  | (113,340 | )
Non-controlling interests |  |  | (99,480 | )
Total |  |  | 653,609 |

|  | RMB |
Total purchase price is comprised of: |  |  |  |
- Cash consideration |  |  | 570,600 |
- fair value of previously hold equity interests |  |  | 520,625 |
- effective extinguishment of loans from the acquisition |  |  | (437,616 | )
Total |  |  | 653,609 |

| * | Acquired amortizable intangible assets primarily include two operating licenses of hospitals of RMB164,440 and RMB272,910 respectively and a favorable lease contract of RMB16,010. The operating license have estimated amortization periods of 20 years and the favorable lease contract have estimated amortization periods of 12 years

The following unaudited supplemental pro forma consolidated financial information for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018 are presented as if the acquisition had occurred at the beginning of the periods presented. These pro forma results have been prepared for comparative purposes only and do not purport to be indicative of what the combined company’s operating results would have been had the acquisition taken place on January 1, 2017, nor do they project the future results of operations of the combined company. The actual results of operations of the combined company may differ significantly from the pro forma adjustments reflected here due to many factors.

|  | Unaudited Supplemental Pro Forma |
|  | For the year ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Net revenues |  |  | 4,569 |  |  |  | 12,056 |  |  |  | 1,753 |
Net loss |  |  | (70,018 | ) |  |  | (63,159 | ) |  |  | (9,186 | )

The results of operations of Guofu Huimei, Beijing Century Friendship, BPMC and CMCC since the acquisition date included in the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2018 is as follows:

|  | For the Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Net revenues |  |  | 4,827 |  |  |  | 702 |
Net loss |  |  | (5,639 | ) |  |  | (820 | )

F-33

The aggregate purchase price allocation includes acquisition of certain acquirees, which were equity method investees of the Company prior to the acquisitions. In aggregate, a re-measurement gain relating to the Company’s pre-existing equity interest of RMB28,846 was recognized in other income in the consolidated income statement for the year ended December 31, 2018. The Company applied the equity method of accounting by recognizing its share of the profit or loss in these equity method investees up to their respective dates of acquisition. The fair value of the previously held equity interests was estimated based on the purchase price per share as of the acquisition date.

The Company expects the acquisition to support its strategy to facilitate the Group’s long-term goal to develop specialized hospital chains in cancer / oncology treatment services including diagnostic imaging, radiation oncology treatment and medical oncology treatment. Goodwill arising from this acquisition was attributable to the synergies expected from the combined operations of proton hospitals, the assembled workforce and their knowledge and experience in the PRC. The goodwill recognized was not expected to be deductible for income tax purpose.

Disposal of CMS Radiotherapy Holdings Limited (“CMS (USA)”)

On January 25, 2016, Ascendium entered into an agreement to transfer 100% interest of CMS (USA), a BVI company previously incorporated by Ascendium in October 2013, to Beijing Allcure Medical Technology Co., Ltd. (“JWYK”), a related party, with consideration of RMB8,594 (US$1,250). The purchase consideration was paid on November 10, 2016, while the transfer registration was completed on May 3, 2018. A gain on disposal of subsidiary of RMB3,341 (US$486) was recognized in consolidated financial statements of comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2018.

| 5. | SHORT TERM INVESTMENT

As of December 31, 2018, the Company’s short-term investments comprised of available-for-sale debt securities including wealth management products issued by commercial banks and other financial institutions. During the year ended December 31, 2018, no unrealized gains or losses was recorded in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss”. There was no other-than-temporary impairment for the year ended December 31, 2018.

|  | As of December 31, 2018 |
|  | Cost or Amortized cost |  |  | Gross unrealized gains |  |  | Gross unrealized losses |  |  | Fair value |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Short-term investment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale debt securities |  |  | 50,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 50,000 |

| 6. | ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE

|  | As at December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Accounts receivable |  |  | 144,921 |  |  |  | 90,453 |  |  |  | 13,155 |
Allowance for doubtful accounts |  |  | (12,969 | ) |  |  | (3,585 | ) |  |  | (521 | )
Accounts receivable, net |  |  | 131,952 |  |  |  | 86,868 |  |  |  | 12,634 |

F-34

The movement in the allowance for doubtful accounts were as follows:

|  | For the Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Balance at the beginning of the year |  |  | 1,781 |  |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | 12,969 |  |  |  | 1,886 |
Provisions for the year |  |  | 1,066 |  |  |  | 14,840 |  |  |  | 1,303 |  |  |  | 189 |
Reversal of provisions from prior periods due to subsequent cash collection during the year |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (709 | ) |  |  | (103 | )
Amounts written off during the year |  |  | (2,790 | ) |  |  | (1,928 | ) |  |  | (9,989 | ) |  |  | (1,453 | )
Foreign exchange gain or loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 2 |
Balance at the end of the year |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | 12,969 |  |  |  | 3,585 |  |  |  | 521 |

Provisions for allowance for doubtful debts are recorded in “general and administrative expenses” in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

Accounts receivable with carrying value of RMB13,164 and nil were used to secure bank borrowings of RMB20,100 and nil as at December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively (note 17).

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| 7. | PREPAYMENTS AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS

Prepayments and other current assets consist of the following:

|  |  |  |  | As at December 31, |
|  | Notes |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  |  |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Due from suppliers |  |  | i) |  |  |  | 23,243 |  |  |  | 10,751 |  |  |  | 1,564 |
Due from hospitals |  |  | ii) |  |  |  | 1,179 |  |  |  | 576 |  |  |  | 84 |
Loan receivables |  |  | iii) |  |  |  | 114,456 |  |  |  | 151,139 |  |  |  | 21,982 |
Advances to employees |  |  | iv) |  |  |  | 4,383 |  |  |  | 1,056 |  |  |  | 154 |
Receivables from disposal of medical equipment |  |  | v) |  |  |  | 90,324 |  |  |  | 69,410 |  |  |  | 10,096 |
Deferred expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  | 111 |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | 7 |
Interest receivable |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,100 |  |  |  | 3,680 |  |  |  | 535 |
Dividend receivable |  |  |  |  |  |  | 766 |  |  |  | 766 |  |  |  | 111 |
Others |  |  |  |  |  |  | 29,959 |  |  |  | 5,084 |  |  |  | 739 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 269,521 |  |  |  | 242,512 |  |  |  | 35,272 |
Reserve for unrecoverable deposits |  |  |  |  |  |  | (4,798 | ) |  |  | (14,798 | ) |  |  | (2,152 | )
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 264,723 |  |  |  | 227,714 |  |  |  | 33,120 |

Provisions are recorded in “general and administrative expenses” in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

| i) | Amounts due from suppliers represent prepayments made for orders and returnable deposits of cancelled orders. The risk of loss arising from non-performance by or bankruptcy of suppliers is assessed prior to the order of the equipment. The Group has provided reserve amounting to RMB4,798 and RMB4,798 (US$698) on amounts due from suppliers as at December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively.

| ii) | Amounts due from hospitals represent interest-free advances to hospitals and the compensation to be received from hospitals for early termination. The Group has assessed the impact of such advances on revenue recognition at the outset of the arrangement and has concluded that they do not affect revenue recognition. The risk of loss arising from any failure of hospital customers to fulfill their financial obligations is assessed prior to making the advances and is monitored for recoverability on a regular basis by management.
| iii) | Loan receivables represented the loans to other parties, including loans to related parties such as the Xi’an JiangyuanAndike Ltd. (“JYADK”), Beijing Allcure Medical Information Technology Co., Ltd. (“Allcure Information”), Shanghai Meizhongjiahe Imaging Diagnostic Center Co. Ltd. (“SH MJZH”) and Wuxi Meizhongjiahe Cancer Centre(“Wuxi MZJH”) of total amount of RMB13,658 and RMB15,118 (US$2,199) as at December 31, 2017 and 2018, and third parties of RMB85,798 and RMB136,021(US$19,783) as at December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively, which is an interest free loan balance. The Group has provided reserve amounting to nil and RMB10,000 (US$1,454) on third parties as at December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively. Besides, the loan to JYADK contributed to interest receivable of RMB221 and RMB454(US$66) as at December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively (note 24).
| iv) | The advances to employees represent interest-free advance held by the Company’s employees to cover expenses of hospital customers. The risk of loss is assessed prior to making the advances and is monitored on a regular basis by management. Historically, the Group has not experienced any loss of such advances.
| v) | Receivables from disposal of medical equipment represented the consideration to be received from several hospitals, which the Group entered into termination contracts with and disposed all leasing equipment to.

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| 8. | INVENTORIES

|  | As at December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Medicine |  |  | 4,103 |  |  |  | 2,196 |  |  |  | 319 |
Medical equipment |  |  | 104 |  |  |  | 90 |  |  |  | 13 |
Low-value consumables |  |  | 2,077 |  |  |  | 1,580 |  |  |  | 230 |
|  |  | 6,284 |  |  |  | 3,866 |  |  |  | 562 |
Less: inventory provision |  |  | - |  |  |  | (510 | ) |  |  | (74 | )
|  |  | 6,284 |  |  |  | 3,356 |  |  |  | 488 |

| 9. | ASSETS HELD FOR SALE

During the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, the Group received termination notices from several hospitals to early terminate the equipment leasing arrangements with the Group. Pursuant to the cooperation agreements, the hospitals should acquire the medical equipment from the Group upon early termination. Property, plant and equipment, with carrying amounts of RMB27,100 and RMB 4,384 (US$638) were classified as assets held-for-sale on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively, which are expected to be disposed within one year. Impairment loss of nil, RMB6,526 and RMB664 (US$96) were recognized for network operating segment and recorded in “Impairment of long-lived assets” in the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively.

| 10. | PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET

Property, plant and equipment consist of the following:

|  | As at December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Buildings |  |  | 230,273 |  |  |  | 254,577 |  |  |  | 37,027 |
Medical equipment |  |  | 668,169 |  |  |  | 404,050 |  |  |  | 58,767 |
Electronic and office equipment |  |  | 16,864 |  |  |  | 19,564 |  |  |  | 2,845 |
Motor vehicles |  |  | 2,361 |  |  |  | 2,993 |  |  |  | 435 |
Leasehold improvement and building improvements |  |  | 14,771 |  |  |  | 14,050 |  |  |  | 2,043 |
Construction in progress |  |  | 329,259 |  |  |  | 823,361 |  |  |  | 119,753 |
Total |  |  | 1,261,697 |  |  |  | 1,518,595 |  |  |  | 220,870 |
Less: accumulated depreciation |  |  | (407,964 | ) |  |  | (275,627 | ) |  |  | (40,088 | )
Impairment charges |  |  | (60,162 | ) |  |  | (23,659 | ) |  |  | (3,441 | )
|  |  | 793,571 |  |  |  | 1,219,309 |  |  |  | 177,341 |

Depreciation expenses were RMB117,051, RMB83,224 and RMB40,855 (US$5,942) for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. Impairment loss of RMB47,827, RMB21,476 and RMB4,418 (US$643) were recognized for network operating segment and impairment loss of nil, nil and RMB351 (US$51) for hospital operating segment for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. Impairment charges mainly include impairment provided for medical equipment in several low performance centers as well as idle assets.

F-37

For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, RMB4,360, RMB27,906 and RMB41,272 (US$6,003) impairment was written off for network operating segment upon the disposal of medical equipment.

As at December31, 2017 and 2018, certain of the Group's property, plant and equipment with a total net book value of RMB37,481 and nil were pledged as collaterals for bank borrowings of RMB29,725 and nil, respectively (note17).

As at December 31, 2017 and 2018, certain of the Group's construction in progress with a total net book value of RMB206,244 and RMB633,444 (US$92,131) were pledged to secure bank and other borrowings of RMB280,459 and RMB501,789 (US$72,982), respectively (note17) and mandatorily redeemable noncontrolling interest of RMB396,281 and RMB434,216 (US$63,154) (note1), respectively.

As at December 31, 2017 and 2018, the Group held equipment under operating lease contracts with customers with an original cost of RMB519,426 and RMB205,279 (US$29,857) and accumulated depreciation of RMB312,853 and RMB133,130 (US$ 19,363), respectively.

| 11. | PREPAID LAND LEASE PAYMENTS

|  | As at December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Prepaid land lease payments |  |  | 456,823 |  |  |  | 456,823 |  |  |  | 66,442 |
Less: accumulated amortization |  |  | (8,890 | ) |  |  | (18,500 | ) |  |  | (2,691 | )
Net carrying value |  |  | 447,933 |  |  |  | 438,323 |  |  |  | 63,751 |

Amortization expenses for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 were RMB1,195, RMB5,256 and RMB9,610 (US$1,398), respectively.

As at December 31, 2017 and 2018, certain of the Group's prepaid land lease payments with a total net book value of RMB48,273 and RMB425,743 (US$61,922) were pledged to secure bank and other borrowings of RMB280,459 and RMB501,789 (US$72,982), respectively (note 17) and mandatorily redeemable noncontrolling interest of RMB396,281 and RMB434,216 (US$63,154) (note 1), respectively.

The estimated annual amortization expenses for the prepaid land leases for each of the five succeeding years are as follows:

|  | Amortization |
|  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
2019 |  |  | 9,462 |  |  |  | 1,376 |
2020 |  |  | 9,462 |  |  |  | 1,376 |
2021 |  |  | 9,462 |  |  |  | 1,376 |
2022 |  |  | 9,462 |  |  |  | 1,376 |
2023 |  |  | 9,462 |  |  |  | 1,376 |

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| 12. | INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET

Intangible assets consist of the following:

|  | Customer relationship intangibles |  |  | Operating lease intangibles |  |  | Operating License intangibles |  |  | Favorable lease intangibles |  |  | Others |  |  | Total |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Intangible assets, net at January 1, 2017 |  |  | 14,285 |  |  |  | 801 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,102 |  |  |  | 17,188 |
Addition of software |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 749 |  |  |  | 749 |
Disposal of centers |  |  | (3,117 | ) |  |  | (194 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3,311 | )
Amortization expenses |  |  | (4,399 | ) |  |  | (301 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,529 | ) |  |  | (6,229 | )
Intangible asset impairment |  |  | (598 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (598 | )
Intangible assets, net at December 31, 2017 |  |  | 6,171 |  |  |  | 306 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,322 |  |  |  | 7,799 |
Acquisition of subsidiaries (note 4) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 437,350 |  |  |  | 16,010 |  |  |  | 653 |  |  |  | 454,013 |
Addition of software |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,779 |  |  |  | 1,779 |
Disposal of centers |  |  | (2,586 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2,586 | )
Amortization expenses |  |  | (558 | ) |  |  | (52 | ) |  |  | (2,056 | ) |  |  | (318 | ) |  |  | (1,177 | ) |  |  | (4,161 | )
Intangible assets, net at December 31, 2018 |  |  | 3,027 |  |  |  | 254 |  |  |  | 435,294 |  |  |  | 15,692 |  |  |  | 2,577 |  |  |  | 456,844 |
Intangible assets, net at December 31, 2018, in US$ |  |  | 440 |  |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | 63,311 |  |  |  | 2,282 |  |  |  | 375 |  |  |  | 66,445 |
At December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Intangible assets, cost |  |  | 45,460 |  |  |  | 14,732 |  |  |  | 437,350 |  |  |  | 16,010 |  |  |  | 16,179 |  |  |  | 529,731 |
Less: accumulated amortization |  |  | (41,835 | ) |  |  | (14,478 | ) |  |  | (2,056 | ) |  |  | (318 | ) |  |  | (13,602 | ) |  |  | (72,289 | )
Less: intangible asset impairment |  |  | (598 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (598 | )
Intangible assets, net at December 31, 2018 |  |  | 3,027 |  |  |  | 254 |  |  |  | 435,294 |  |  |  | 15,692 |  |  |  | 2,577 |  |  |  | 456,844 |

| i) | Amortization expenses for intangibles were RMB10,760, RMB6,229 and RMB4,161 (US$605) for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. Impairment loss on intangible assets was RMB9,810, RMB598 and nil for network operating segment for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. The estimated annual amortization expenses for the above intangible assets for each of the five succeeding years are as follows:

|  | Amortization |
|  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
2019 |  |  | 11,162 |  |  |  | 1,623 |
2020 |  |  | 22,000 |  |  |  | 3,200 |
2021 |  |  | 23,794 |  |  |  | 3,461 |
2022 |  |  | 23,348 |  |  |  | 3,396 |
2023 |  |  | 23,140 |  |  |  | 3,366 |

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| 13. | DEPOSITS FOR NON-CURRENT ASSETS

Deposits for non-current assets consist of the following:

|  | As at December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Deposits for purchases of property, plant and equipment* |  |  | 297,040 |  |  |  | 668,698 |  |  |  | 97,258 |
Reserve for unrecoverable deposits |  |  | (30,860 | ) |  |  | (30,860 | ) |  |  | (4,488 | )
|  |  | 266,180 |  |  |  | 637,838 |  |  |  | 92,770 |

| * | The amount represented interest-free non-refundable partial payments to suppliers of medical equipment. The remaining contractual obligations associated with these purchase contracts are approximately RMB426,293 and RMB660,758 (US$96,103) as at December 31, 2017 and 2018 respectively, which are included in the amount disclosed as purchase commitments in note 26.

As at December31, 2017 and 2018, certain of the Group's deposits for non-current asset with a total net book value of nil and RMB13,800(US$2,007) were pledged for bank borrowings of nil and RMB10,731(US$1,561), respectively (note17).

| 14. | NET INVESTMENT IN DIRECT FINANCING LEASES

The Group operates as a lessor in direct financing lease agreements for medical equipment, with hospitals and other companies that engage in ongoing cooperation agreements with hospitals. These leases have terms ranging generally from three to ten years. Net investment in direct financing leases is comprised of the following:

|  | As at December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Total minimum lease payments to be received |  |  | 88,973 |  |  |  | 83,079 |  |  |  | 12,083 |
Initial direct cost |  |  | 86 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
|  |  | 89,059 |  |  |  | 83,079 |  |  |  | 12,083 |
Unearned income |  |  | (16,107 | ) |  |  | (10,464 | ) |  |  | (1,521 | )
Net investment in direct finance leases |  |  | 72,952 |  |  |  | 72,615 |  |  |  | 10,562 |
Current |  |  | 18,900 |  |  |  | 29,638 |  |  |  | 4,311 |
Non-current |  |  | 54,052 |  |  |  | 42,977 |  |  |  | 6,251 |
Total |  |  | 72,952 |  |  |  | 72,615 |  |  |  | 10,562 |

Net investment in financing leases with carrying value of RMB24,224 and nil were pledged as collaterals for bank borrowings of RMB9,242 and nil as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively (note 17).

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The future minimum lease payments to be received from such non-cancelable direct financing leases are as follows:

|  | Future minimum lease payments |
|  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
2019 |  |  | 31,884 |  |  |  | 4,637 |
2020 |  |  | 16,204 |  |  |  | 2,357 |
2021 |  |  | 15,087 |  |  |  | 2,194 |
2022 |  |  | 13,969 |  |  |  | 2,032 |
2023 |  |  | 3,076 |  |  |  | 447 |
Above 5 years |  |  | 2,859 |  |  |  | 416 |

| 15. | LONG-TERM INVESTMENTS

The Company long-term investments consisted of the following:

|  | As at December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Equity investments without readily determinable fair values |  |  | 22,160 |  |  |  | 22,160 |  |  |  | 3,223 |
Equity method investments |  |  | 732,167 |  |  |  | 366,204 |  |  |  | 53,262 |
|  |  | 754,327 |  |  |  | 388,364 |  |  |  | 56,485 |

Equity investments without readily determinable fair values:

|  |  |  | Equity interest owned by the Group As at December 31, |
|  | Note |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
Allcure Information |  | i) |  |  | 20 | % |  |  | 9.6 | %

| i) | 20% equity interest of Allcure Information was obtained through the disposal of Allcure Medical Technology Co., Ltd. (“JWYK”) in 2015. During the year ended December 31, 2018 Allcure Information issued new shares to other investors and diluted the share ownership of the Group to 9.6%. The price of newly issued shares is not considered an observable price change because they are not a similar investment of JWYK held by the Group due to the different rights and obligations associated with the investments. As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, no impairment was recorded for the investment.

Equity method investments:

|  |  |  | Equity interest owned by the Group As at December 31, |
|  | Notes |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |
Xi’an JiangyuanAndike Ltd. (“JYADK”) |  |  |  |  | 29.70 | % |  |  | 29.70 | %
PTC |  | i) |  |  | 59.51 | % |  |  | 59.51 | %
Suzhou Shengshan Huiying Venture Capital Investment LLP. (“Suzhou Shengshan”) |  | ii) |  |  | 8.13 | % |  |  | 5.41 | %
Wuxi Meizhongjiahe Cancer Center (“Wuxi MZJH”) |  |  |  |  | 10.00 | % |  |  | 10.00 | %
Suzhou Chorus Medical Technologies Co., Ltd. (“Suzhou Chorus”) |  | iii) |  |  | 36.00 | % |  |  | 36.00 | %
Global Oncology One, Inc. (“Global Oncology”) |  | iii) |  |  | 46.90 | % |  |  | - |
CMCC |  | iv) |  |  | 35.20 | % |  |  | - |
Guofu Huimei |  | v) |  |  | 26.07 | % |  |  | - |
BPMC |  | vi) |  |  | 25.00 | % |  |  | - |
Beijing Century Friendship |  | vi) |  |  | 21.69 | % |  |  | - |
Shanghai Meizhong Jiahe Imaging Diagnostic Center Co., Ltd. ("SH MZJH") |  | vii) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 43.23 | %
Shanghai Rongchi Medical Management Co., Ltd. ("SH Rongchi") |  | viii) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 24.40 | %
Tianjin Jiatai Enterprise Management Center (Limited Partnership) ("Tianjin Jiatai") |  | viii) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 22.82 | %
DTAP @ Adam Road PTE.LTD. (“DTAP”) |  | ix) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 49.00 | %

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| i) | On December 28, 2012, the Group acquired 44.55% limited partner interests of PTC, a limited partnership in Texas, U.S.A., and 45% legal interest of PTC GP Management LLC, a limited liability company registered in Texas, U.S.A and the sole general partner of PTC with 1% interest of PTC, with a consideration of RMB201,176 in cash. On July 31, 2015, the Group acquired additional 14.34% limited partner interests of PTC and additional 17.07% legal interest of PTC GP Management LLC, with a consideration of RMB30,063 in cash. After the additional investments, the Group owned 59.51% interests of PTC which ultimately holds 45.41% legal ownership interests of the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Proton Therapy Center (“MDA Proton”), a proton treatment center in Texas, U.S.A.

In accordance with PTC GP Management LLC’s regulation, the Group is only entitled to designate two out of the five managers and simply majority (more than 50%) amongst the managers is required to pass any resolution. Furthermore, the regulation can only be amended at the request by managers or super majority (more than 2/3) of member interest. Thus, the Group is not able to control PTC GP Management LLC.

According to the partnership agreements, the Group has significant influence over PTC which can demonstrate control over MDA Proton by acting as the sole general partner. The Group accounts for its investment in PTC, and ultimately MDA Proton, under the equity method of accounting. The Group’s share of the net profit or loss of PTC, after accounting for the effect of the difference between the cost basis of the equity method investment and the underlying assets of the investee, was a gain of RMB127, RMB17,697 and RMB509 (US$74) for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 respectively. Total cash distribution received by the Group from PTC was RMB9,357, RMB6,227 and RMB11,626 (US$1,691) for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively.

On November 29, 2018, MDA Proton reached an agreement with UTMDACC to sell all its assets and liabilities to UTMDACC as well as terminating management service agreement between MDA Proton and PTC. The Group received a total consideration RMB212,855 (US$30,958) from PTC on dissolution between MDA Proton and PTC, leading to the disposal gain of RMB48,019 (US$6,984) in 2018, and the carrying amount of the equity investment remained RMB31,497 (US$4,581) as of December 31, 2018.

| ii) | In 2017, JKSY, a subsidiary of the Group, entered into a partnership agreement to subscribe for 8.13% interest in Suzhou Shengshan, a partnership engaged in equity and capital investment, with a subscription amount of RMB10,000. In 2018, with the subscribed capital injection from new investors, the equity interest JKSY shared in Suzhou Shengshan should be diluted to 4.57%. As the injection was not completed, the actual equity interest shared in Suzhou Shengshan was diluted to 5.41% as of December 31, 2018. According to the partnership agreement, JKSY acts as a limited partner and has significant influence over Suzhou Shengshan's daily operation.

| iii) | In 2015, the Group entered into two share transfer agreements with JWYK, which was controlled by one of the Group's directors. Pursuant to the agreements, JWYK would acquire 36% equity interest in Suzhou Chorus and 100% interest in China Medstar, an oversea subsidiary of the Company who holds 46.9% equity interest in Global Oncology from the Group, at a consideration of RMB4,320 and RMB8,679 respectively. On April 25, 2016 and November 10, 2016, the Group received full payments from JWYK. As of December 31, 2018, the change in registration of shareholders for Global Oncology has been completed, but the change in registration of shareholders for Suzhou Chorus has not been completed and the consideration received was recorded in advance from JWYK, the “accrued expenses and other liabilities” on the consolidated balance sheets (note 18).

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| iv) | In May 2017, the Group through its subsidiary Aohua Technology, acquired 31.64% equity interest of CMCC at a consideration of RMB105,119 from the original shareholder. In December 2017, the Group, through its subsidiary CHMG, further acquired 3.56% equity interest of CMCC at a consideration of RMB11,820. By the end of 2017, with the completion of changes in registration, the Group held 35.20% equity interest of CMCC. On October 8, 2018, the Group acquired further 54.8% equity interest of CMCC at a consideration of RMB182,100 (note 4) and consolidate CMCC as a subsidiary.

| v) | In April 2017, the Group completed the capital injection and obtained 26.07% in Guofu Huimei with a total subscribed capital of RMB262,999. In July 2018, the other shareholder of Guofu Huimei, ZR Guofu, withdraw all its original investments in Guofu Huimei, amounting to RMB746,000, then the Group became the sole shareholder of Guofu Huimei and consolidate Guofu Huimei as a subsidiary (note4).

| vi) | In April 2017, Guofu Huimei injected RMB388,500 to Beijing Century Friendship which holds 55% of BPMC, leading to the dilution of the Group's interest and loss in control of Beijing Century Friendship and BPMC to 21.69% and 25%, respectively. On October 8, 2018, the Group acquired further 78.31% equity interest of Beijing Century Friendship with 55% equity interest of BPMC at a consideration of RMB388,500 (note 4) and consolidate Beijing Century Friendship and BMPC as subsidiaries.

| vii) | In January 2018, the Group through its subsidiaries MHM, Global Medical Imaging and an equity investee of the Group, Tianjin Jiatai established SH MZJH for the operations of hospital business. According to the article of corporation, the Group subscribes 29% interest at a consideration of RMB43,500 (US$6,327) and has significant influence over SH MZJH’s daily operation. The Group injected RMB15,000 (US$2,182) as of December 31, 2018, which shared 43.23% equity of SH MZJH since the capital injection was not completed.

| viii) | On October 8, 2018, the Group became the sole shareholder of Guofu Huimei while ZR Guofu withdraw all its investments, the acquired assets of Guofu Huimei include 24.40% equity interests of SH Rongchi and 22.82% equity interests of Tianjin Jiatai, while Tianjin Jiatai owned 71.32% equity of SH Rongchi. According to the articles of corporation, the Group has significant influence over Tianjin Jiatai and SH Rongchi.

| ix) | In December 2018, DTAP was set up and registered in Singapore by CHS and Republic Healthcare Holdings PTE.LTD, a third party of the Group. CHS subscribed to inject SG$0.49 (US$0.36) to share 49% equity of DTAP, and account for the investment as joint venture according to the cooperation agreement.

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16. | OTHER NON-CURRENT ASSETS

Other non-current assets consist of the following:

|  | As at December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Deferred costs |  |  | 1,066 |  |  |  | 267 |  |  |  | 39 |
Deposits – long-term* |  |  | 20,747 |  |  |  | 2,719 |  |  |  | 395 |
Others** |  |  | 8,579 |  |  |  | 4,890 |  |  |  | 709 |
|  |  | 30,392 |  |  |  | 7,876 |  |  |  | 1,143 |

| * | On June 21, 2011, the Group provided interest-free financing amounting to RMB23,608 to Changhai Hospital, a third party, for the purchase of a robotic radiosurgery system, impairment losses of RMB11,527 was provided for the remaining balances as of December 31, 2018.

| ** | For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, no impairment loss were provided for the balances.

| 17. | BANK AND OTHER BORROWINGS

|  | As at December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Total bank and other borrowings |  |  | 993,945 |  |  |  | 938,114 |  |  |  | 136,442 |
Comprised of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term |  |  | 512,222 |  |  |  | 396,520 |  |  |  | 57,671 |
Long-term, current portion |  |  | 197,139 |  |  |  | 44,068 |  |  |  | 6,409 |
|  |  | 709,361 |  |  |  | 440,588 |  |  |  | 64,080 |
Long-term, non-current portion |  |  | 284,584 |  |  |  | 497,526 |  |  |  | 72,362 |
|  |  | 993,945 |  |  |  | 938,114 |  |  |  | 136,442 |

Certain bank borrowings are secured by equipment with a net carrying value of RMB37,481 and nil (note 10), accounts receivable with a carrying value of RMB13,164 and nil (note 6), net investment in financing leases with carrying value of RMB24,224 and nil (note 14), certain prepaid land lease payment with a carrying value of RMB48,273 and RMB425,742 (USD$61,922) (note 11), certain construction in progress with a carrying value of RMB 206,244 and RMB893,087 (USD$129,894) (note 10), deposit for non-current asset with a carrying value of nil and RMB13,800 (USD$2,007) (note 13),and restricted cash of RMB563,986 and RMB421,990 (US$61,376) (note 2), as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively.

As at December 31, 2017 and 2018, the short-term bank and other borrowing bore a weighted average interest of 2.45 % and 4.08% per annum, and the long-term bank and other borrowings bore a weighted average interest of 12.16% and 9.81% per annum, respectively. As at December 31, 2018, bank and other borrowings amounted to RMB31,083 (US$4,521) (2017: RMB546,519) and RMB907,031(US$131,922) (2017: RMB447,426) were denominated in US$ and RMB, respectively.

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As of December 31, 2018, the maturity profile of these long-term bank and other borrowings are as follows:

|  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Within one year |  |  | 44,068 |  |  |  | 6,409 |
Between one and two years |  |  | 11,098 |  |  |  | 1,614 |
Between two and three years |  |  | 38,926 |  |  |  | 5,662 |
Between three and four years |  |  | 102,057 |  |  |  | 14,844 |
Above four years |  |  | 345,445 |  |  |  | 50,242 |
|  |  | 541,594 |  |  |  | 78,771 |

As of December 31, 2018, the Company had unutilized short-term bank credit lines and unutilized long-term bank credit lines amounted to RMB33,480 (US$4,869) and RMB1,060,000 (USD$154,171), respectively.

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| 18. | ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER LIABILITIES

The components of accrued expenses and other liabilities are as follows:

|  | As at December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Accrued expenses |  |  | 24,537 |  |  |  | 44,621 |  |  |  | 6,490 |
Salaries and welfare payable |  |  | 8,183 |  |  |  | 8,612 |  |  |  | 1,253 |
Business and other taxes payable |  |  | 12,253 |  |  |  | 11,400 |  |  |  | 1,658 |
Secured borrowings, current (note 19) |  |  | 85,106 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
MD Anderson consulting fee payable |  |  | 13,642 |  |  |  | 51,029 |  |  |  | 7,422 |
Acquisition payable for investment in CMCC |  |  | 116,922 |  |  |  | 116,922 |  |  |  | 17,006 |
Consideration advance from JWYK (note 15) |  |  | 12,453 |  |  |  | 4,320 |  |  |  | 628 |
Advance from customers |  |  | 2,095 |  |  |  | 19,250 |  |  |  | 2,800 |
Other accruals |  |  | 110,728 |  |  |  | 161,852 |  |  |  | 23,539 |
|  |  | 385,919 |  |  |  | 418,006 |  |  |  | 60,796 |

19. | Secured borrowing

On December 8, 2015, the Company issued RMB417,000 of secured borrowings with an annual interest rate from 5.0% to 6.0% to third party investors through an underwriter, HengTai Securities Co., Ltd. (“HengTai”). The borrowings have maturity terms ranged from one to five years and are secured by the Group’s future leasing revenue from 14 network hospitals. The Company received net proceeds of RMB404,000, which was net of the refundable security deposit of RMB13,000 paid to HengTai. The Company incurred issuance cost of RMB7,506 which was capitalized as deferred expense and will be recognized as interest expense based on effective interest rate.

For the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017, the Group repaid the secured borrowings and related interest according to the payment schedule and the balance was RMB248,604 including the current portion of RMB85,106 as of December 31, 2017.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Group repaid the remaining principal of RMB248,604 and settled asset-backed securities with HengTai.

20. | SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Ordinary Shares

Our ordinary shares are divided into Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. The rights of the holders of Class A and Class B ordinary shares are identical, except with respect to voting and conversion rights. On January 27, 2015, the directors of the Company had resolved, subject to the adoption of the Amended M&A, to issue 45,787,948 Class B Ordinary Shares to Morgancreek Investment Holdings Limited (“Morgancreek”), in exchange of 45,787,948 Class A Ordinary Shares held by Morgancreek. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the 45,787,948 Class A ordinary shares of Morgancreek were converted to Class B ordinary shares.

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As of December 31, 2018, there were 84,390,429 Class A and 45,787,948 Class B ordinary shares outstanding, respectively.

Share repurchase program

On August 10, 2015, the Board of Director approved a share repurchase program pursuant to which, the Company is authorized to repurchase up to US$20,000 of its outstanding ADSs at a price not exceeding US$7.99 per ADS. During the year ended December 31, 2015 and 2016, the Company repurchased 614,033 and 967,408 ADSs, representing 1,842,099 and 2,902,224 ordinary shares, with a total consideration of US$3,111 and US$4,542 respectively. No ADS was repurchased in 2017 and 2018.

Special dividend

On December 11, 2015, the Board of Directors declared a special cash dividend of US$0.33 per ordinary share based on the number of ordinary shares outstanding as of September 30, 2015. The total amount of the special dividend was approximately RMB288,157, of which RMB285,829 has been paid in 2016. No special dividend was declared in 2017 and 2018.

No other dividend has been declared for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018.

21. | RESTRICTED NET ASSETS

The Company’s ability to pay dividends is primarily dependent on the Company receiving distributions of funds from its subsidiaries. Relevant PRC statutory laws and regulations permit payments of dividends by the Group’s PRC subsidiaries only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. The results of operations reflected in the financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP differ from those reflected in the statutory financial statements of the Company’s subsidiaries.

In accordance with the PRC Regulations on Enterprises with Foreign Investment and their articles of association, a foreign invested enterprise established in the PRC is required to provide certain statutory reserves, namely general reserve fund, the enterprise expansion fund and staff welfare and bonus fund which are appropriated from net profit as reported in the enterprise’s PRC statutory accounts. A foreign invested enterprise is required to allocate at least 10% of its annual after-tax profit to the general reserve until such reserve has reached 50% of its respective registered capital based on the enterprise’s PRC statutory accounts. Appropriations to the enterprise expansion fund and staff welfare and bonus fund are at the discretion of the board of directors for all foreign invested enterprises. The aforementioned reserves can only be used for specific purposes and are not distributable as cash dividends. Additionally, in accordance with the company law of the PRC, a domestic enterprise is required to provide at least 10% of its annual after-tax profit to the statutory common reserve until such reserve has reached 50% of its respective registered capital based on the enterprise’s PRC statutory accounts. A domestic enterprise is also required to provide discretionary surplus reserve, at the discretion of the board of directors, from the profits determined in accordance with the enterprise’s PRC statutory accounts.

As a result of these PRC laws and regulations that require annual appropriations of 10% of after-tax income to be set aside prior to payment of dividends as general reserve fund, the Company’s PRC subsidiaries are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of their net assets to the Company.

In addition, foreign exchange and other regulation in the PRC may further restrict the Company’s PRC subsidiaries from transferring funds to the Company in the form of dividends, loans and advances. The amount of net assets restricted was RMB3,790,974 (US$551,374) as of December 31, 2018.

F-47

| 22. | TAXATION

Enterprise income tax:

Cayman Islands

Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, the Company is not subject to tax on income or capital gains. In addition, upon payments of dividends by the Company to its shareholders, no Cayman Islands withholding tax will be imposed.

British Virgin Islands

Under the current laws of the British Virgin Islands, subsidiaries in British Virgin Islands are not subject to tax on income or capital gains. In addition, upon payments of dividends by these companies to their shareholders, no British Virgin Islands withholding tax will be imposed.

United States

US Proton is incorporated in the State of Delaware, U.S.A. in 2011. The entity is subject to U.S. Federal and state Income Tax (graduated income tax rate up to 35% in 2016 and 2017 and 21% in 2018) on its taxable income under the current laws of the United States of America. The company’s activities are located solely in the state of Texas, as such it is subject to Texas Franchise Tax. CMS (USA) is incorporated in the State of Texas, U.S.A. in 2013 and does not conduct any substantive operations of its own. The amount of current income tax for federal and state for US Proton was nil, nil and RMB2,867 (USD417) for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017, and 2018. While we believe we were able to make reasonable estimates of the impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act in these financial statements, the amounts recorded are provisional and the final impact may differ from these estimates due to, among other things, changes in our interpretations and assumptions and additional guidance that may be issued by regulatory authorities.

Singapore

China Medstar is incorporated in Singapore and does not conduct any substantive operations of its own. CHS, incorporated in Singapore, was acquired in April 2015 and was in a loss position since its establishment. No provision for Singapore profits tax has been made in the consolidated financial statements as the companies have no assessable profits for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018. In addition, upon payments of dividends by China Medstar and CHS to its shareholder, no Singapore withholding tax will be imposed.

Hong Kong

Subsidiaries in Hong Kong do not conduct any substantive operations of their own.

No provision for Hong Kong profits tax has been made in the consolidated financial statements as the Company has no assessable profits for the year presented. In addition, upon payment of dividends by these companies to their shareholders, no Hong Kong withholding tax will be imposed.

China

The applicable rate for China entities is subject to the PRC EIT at the rate of 25% for the period since 2012.

Dividends paid by PRC subsidiaries of the Group out of the profits earned after December 31, 2007 to non-PRC tax resident investors would be subject to PRC withholding tax. The withholding tax would be 10%, unless a foreign investor’s tax jurisdiction has a tax treaty with China that provides for a lower withholding tax rate and the foreign investor is qualified as a beneficial owner under the relevant tax treaty.

F-48

Enterprise income tax: (continued)

Loss before income taxes consists of:

|  | For the Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Non – PRC |  |  | (141,602 | ) |  |  | (193,212 | ) |  |  | (98,709 | ) |  |  | (14,357 | )
PRC |  |  | (62,996 | ) |  |  | (60,683 | ) |  |  | (126,537 | ) |  |  | (18,404 | )
|  |  | (204,598 | ) |  |  | (253,895 | ) |  |  | (225,246 | ) |  |  | (32,761 | )

The current and deferred components of the income tax expense appearing in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss are as follows:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Current tax expense |  |  | 25,617 |  |  |  | 5,105 |  |  |  | 43,209 |  |  |  | 6,284 |
Deferred tax expense (benefit) |  |  | 34,869 |  |  |  | 26,684 |  |  |  | (9,158 | ) |  |  | (1,331 | )
|  |  | 60,486 |  |  |  | 31,789 |  |  |  | 34,051 |  |  |  | 4,953 |

A reconciliation of the differences between the statutory tax rate and the effective tax rate for EIT is as follows:

|  | For the Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Loss before income taxes |  |  | (204,598 | ) |  |  | (253,895 | ) |  |  | (225,246 | ) |  |  | (32,761 | )
Income tax computed at the tax rate of 25% |  |  | (51,150 | ) |  |  | (63,474 | ) |  |  | (56,309 | ) |  |  | (8,190 | )
Effect of different tax rates in different jurisdictions |  |  | 10,400 |  |  |  | 23,554 |  |  |  | 11,758 |  |  |  | 1,710 |
Non-deductible expenses |  |  | 6,942 |  |  |  | 13,872 |  |  |  | 4,661 |  |  |  | 678 |
Non-taxable income |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,942 | ) |  |  | (7,322 | ) |  |  | (1,065 | )
Unrecognized tax positions |  |  | 1,467 |  |  |  | (2,942 | ) |  |  | 41,122 |  |  |  | 5,981 |
Changes of valuation allowance |  |  | 73,847 |  |  |  | 48,089 |  |  |  | 45,112 |  |  |  | 6,561 |
Withholding tax |  |  | 18,980 |  |  |  | 15,624 |  |  |  | (4,971 | ) |  |  | (722 | )
Effect of tax rate change |  |  | - |  |  |  | (992 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
|  |  | 60,486 |  |  |  | 31,789 |  |  |  | 34,051 |  |  |  | 4,953 |

F-49

Deferred Tax

The components of deferred taxes are as follows:

|  | As at December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Deferred tax asset |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net operating loss* |  |  | 122,651 |  |  |  | 175,033 |  |  |  | 25,455 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 4,807 |  |  |  | 2,813 |  |  |  | 409 |
Property, plant and equipment impairment |  |  | 17,395 |  |  |  | 8,750 |  |  |  | 1,273 |
Deposits for non-current assets |  |  | 6,400 |  |  |  | 6,400 |  |  |  | 931 |
Allowance for net investment in financing lease |  |  | 4,518 |  |  |  | 1,085 |  |  |  | 158 |
Allowance for doubtful accounts |  |  | 1,004 |  |  |  | 4,453 |  |  |  | 648 |
Deferred revenue |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Long term receivables |  |  | 3,942 |  |  |  | 9,679 |  |  |  | 1,408 |
Intangible assets |  |  | 795 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Accrued expenses |  |  | 5,434 |  |  |  | 9,032 |  |  |  | 1,314 |
Capital allowances |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Others |  |  | 495 |  |  |  | 527 |  |  |  | 77 |
Total deferred tax assets |  |  | 167,442 |  |  |  | 217,772 |  |  |  | 31,673 |
less: Valuation allowance** |  |  | (157,876 | ) |  |  | (217,076 | ) |  |  | (31,572 | )
Net deferred tax assets |  |  | 9,566 |  |  |  | 696 |  |  |  | 101 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Withholding tax for PRC entities |  |  | (50,876 | ) |  |  | (39,495 | ) |  |  | (5,745 | )
Aohua Technology transfer Tianjin Concord Medical loss |  |  | (5,632 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Equity investment |  |  | (8,317 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Property, plant and equipment |  |  | (2,681 | ) |  |  | (415 | ) |  |  | (60 | )
Disposal of Beijing Century Friendship |  |  | (13,758 | ) |  |  | (3,126 | ) |  |  | (454 | )
Intangible assets |  |  | (733 | ) |  |  | (113,590 | ) |  |  | (16,521 | )
Deferred costs |  |  | (67 | ) |  |  | (67 | ) |  |  | (10 | )
Revenue generated from financing lease |  |  | (731 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Long-term deferred assets |  |  | (348 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Capitalized Interest |  |  | - |  |  |  | (9,649 | ) |  |  | (1,403 | )
Total deferred tax liabilities |  |  | (83,143 | ) |  |  | (166,342 | ) |  |  | (24,193 | )
Deferred tax assets, net*** |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Deferred tax liabilities, net*** |  |  | (73,577 | ) |  |  | (165,646 | ) |  |  | (24,092 | )

| * | As of December 31, 2018, the Group had net operating losses from several of its PRC and oversea entities of RMB225,246 (US$32,761), which can be carried forward to offset future taxable profit. The net operating loss carry forwards as of December 31, 2018 will expire in years 2019 to 2038 if not utilized.

| ** | The Group records a valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets that is sufficient to reduce the deferred tax assets to an amount that is more likely than not to be realized. Future reversal of the valuation allowance will be recognized either when the benefit is realized or when it has been determined that it is more likely than not that the benefit in future earnings will be realized.

| *** | On the face of balance sheet, as at December 31, 2017 and 2018, deferred tax assets of approximately RMB9,566 and RMB696 (US$101) have been offset against deferred tax liabilities.

F-50

The movement of valuation allowance is as follows:

|  | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Balance at the beginning of year |  |  | (114,561 | ) |  |  | (157,876 | ) |  |  | (22,962 | )
Change of valuation allowance in the current year |  |  | (43,315 | ) |  |  | (59,200 | ) |  |  | (8,610 | )
Balance at the end of year |  |  | (157,876 | ) |  |  | (217,076 | ) |  |  | (31,572 | )

As of December 31, 2018, the Group has net tax operating losses from its PRC subsidiaries and its Consolidated VIEs, as per filed tax returns, which will expire between 2019 to 2038.

Unrecognized Tax Benefits

The reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits excluding the penalty and interest is as follows:

|  | For the Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Balance at the beginning of year |  |  | 38,420 |  |  |  | 41,358 |  |  |  | 6,015 |
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year |  |  | 4,263 |  |  |  | 30,043 |  |  |  | 4,370 |
Additions related to prior year tax position |  |  | 3,658 |  |  |  | 9,676 |  |  |  | 1,407 |
Reversal related to prior year tax position |  |  | (1,207 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Decrease relating to expiration of applicable statute of limitation |  |  | (3,079 | ) |  |  | (920 | ) |  |  | (134 | )
Foreign currency translation |  |  | (697 | ) |  |  | 843 |  |  |  | 123 |
Balance at the end of year |  |  | 41,358 |  |  |  | 81,000 |  |  |  | 11,781 |

As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, the Group had recorded RMB70,992 and RMB118,943 (US$17,300) as an accrual for unrecognized tax benefit and related interest and penalties, respectively. At December 31, 2017 and 2018, there were RMB18,381 and RMB46,978 (US$6,833) of unrecognized tax benefits that if recognized would affect the annual effective tax rate.

The final outcome of the tax uncertainty is dependent upon various matters including tax examinations, interpretation of tax laws or expiration of statute of limitations. However, due to the uncertainties associated with the status of examinations, including the protocols of finalizing audits by the relevant tax authorities, there is a high degree of uncertainty regarding the future cash outflows associated with these tax uncertainties. However, an estimate of the range of the possible change cannot be made at this time.

The Company recognized an increase amounting to RMB1,467, RMB2,770 and RMB8,309 (US$1,208) in interest and penalties during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, the Company recognized RMB29,634 and RMB37,943 (US$5,519), respectively of interest and penalties. Uncertain tax benefits were recorded as other long-term liabilities.

In general, for circumstances not being tax evasion, the PRC tax authorities will conduct examinations of the PRC entities’ tax filings of up to five years. Accordingly, the PRC entities’ tax years from 2013 to 2018 remain subject to examination by the tax authorities.

F-51

Value-added taxes (“VAT”)

Revenue earned from the provision of leasing and technical services was subject to 5% business tax prior to the pilot of VAT reform (e.g. Shanghai starts the VAT pilot on January 1, 2012). The final stage of VAT reform has come into effect on 1 May 2016, the pilot program of the collection of VAT in lieu of business tax has been promoted nationwide in a comprehensive manner.

Under the current VAT regulation, for the contracts signed prior to the pilot of VAT reform or the movable property acquired prior to the pilot of VAT reform for operating leasing, the relevant rental income from leasing arrangement of movable property could adopt the simple tax calculation method and be subject to 3% VAT levy rate. Other than the above, if the contracts signed after the pilot of VAT reform, the rental income derived from movable property leasing arrangement is subject to VAT at 17%. After a new VAT reform came into effect on 1 May 2018, the rental income derived from movable property leasing arrangement is subject to VAT at 16%. The technical service income is subject to VAT at 6%.

23. | SHARE-BASED AWARDS

On October 16, 2008, the Board of Directors adopted the 2008 Share Incentive Plan (the “2008 Share Incentive Plan”). The 2008 Share Incentive Plan provides for the granting of options, share appreciation rights, or other share based awards to key employees, directors or consultants, which was subsequently amended on November 17, 2009 and November 26, 2011 to increase the number of ordinary shares available for grant under the plan. The total number of the Company’s ordinary shares that may be issued under the 2008 Share Incentive Plan is up to 13,218,000 ordinary shares.

Share options

On February 18, 2014, the Company granted options to purchase 3,479,604 ordinary shares to its employees at an exercise price of $2.04 per share that have a contractual life of eight years and vest over four equal installments on the first, second, third, and fourth anniversary of the grant date. The Company recognizes the compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award. The Company calculated the estimated grant date fair value of the share options granted on February 18, 2014, using a Binomial Tree Model, with key assumptions as follows.

|  | February 18, 2014 |
Risk-free interest rate |  |  | 2.33 | %
Dividend yield |  |  | 5 | %
Exercise multiple |  |  | 2.5 |
Expected volatility range |  |  | 39.03 | %

The risk-free rate was based on the US Treasury bond yield curve in effect at the time of grant for periods corresponding with the expected term of the option. The dividend yield was estimated based on the average of historical dividend yields of the Company. The volatility assumption was estimated based on the historical price volatility of ordinary shares of comparable companies in the health care industry.

F-52

The following table summarizes employee share options activities for the year ended December 31, 2018:

Share Options Granted to Employees |  | Number of Shares |  |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price |  |  | Weighted Average Grant-date Fair Value |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |
Outstanding, January 1, 2018 |  |  | 3,217,087 |  |  | US$ | 5.11 |  |  | US$ | 0.81 |  |  |  | 13.13 |  |  |  | - |
Granted |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Exercised |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Forfeited |  |  | (240,954 | ) |  | US$ | 2.04 |  |  | US$ | 0.65 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Outstanding, December 31, 2018 |  |  | 2,976,133 |  |  | US$ | 5.36 |  |  | US$ | 0.83 |  |  |  | 14.19 |  |  |  | - |
Expected to vest, December 31, 2018 |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Exercisable at December 31, 2018 |  |  | 2,976,133 |  |  | US$ | 5.36 |  |  | US$ | 0.83 |  |  |  | 14.19 |  |  |  | - |

The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying awards and the fair value of the Company’s shares that would have been received by the option holders if all in-the-money options had been exercised on the issuance date.

There were no options exercised for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018.

As of December 31, 2018, unrecognized share-based compensation cost related to share options was nil.

Restricted shares

On February 18, 2014, July 1, 2014 and August 1, 2014, the Company granted 1,370,250, 21,132 and 69,564 restricted shares of the Company (“Restricted Shares”) to the employees of the Company, respectively. The Restricted Shares have a service condition where the grantees can remove restriction on 25% of total number of Restricted Shares on annual basis over a four-year period ending the fourth anniversary of the grant date.

The Group did not grant any Restricted Shares in 2015 and 2016.

On August 7, 2017, August 8, 2017, September 13, 2017 and October 2, 2018, the Company granted 1,453,950, 3,319,200, 45,000 and 5,992,605 Restricted Shares to the employees of the Company, respectively. The Restricted Shares have a service condition where the grantees can remove restriction on 25% of total number of Restricted Shares on annual basis over a four-year period ending the fourth anniversary of the grant date.

Grant Date |  | Number of Awards |  |  | Fair Value per Share at the Grant date (US$) |
February 18, 2014 |  |  | 1,370,250 |  |  |  | 1.93 |
July 1, 2014 |  |  | 21,132 |  |  |  | 2.35 |
August 1, 2014 |  |  | 69,564 |  |  |  | 2.44 |
August 7, 2017 |  |  | 1,453,950 |  |  |  | 1.33 |
August 8, 2017 |  |  | 3,319,200 |  |  |  | 1.34 |
September 13, 2017 |  |  | 45,000 |  |  |  | 1.33 |
October 2, 2018 |  |  | 5,992,605 |  |  |  | 1.19 |

F-53

The Company recognizes the compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award. Restricted Shares activity for the year ended December 31, 2018 was as follows:

|  | Numbers of shares |  |  | Weighted average grant date fair value |
|  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Outstanding, January 1, 2018 |  |  | 6,041,847 |  |  |  | 1.17 |
Granted |  |  | 5,992,605 |  |  |  | 1.34 |
Forfeited |  |  | (374,250 | ) |  |  | 1.34 |
Vested |  |  | (86,400 | ) |  |  | 1.16 |
Outstanding, December 31, 2018 |  |  | 11,573,802 |  |  |  | 0.64 |
Expected to vest, December 31, 2018 |  |  | 11,573,802 |  |  |  | 0.64 |

As of December 31, 2018, unrecognized share-based compensation cost related to Restricted Shares was RMB65,049 (US$9,461) which was expected to be recognized over a weighted-average vesting period of 3.3 years.

The share-based compensation expense of the share options and Restricted Shares granted to employees for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 is as follows:

|  | For the Years ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
General and administrative expenses |  |  | 7,573 |  |  |  | 10,099 |  |  |  | 9,173 |  |  |  | 1,334 |
Selling expenses |  |  | 827 |  |  |  | 1,542 |  |  |  | 1,966 |  |  |  | 286 |
|  |  | 8,400 |  |  |  | 11,641 |  |  |  | 11,139 |  |  |  | 1,620 |

24. | RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

| a) | Related parties

Name of Related Parties |  | Relationship with the Group
JYADK |  | Equity investee of the Group
Tianjin Jiatai |  | Equity investee of the Group
Wuxi MZJH |  | Equity investee of the Group
SH Rongchi |  | Equity investee of the Group
SH MZJH |  | Equity investee of the Group
Gopher Asset Management (“Gopher”) |  | An entity controlled by a director of the Company
Allcure Information |  | An entity controlled by a director of the Company
JWYK |  | An entity controlled by a director of the Company
Shanghai Huifu Technology Limited |  | An entity controlled by a director of the Company
Cherrylane Investment Limited |  | An entity controlled by a director of the Company
Guofu Huimei * |  | Equity investee of the Group till October 7, 2018
CMCC * |  | Equity investee of the Group till October 7, 2018
Beijing Century Friendship * |  | Equity investee of the Group till October 7, 2018

* Guofu Huimei, CMCC and Beijing Century Friendship were equity investee of the Group previously, which have been acquired by the Group since October 8, 2018 and have become subsidiaries of the Group.

F-54

| b) | The Group had the following related party transactions for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018.

|  | For the Years ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Loan to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
JYADK |  |  | 1,485 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Allcure Information |  |  | 9,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Tianjin Jiatai |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | 7 |
Wuxi MZJH |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 460 |  |  |  | 67 |
SH MZJH |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,000 |  |  |  | 145 |
|  |  | 10,485 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,510 |  |  |  | 219 |
Interest income from: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
JYADK |  |  | 370 |  |  |  | 221 |  |  |  | 285 |  |  |  | 41 |
Loan from: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Guofu Huimei |  |  | - |  |  |  | 300,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Beijing Century Friendship |  |  | - |  |  |  | 218,104 |  |  |  | 30,551 |  |  |  | 4,443 |
CMCC |  |  | - |  |  |  | 41,010 |  |  |  | 13,408 |  |  |  | 1,950 |
Tianjin Jiatai |  |  | - |  |  |  | 91,855 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Shanghai Huifu Technology Limited |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 22,000 |  |  |  | 3,200 |
Wuxi MZJH |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,850 |  |  |  | 269 |
SH Rongchi |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 18,820 |  |  |  | 2,737 |
SH MZJH |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 12,420 |  |  |  | 1,806 |
Cherrylane Investment Limited |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 12,720 |  |  |  | 1,850 |
|  |  | - |  |  |  | 650,969 |  |  |  | 111,769 |  |  |  | 16,255 |
Interest expense to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tianjin Jiatai |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 193 |  |  |  | 28 |
Guofu Huimei * |  |  | - |  |  |  | 31,716 |  |  |  | 15,997 |  |  |  | 2,327 |
Gopher |  |  | 15,073 |  |  |  | 14,639 |  |  |  | 6,957 |  |  |  | 1,012 |
|  |  | 15,073 |  |  |  | 46,355 |  |  |  | 23,147 |  |  |  | 3,367 |
Repayment to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tianjin Jiatai |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 36,420 |  |  |  | 5,297 |
Gopher |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 176,906 |  |  |  | 25,730 |
Shanghai Huifu Technology Limited |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 20,285 |  |  |  | 2,950 |
Cherrylane Investment Limited |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,750 |  |  |  | 400 |
|  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 236,361 |  |  |  | 34,377 |
Management service income from: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tianjin Jiatai |  |  | 7,988 |  |  |  | 6,577 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
SH MZJH |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,810 |  |  |  | 700 |
CMCC |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,118 |  |  |  | 4,331 |  |  |  | 630 |
|  |  | 7,988 |  |  |  | 10,695 |  |  |  | 9,141 |  |  |  | 1,330 |
Consultation service income from: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
JWYK |  |  | 70 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |

F-55

| * | The interest expense paid to Guofu Huimei amounting to RMB15,997 (US$2,327) is capitalized in year 2018.

| c) | The balances between the Company and its related parties as of December 31, 2017 and 2018 are listed below.

|  | As at December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Due from related parties, current: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
JYADK |  |  | 4,879 |  |  |  | 5,112 |  |  |  | 743 |
Allcure Information |  |  | 9,000 |  |  |  | 9,000 |  |  |  | 1,309 |
Tianjin Jiatai |  |  | 7,029 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
SH MZJH |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,099 |  |  |  | 887 |
Wuxi MZJH |  |  | - |  |  |  | 460 |  |  |  | 67 |
CMCC |  |  | 4,396 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
|  |  | 25,304 |  |  |  | 20,671 |  |  |  | 3,006 |
Due to related parties, current |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gopher (note 17) |  |  | 167,820 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Wuxi MZJH |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,850 |  |  |  | 269 |
SH MZJH |  |  | - |  |  |  | 12,420 |  |  |  | 1,806 |
Shanghai Huifu Technology |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,715 |  |  |  | 249 |
|  |  | 167,820 |  |  |  | 15,985 |  |  |  | 2,324 |
Due to related parties, non-current |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SH Rongchi * |  |  | - |  |  |  | 155,570 |  |  |  | 22,626 |
Cherrylane Investment Limited * |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9,969 |  |  |  | 1,450 |
Guofu Huimei |  |  | 280,459 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Beijing Century Friendship* |  |  | 218,104 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
CMCC* |  |  | 41,010 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Tianjin Jiatai * |  |  | 91,855 |  |  |  | 56,978 |  |  |  | 8,287 |
|  |  | 631,428 |  |  |  | 222,517 |  |  |  | 32,363 |

| * | As at December 31, 2017 and 2018, the balance due to related parties, non-current is recorded in “Amount due to related parties, non-current portion” on the consolidated balance sheet.

| 25. | EMPLOYEE DEFINED CONTRIBUTION PLAN

Full time employees of the Group in the PRC participate in a government mandated defined contribution plan, pursuant to which certain pension benefits, medical care, employee housing fund and other welfare benefits are provided to employees. Chinese labor regulations require that the PRC subsidiaries of the Group make contributions to the government for these benefits based on certain percentages of the employees’ salaries. The Group has no legal obligation for the benefits beyond the contributions made. The total amounts for such employee benefits, which were expensed as incurred, were RMB13,078 and RMB13,348 and RMB13,291 (US$1,933) for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively.

Obligations for contributions to defined contribution retirement plans for full-time employees in Singapore are recognized as expense in the statements of comprehensive income (loss) as incurred. The total amounts for such employee benefits were approximately RMB265, RMB399 and RMB315 (US$46) for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively.

F-56

| 26. | COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Operating lease commitments

Future minimum payments under non-cancelable operating leases with initial terms in excess of one year consist of the following at December 31, 2018:

|  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
2019 |  |  | 18,913 |  |  |  | 2,751 |
2020 |  |  | 20,977 |  |  |  | 3,051 |
2021 |  |  | 13,122 |  |  |  | 1,909 |
2022 |  |  | 8,584 |  |  |  | 1,248 |
2023 |  |  | 8,629 |  |  |  | 1,255 |
Thereafter |  |  | 53,993 |  |  |  | 7,852 |
|  |  | 124,218 |  |  |  | 18,066 |

Payments under operating leases are expensed on a straight-line basis over the periods of their respective leases. The terms of the leases do not contain material rent escalation clauses or contingent rents. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, total rental expenses for all operating leases amounted to RMB17,765, RMB16,436 and RMB15,457 (US$2,248) respectively.

Purchase commitments

The Group has commitments to purchase certain medical equipment of RMB426,293 and RMB660,758 (US$96,103) at December 31, 2017 and 2018 respectively, which are scheduled to be paid within following years.

Income taxes

As of December 31, 2018, the Group has recognized approximately RMB118,943 (US$17,300) as an accrual for unrecognized tax positions. The final outcome of the tax uncertainty is dependent upon various matters including tax examinations, interpretation of tax laws or expiration of status of limitation. However, due to the uncertainties associated with the status of examinations, including the protocols of finalizing audits by the relevant tax authorities, there is a high degree of uncertainty regarding the future cash outflows associated with these tax uncertainties.

| 27. | SEGMENT REPORTING

For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the Group had two operating segments, including network and hospital. The operating segments also represented the reporting segments. The Group’s CODM assess the performance of the operating segments based on the measures of revenues costs and gross profit (loss) by the network and hospital segment. Other than the information provided below, the CODM do not use any other measures by segments.

F-57

Summarized information by segments for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 is as follows:

|  | For the year ended December 31, 2018 |
|  | Network |  |  | Hospital |  |  | Total |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Revenues from external customers |  |  | 138,070 |  |  |  | 52,828 |  |  |  | 190,898 |  |  |  | 27,765 |
Cost of sales |  |  | (79,266 | ) |  |  | (91,870 | ) |  |  | (171,136 | ) |  |  | (24,891 | )
Gross profit (loss) |  |  | 58,804 |  |  |  | (39,042 | ) |  |  | 19,762 |  |  |  | 2,874 |

|  | For the year ended December 31, 2017 |
|  | Network |  |  | Hospital |  |  | Total |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Revenues from external customers |  |  | 299,321 |  |  |  | 31,656 |  |  |  | 330,977 |
Cost of sales |  |  | (166,407 | ) |  |  | (66,572 | ) |  |  | (232,979 | )
Gross profit (loss) |  |  | 132,914 |  |  |  | (34,916 | ) |  |  | 97,998 |

|  | For the year ended December 31, 2016 |
|  | Network |  |  | Hospital |  |  | Total |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |
Revenues from external customers |  |  | 443,601 |  |  |  | 11,441 |  |  |  | 455,042 |
Cost of sales |  |  | (247,510 | ) |  |  | (39,033 | ) |  |  | (286,543 | )
Gross profit (loss) |  |  | 196,091 |  |  |  | (27,592 | ) |  |  | 168,499 |

|  | As at December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Segment assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Network |  |  | 2,113,756 |  |  |  | 2,103,569 |  |  |  | 305,948 |
Hospital |  |  | 1,351,634 |  |  |  | 2,481,825 |  |  |  | 360,967 |
Total segment assets |  |  | 3,465,390 |  |  |  | 4,585,394 |  |  |  | 666,915 |

Major Customers

No single customer represented 10% or more of total net revenue for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2018. Changhai Hospital represented 12.5% of total net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2017.

F-58

Geographic Information

Net revenue by country is based upon the sales location that predominately represents the customer location.

|  | For the Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Revenues from PRC |  |  | 443,601 |  |  |  | 302,304 |  |  |  | 149,548 |  |  |  | 21,751 |
Revenues from Singapore |  |  | 11,441 |  |  |  | 28,673 |  |  |  | 41,350 |  |  |  | 6,014 |
Total revenues |  |  | 455,042 |  |  |  | 330,977 |  |  |  | 190,898 |  |  |  | 27,765 |

Total long-lived assets excluding financial instruments and deferred tax assets by country were as follows:

|  | As at December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
PRC |  |  | 789,320 |  |  |  | 2,036,133 |  |  |  | 296,143 |
Singapore |  |  | 279,615 |  |  |  | 281,495 |  |  |  | 40,942 |
Total long-lived assets |  |  | 1,068,935 |  |  |  | 2,317,628 |  |  |  | 337,085 |

| 28. | LOSS PER SHARE

A reconciliation of net loss attributable to the Company in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss to the numerator for the computation of basic and diluted per share for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 is as follows:

|  | For the Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Net loss attributable to Concord Medical Services Holdings Limited |  |  | (261,867 | ) |  |  | (284,320 | ) |  |  | (234,875 | ) |  |  | (34,162 | )
Accretion of contingently redeemable noncontrolling interests |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (124,355 | ) |  |  | (18,087 | )
Numerator for EPS computation |  |  | (261,867 | ) |  |  | (284,320 | ) |  |  | (359,230 | ) |  |  | (52,249 | )

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | For the Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Class A |  |  | Class A |  |  | Class B |  |  | Class B |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders used in calculating loss per ordinary share – basic and diluted |  |  | (261,867 | ) |  |  | (284,320 | ) |  |  | (28,402 | ) |  |  | (47,764 | ) |  |  | (30,827 | ) |  |  | (4,484 | )
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding used in calculating loss per share – basic and diluted |  |  | 130,631,867 |  |  |  | 130,091,977 |  |  |  | 118,940,054 |  |  |  | 118,940,054 |  |  |  | 11,164,733 |  |  |  | 11,164,733 |
Loss per share – basic and diluted |  |  | (2.00 | ) |  |  | (2.19 | ) |  |  | (2.76 | ) |  |  | (0.40 | ) |  |  | (2.76 | ) |  |  | (0.40 | )

The effects of share options and Restricted Shares have been excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 as their effects would be anti-dilutive.

F-59

| 29. | PARENT COMPANY ONLY CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Condensed balance sheets

|  | As at December 31 |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalent |  |  | 3,104 |  |  |  | 722 |  |  |  | 105 |
Amounts due from subsidiaries |  |  | 414,692 |  |  |  | 503,087 |  |  |  | 73,171 |
Total current assets |  |  | 417,796 |  |  |  | 503,809 |  |  |  | 73,276 |
Non-current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments in subsidiaries |  |  | 2,027,530 |  |  |  | 1,623,996 |  |  |  | 236,201 |
Deferred cost, non-current |  |  | 800 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total assets |  |  | 2,446,126 |  |  |  | 2,127,805 |  |  |  | 309,477 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term bank borrowings |  |  | 512,221 |  |  |  | 249,202 |  |  |  | 36,245 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities |  |  | 16,871 |  |  |  | 29,310 |  |  |  | 4,263 |
Amounts due to subsidiaries |  |  | 982,985 |  |  |  | 1,411,871 |  |  |  | 205,348 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 1,512,077 |  |  |  | 1,690,383 |  |  |  | 245,856 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 1,512,077 |  |  |  | 1,690,383 |  |  |  | 245,856 |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Class A ordinary shares (par value of US$0.0001per share; authorized shares-500,000,000; issued shares-142,353,532 as of December 31, 2017 and 2018; outstanding shares-130,091,977 and 84,390,429 as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively) |  |  | 105 |  |  |  | 68 |  |  |  | 10 |
Class B ordinary shares (par value of US$0.0001per share; authorized shares-45,787,948; issued shares-nil and 45,787,948 as of December 31, 2017 and 2018; outstanding shares- nil and 45,787,948 as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | 5 |
Treasury stock (12,261,555 and 12,175,155 as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively) |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | (1 | )
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 1,860,763 |  |  |  | 1,758,937 |  |  |  | 255,827 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | (47,418 | ) |  |  | (88,621 | ) |  |  | (12,889 | )
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (879,393 | ) |  |  | (1,232,991 | ) |  |  | (179,331 | )
Total shareholders’ equity |  |  | 934,049 |  |  |  | 437,422 |  |  |  | 63,621 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  |  | 2,446,126 |  |  |  | 2,127,805 |  |  |  | 309,477 |

F-60

Condensed statements of comprehensive loss

|  | For the Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Revenues |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Cost of revenues |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
General and administrative expenses |  |  | (22,843 | ) |  |  | (24,431 | ) |  |  | (17,051 | ) |  |  | (2,480 | )
Selling expenses |  |  | (825 | ) |  |  | (1,802 | ) |  |  | (2,021 | ) |  |  | (294 | )
Operating loss |  |  | (23,668 | ) |  |  | (26,233 | ) |  |  | (19,072 | ) |  |  | (2,774 | )
Equity in loss of subsidiaries |  |  | (219,201 | ) |  |  | (250,696 | ) |  |  | (333,682 | ) |  |  | (48,532 | )
Interest income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 2 |
Interest expense |  |  | (19,326 | ) |  |  | (7,554 | ) |  |  | (15,325 | ) |  |  | (2,229 | )
Change in fair value of derivatives |  |  | 713 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Foreign exchange gain |  |  | 3,138 |  |  |  | 163 |  |  |  | 8,835 |  |  |  | 1,285 |
Net loss |  |  | (258,344 | ) |  |  | (284,320 | ) |  |  | (359,230 | ) |  |  | (52,248 | )
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax of nil foreign currency translation adjustments |  |  | (41,394 | ) |  |  | 40,550 |  |  |  | (41,203 | ) |  |  | (5,993 | )
Total other comprehensive (loss) income |  |  | (41,394 | ) |  |  | 40,550 |  |  |  | (41,203 | ) |  |  | (5,993 | )
Comprehensive loss |  |  | (299,738 | ) |  |  | (243,770 | ) |  |  | (400,433 | ) |  |  | (58,241 | )

Condensed statements of cash flows

|  | For the Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |
|  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | RMB |  |  | US$ |
Net cash used in operating activities |  |  | (5,230 | ) |  |  | (89,751 | ) |  |  | (5,024 | ) |  |  | (731 | )
Net cash generated from (used in) investing activities |  |  | 785,513 |  |  |  | (21,452 | ) |  |  | 294,551 |  |  |  | 42,841 |
Net cash (used in) generated from financing activities |  |  | (748,076 | ) |  |  | 127,106 |  |  |  | (284,824 | ) |  |  | (41,426 | )
Exchange rate effect on cash |  |  | (11,757 | ) |  |  | (35,017 | ) |  |  | (7,085 | ) |  |  | (1,030 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash |  |  | 20,450 |  |  |  | (19,114 | ) |  |  | (2,382 | ) |  |  | (346 | )
Cash at beginning of the year |  |  | 1,768 |  |  |  | 22,218 |  |  |  | 3,104 |  |  |  | 451 |
Cash at end of the year |  |  | 22,218 |  |  |  | 3,104 |  |  |  | 722 |  |  |  | 105 |

Basis of presentation

For the presentation of the parent company only condensed financial information, the Company records its investment in subsidiaries under the equity method of accounting as prescribed in ASC 323, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures. Such investment is presented on the balance sheet as “Investment in subsidiaries” and the subsidiaries profit or loss as “Equity in loss of subsidiaries” on the statements of comprehensive income (loss). The parent company only financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

F-61

| 30. | FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The Group applies ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC 820”), which defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements.

ASC 820 establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 1 - Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2 - Include other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.

Level 3 - Unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity.

ASC 820 describes three main approaches to measuring the fair value of assets and liabilities: (1) market approach; (2) income approach and (3) cost approach. The market approach uses prices and other relevant information generated from market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities. The income approach uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present value amount. The measurement is based on the value indicated by current market expectations about those future amounts. The cost approach is based on the amount that would currently be required to replace an asset.

The Group apply fair value accounting for all financial assets and liabilities that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis. Goodwill, intangible assets, and other long-lived assets are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, only if impairment is indicated.

The following table summarizes the nonrecurring fair value measurements for each class of assets as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018.

As of December 31, 2018, we determined that certain equipment and long-lived assets related to the Group’s terminated centers were impaired. In accordance with ASC 360 Property, plant and equipment, long-lived assets held and used with a carrying amount of RMB7,885 (US$1,147) were written down to their fair value of RMB117 (US$17). The resulting impairment charge of RMB7,768 (US$1,130) was recorded in “impairment of long-lived assets” in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. The Group calculated the fair value of long-lived assets based on estimated future discounted cash flows based on a discount rate of 14% and expected remaining useful life of such assets, and classified the fair value as a Level 3 measurement due to the significance of unobservable inputs.

| Fair Value Measurement at the End of the Reporting Period Using |  |  |
|  |  | Quoted Prices in Active |  | Significance |  |  |  |  |
| As of |  | Markets for Identical |  | Other Observable |  | Significant Unobservable |  |  |
| December 31, 2018 |  | Assets (Level 1) |  | Inputs (Level 2) |  | Inputs (Level 3) |  | Total loss |
| RMB |  | US$ |  | RMB |  | RMB |  | RMB |  | RMB |
Description |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value measurements on a recurring basis: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale debt investments |  | 50,000 |  |  | 7,272 |  |  | 50,000 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |
Nonrecurring fair value measurements: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-lived assets held and used |  | 117 |  |  | 17 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 117 |  |  | (7,768 | )

| Fair Value Measurement at the End of the Reporting Period Using |  |  |
|  |  | Quoted Prices in Active |  | Significance |  |  |  |  |
| As of |  | Markets for Identical |  | Other Observable |  | Significant Unobservable |  |  |
| December 31, 2017 |  | Assets (Level 1) |  | Inputs (Level 2) |  | Inputs (Level 3) |  | Total loss |
| RMB |  | US$ |  | RMB |  | RMB |  |  |  | RMB |
Description |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonrecurring fair value measurements: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-lived assets held and used |  | 632 |  |  | 97 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 632 |  |  | (1,507 | )

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| 31. | SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

On February 28, 2019, China Medical Service Holdings Ltd.(HK), a subsidiary of the Group, entered into a shares purchase agreement to purchase 20% equity interests of Zhejiang Haiyang Leasing Co., Ltd (“Zhejiang Haiyang”) at a consideration of the lower of:

1) 20% of the total assets of Zhejiang Haiyang as of December 31, 2018 plus 20% of the audited net profit of Zhejiang Haiyang from January 1, 2019 to the completion day of the transaction, or

2) RMB170,000.

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