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Summary of significant accounting policies
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Notes and other explanatory information [abstract]  
Summary of significant accounting policies

  

4. Summary of significant accounting policies

 

The principal accounting policies applied in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements are set out below. These policies have been consistently applied to all the periods presented, unless otherwise stated.

 

  a) Statement of compliance

 

The consolidated financial statements of the Group have been prepared in accordance with IFRSs as issued by the IASB.

 

  b) Basis of preparation

 

(a)Except for the financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income, the consolidated financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention.

 

 

 (b) The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with IFRSs requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates. It also requires management to exercise its judgement in the process of applying the Group’s accounting policies.

 

  (c) These consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars (“$”), which is the Company’s functional currency.

 

  c) Basis of consolidation

 

  (a) Basis for preparation of consolidated financial statements:

 

  i) All subsidiaries are included in the Group’s consolidated financial statements. Subsidiaries are all entities controlled by the Group. The Group controls an entity when the Group is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the entity. Consolidation of subsidiaries begins from the date the Group obtains control of the subsidiaries and ceases when the Group loses control of the subsidiaries.

 

  ii) Inter-company transactions, balances and unrealized gains or losses on transactions between companies within the Group are eliminated. Accounting policies of subsidiaries have been adjusted where necessary to ensure consistency with the policies adopted by the Group.

 

  (b) Subsidiaries included in the consolidated financial statements:

 

            Percentage of 
            Ownership (%) 
Name of investor  Name of investee  Main business  Location 

December 31, 2024

   December 31, 2023 
The Company  GOAL BEYOND LIMITED (GOAL BEYOND)  Holding company  Samoa   100    100 
The Company  STAR LEADER TRADING LIMITED (STAR LEADER)  Sales of bicycle, racket, and other carbon fiber composite products  Hong Kong   100    100 
The Company  Bohong Technology Jiangsu Co., Ltd. (Bohong)  Manufacturing bicycle, racket and other carbon fiber composite products  Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China (“PRC”)   100    100 
GOAL BEYOND  YMA CORPORATION (YMA)  Product development, design, manufacturing and sales of carbon fiber composite products  Republic of China (“ROC”)   100    100 
GOAL BEYOND  TIME YIELD LIMITED (TIME YIELD)  Purchasing  Samoa   100    100 
GOAL BEYOND  Forwell Sports Equipment Co., Ltd. (Forwell)  Manufacturing bicycle, racket and other carbon fiber composite products  Dongguan, PRC   i    i 
GOAL BEYOND  YMA Composite Materials (DG) Co., Ltd. (YMA DG)  Manufacturing bicycle, racket and other carbon fiber composite products  Dongguan, PRC   i    i 
The Company  PREMIUM QUEST INTERNATIONAL LIMITED (PREMIUM QUEST)  Holding company  British Virgin Islands   100    ii 
The Company  STAR LEADER TRADING PRIVATE LIMITED (STAR LEADER SG)  Sales of bicycle, racket, and other carbon fiber composite products  Singapore   100    ii 
GOAL BEYOND  Dongguan Changrong New Material Technology Co., Ltd  Sales of bicycle, racket, and other carbon fiber composite products  Dongguan, PRC   100    ii 
PREMIUM QUEST  LITZMO B.V.  Sales of bicycle, racket, and other carbon fiber composite products  Netherlands   100    ii 

  

  

i)YMA DG and Forwell were both wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Group as of March 31, 2023. On April 1, 2023, the Group entered into an agreement with the Buyers, selling 80.5% of its equity interests in both YMA DG and Forwell to their respective management teams in a management buyout transaction. As a result, YMA DG and Forwell were excluded from the consolidated financial statements.

 

ii) Each of the newly incorporated companies has not yet received its registered capital as of December 31, 2023. Therefore, they have not allocated any funds, commenced operations, or entered into any contracts with any parties.

 

(c)Subsidiaries not included in the consolidated financial statements: None.

 

(d)Adjustments for subsidiaries with different statements of financial position dates: Not applicable.

 

(e)Significant restrictions: None.

 

(f)Subsidiaries that have non-controlling interests that are material to the Group: None.

 

d)Foreign currency translation

 

Items included in the financial statements of each of the Group’s entities are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (the “functional currency”). The consolidated financial statements are presented in US$, which is the Company’s functional and the Group’s presentation currency.

 

(a)Foreign currency transactions and balances

 

  i) Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions or valuation where items are remeasured. Therefore, foreign exchange differences resulting from the settlement of such transactions are recognized in profit or loss in the period in which they arise.
     
  ii) Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the period end are re-translated at the exchange rates prevailing at the balance sheet date. Exchange differences arising upon re-translation at the balance sheet date are recognized in profit or loss.
     
  iii) Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies held at fair value through profit or loss are re-translated at the exchange rates prevailing at the balance sheet date; their translation differences are recognized in profit or loss within foreign exchange gains. Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies held at fair value through other comprehensive income are re-translated at the exchange rates prevailing at the balance sheet date; their translation differences are recognized in other comprehensive income. However, non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies that are not measured at fair value are translated using the historical exchange rates at the dates of the initial transactions.

 

iv)All foreign exchange gains and losses are presented in the statement of comprehensive income within ‘Foreign exchange gains’.

 

(b)Translation of foreign operations

 

The operating results and financial position of all the group entities, associates that have a functional currency different from the presentation currency are translated into the presentation currency as follows:

 

  i) Assets and liabilities for each balance sheet presented are translated at the closing exchange rate at the date of that balance sheet;
     
  ii) Income and expenses for each statement of comprehensive income are translated at exchange rates of that period; and
     
  iii) All resulting exchange differences are recognized in other comprehensive income.

 

e)Classification of current and non-current items

 

(a)Assets that meet one of the following criteria are classified as current assets; otherwise they are classified as non-current assets:

 

i)Assets arising from operating activities that are expected to be realized, or are intended to be sold or consumed within the normal operating cycle;

 

 

 ii) Assets held mainly for trading purposes;
     
  iii) Assets that are expected to be realized within twelve months from the balance sheet date;
     
  iv) Cash and cash equivalents, excluding restricted cash and cash equivalents and those that are to be exchanged or used to settle liabilities more than twelve months after the balance sheet date.

  

 

(b)Liabilities that meet one of the following criteria are classified as current liabilities; otherwise they are classified as non-current liabilities:

 

  i) Liabilities that are expected to be settled within the normal operating cycle;
     
  ii) Liabilities arising mainly from trading activities;
     
  iii) Liabilities that are to be settled within twelve months from the balance sheet date;
     
  iv) Liabilities for which the repayment date cannot be extended unconditionally to more than twelve months after the balance sheet date. Terms of a liability that could, at the option of the counterparty, result in its settlement by the issue of equity instruments do not affect its classification.

 

f)Cash equivalents

 

Cash equivalents refer to short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value (including time deposits with less than 3 months contract period from date of acquisition). Time deposits that meet the definition above and are held for the purpose of meeting short-term cash commitments in operations are classified as cash equivalents.

 

g)Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income

 

  (a) Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income comprise equity securities which are not held for trading, and for which the Group has made an irrevocable election at initial recognition to recognize changes in fair value in other comprehensive income.
     
  (b) On a regular way purchase or sale basis, financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income are recognized and derecognized using trade date accounting
     
  (c) At initial recognition, the Group measures the financial assets at fair value plus transaction costs. The Group subsequently measures the financial assets at fair value, the changes in fair value of equity investments that were recognized in other comprehensive income are reclassified to retained earnings and are not reclassified to profit or loss following the derecognition of the investment. Dividends are recognized as revenue when the right to receive payment is established, future economic benefits associated with the dividend will flow to the Group and the amount of the dividend can be measured reliably.

 

h)Financial assets at amortized cost

 

(a)Financial assets at amortized cost are those that meet all of the following criteria:

 

  i) The objective of the Group’s business model is achieved by collecting contractual cash flows.
     
  ii) The assets’ contractual cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest.

 

  (b) At initial recognition, the Group measures the financial assets at fair value plus transaction costs. Interest income from these financial assets is included in finance income using the effective interest method. A gain or loss is recognized in profit or loss when the asset is derecognized or impaired.
     
  (c) The Group’s time deposits which do not fall under cash equivalents are those with a short maturity period and are measured at initial investment amount as the effect of discounting is immaterial.

 

i)Accounts and notes receivable

 

  (a) Accounts and notes receivable entitle the Group a legal right to receive consideration in exchange for transferred goods or rendered services.

 

 (b) The short-term accounts and notes receivable without bearing interest are subsequently measured at initial invoice amount as the effect of discounting is immaterial.
     
  (c) The Group’s operating pattern of accounts receivable that are expected to be factored is for the purpose of receiving contract cash flow and selling, and the accounts receivable are subsequently measured at fair value, with any changes in fair value recognized in other comprehensive income.

  

  

j)Impairment of financial assets

 

For financial assets at amortized cost, at each reporting date, the Group recognizes the impairment provision for 12 months expected credit losses if there has not been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition or recognizes the impairment provision for the lifetime expected credit losses if such credit risk has increased since initial recognition after taking into consideration all reasonable and verifiable information that includes forecasts. On the other hand, for accounts receivable that do not contain a significant financing component, the Group recognizes the impairment provision for lifetime expected credit losses.

 

k)Derecognition of financial assets

 

The Group derecognizes a financial asset when one of the following conditions is met:

 

  (a) The contractual rights to receive the cash flows from the financial asset expire.
     
  (b) The contractual rights to receive cash flows of the financial asset have been transferred and the Group has transferred substantially all risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset.

 

l)Inventories

 

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost is determined using the weighted-average method. The cost of finished goods and work in progress comprises raw materials, direct labor, other direct costs and related production overheads (allocated based on normal operating capacity). It excludes borrowing costs. The item by item is approach is used in applying the lower of cost and net realizable value.

 

Net realizable value is estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale. The amount of any write-down of inventories to net realizable value and all losses of inventories are recognized as an expense in the period the write-down or loss occurs. The reversal of inventory valuations should not be more than historical cost.

 

m)Transaction costs to be deducted from equity

 

Pursuant to IAS 32 paragraph 37, initial public offering (“IPO”) costs directly attributable to an offering of equity securities are deferred and would be charged against the gross proceeds of the offering as a reduction of additional paid-in capital. These costs include the registration drafting and counsel, the SEC filing and print related costs. As of December 31, 2024, the Company did not conclude its IPO. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded a charge of $485,965 related to the IPO. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2024, the accumulated deferred IPO costs was $1,143,376 and $1,629,341, respectively.

 

n)Property, plant and equipment

 

  (a) Property, plant and equipment are initially recorded at cost. Borrowing costs incurred during the construction period are capitalized.
     
  (b) Subsequent costs are included in the asset’s carrying amount or recognized as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Group and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of the replaced part is derecognized. All other repairs and maintenance are charged to profit or loss during the financial period in which they are incurred.
     
  (c) Plant and equipment apply cost model and are depreciated using the straight-line method to allocate their cost over their estimated useful lives. Each part of an item of property, plant, and equipment with a cost that is significant in relation to the total cost of the item must be depreciated separately.
     
  (d) The assets’ residual values, useful lives and depreciation methods are reviewed, and adjusted if appropriate, at each financial year-end. If expectations for the assets’ residual values and useful lives differ from previous estimates or the patterns of consumption of the assets’ future economic benefits embodied in the assets have changed significantly, any change is accounted for as a change in estimate under IAS 8, ‘Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors’, from the date of the change. The estimated useful lives of property, plant and equipment are as follows:

  

property, plant and equipment   estimated useful lives
Leasehold improvement   2 ~ 5 years
Machinery and equipment   3 ~ 10 years
Molding equipment   2 ~ 5 years
Others   2 ~ 10 years

  

 

o)Leasing arrangements (lessee) right of use assets/ lease liabilities

 

  (a) Leases are recognized as a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability at the date at which the leased asset is available for use by the Group. For short-term leases or leases of low-value assets, lease payments are recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
     
  (b) Lease liabilities include the net present value of the remaining lease payments at the commencement date, discounted using the incremental borrowing interest rate.

 

Lease payments are fixed payments, less any lease incentives receivable.

 

The Group subsequently measures the lease liability at amortized cost using the interest method and recognizes interest expense over the lease term. The lease liability is remeasured and the amount of remeasurement is recognized as an adjustment to the right-of-use asset when there are changes in the lease term or lease payments and such changes do not arise from contract modifications.

 

  (c) At the commencement date, the right-of-use asset is stated at the amount of the initial measurement of lease liability. The right-of-use asset is measured subsequently using the cost model and is depreciated from the commencement date to the earlier of the end of the asset’s useful life or the end of the lease term. When the lease liability is remeasured, the amount of remeasurement is recognized as an adjustment to the right-of-use asset.

 

p)Intangible assets

 

Computer software

 

Computer software is stated at cost and amortized on a straight-line basis over its estimated useful life of 3 to 5 years.

 

q)Impairment of non-financial assets

 

The Group assesses at each balance sheet date the recoverable amounts of those assets where there is an indication that they are impaired. An impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the asset’s carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset’s fair value less costs to sell or value in use. When the circumstances or reasons for recognizing impairment loss for an asset in prior years no longer exist or diminish, the impairment loss is reversed. The increased carrying amount due to reversal should not be more than what the depreciated or amortized historical cost would have been if the impairment had not been recognized.

 

r)Loans

 

Loans comprise long-term and short-term loans. Loans are recognized initially at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred. Loans are subsequently stated at amortized cost; any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the redemption value is recognized as interest expense in profit or loss over the period of the loans using the effective interest method.

 

s)Notes and accounts payable

 

  (a) Accounts payable are liabilities for purchases of raw materials, goods or services and notes payable are those resulting from operating and non-operating activities.
     
  (b) The short-term notes and accounts payable without bearing interest are subsequently measured at initial invoice amount as the effect of discounting is immaterial.

 

t)Derecognition of financial liabilities

 

  (a) A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation specified in the contract is either discharged or cancelled or expires.
     
  (b) Where the terms of a financial liability are renegotiated and the Group issues equity instruments to a creditor to extinguish all or part of the liability (debt for equity swap), a gain or loss is recognized in profit or loss, which is measured as the difference between the carrying amount of the financial liability and the fair value of the equity instruments issued.

  

  

  u) Employee benefits

 

  (a) Short-term employee benefits

 

Short-term employee benefits are measured at the undiscounted amount of the benefits expected to be paid in respect of service rendered by employees and should be recognized as expenses when the employees render service.

 

  (b) Pensions

 

Defined contribution plans

 

For defined contribution plans, the contributions are recognized as pension expenses when they are due on an accrual basis. Prepaid contributions are recognized as an asset to the extent of a cash refund or a reduction in future payments.

 

  (c) Employees’ compensation and directors’ remuneration

 

Employees’ compensation and directors’ remuneration are recognized as expenses and liabilities, provided that such recognition is required under legal obligation or constructive obligation and those amounts can be reliably estimated. Any difference between the resolved amounts and the subsequently actual distributed amounts is accounted for as changes in estimates. If employee compensation is paid by shares, the Company calculates the number of shares based on the closing price at the previous day of the board meeting resolution.

 

v)Employee share-based payment

 

For the equity-settled share-based payment arrangements, the employee services received are measured at the fair value of the equity instruments granted at the grant date, and are recognized as compensation cost over the vesting period, with a corresponding adjustment to equity. The fair value of the equity instruments granted shall reflect the impact of market vesting conditions and non-vesting conditions. Compensation cost is subject to adjustment based on the service conditions that are expected to be satisfied and the estimates of the number of equity instruments that are expected to vest under the non-market vesting conditions at each balance sheet date. Ultimately, the amount of compensation cost recognized is based on the number of equity instruments that eventually vest.

 

w)Income taxes

 

  (a) The income tax expense for the period comprises current and deferred tax. Income tax is recognized in profit or loss, except to the extent that it relates to items recognized in other comprehensive income or items recognized directly in equity, in which cases the income tax is recognized in other comprehensive income or equity.
     
  (b) The current income tax expense is calculated on the basis of the tax laws enacted or substantially enacted at the balance sheet date in the countries where the Group and its subsidiaries operate and generate taxable income. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in tax returns with respect to situations in accordance with applicable tax regulations. It establishes provisions where appropriate based on the amounts expected to be paid to the tax authorities. An additional tax is levied on the unappropriated retained earnings and is recorded as income tax expense in the year the profit generated.
     
  (c) Deferred tax is recognized, using the balance sheet liability method, on temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the consolidated balance sheet. However, the deferred tax is not accounted for if it arises from initial recognition of goodwill or of an asset or liability in a transaction other than a business combination that at the time of the transaction affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss. Deferred tax is provided on temporary differences arising on investments in subsidiaries and associates, except where the timing of the reversal of the temporary difference is controlled by the Group and it is probable that the temporary difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future. Deferred tax is determined using tax rates (and laws) that have been enacted or substantially enacted by the balance sheet date and are expected to apply when the related deferred tax asset is realized or the deferred tax liability is settled.
     
  (d) Deferred tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilized. At each balance sheet date, unrecognized and recognized deferred tax assets are reassessed.
     
  (e) Current income tax assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount reported in the balance sheet when there is a legally enforceable right to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset on the balance sheet when the entity has the legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets against current tax liabilities and they are levied by the same taxation authority on either the same entity or different entities that intend to settle on a net basis or realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.
     
  (f) A deferred tax asset shall be recognized for the carryforward of unused tax credits resulting from acquisitions of equipment or technology, research and development expenditures and equity investments to the extent that it is possible that future taxable profit will be available against which the unused tax credits can be utilized.
     
  (g) If a change in tax rate is enacted or substantively enacted, the Group recognizes the effect of the change immediately in the period in which the change occurs. The effect of the change on items recognized outside profit or loss is recognized in other comprehensive income or equity while the effect of the change on items recognized in profit or loss is recognized in profit or loss.

  

  

x)Share capital

 

  (a) Ordinary shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of new shares are shown in equity as a deduction.
     
  (b) Where the Company repurchases the Company’s equity share capital that has been issued, the consideration paid, including any directly attributable incremental costs (net of income taxes) is deducted from equity attributable to the Company’s equity holders. Where such shares are subsequently reissued, the difference between their book value and any consideration received, net of any directly attributable incremental transaction costs and the related income tax effects, is included in equity attributable to the Company’s equity holders.

 

y)Revenue recognition

 

  (a) The Group manufactures and sells pre-preg and spare parts such as bicycle frame and racket. Sales are recognized when control of the products has been transferred, being when the products are delivered to the customers. Delivery occurs when the products have been shipped to the specific location, the risks of obsolescence and loss have been transferred to the customers, and either the customers accepted the products in accordance with the sales contract, or the Group has objective evidence that all criteria for acceptance have been satisfied.
     
  (b) A receivable is recognized when the goods are delivered as this is the point in time that the consideration is unconditional because only the passage of time is required before the payment is due.
     
  (c) Sales revenue was recognized based on the contract price net of sales discount. Accumulated experience is used to estimate and provide for the sales discounts and allowances. The sales usually are made with a credit term of 30 to 90 days after monthly billings which is consistent with market practice. As the time interval between the transfer of committed goods and the payment of customer does not exceed one year, the Group does not adjust the transaction price to reflect the time value of money.

 

z)Government grants

 

Government grants are recognized at their fair value only when there is reasonable assurance that the Group will comply with any conditions attached to the grants and the grants will be received. Government grants are recognized in profit or loss on a systematic basis over the periods in which the Group recognizes expenses for the related costs for which the grants are intended to compensate. Government grants related to right-of-use assets are presented by deducing the grants from the asset’s carrying amount and are amortized to profit or loss over the estimated useful lives of the related assets as reduced depreciation expenses.

 

aa)Business combinations determination of business

 

The Group shall determine whether a transaction or other event is a business combination, which requires that the assets acquired and liabilities assumed constitute a business. A business consists of inputs and processes applied to those inputs that have the ability to contribute to the creation of outputs. If the assets acquired are not a business, the Group shall account for the transaction or other event as an asset acquisition. If the assets acquired are a business, the Group shall account for each business combination by applying the acquisition method.

 

  bb) Operating segments

 

Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision maker. The Group’s chief operating decision maker, who is responsible for allocating resources and assessing performance of the operating segments, has been identified as the Board of Directors that makes strategic decisions.

 

cc)Critical accounting judgments, estimates and key sources of assumption uncertainty

 

(a)Allowance for expected credit losses for accounts receivable

 

In the process of assessing uncollectible accounts, the Group must use judgements and assumptions to determine the collectability of accounts receivable. The collectability is affected by various factors: customers’ financial conditions, the Company’s internal credit ratings, historical experience, current economic conditions, etc. When sales are not expected to be collected, the Group recognizes a specific allowance for doubtful receivables after the assessment. The assumptions and estimates of allowance for uncollectible accounts are based on concerning future events as that on the balance sheet date. Assumptions and estimates may differ from the actual results which may result in a material adjustment.

 

(b)Evaluation of inventories

 

As inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value, the Group must determine the net realizable value of inventories on balance sheet date using judgements and estimates. Due to the net rapid technology innovation, the Group evaluates the amounts of normal inventory consumption, obsolete inventories or inventories without market selling value on balance sheet date, and writes down the cost of inventories to the net realizable value. The evaluation of inventories is principally based on the unit price of the sales order as the basis of the estimate. Therefore, there might be material changes to the evaluation.