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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act
The CARES Act, signed in March 2020, lifts certain deduction limitations originally imposed by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (“2017 Tax Act”). Under the CARES Act, corporate taxpayers may carryback net operating losses (“ NOLs”) realized during 2018 through 2020 for up to five years, which was not previously allowed under the 2017 Tax Act. The CARES Act also eliminates the 80% of taxable income limitations by allowing corporate entities to fully utilize NOL carryforwards to offset taxable income in 2018, 2020 or 2021. Taxpayers may generally deduct interest up to the sum of 50% of adjusted taxable income plus business interest income (30% limit under the 2017 Tax Act) for tax years beginning January 1, 2019 and 2020. The CARES Act allows taxpayers with alternative minimum tax credits to claim a refund in 2020 for the entire amount of the credits instead of recovering the credits through refunds over a period of years, as originally enacted by the 2017 Tax Act. In addition, the CARES Act raises the corporate charitable deduction limit to 25% of taxable income and makes qualified improvement property generally eligible for 15-year cost-recovery and 100% bonus depreciation. As of December 31, 2020, the Company filed federal net operating loss carryback claims resulting in an income tax refund for $6.4 million and $3.2 million for tax years 2019 and 2018, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, the Company has received the tax refunds for the tax years 2019 and 2018 and $2.5 million of income tax refunds from the carryback of the loss generated in 2020. We have received the remaining tax refund of $5.3 million in March 2023.
The components of income tax benefit are as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
In thousands20232022
Current
Federal$(10)$60 
State and local264 774 
Foreign871 1,546 
Total current$1,125 $2,380 
Deferred
Federal$(1,340)$(11,496)
State and local(216)(8,347)
Foreign82 — 
Total deferred$(1,474)$(19,843)
Total income benefit$(349)$(17,463)
The U.S. and foreign components of income (loss) before income taxes were as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
In thousands20232022
United States$(7,546)$10,252 
Foreign5,627 9,061 
Total (loss) income before income taxes$(1,919)$19,313 
The provision (benefit) for income taxes is based on the various rates set by federal, foreign and local authorities and is affected by permanent and temporary differences between financial accounting and tax reporting requirements. The principal reasons for the difference between the statutory rate and the annual effective rate for 2023 were the state taxes, change in valuation allowance, federal and foreign income tax credits and the benefit of excess stock benefits on vested restricted stock, offset by flow-through partnership income from a United Kingdom affiliate. The principal reasons for the difference between the statutory rate and the annual effective rate for 2022 were the impact of the release of the majority of the U.S. valuation allowance, federal and foreign income tax credits, and the benefit of excess stock benefits on vested restricted stock, offset by flow-through partnership income from a United Kingdom affiliate.
The differences between total income tax expense (benefit) and the amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% to income (loss) before income taxes were as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
In thousands20232022
Computed expected income tax (benefit) expense$(403)$4,056 
Net effect of state income taxes(206)1,074 
Foreign subsidiary dividend inclusions507 639 
Foreign tax rate differential(257)(349)
Change in valuation allowance(562)(18,243)
Return to Provision706 (141)
Change in Rate165 (2,172)
Credits(543)(1,126)
Adjustments to State Attributes(137)(1,330)
Other Adjustments, net381 129 
Income tax benefit$(349)$(17,463)
Total income tax benefit was allocated as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
In thousands20232022
Loss from operations$(349)$(17,463)
Stockholders’ equity (deficit)— — 
Total$(349)$(17,463)
The tax effects of temporary differences that gave rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities were as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
In thousands20232022
Deferred tax assets
Deferred compensation and retirement plan$9,667 $10,246 
Accrued expenses not deductible until paid1,177 33 
Lease liability6,979 5,591 
Investment in foreign subsidiaries, outside basis difference1,604 1,047 
Interest Expense limitations971 913 
Other, net1,320 1,667 
Foreign net operating loss carryforwards1,382 1,623 
State net operating loss carryforwards5,309 5,184 
Foreign tax credit carryforwards3,730 4,212 
General Business Credit Carryovers538 546 
Total gross deferred tax assets32,677 31,062 
Less valuation allowances(7,091)(7,652)
Net deferred tax assets$25,586 $23,410 
Deferred tax liabilities
Property, plant and equipment$(1,485)$(2,024)
Right-of-use asset(6,144)(4,765)
Other, net(689)(315)
Total gross deferred tax liabilities(8,318)(7,104)
Net deferred tax assets $17,268 $16,306 
In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, we consider whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. After considering the weight of available evidence, both positive and negative (most notably the Company’s sustained growth over the past two years), the Company concluded that it is more-likely-than-not that it will realize the majority of its U.S. deferred tax assets. Certain foreign tax credits as well as certain state net operating loss carryovers will continue to have a valuation allowance until there is substantial evidence that enough future taxable income exists at a more likely than not level in order to utilize those deferred tax assets. The valuation allowance for deferred tax assets was $7.1 million and $7.7 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The change in the valuation allowance is $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.
We or one of our subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. federal, U.S. state, and foreign jurisdictions. For U.S. state, federal and foreign returns, we are no longer subject to tax examinations for years prior to 2018.
There is no balance of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Any adjustments to this liability as a result of the finalization of audits or potential settlements would not be material.
We have elected to classify any interest and penalties related to income taxes within income tax expense in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (loss).
For U.S. tax return purposes, net operating losses and tax credits are normally available to be carried forward to future years, subject to limitations as discussed below. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had no federal net operating loss carryforward. The federal foreign tax carryforward credits of $3.7 million will expire on various dates from 2023 to 2032. Federal general business credit carryforwards of $0.5 million will begin to expire on various dates from 2037 to 2042. The Company has state NOL carryforwards of $109.0 million, and foreign NOL carryforwards of $4.4 million.
Deferred income taxes have not been provided on the undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries as these earnings have been, and under current plans will continue to be, permanently reinvested in these subsidiaries. It is not practicable to
estimate the amount of additional taxes which may be payable upon the distribution of these earnings. However, because of the provisions in the Tax Reform Act, the tax cost of repatriation is immaterial and limited to foreign withholding taxes, currency translation and state taxes.