EX-4.1 4 ea023378401ex4-1_intell.htm DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OF INTELLIGENT PROTECTION MANAGEMENT CORP

Exhibit 4.1

DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12 OF THE SECURITIES EXHANGE ACT OF 1934

The following description of the securities of Intelligent Protection Management Corp. (“IPM,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us”) is a summary of the material terms of, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to, our Certificate of Incorporation (as amended, the “Certificate of Incorporation”) and our Amended and Restated Bylaws (the “Bylaws”), copies of which are filed as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

General

Our authorized capital stock consists of 25,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, and 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share, 9,000,000 of which have been designated as Series A Non-Voting Common Equivalent Stock (the “Series A preferred stock”). As of March 14, 2025, we had issued and outstanding 9,878,950 shares of common stock, including 641,963 shares of common stock held by us as treasury stock, and 4,000,000 shares of Series A preferred stock.

Common Stock

Dividend Rights

Holders of our common stock are entitled to receive dividends, if any, as may be declared from time to time by our Board of Directors out of funds legally available therefor.

Voting Rights

Each holder of our common stock is entitled to one vote for each share held of record on all matters submitted to a vote of the stockholders, including the election of directors. Our stockholders do not have cumulative voting rights in the election of directors. Accordingly, holders of a plurality of the voting shares are able to elect all of the directors standing for election. Any other matters submitted to the vote of the stockholders must be authorized by a majority of the votes cast, except where the Delaware General Corporation Law, as amended (the “DGCL”) prescribes a different percentage of votes or a different exercise of voting power.

Liquidation

In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, holders of our common stock will be entitled to share ratably in the assets legally available for distribution to stockholders after the payment of all of our debts and other liabilities.

Rights and Preferences

Holders of our common stock have no preemptive, conversion, subscription or other rights, and there are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to our common stock. The rights, preferences and privileges of the holders of our common stock are subject to, and may be adversely affected by, the rights of the holders of shares of our Series A preferred stock and any series of our preferred stock that we may designate in the future.

Holders

As of March 14, 2025, there were approximately 49 holders of record of our common stock. This does not reflect the number of persons or entities who held stock in nominee or street name through various brokerage firms.

Undesignated Preferred Stock

Our Board of Directors has the authority, within the limitations and restrictions of our Certificate of Incorporation, to issue up to an additional 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock in one or more series and to fix the powers, preferences and rights thereof without further action by our stockholders. These rights, preferences and privileges could include dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption, liquidation preferences, sinking fund terms and the number of shares constituting any series or the designation of such series, any or all of which may be greater than the rights of common stock. The issuance of preferred stock could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change of control of us or other corporate action. In addition, the issuance of preferred stock could adversely affect the voting power of holders of common stock and the likelihood that such holders will receive dividend payments and payments upon liquidation. In some circumstances, the issuance of preferred stock could have the effect of decreasing the market price of our common stock.

Registration Rights

On October 7, 2016, we entered into a registration rights agreement with Clifford Lerner (the “Lerner Registration Rights Agreement”), a former officer, director and employee of the Company. The Lerner Registration Rights Agreement provides that, subject to certain limitations, Mr. Lerner may demand that we register for resale under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), all or a portion of his shares of our common stock. In addition, the Lerner Registration Rights Agreement provides Mr. Lerner with certain incidental “piggy-back” registration rights, which generally allow him to participate in registered offerings of our common stock that are initiated by the Company or on behalf of other holders of the Company’s securities.

On June 15, 2018, in connection with Mr. Lerner’s resignation from the Company, we entered into an amendment to the Lerner Registration Rights Agreement (the “Lerner Registration Rights Amendment”). The Lerner Registration Rights Amendment provides that Mr. Lerner may only exercise his demand registration rights to effect a firm commitment underwritten offering.

On January 2, 2025, in connection with our acquisition of Newtek Technology Solutions, Inc. (“NTS”), we entered into a Registration Rights Agreement with NewtekOne, Inc., a Maryland corporation and the sole stockholder of NTS (“Newtek,” and such agreement the “Newtek Registration Rights Agreement”). The Newtek Registration Rights Agreement provides that, subject to certain limitations, the Company will use its reasonable best efforts to prepare and file a registration statement registering for resale under the Securities Act shares of our common stock issuable upon conversion of the Series A preferred stock as soon as practicable after January 2, 2025. In addition, pursuant to the Newtek Registration Rights Agreement, Newtek has the right to require the Company, subject to certain limitations set forth therein, to effect the registration of up to five (5) underwritten offerings of shares of our common stock issuable upon the conversion of the Series A preferred stock. The Newtek Registration Rights Agreement also provides Newtek with certain incidental “piggy-back” registration rights, which generally allow it to participate in registered offerings of our common stock that are initiated by the Company or on behalf of other holders of the Company’s securities.

Anti-Takeover Effects of Our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws and Certain Provisions of Delaware Law

Our Certificate of Incorporation, Bylaws and the DGCL, which are summarized in the following paragraphs, contain provisions that are intended to enhance the likelihood of continuity and stability in the composition of our Board of Directors. These provisions are intended to avoid costly takeover battles, reduce our vulnerability to a hostile change of control and enhance the ability of our Board of Directors to maximize stockholder value in connection with any unsolicited offer to acquire us. However, these provisions may have an anti-takeover effect and may delay, deter or prevent a merger or acquisition of our company by means of a tender offer, a proxy contest or other takeover attempt that a stockholder might consider is in its best interest, including those attempts that might result in a premium over the prevailing market price for the shares of common stock held by stockholders.

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Authorized but Unissued Capital Stock

The authorized but unissued shares of our common stock and our preferred stock will be available for future issuance without any further vote or action by our stockholders. These additional shares may be utilized for a variety of corporate purposes, including future public offerings to raise additional capital, corporate acquisitions and employee benefit plans. The existence of authorized but unissued shares of our common stock and our preferred stock could render more difficult or discourage an attempt to obtain control over us by means of a proxy contest, tender offer, merger or otherwise.

Business Combinations

We are subject to the “business combination” provisions of Section 203 of the DGCL. In general, Section 203 of the DGCL prohibits a publicly held Delaware corporation from engaging in various “business combination” transactions with an interested stockholder for a period of three (3) years after the date of the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder, unless:

| ● | the transaction is approved by the corporation’s Board of Directors prior to the date the interested stockholder became an interested stockholder;

| ● | upon the consummation of the transaction which resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock of the corporation outstanding at the time the transaction commenced; or

| ● | on or subsequent to such date the business combination is approved by the corporation’s Board of Directors and authorized at an annual or special meeting of the corporation’s stockholders, and not by written consent, by the affirmative vote of at least 66 2/3% of the outstanding voting stock which is not owned by the interested stockholder.

In general, a “business combination” is defined to include mergers, asset sales and other transactions resulting in financial benefit to a stockholder and an “interested stockholder” is a person who, together with affiliates and associates, owns or, within three (3) years prior to the determination of interested stockholder status, previously owned 15% or more of a corporation’s outstanding voting stock. This statute may encourage companies interested in acquiring our company to negotiate in advance with our Board of Directors because the stockholder approval requirement would be avoided if our Board of Directors approves either the business combination or the transaction which results in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder. This statute also may have the effect of preventing changes in our Board of Directors and may make it more difficult to accomplish transactions which stockholders may otherwise deem to be in their best interests.

Director Vacancies

Our Bylaws provide that the authorized number of directors shall be fixed exclusively from time to time solely by action of the majority of our Board of Directors. Our Bylaws also provide that any newly created directorships and any vacancies in the Board of Directors, including unfilled vacancies resulting from the resignation or removal of directors for cause or without cause, may be filled only by the vote of a majority of the remaining directors then in office, although less than a quorum, or by the sole remaining director.

No Cumulative Voting

Under Delaware law, the right to vote cumulatively does not exist unless a corporation’s certificate of incorporation specifically authorizes cumulative voting. Our Certificate of Incorporation does not authorize cumulative voting.

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Special Stockholder Meetings

Our Bylaws provide that special meetings of our stockholders may be called only by our President whenever he or she deems it necessary or advisable. A special meeting of the stockholders shall also be called by the President whenever so directed in writing by a majority of the entire Board of Directors or whenever the holders of one-third (1/3) of the number of shares of the capital stock of the Company entitled to vote at such meeting shall, in writing, request the same. Business transacted at any special meeting of stockholders shall be limited to the purposes stated in the notice of meeting. These provisions may have the effect of deferring, delaying or discouraging hostile takeovers or changes in control or management of the Company.

Requirements for Advance Notification of Director Nominations and Stockholder Proposals

Our Bylaws establish advance notice procedures with respect to stockholder proposals and the nomination of candidates for election as directors, other than nominations made by or at the direction of the Board of Directors or a committee of the Board of Directors. In order for any matter to be “properly brought” before a meeting, a stockholder has to comply with advance notice requirements and provide us with certain information. Generally, to be timely, a stockholder’s notice must be received at our principal executive offices not less than 90 days nor more than 120 days prior to the first anniversary date of the immediately preceding annual meeting of stockholders. Our Bylaws also specify requirements as to the form and content of a stockholder’s notice. These provisions may defer, delay or discourage a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to influence or obtain control of our company.

Exclusive Forum

Our Certificate of Incorporation provides, subject to limited exceptions, that unless we consent to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Company, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer, or other employee or stockholder of the Company to the Company or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL or our Certificate of Incorporation or our Bylaws, or (iv) any other action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine. Our Bylaws also provide that unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, to the fullest extent permitted by law, the federal district courts of the United States shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of capital stock of the Company shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to these provisions. Although we believe this provision benefits the Company by providing increased consistency in the application of law for the specified types of actions and proceedings, the provision may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against the Company or our directors and officers.

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Limitations on Liability and Indemnification of Officers and Directors

Our Certificate of Incorporation contains a provision permitted under the DGCL relating to the liability of directors and officers. This provision eliminates a director or officer’s personal liability to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL for monetary damages resulting from a breach of fiduciary duty; provided that such provision will not eliminate or limit the liability of:

| ● | a director or officer for breach of the director’s or officer’s duty of loyalty;

| ● | a director or officer for acts or omissions not in good faith or which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of the law;

| ● | a director under Section 174 of the DGCL (unlawful dividends);

| ● | a director of officer for any transaction from which the director or officer derives an improper personal benefit; or

| ● | an officer in any action by or in the right of the Company.

The principal effect of the limitation on liability provision is that a stockholder is unable to prosecute an action for monetary damages against a director or officer unless the stockholder can demonstrate a basis for liability for which indemnification is not available under the DGCL. This provision, however, should not limit or eliminate our rights or any stockholder’s rights to seek non-monetary relief, such as an injunction or rescission, in the event of a breach of a director or officer’s fiduciary duty. This provision does not alter a director or officer’s liability under federal securities laws. The inclusion of this provision in our Certificate of Incorporation may discourage or deter stockholders or management from bringing a lawsuit against directors or officers for a breach of their fiduciary duties, even though such an action, if successful, might otherwise have benefited us and our stockholders.

Our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws provide that we are required to indemnify our directors and officers, to the fullest extent permitted by law, for all judgments, fines, settlements, legal fees and other expenses incurred in connection with pending or threatened legal proceedings because of the director’s or officer’s positions with us or another entity that the director or officer serves at our request, subject to various conditions and exceptions, and to advance funds to our directors and officers to enable them to defend against such proceedings.

We have entered into indemnification agreements and employment agreements with our directors and our executive officers, respectively, pursuant to which we have agreed to indemnify such persons against any liability, damage, cost or expense incurred in connection with the defense of any action, suit or proceeding to which such persons are a party to the extent permitted by applicable law, subject to certain exceptions.

Trading Market

Our common stock is currently quoted on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “IPM.”

Transfer Agent and Registrar

The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is Equiniti Trust Company, LLC.

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