<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001683168-25-005047.txt : 20250711
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ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001683168-25-005047
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	S-1
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		15
FILED AS OF DATE:		20250711
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20250711

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			CLOUDASTRUCTURE, INC.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001709628
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	SERVICES-COMPUTER PROGRAMMING, DATA PROCESSING, ETC. [7370]
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	06 Technology
		EIN:				870690564
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		S-1
		SEC ACT:		1933 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	333-288637
		FILM NUMBER:		251118818

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		228 HAMILTON AVENUE
		STREET 2:		3RD FLOOR
		CITY:			PALO ALTO
		STATE:			CA
		ZIP:			94301
		BUSINESS PHONE:		650-644-4160

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		228 HAMILTON AVENUE
		STREET 2:		3RD FLOOR
		CITY:			PALO ALTO
		STATE:			CA
		ZIP:			94301

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	Connexed Technologies Inc.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20170619
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<p style="font: 7pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; padding-top: 6pt"><a href="#a_001">Table of Contents</a></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission
on <span id="xdx_90A_edei--DocumentCreationDate_c20250711__20250711_zWjcJuUUY4fe"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2025-07-11" format="ixt:datemonthdayyearen" id="Fact000009" name="dei:DocumentCreationDate">July 11, 2025</ix:nonNumeric></span></b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>&#160;</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><b>Registration No. 333-[</b><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span><b>]</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>UNITED STATES</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Washington, D.C. 20549</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>_________________________________</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>FORM <span id="xdx_907_edei--DocumentType_c20250711__20250711_zaVXzDQDUY88"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2025-07-11" id="Fact000010" name="dei:DocumentType">S-1</ix:nonNumeric></span></b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>REGISTRATION STATEMENT</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Under </b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>The Securities Act of 1933</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>_________________________________</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b><span id="xdx_90D_edei--EntityRegistrantName_c20250711__20250711_zs73pe1IblQf"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2025-07-11" id="Fact000011" name="dei:EntityRegistrantName">Cloudastructure, Inc.</ix:nonNumeric></span></b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>_________________________________</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b><span id="xdx_90B_edei--EntityAddressAddressLine1_c20250711__20250711_zhimRuXCQeLf"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2025-07-11" id="Fact000014" name="dei:EntityAddressAddressLine1">228 Hamilton Avenue</ix:nonNumeric></span>, <span id="xdx_90B_edei--EntityAddressAddressLine2_c20250711__20250711_zG60XNJKwEy3"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2025-07-11" id="Fact000015" name="dei:EntityAddressAddressLine2">3rd Floor</ix:nonNumeric></span><br/>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Address, including zip code, and telephone number,
including area code, of registrant&#8217;s principal executive offices)<br/>
<b>_________________________________</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

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    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.8pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Chief Executive Officer</b></p>
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    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.8pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>228 Hamilton Avenue, 3rd Floor<br/>
    Palo Alto, California 94301</b></p>
    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.8pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>(650) 644-4160</b></p>
    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.8pt 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Name, address, including zip code, and
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>_________________________________</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b><i>Copies to:</i></b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Kimberly A. Baber, Esq.</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Varnum LLP</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Bridgewater Place</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>333 Bridge Street NW, Suite 1700</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Grand Rapids, Michigan 49504</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>(616) 336-6851</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone
number, including area code, of agent for service)<br/>
<b>_________________________________</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><b>Approximate date of commencement
of proposed sale to the public:</b> As soon as practicable after the effective date of this registration statement.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If any of the securities being
registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933 check
the following box. <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9746;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If this Form is filed to register
additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities
Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9744;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If this Form is a post-effective
amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement
number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9744;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If this Form is a post-effective
amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement
number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9744;</span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Indicate by check mark whether
the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging
growth company. See the definitions of &#8220;large accelerated filer,&#8221; &#8220;accelerated filer,&#8221; &#8220;smaller reporting
company,&#8221; and &#8220;emerging growth company&#8221; in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If an emerging growth company,
indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial
accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><span id="xdx_906_edei--EntityExTransitionPeriod_c20250711__20250711_zDAYHeusM6T1"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2025-07-11" format="ixt:booleanfalse" id="Fact000024" name="dei:EntityExTransitionPeriod">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><b>The registrant hereby amends
this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further
amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a)
of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission,
acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; color: Red; text-align: justify"><b>The information in this prospectus is not complete
and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission
is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities, and it is not soliciting an offer to buy, these securities in
any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; color: Red; text-align: center"><i>PROSPECTUS - Subject to Completion<br/>
Dated July 11, 2025</i></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><img src="image_003.jpg" alt="A logo with blue and yellow circles&#10;&#10;AI-generated content may be incorrect." style="height: 95px; width: 181px"/>&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>5,000,000 Shares of Class A Common Stock</b></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">This prospectus relates to the offer and resale,
from time to time, of up to 5,000,000 shares of Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the &#8220;Class A common stock&#8221;),
of Cloudastructure, Inc., a Delaware corporation (&#8220;Cloudastructure,&#8221; &#8220;we,&#8221; &#8220;us,&#8221; &#8220;our,&#8221;
or the &#8220;Company&#8221;), held by Atlas Sciences, LLC, a Utah limited liability company (&#8220;Atlas&#8221; or the &#8220;Selling
Stockholder&#8221;), or its pledgees, donees, transferees, assignees or other successors-in-interest.</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The shares of Class A common stock being offered
by the Selling Stockholder consist of:</p>

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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"/><td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td><td>up to 4,626,866 shares of Class A common stock (the &#8220;Put Shares&#8221;) that we may elect to issue and sell to Atlas, in our
sole discretion from time to time after the date of this prospectus, upon the terms and subject to the conditions of, an Equity Purchase
Agreement, dated as of November 25, 2024 (the &#8220;Purchase Agreement&#8221;), that we entered into with Atlas; and</td></tr></table>

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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"/><td style="width: 0.25in"><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td><td>373,134 shares of Class A common stock (the &#8220;Commitment Shares&#8221; and, together with the Put Shares, the &#8220;Equity Line
Shares&#8221;) we have issued to Atlas as consideration for its commitment to purchase our Class A common stock under the Purchase Agreement.</td></tr></table>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The price that Atlas will pay for the shares to
be resold pursuant to this prospectus will depend upon the timing of sales and will fluctuate based on the trading price of our Class
A common stock. See &#8220;<a href="#a_006">The Atlas Transaction</a>&#8221; for a description of the Purchase Agreement
and &#8220;<a href="#a_008">Selling Stockholder</a>&#8221; for additional information.</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We are not selling any securities under this prospectus
and will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of the shares by the Selling Stockholder. We may receive gross proceeds of up to
$50,000,000 from the sale of our Class A common stock to Atlas under the Purchase Agreement. Such sales may take place from time to time,
in our discretion, after the date of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part is declared effective and after satisfaction
of other conditions in the Purchase Agreement.</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Atlas may sell the Class A common stock described
in this prospectus in a number of different ways and at varying prices. Atlas is an &#8220;underwriter&#8221; within the meaning of Section
2(a)(11) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &#8220;Securities Act&#8221;). See &#8220;<a href="#a_010">Plan of Distribution</a>&#8221; on page&#160;22 for more information about how Atlas may sell the shares of Class A common stock being registered
pursuant to this prospectus.</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Our Class A common stock is listed on the Nasdaq
Capital Market (&#8220;Nasdaq&#8221;), under the symbol &#8220;CSAI.&#8221; On July 8, 2025, the last reported sale price of our Class
A common stock on Nasdaq was $2.13 per share.</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We are an &#8220;emerging growth company&#8221;
and a &#8220;smaller reporting company&#8221; as defined under the federal securities laws and, as such, have elected to comply with certain
reduced public company reporting requirements for this prospectus and may elect to do so in future filings. See &#8220;<a href="#a_003">Prospectus Summary</a>&#8212;Emerging Growth Company&#8221; and &#8220;<a href="#a_003">Prospectus Summary</a>&#8212;Smaller Reporting
Company.&#8221;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><b>Investing in our Class A common stock involves
a high degree of risk. See the &#8220;<a href="#a_005">Risk Factors</a>&#8221; section beginning on page&#160;6 of this prospectus
and in the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus for the risks and uncertainties you should consider before investing
in our Class A common stock.</b></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><b>Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission
nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete.
Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">_________________________________</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>The date of this prospectus is July&#160;11,
2025</b></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b><span id="a_001"></span>TABLE OF CONTENTS</b></p>

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<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td><a href="#a_002">Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements</a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">1</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td><a href="#a_003">Prospectus Summary</a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">2</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td><a href="#a_004">The Offering</a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">5</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td><a href="#a_005">Risk Factors</a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">6</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td><a href="#a_006">The Atlas Transaction</a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">7</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td><a href="#a_007">Use of Proceeds</a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">11</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td><a href="#a_008">Selling Stockholder</a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">12</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td><a href="#a_009">Description of Capital Stock</a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">14</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td><a href="#a_010">Plan of Distribution</a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">22</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td><a href="#a_011">Legal Matters</a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">24</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td><a href="#a_012">Experts</a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">24</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td><a href="#a_013">Where You Can Find Additional Information</a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">24</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td><a href="#a_014">Incorporation of Certain Documents by Reference</a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">24</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td><a href="#a_015">Part II</a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">II-1</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td><a href="#a_016">Information Not Required in Prospectus</a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">II-1</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td><a href="#a_017">Exhibit Index</a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">II-7</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td><a href="#a_018">Signatures</a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">II-9</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: center">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td><a href="#a_019">Power of Attorney</a></td>
    <td style="text-align: center">II-9</td></tr>
  </table>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Neither we nor the Selling Stockholder has authorized anyone to provide
any information to you other than the information contained in this prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference herein. Neither
we nor the Selling Stockholder take any responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any information that
others may give to you. This prospectus is an offer to sell only the shares of Class A common stock offered hereby, and only under circumstances
and in jurisdictions where it is lawful to do so. The information contained in this prospectus or incorporated by reference herein is
current only as of its date, regardless of its time of delivery or the time of any sale of shares of Class A common stock. Our business,
financial condition, results of operations, and prospects may have changed since that date.</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="text-transform: uppercase"><b><span id="a_002"></span>CAUTIONARY
NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS</b></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">This prospectus and the documents incorporated
by reference herein contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the &#8220;Exchange Act&#8221;), that can involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All
statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference herein,
including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, business plan and strategy, future revenue, timing
and likelihood of success, plans and objectives of management for future operations, future results of anticipated products and prospects,
plans and objectives of management are forward-looking statements. Our forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements
regarding our or our management team&#8217;s expectations, hopes, beliefs, intentions, or strategies regarding the future. These statements
involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements
to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">In some cases, you can identify forward-looking
statements by terms such as &#8220;anticipate,&#8221; &#8220;believe,&#8221; &#8220;contemplate,&#8221; &#8220;continue,&#8221; &#8220;could,&#8221;
&#8220;estimate,&#8221; &#8220;expect,&#8221; &#8220;intend,&#8221; &#8220;may,&#8221; &#8220;plan,&#8221; &#8220;potential,&#8221; &#8220;predict,&#8221;
&#8220;project,&#8221; &#8220;should,&#8221; &#8220;target,&#8221; &#8220;will,&#8221; or &#8220;would&#8221; or the negative of these
terms or other similar expressions, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words. Forward-looking statements contained
in this prospectus may include, but are not limited to, statements about:</p>

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  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 6%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 3%"><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td>
    <td style="width: 91%">the implementation of our business model and our strategic plans for our business, product, services, and technology;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td>
    <td>our commercialization and marketing capabilities and strategy;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td>
    <td>our ability to establish or maintain collaborations or strategic relationships or obtain additional funding;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td>
    <td>our competitive position;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td>
    <td>the scope of protection that we able to establish and maintain for intellectual property rights covering our products, services, and technology;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td>
    <td>developments and projections relating to our competitors and our industry;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td>
    <td>our estimates regarding expenses, future revenue, capital requirements and needs for additional financing;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td>
    <td>the period over which we estimate our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund our future operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements; and</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td>
    <td>the impact of new or existing laws and regulations on our business and strategy.</td></tr>
  </table>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">These forward-looking statements are based on information
available to us at the time of this prospectus or the documents incorporated by reference herein, and on our current expectations and
projections about our business, the industry in which we operate and financial trends that we believe may affect our business, financial
condition, results of operations and prospects, and these forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance or development.
These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date made and are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including,
but not limited to, those described in the section of this prospectus entitled &#8220;<i>Risk Factors</i>&#8221; and in our periodic filings
with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#8220;SEC&#8221;), which are publicly available on the SEC&#8217;s website at www.sec.gov.
Given that forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified,
you should not rely on these forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The events and circumstances reflected in our
forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur and actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking
statements.</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">You should read this prospectus and any accompanying
prospectus supplement, if any, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results, levels of activity and performance
as well as other events and circumstances may be materially different from what we expect. Except as otherwise required by applicable
law, we disclaim any duty to update any forward-looking statements, all of which are expressly qualified by the statements in this section,
to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this prospectus. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary
statements.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="text-transform: uppercase"><b><span id="a_003"></span>PROSPECTUS
SUMMARY</b></span></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><i>This summary highlights, and is qualified in
its entirety by, the more detailed information contained elsewhere in this prospectus or incorporated by reference herein and does not
contain all of the information that you should consider prior to making an investment decision. You should read the entire prospectus
carefully, including the sections entitled &#8220;Risk Factors,&#8221; and &#8220;Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,&#8221;
and our audited and unaudited financial statements and the accompanying notes incorporated by reference herein or included in any applicable
prospectus supplement hereto before making an investment decision. Unless otherwise indicated or context otherwise requires, all references
in this prospectus to outstanding share and per share information are presented after giving effect to the Reverse Stock Split (as hereinafter
defined) and all references to &#8220;we,&#8221; &#8220;us,&#8221; &#8220;our,&#8221; the &#8220;Company,&#8221; &#8220;Cloudastructure,&#8221;
and similar terms refer to Cloudastructure, Inc.</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Overview</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We were formed under the laws of the State of Delaware
on March 28, 2003. We provide an award-winning cloud-based artificial intelligence (&#8220;AI&#8221;) video surveillance and Remote Guarding
(as defined below) service built on AI and machine learning platforms.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We operated as a small Silicon Valley startup until
early 2021 when we raised over $35 million in funding under Regulation A of the Securities Act. With these funds we quickly built a sales,
marketing and support structure and achieved a degree of early success in the property management space. As of the date of this prospectus,
we have contracts in place with five of the top 10 property management companies on the National Multifamily Housing Council&#8217;s (&#8220;NMHC&#8217;s&#8221;)
2024 NMCH 50 list (Greystar Real Estate Partners, Avenue5 Residential, LLC, Cushman &amp; Wakefield, BH Management Services, LLC and FPI
Management, Inc.). Our cloud-based solutions allow our customers to provide real-time safety and security solutions for their properties,
as well as easily manage security across all of their locations. As of the date of this prospectus, we are focused on expanding into more
of our existing top tier customer locations, acquiring additional customers in the property management (&#8220;proptech&#8221;) space,
and we anticipate entering into additional markets in 2025.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Our intelligent AI solution works by identifying
objects (faces, license plates, animals, guns, etc.) in video footage so that property managers can quickly search for those objects.
Additionally, our AI and Remote Guarding services provide a proactive response to crime. Remote guarding combines video surveillance,
AI analytics, monitoring centers, and security agents (&#8220;Remote Guarding&#8221;). Based on internal data comparing the total number
of actual threatening activity alerts received by our Remote Guards, against all potentially suspicious and threatening activity alerts
received by our Remote Guards, on average, from 2023 to the date of this prospectus, our Remote Guarding services deterred over 97% of
all threatening activity for our customers. We believe AI security delivers multiple benefits for many property owners, including, without
limitation:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 6%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 3%"><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td>
    <td style="width: 91%">Deterring crime and improving overall safety;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td>
    <td>Improving occupancy rates and rental rates; and</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td>
    <td>Reducing onsite guard costs and lowering insurance rates</td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">As of the date of this prospectus, we are the only
seamless, cloud-based, AI surveillance and Remote Guarding solution on the market of which we are aware. We also believe that our solution
is more affordable and easier to use than the various solutions that our competitors offer. Our Remote Guarding service bridges the line
between AI and human intelligence. AI has the ability to monitor all cameras at the same time and all of the time, a task from which humans
would fatigue. When the AI detects an event occurring, the Remote Guards are notified. The Remote Guards can then determine if escalation
is required. With real-time human intervention, our Remote Guarding service can turn video surveillance from a forensic tool, used after
a crime has been committed, into a real time crime prevention tool. This has the potential to greatly increase value for our customers.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>The Atlas Equity Line</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">On November 25, 2024, we entered into the Purchase
Agreement with Atlas, which provides that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth therein, we have the
right to cause Atlas to purchase (the &#8220;Put&#8221;) up to an aggregate of $50,000,000 (the &#8220;Maximum Commitment Amount&#8221;)
of our Class A common stock over the 24-month term of the Equity Line (the &#8220;Commitment Period&#8221;). In consideration of Altas&#8217;s
commitment to purchase the Put Shares pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, we issued 143,472 Commitment Shares to Atlas on February 6,
2025. On July 9, 2025, we issued an additional 229,662 Commitment Shares to Atlas pursuant to the Purchase Agreement as a result of the
decline in the market price of our Class A common stock since signing the Purchase Agreement. See &#8220;The Atlas Transaction &#8211;
Commitment Shares&#8221; below for more information.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Concurrently with the Purchase Agreement, we entered
into a Registration Rights Agreement (the &#8220;Registration Rights Agreement&#8221;) typical for transactions of this type with Atlas,
pursuant to which we agreed to file one or more registration statements (each a &#8220;Registration Statement&#8221;) registering the
Equity Line Shares.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This prospectus covers the
resale by the Selling Stockholder of up to 5,000,000 shares of our Class A common stock, comprised of (a) up to 4,626,866 shares of our
Class A common stock that we have reserved for sale to Atlas under the Purchase Agreement from time to time after the date of this prospectus,
if and when we determine to sell additional shares of our Class A common stock to Atlas under the Purchase Agreement, and (b) 373,134
Commitment Shares that we have already issued to Atlas in lieu of a cash fee for making its commitment to purchase our Class A common
stock under the Purchase Agreement.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The purchase price for the Put Shares will be 95%
of the lowest daily volume weighted average price (VWAP) of our Class A common stock during the period beginning on the applicable Put
Date (defined below) and ending four trading days following the Clearing Date (defined below). Atlas will be entitled to deduct its clearing
costs from the amount it is required to pay us for any Put Shares, and with respect to the first Put Shares we sell to Atlas, if any,
Atlas will be entitled to deduct $15,000 to cover its legal and due diligence fees in connection with the Equity Line.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The
foregoing descriptions of the Purchase Agreement and Registration Rights Agreement are qualified in their entirety by reference to the
Purchase Agreement and Registration Rights Agreement, copies of which are filed as Exhibits 10.8 and 10.9, respectively, hereto and are
incorporated by reference herein.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">There are certain conditions precedent to our right
to sell Put Shares to Atlas. For details on these conditions and more detailed information on the Atlas Transaction, see &#8220;<a href="#a_006">The Atlas Transaction</a>.&#8221;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Emerging Growth Company </b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We are an &#8220;emerging growth company&#8221;
as defined in the Securities Act, as modified by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the &#8220;JOBS Act&#8221;). As such,
we are eligible to take, and intend to take, advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public
companies that are not emerging growth companies for as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, including (i) the exemption
from the auditor attestation requirements with respect to internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley
Act of 2002 (the &#8220;Sarbanes-Oxley Act&#8221;), (ii) the exemptions from say-on-pay, say-on-frequency and say-on-golden parachute
voting requirements, and (iii) reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We will remain an emerging growth company until
the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of our direct listing on Nasdaq, (ii) the last day
of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion, (iii) the last day of the fiscal year in which
we are deemed to be a &#8220;large accelerated filer&#8221; as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act, which would occur if the
market value of our Class A common stock held by non-affiliates was $700.0 million or more as of the last business day of the second fiscal
quarter of such year, or (iv) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior
three-year period.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">In addition, the JOBS Act provides that an emerging
growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This allows
an emerging growth company to delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private
companies. We have elected to avail ourselves of this extended transition period and, as a result, we may adopt new or revised accounting
standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for non-public companies instead of the dates required
for other public companies.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>&#160;</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>&#160;</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b></b></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b><i>&#160;</i></b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Smaller Reporting Company</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We are also a &#8220;smaller reporting company&#8221;
as defined in the Exchange Act. We may continue to be a smaller reporting company even after we are no longer an emerging growth company.
We may take advantage of certain of the scaled disclosures available to smaller reporting companies until the fiscal year following the
determination that our voting and non-voting Class A common stock held by non-affiliates is $250 million or more measured on the last
business day of our second fiscal quarter, or our annual revenues are less than $100 million during the most recently completed fiscal
year and our voting and non-voting Class A common stock held by non-affiliates is $700 million or more measured on the last business day
of our second fiscal quarter.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Corporate Information</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We were incorporated under the laws of the State
of Delaware on March 28, 2003, under the name Connexed Technologies, Inc. On September 28, 2016, we changed our name to Cloudastructure,
Inc. Our principal executive offices are located at 228 Hamilton Avenue, 3rd Floor, Palo Alto, California 94301. Our telephone number
is (650) 644-4160 and our website address is www.cloudastructure.com. Information contained on or that can be accessed through our website
is neither a part of, nor incorporated by reference into, this prospectus, and you should not consider information on our website to be
part of this prospectus. Our website address is included in this prospectus as an inactive textual reference only.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b><span id="a_004"></span>THE OFFERING</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 38%"><b>Issuer</b></td>
    <td style="width: 62%">Cloudastructure, Inc.</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>
    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Shares of Class A Common Stock </b></p>
    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Offered by the Selling Stockholder</b></p></td>
    <td>
    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Up to 5,000,000 shares of Class A common stock, consisting of:</p>
    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>
    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in"><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</span>up to 4,626,866 shares of our Class A common stock that we may issue and sell to Atlas from time to time under the Purchase Agreement
    from and after the commencement; and</p>
    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&#160;</p>
    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in"><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;3</span>73,134
Commitment Shares.</p></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td><b>Selling Stockholder</b></td>
    <td>
    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Atlas Sciences, LLC. See &#8220;<a href="#a_008">Selling Stockholder</a>&#8221; below.</p>
    <p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td><b>Use of Proceeds</b></td>
    <td>We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares of our Class A common stock by Atlas pursuant to this prospectus. We may receive up to $50.0 million aggregate gross proceeds under the Purchase Agreement from any sales of shares of our Class A common stock we make to Atlas pursuant to the Purchase Agreement after the commencement, assuming that we sell the full amount of our Class A common stock that we have the right, but not the obligation to sell to Atlas under the Purchase Agreement. Any proceeds that we receive from sales of shares of our Class A common stock to Atlas under the Purchase Agreement will be used for general corporate purposes. See &#8220;<a href="#a_007">Use of Proceeds</a>.&#8221;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td><b>Offering Price</b></td>
    <td>The Selling Stockholder will offer the shares of Class A common stock covered by this prospectus at the prevailing market prices or at privately negotiated prices.</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td><b>Risk Factors</b></td>
    <td>You should read the &#8220;Risk Factors&#8221; incorporated by reference into this prospectus for a discussion of factors to consider carefully before deciding to invest in shares of our Class A common stock.</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td><b>Nasdaq Capital Market Symbol</b></td>
    <td>&#8220;CSAI&#8221;</td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b><span id="a_005"></span>RISK FACTORS</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Investing in our Class A common stock involves
a high degree of risk. Before you decide to invest in our Class A common stock, you should carefully consider the risks described in the
section entitled &#8220;Risk Factors&#8221; in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, and other filings we make with the SEC from
time to time, which are incorporated by reference herein, together with the other information in this prospectus and documents incorporated
by reference in this prospectus. The risks described in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and the other filings incorporated
by reference herein are not the only ones that we face. Additional risks and uncertainties may also impair our business operations. If
any of the risks described in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and the other filings incorporated by reference herein occur,
our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth prospects could be harmed. In these circumstances, the market
price of our Class A common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b><span id="a_006"></span>THE ATLAS TRANSACTION</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><b>&#160;</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">On November 25, 2024, we entered
into the Purchase Agreement with Atlas, which provides that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth therein,
we have the right to cause Atlas to purchase (the &#8220;Put&#8221;) up to an aggregate of $50,000,000 (the &#8220;Maximum Commitment
Amount&#8221;) of our Class A common stock over the Commitment Period (defined below). In consideration of Altas&#8217;s commitment to
purchase the Put Shares pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, we have issued 373,134 Commitment Shares to Atlas. See &#8220;Commitment Shares&#8221;
below for more information.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Concurrently with the Purchase Agreement, we entered
into a Registration Rights Agreement (the &#8220;Registration Rights Agreement&#8221;) typical for transactions of this type with Atlas,
pursuant to which we agreed to file one or more registration statements (each a &#8220;Registration Statement&#8221;) registering the
Equity Line Shares.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This prospectus covers the
resale by the Selling Stockholder of up to 5,000,000 shares of our Class A common stock, comprised of (a) up to 4,626,866 shares of our
Class A common stock that we have reserved for sale to Atlas under the Purchase Agreement from time to time after the date of this prospectus,
if and when we determine to sell additional shares of our Class A common stock to Atlas under the Purchase Agreement, and (b) 373,134
Commitment Shares that we have already issued to Atlas in lieu of a cash fee for making its commitment to purchase our Class A common
stock under the Purchase Agreement.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The following descriptions
of the Purchase Agreement and Registration Rights Agreement are qualified in their entirety by reference to the Purchase Agreement and
Registration Rights Agreement, copies of which are filed as Exhibits 10.5 and 10.6, respectively, to the Registration Statement that includes
this prospectus.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Right to Sell Shares to Atlas</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Pursuant to, and subject to the terms and conditions
of, the Purchase Agreement, we have the right beginning 15 days following the effective date of the Registration Statement that includes
this prospectus and throughout the Commitment Period (provided a Registration Statement covering the resale of the Equity Line Shares
remains in effect) to deliver written notice to Atlas (a &#8220;Put Notice&#8221;) requiring Atlas to purchase Put Shares (i) in a minimum
amount of not less than $25,000, and (ii) in a maximum amount of up to the lesser of (a) $250,000, or (b) the median daily trading volume
of our Class A common stock during the five preceding trading days (unless we and Atlas agree to a greater amount). The foregoing minimum
and maximum amounts will be determined by multiplying the number of Put Shares set forth in the&#160;Put Notice&#160;by the closing trade
price of our Common A common stock on the trading day immediately preceding the Put Date (as defined below).</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">A&#160;Put
Notice&#160;will be deemed delivered on (i) the trading day received by Atlas if received on or before to 9:00 a.m. EST or (ii) the immediately
succeeding trading day if received after 9:00 a.m. EST on a trading day or at any time on a day that is not a trading day (such date,
the &#8220;Put Date&#8221;). We will deliver the Put Shares within one trading day following the Put Date, and the trade will be deemed
cleared when Altas receives the Put Shares and they are cleared and approved for trading by its brokerage firm (the &#8220;Clearing Date&#8221;).</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The purchase price (the &#8220;Purchase Price&#8221;)
for the Put Shares will be 95% of the lowest daily volume weighted average price (VWAP) of our Class A common stock during the period
beginning on the applicable Put Date and ending on the date that is four trading days after the Clearing Date (the &#8220;Valuation Period&#8221;),
and the investment amount to be paid to us by Atlas (the &#8220;Investment Amount&#8221;) will be the number of Put Shares multiplied
by the Purchase Price, minus Atlas&#8217;s clearing costs, which includes all brokerage firm, clearing firm, legal, and transfer agent
fees payable by Atlas with respect to those Put Shares. The closing of a Put shall occur within one trading day following the end of the
Valuation Period, and Atlas will deliver the Investment Amount to us by wire transfer of immediately available funds. The Investment Amount
for the first&#160;Put Notice&#160;that we submit will be reduced by $15,000 to cover Atlas&#8217;s legal and due diligence fees in connection
with the Equity Line. The Purchase Price per share will be equitably adjusted as provided in the Purchase Agreement for any reorganization,
recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, or other similar transaction as set forth in the Purchase Agreement.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Our right to sell Put Shares to Atlas pursuant
to the Purchase Agreement is subject to a number of conditions, described below.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The
Purchase Agreement includes customary representations, warranties and covenants, and includes a beneficial ownership limitation (the &#8220;Beneficial
Ownership Limitation&#8221;) which provides that the number of Equity Line Shares, when aggregated with all other shares of Class A common
stock then beneficially or deemed beneficially owned (i) with respect to Atlas individually, and not aggregated with the beneficial ownership
of its affiliates, shall not exceed 4.99% of the number of shares of Class A common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect
to the issuance of Put Shares pursuant to a&#160;Put Notice; and (ii) with respect to Atlas together with the beneficial ownership of
its affiliates, 9.99% of the number of shares of Class A common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the issuance of Put
Shares pursuant to a&#160;Put Notice.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;<b>Conditions Precedent To Our Right To Sell Shares to Atlas</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">In order for us to sell Put Shares to Atlas,
the following conditions must be met:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">(a) &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;The
Registration Statement of which this prospectus is a part, covering the resale of the Put Shares and the Commitment Shares, and any amendment
or supplement thereto, remain effective and (i) neither we nor Atlas shall have received notice that the SEC has issued or intends to
issue a stop order with respect to the Registration Statement or that the SEC otherwise has suspended or withdrawn the effectiveness of
the Registration Statement, either temporarily or permanently, or intends or has threatened to do so, and (ii) no other suspension of
the use of, or withdrawal of the effectiveness of, the Registration Statement or related prospectus shall exist.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">(b) &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Our
representations and warranties in the Purchase Agreement, as updated by filings we make with the SEC, are true and correct in all material
respects as of the date of the closing of the Put Shares (except for representations and warranties specifically made as of a particular
date).</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">(c) &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;We
have performed, satisfied and complied in all material respects with all covenants, agreements and conditions required by the Purchase
Agreement to be performed, satisfied or complied with by us.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">(d) &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;No
statute, rule, regulation, executive order, decree, ruling or injunction shall have been enacted, entered, promulgated or adopted by any
court or governmental authority of competent jurisdiction that prohibits or directly and materially adversely affects any of the transactions
contemplated by the Purchase Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement, and no proceeding has been commenced that may have the effect
of prohibiting or materially adversely affecting any of such transactions.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">(e) &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Since
the date of filing of our most recent filing with the SEC, no event that had, or to our knowledge is reasonably likely to have, a material
adverse effect on us, or that would prohibit or materially interfere with our ability to perform our obligations pursuant to the Purchase
Agreement or the Registration Rights Agreement, has occurred.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">(f) &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;The
trading of our Class A common stock shall not have been suspended by the SEC, the principal market on which such shares are traded, or
FINRA, or otherwise halted for any reason, and our Class A common stock shall have been approved for listing or quotation on (and shall
not have been delisted from) the Nasdaq Capital Market.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">(g) &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;The
number of Commitment Shares and the number of Put Shares then to be purchased by Atlas shall not exceed the number of such shares that,
when aggregated with all other shares of Class A common stock then owned by Atlas beneficially or deemed beneficially owned by Atlas would
result in Atlas owning more than the Beneficial Ownership Limitation.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">(h) &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;We
shall have no knowledge of any event more likely than not to have the effect of causing the Registration Statement to be suspended or
otherwise ineffective (which event is more likely than not to occur within the 15 trading days following the trading day on which the
Put Notice is deemed delivered), and we shall have no knowledge of any untrue statement (or alleged untrue statement) of a material fact
or omission (or alleged omission) of a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in light
of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, in any Registration Statement filed pursuant to the Registration Rights
Agreement or any post-effective amendment or prospectus which is part of any such Registration Statement (unless we have filed an amendment
with the SEC).</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">(i) &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;On
the date of delivery of each Put Notice, Atlas shall have received a closing certificate, in the form required by the Purchase Agreement,
executed by an officer of the Company and to the effect that all conditions to the closing of the sale of such Put Shares has been satisfied
as of the date of such certificate.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">(j) &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;The
Class A common stock shall be DWAC Eligible (as defined in the Purchase Agreement) and not subject to a &#8220;DTC chill.&#8221;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">(k) &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;All
reports, schedules, registrations, forms, statements, information and other documents required to have been filed by us with the SEC shall
have been timely filed with the SEC.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">(l) &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;There
is no Bankruptcy Proceeding (as defined in the Purchase Agreement) by or against us, and we shall have no knowledge of any event more
likely than not to have the effect of causing Bankruptcy Proceedings to arise.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">(m) &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;We
shall have sufficient authorized Class A common stock to be able to deliver the Put Shares.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">(n) &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;The
issuance of the Put Shares shall not violate the limits imposed by Nasdaq Rule 5635.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">(o) &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;We
shall have reserved the Required Minimum Share Reserve (as defined in the Purchase Agreement) and satisfied the reserve requirements with
respect to all other contracts between us and Atlas, and a transfer agent instruction letter shall have been executed by us and the transfer
agent for our Class A common stock.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">(p) &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;No
statute, regulation, order, guidance, decree, writ, ruling or injunction shall have been enacted, entered, promulgated, threatened or
endorsed by any federal, state, local or foreign court or governmental authority of competent jurisdiction which prohibits the consummation
of or which would materially modify or delay any of the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement and the Registration Rights
Agreement.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">(q) &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;We
shall cause to be delivered to Atlas a written opinion of counsel satisfactory to Atlas relating to the availability and effectiveness
of the Registration Statement and regarding our compliance with U.S. federal securities law in the issuance, sale and registration of
the Put Shares and the Commitment Shares.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Commitment Shares</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>&#160;</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">In lieu of a cash fee, we have issued a total of
373,134 shares of Class A common stock (the Commitment Shares) to Atlas in consideration for making its commitment to purchase our Class
A common stock under the Purchase Agreement. The total number of Commitment Shares we were initially required to issue to Atlas pursuant
to the Purchase Agreement was equal to $1.0 million (2% of the $50 million Maximum Commitment Amount) divided by the closing price of
our Class A common stock on February 6, 2025, which was the fifth trading day following the first day our Class A common stock was listed
on the Nasdaq Capital Market. The closing price of our common stock on February 6, 2025 was $6.97. As a result, we issued a total of 143,472
Commitment Shares to Atlas on February 6, 2025.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">In addition, the Purchase Agreement required us
to issue additional Commitment Shares if the closing price of our Class A common stock on the six-month anniversary of the date of the
Purchase Agreement had declined from the closing price on February 6, 2025 and if the registration statement of which this prospectus
is a part had not yet become effective. In that case, the number of additional Commitment Shares to be issued to Atlas would be equal
to the difference between the number of Commitment Shares calculated as of the two dates. As of May 25, 2025, the six-month anniversary
of the date of the Purchase Agreement, the last closing price of our Class A common stock was $2.68. As a result, we were required to
issue Atlas an additional 229,662 Commitment Shares, which were issued on July 9, 2025.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Our Termination Right</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We have the unconditional right, at any time except
during any Valuation Period, for any reason and without any payment or liability to us, to terminate the Purchase Agreement by giving
written notice to Atlas.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The Purchase Agreement will automatically terminate
at the end of the Commitment Period.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Certain provisions of the Purchase Agreement, including
our indemnification obligations to Atlas, will survive any termination of the Purchase Agreement. In addition, Atlas retains all rights
to the Commitment Shares, regardless of any termination of the Purchase Agreement.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>No Short-Selling or Hedging by Atlas</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Atlas has agreed that, during
the Commitment Period, neither it nor any of its affiliates acting on its behalf or pursuant to any understanding with it, will execute
any short sales, as such term is defined in Rule 200 of Regulation SHO under the Exchange Act.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><i>&#160;</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Prohibitions on Certain Transactions</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">As long as the Purchase Agreement is in effect,
we have agreed that we will not, without the prior written consent of Atlas (with certain specified exceptions set forth in the Purchase
Agreement), enter into any other Variable Rate Transaction (as defined in the Purchase Agreement) or equity line of credit with any other
party.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Effect of Performance of the Purchase Agreement on Our Stockholders</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>&#160;</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We will control the timing and amount of any sales
of our Class A common stock to Atlas. Actual sales of shares of Class A common stock by us to Atlas under the Purchase Agreement will
depend on a variety of factors to be determined by us from time to time, including, among others, market conditions, the trading price
of the Class A common stock, and determinations by us as to the appropriate sources of funding for us and our operations.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">As of July 9, 2025, there were 17,520,274 shares
of our Class A common stock outstanding, which includes the Commitment Shares. Although the Purchase Agreement provides that we may sell
up to an aggregate of $50.0 million worth of our Class A common stock to Atlas, only 5,000,000 shares of our Common Stock are being registered
for resale under this prospectus, which includes the 373,134 Commitment Shares. Depending on the market prices of our Class A common stock
at the time we elect to issue and sell shares of our Class A common stock to Atlas under the Purchase Agreement, we may need to register
for resale under the Securities Act additional shares of our Class A common stock in order to receive aggregate gross proceeds equal to
the $50.0 million total commitment available to us under the Purchase Agreement. If we elect to issue and sell to Atlas under the Purchase
Agreement more than the 5,000,000 shares of our Class A common stock being registered for resale by Atlas under this prospectus, which
we have the right, but not the obligation, to do, we must first register for resale under the Securities Act any such additional shares
of our Class A common stock, which could cause additional substantial dilution to our stockholders. The number of shares of our Class
A common stock ultimately offered for resale by Atlas is dependent upon the number of shares of our Class A common stock we ultimately
decide to sell to Atlas under the Purchase Agreement.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Issuances of our Class A common stock to Atlas
under the Purchase Agreement will not affect the rights or privileges of our existing stockholders, except that the economic and voting
interests of each of our existing stockholders will be diluted as a result of any such issuance. Although the number of shares of our
Class A common stock that our existing stockholders own will not decrease, the shares of our Class A common stock owned by our existing
stockholders will represent a smaller percentage of our total outstanding shares of our Class A common stock after any such issuance of
shares of our Class A common stock to Atlas under the Purchase Agreement.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Sales of our Class A common stock to Atlas, if
any, will depend upon market conditions and other factors to be determined by us. We may ultimately decide to sell to Atlas all, some
or none of the additional shares of our Class A common stock that may be available for us to sell pursuant to the Purchase Agreement.
If and when we do sell additional shares of our Class A common stock to Atlas, Atlas may resell all, some, or none of those shares at
any time or from time to time in its discretion. Therefore, sales to Atlas by us under the Purchase Agreement may result in substantial
dilution to the interests of other holders of our Class A common stock. The sale by Atlas of a significant number of shares of our Class
A common stock sold to it pursuant to the Purchase Agreement could cause the market price of our Class A common stock to decline and to
be highly volatile. In addition, if we sell a substantial number of shares of our Class A common stock to Atlas under the Purchase Agreement,
or if investors expect that we will do so, the actual sales of shares of our Class A common stock or the mere existence of our arrangement
with Atlas may make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and at a price that we
might otherwise wish to effect such sales. However, we have the right to control the timing and amount of any additional sales of our
Class A common stock to Atlas (subject to satisfaction of all conditions set forth in the Purchase Agreement), and the Purchase Agreement
may be terminated by us at any time at our discretion without any cost to us.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="text-transform: uppercase"><b><span id="a_007"></span>USE
OF PROCEEDS</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">This prospectus relates to shares of our Class
A common stock that may be offered and sold from time to time by Atlas. We will receive no proceeds from the sale of shares of Class A
common stock by Atlas pursuant to this prospectus. We may receive up to $50.0 million in gross proceeds under the Purchase Agreement from
any sales we make to Atlas pursuant to the Purchase Agreement after the date of this prospectus. We estimate that the net proceeds to
us from the sale of our Class A common stock to Atlas pursuant to the Purchase Agreement would be up to approximately $49.9 million over
the Commitment Period, assuming that we sell the full amount of our Class A common stock that we have the right, but not the obligation,
to sell to Atlas under the Purchase Agreement, and after other estimated fees and expenses. See &#8220;<a href="#a_010">Plan of Distribution</a>&#8221; elsewhere in this prospectus for more information.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We currently expect to use the net proceeds, if
any, from any sale of Class A common stock to Atlas pursuant to the Purchase Agreement for general corporate purposes, which could involve
continuing to sustain our business operations and meet our liquidity needs, pursuing growth initiatives, making capital expenditures,
and/or acquiring other businesses as opportunities arise. We are unable to predict the timing or amount of potential issuances of all
of the additional shares issuable pursuant to the Purchase Agreement. As a result, we cannot specify with certainty all of the particular
uses for the net proceeds that we will have from the sale of such additional shares, if any. Our management will have broad discretion
in the application of the net proceeds. We may use the proceeds for purposes that are not currently contemplated.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b><span id="a_008"></span>SELLING STOCKHOLDER</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">This prospectus relates to the possible resale
by the selling stockholder, Atlas, of shares of our Class A common stock that have been and may be issued to Atlas pursuant to the Purchase
Agreement. We are filing the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part pursuant to the provisions of the Registration
Rights Agreement, which we entered into with Atlas on November&#160;24, 2025, concurrently with our execution of the Purchase Agreement,
in which we agreed to provide certain registration rights with respect to sales by Atlas of the shares of our Class A common stock that
have been and may be issued to Atlas under the Purchase Agreement.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Atlas, as the Selling Stockholder, may, from time
to time, offer and sell pursuant to this prospectus up to 5,000,000 shares of our Class A common stock that we have issued or may issue
to Atlas (including the Commitment Shares). The Selling Stockholder may sell some, all or none of the shares of Class A common stock.
We do not know how long the Selling Stockholder will hold the shares of our Class A common stock before selling them, and we currently
have no agreements, or understandings with the Selling Stockholder regarding the sale of any of the shares of Class A common
stock. See &#8220;<a href="#a_010">Plan of Distribution</a>.&#8221;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The table below sets forth, to our knowledge, information
concerning the beneficial ownership of shares of our Class A common stock and shares of our Class B common stock by the Selling Stockholder
as of July 9, 2025. We have based percentage of beneficial ownership for the following table on 17,749,936 Class A Shares, which includes
the Commitment Shares, and 147,305 Class B Shares outstanding as of July 9, 2025. The information in the table below with respect to the
Selling Stockholder has been obtained from the Selling Stockholder.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance
with the rules of the SEC and includes voting or investment power with respect to shares. Unless otherwise indicated below, to our knowledge,
the Selling Stockholder has sole voting and investment power with respect to its shares of Class A common stock. The inclusion of any
shares in this table does not constitute an admission of beneficial ownership for the person named below.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Throughout this prospectus, when we refer to the
shares of Class A common stock being offered for resale by the Selling Stockholder through this prospectus, we are referring to the shares
of Class A common stock that have been and may be issued and sold by us to Atlas pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, unless otherwise
indicated.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr>
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    <td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><b>Shares of Common Stock Beneficially Owned Prior to this Offering <sup>(2)</sup></b></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><b>Maximum Number of Shares of Class A Common Stock to be Sold Pursuant to this Prospectus <sup>(3)</sup></b></td>
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  <tr>
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    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">&#160;</td>
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; vertical-align: top">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="background-color: rgb(204,238,204)">
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 24%">Atlas Sciences, LLC <sup>(1)</sup></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 21%; text-align: right">5,000,000</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 11%; text-align: right">&#8211;</td>
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  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;* Less than 1%</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0"/><td style="width: 0.5in">(1)</td><td>John Fife is deemed to be the beneficial owner of all of the shares of common stock owned directly by Atlas. Mr.&#160;Fife has voting
and investment power over the shares of common stock being offered under the registration statement filed with the SEC in connection with
the transactions contemplated under the Purchase Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement. Atlas is not a licensed broker-dealer
or an affiliate of a licensed broker-dealer.</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0"/><td style="width: 0.5in">(2)</td><td>Represents the 373,134 Commitment Shares already issued to Atlas. In accordance with Rule 13d-3(d) under the Exchange Act, we have
excluded from the number of shares of our Class A common stock beneficially owned prior to the offering all of the 4,626,866 shares of
our Class A common stock that we may issue and sell to Atlas pursuant to the Purchase Agreement that are being registered for resale under
the registration statement that includes this prospectus, because the issuance and sale of such shares to Atlas under the Purchase Agreement
is solely at our discretion and is subject to certain conditions, the satisfaction of all of which are outside of Atlas&#8217;s control.
Furthermore, under the terms of the Purchase Agreement, issuances and sales of shares of our Class A common stock to Atlas under the Purchase
Agreement are subject to certain limitations on the amounts we may sell to Atlas at any time, including the Beneficial Ownership Limitation.</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0"/><td style="width: 0.5in">(3)</td><td>Although the Purchase Agreement provides that we may sell up to $50.0 million worth of our Class A common stock to Atlas, we are only
registering 5,000,000 shares of our Class A common stock for resale under this prospectus, including the 373,134 Commitment Shares. Therefore,
only 4,626,866 of such shares represent shares that we may issue and sell to Atlas for cash consideration in sales under the Purchase
Agreement from time to time, at our sole discretion, during the Commitment Period. Depending on the price per share at which we sell our
Class A common stock to Atlas pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, we may need to sell to Atlas under the Purchase Agreement more shares
of our Class A common stock than are offered under this prospectus in order to receive aggregate gross proceeds equal to the full $50.0
million available to us under the Purchase Agreement. If we choose to do so, we must first register for resale under the Securities Act
such additional shares. The number of shares ultimately offered for resale by Atlas is dependent upon the number of shares we sell to
Atlas under the Purchase Agreement.</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0"/><td style="width: 0.5in">(4)</td><td>Assumes the sale by Atlas of all shares of our Class A common stock registered for resale pursuant to the Registration Statement that
includes this prospectus, although the Selling Stockholder is under no obligation known to us to sell any shares of Class A common stock
at any particular time.</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="text-transform: uppercase"><b><span id="a_009"></span>DESCRIPTION
OF CAPITAL STOCK</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>General</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The following description summarizes some of the
terms of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws and of the General Corporation Law of the
State of Delaware. This description is summarized from, and qualified in its entirety by reference to, our amended and restated certificate
of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, each of which has been publicly filed with the SEC, as well as the relevant provisions
of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Pursuant to our amended and restated certificate
of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws, we are authorized to issue 500,000,000 shares of capital stock, which consists of:
(i) 250,000,000 shares of Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, (ii) 100,000,000 shares of Class B common stock, par value
$0.0001 per share and (iii) 150,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Pursuant to our amended and restated certificate
of incorporation, our board of directors has the authority, without stockholder approval except as required by Nasdaq rules, to issue
additional shares of our capital stock.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Class A Common Stock</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation
provides that:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 6%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 3%"><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td>
    <td style="width: 91%">holders of Class A common stock have voting rights for the election of our directors and all other matters requiring stockholder action, except with respect to amendments to our certificate of incorporation that alter or change the powers, preferences, rights or other terms of any outstanding preferred stock if the holders of such affected series of preferred stock are entitled to vote on such an amendment;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td>
    <td>holders of Class A common stock are entitled to one vote per share on matters to be voted on by stockholders and also are entitled to receive such dividends, if any, as may be declared from time to time by our board of directors in its discretion out of funds legally available therefor;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td>
    <td>the payment of dividends, if any, on the Class A common stock will be subject to the prior payment of dividends on any outstanding preferred stock;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td>
    <td>upon our liquidation or dissolution, the holders of Class A common stock are entitled to receive pro rata all assets remaining available for distribution to stockholders after payment of all liabilities and provision for the liquidation of any shares of preferred stock outstanding at that time; and</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td>
    <td>our stockholders have no conversion, preemptive or other subscription rights and there are no sinking fund or redemption provisions applicable to the Class A common stock.</td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Class B Common Stock</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation
provides that<b>: </b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 6%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 3%"><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td>
    <td style="width: 91%">holders of Class B common stock have voting rights for the election of our directors and all other matters requiring stockholder action, except with respect to amendments to our certificate of incorporation that alter or change the powers, preferences, rights or other terms of any outstanding preferred stock if the holders of such affected series of preferred stock are entitled to vote on such an amendment;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
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    <td><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td>
    <td>holders of Class B common stock are entitled to 20 votes per share on matters to be voted on by stockholders and also are entitled to receive such dividends, if any, as may be declared from time to time by our board of directors in its discretion out of funds legally available therefor;</td></tr>
</table>

<p style="margin: 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0"></p>

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<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <td style="width: 91%">the payment of dividends, if any, on the Class B common stock will be subject to the prior payment of dividends on any outstanding preferred stock;</td></tr>
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    <td>upon our liquidation or dissolution, the holders of Class B common stock are entitled to receive pro rata all assets remaining available for distribution to stockholders after payment of all liabilities and provision for the liquidation of any shares of preferred stock outstanding at that time; and</td></tr>
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    <td>our stockholders have no conversion, preemptive or other subscription rights and there are no sinking fund or redemption provisions applicable to the Class A common stock.</td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Voting Rights</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Under Delaware law, holders of our Class A common
stock or Class B common stock are entitled to vote as a separate class on any proposed amendment to our amended and restated certificate
of incorporation that would increase or decrease the aggregate number of authorized shares of such class, increase or decrease the par
value of the shares of such class, or alter or change the powers, preferences, or special rights of the shares of such class in a manner
that would adversely affect them. Consequently, in these specific circumstances, holders of a majority of our Class A common stock could
defeat any proposed amendment to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation. For instance, if an amendment proposed that the
Class A common stock rank junior to the Class B common stock with respect to (i) dividends or distributions, (ii) distribution of proceeds
in the event of acquisition, or (iii) any other rights, Delaware law would require a separate vote by our Class A common stockholders.
In this scenario, the holders of a majority of our Class A common stock could reject the proposed amendment.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Conversion Rights</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Each outstanding share of Class B common stock
is convertible at any time at the option of the holder into one share of Class&#160;A common stock. In addition, each share of Class B
common stock will convert automatically into one share of Class A common stock upon any transfer, whether or not for value, except for
certain permitted transfers set forth in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, and at any time following our closing
of a firm commitment underwritten initial public offering upon the affirmative vote or written consent of the holders of a majority of
our Class B common stock then outstanding and held by our founder, Mr. Bentley, and certain affiliates of our founder.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>Preferred Stock</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation
provides that shares of preferred stock may be issued from time to time in one or more series. Subject to the terms and conditions set
forth in the Certificate of Designations with respect to the ranking of the Series 1 Preferred, our board of directors will be authorized
to fix the voting rights, if any, designations, powers, preferences, the relative, participating, optional or other special rights, if
any, and any qualifications, limitations and restrictions thereof, applicable to the shares of each series. Our board of directors will
be able to, without stockholder approval, issue preferred stock with voting and other rights that could adversely affect the voting power
and other rights of the holders of the Class A common stock and could have anti-takeover effects. The ability of our board of directors
to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval could have the effect of delaying, deferring, or preventing a change of our control
or the removal of our existing management.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Series 1 Convertible Preferred Stock</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">On January 28, 2025, we filed the Series 1 Certificate
of Designations with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware creating the Series 1 Preferred. The Series 1 Certificate of Designations
became effective with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware upon filing.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><i>Authorized Shares; Stated Value</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We are authorized to issue up to 30,000 shares
of Series 1 Preferred, with each share having a stated value of $1,111, subject to an automatic 10% increase upon the occurrence of (i)
a Series 1 Trigger Event (as hereinafter defined), (ii) if we fail to fully comply with any covenant, obligation or agreement or fail
to pay any amount when due and payable, and such failure is not cured within the applicable cure period, or (iii) upon the occurrence
of any bankruptcy, insolvency or similar event (each of (ii) and (iii) an &#8220;Event of Default&#8221;) (the &#8220;Series 1 Stated
Value&#8221;).</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in"><i>Ranking</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Except as otherwise set forth in the Series 2 Certificate
of Designations, the Series 2 Preferred rank equally (including with respect to dividends and distributions, and upon any voluntary or
involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company (a &#8220;Liquidation Event&#8221;)) and are identical in all respects,
and, unless the holders of at least a majority of the outstanding Preferred Stock, voting together as a single class, expressly consent
to the creation of capital stock that is pari passu in rank, all other shares of capital stock of the Company will be junior in rank.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in"><i>Preferred Return</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The Series 1 Preferred accrues a 10% per annum
rate of return on the Series 1 Stated Value (the &#8220;Series 1 Preferred Return&#8221;) from date of issuance (the &#8220;Issuance Date&#8221;).
The Series 1 Preferred Return is payable on a quarterly basis either in cash or via the issuance of additional shares of Series 1 Preferred,
at our discretion. Following the occurrence of an Event of Default, the preferred return will increase to 15% per annum until such Event
of Default has been cured.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in"><i>Liquidation Preference</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">In the event of a Liquidation Event or Deemed Liquidation
Event (as hereinafter defined), the Series 1 Preferred will be paid an amount equal to (i) the Series 1 Stated Value at such time, plus
(ii) any accrued and unpaid Series 1 Preferred Return (the &#8220;Series 1 Preferred Liquidation Amount&#8221;), prior to any payments
being made to the holders of our Class A common stock. Following payment of the Series 1 Preferred Liquidation Amount, the Series 1 Preferred
will not participate in the distribution of any remaining assets of the Company.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">A &#8220;Deemed Liquidation Event&#8221; will occur
(i) if we merge or consolidate with another entity and our stockholders immediately prior to such transaction do not continue to hold
a majority of the voting power immediately after such transaction, or (ii)&#160;if we sell, lease, transfer, exclusively license or otherwise
dispose of all or substantially all of our assets.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in"><i>Conversion Rights</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The Series 1 Preferred is convertible at any time
into (i) the number of shares of Series 1 Preferred being converted multiplied by their then Series 1 Stated Value (the &#8220;Series
1 Conversion Amount&#8221;), divided by (ii) the Series 1 Conversion Price (as hereinafter defined).</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Prior to a Series 1 Trigger Event (as hereinafter
defined) or an Event of Default, the conversion price (&#8220;Series 1 Conversion Price&#8221;) is $9.00 per share of Class A common stock,
subject to adjustment if we issue Class A common stock or rights to receive Class&#160;A common stock at a lower price (the &#8220;Series
1 Fixed Conversion Price&#8221;). Following a Series 1 Trigger Event or Event of Default the Series 1 Conversion Price is the lesser of
the (i) Series 1 Fixed Conversion Price, and (ii) greater of (x) 85% multiplied by the lowest daily volume weighted average price of our
Class A common stock during the ten business day period prior to the measurement date, and (y) $1.00.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">A &#8220;Series 1 Trigger Event&#8221; will occur
(i) upon our receipt of a letter of noncompliance from Nasdaq, (ii) upon our average market capitalization during any ten business day
period falling below $75,000,000, and (iii) in any quarter beginning with the first calendar quarter of 2025 where (x) our stockholder
equity is less than $2,500,000, (y) we incur a net loss greater than $1,000,000, or (z) our net sales are less than $500,000.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in"><i>Ownership Limitation</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Notwithstanding the foregoing, we will not give
effect to any conversion of Series 1 Preferred to the extent that, following such conversion, the holder individually (without aggregating
with its affiliates) would beneficially own in excess of 4.99% of our outstanding Class A common stock (the &#8220;Maximum Percentage&#8221;);
provided, that the Maximum Percentage for a holder of Series 1 Preferred together with such holder&#8217;s affiliates will be 9.99%. The
Maximum Percentage is enforceable, unconditional, and non-waivable and shall apply to all affiliates and assigns of each holder of the
Series 1 Preferred.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Series 2 Convertible Preferred Stock</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">On March 24, 2025, we filed the Series 2 Certificate
of Designations with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware creating the Series 2 Preferred. The Series 2 Certificate of Designations
became effective with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware upon filing.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><i>Authorized Shares; Stated Value</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We are authorized to issue up to 40,000 shares
of Series 2 Preferred, with each share having a stated value of $1,111, subject to an automatic 10% increase upon the occurrence of an
Event of Default (the &#8220;Series 2 Stated Value&#8221;).</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><i>Ranking</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Except as otherwise set forth in the Series 2 Certificate
of Designations, the Series 2 Preferred rank equally (including with respect to dividends and distributions, and upon any Liquidation
Event) and are identical in all respects, and, unless the holders of at least a majority of the outstanding Preferred Stock, voting together
as a single class, expressly consent to the creation of capital stock that is pari passu in rank, all other shares of capital stock of
the Company will be junior in rank.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><i>Preferred Return</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><i>&#160;</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The Series 2 Preferred accrues a 9.5% per annum
rate of return on the Stated Value (the &#8220;Series 2 Preferred Return&#8221;) from the Issuance Date. The Series 2 Preferred Return
is payable on a quarterly basis either in cash or via the issuance of additional shares of Series 2 Preferred, at our discretion. Following
an Event of Default, the Series 2 Preferred Return increases to 15% per annum until such Event of Default has been cured.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><i>Liquidation Preference</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">In the event of a Liquidation Event or Deemed Liquidation
Event, the Series 2 Preferred will be paid an amount equal to (i)&#160;the Series 2 Stated Value at such time, plus (ii) any accrued and
unpaid Series 2 Preferred Return (the &#8220;Series 2 Preferred Liquidation Amount&#8221;), prior to any payments being made to the holders
of our Class A common stock. Following payment of the Series 2 Preferred Liquidation Amount, the Series 2 Preferred will not participate
in the distribution of any remaining assets of the Company.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in"><i>Conversion Rights</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The Series 2 Preferred is convertible at any time
into (i) the number of shares of Series 2 Preferred being converted multiplied by their then Series 2 Stated Value (the &#8220;Series
2 Conversion Amount&#8221;), divided by (ii) the Series 2 Conversion Price (as hereinafter defined).</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Prior to a Series 2 Trigger Event (as hereinafter
defined) or an Event of Default, the conversion price (&#8220;Series 2 Conversion Price&#8221;) is $10.00 per share of Class A common
stock, subject to adjustment if we issue Class A common stock or rights to receive Class A common stock at a lower price (the &#8220;Series
2 Fixed Conversion Price&#8221;). Following a Series 2 Trigger Event or Event of Default the Series 2 Conversion Price is the lesser of
the (i) Series 2 Fixed Conversion Price, and (ii) greater of (x) 88% multiplied by the lowest daily volume weighted average price of our
Class A common stock during the eight business day period prior to the measurement date, and (y) the 20% of the &#8220;Minimum Price&#8221;
as defined in Nasdaq Rule 5635 calculated as of the most recent Series 2 Preferred Issuance Date.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">A &#8220;Series 2 Trigger Event&#8221; will occur
(i) upon our receipt of a letter of noncompliance from Nasdaq, (ii) upon our average market capitalization during any three business day
period following April 1, 2025 falling below $125,000,000, and (iii) in any quarter beginning with the first calendar quarter of 2025
where (x) our stockholder equity is less than $2,500,000, (y) we incur a net loss greater than $1,000,000, or (z) our net sales are less
than $500,000.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Notwithstanding the foregoing, on April 11, 2025,
we entered into a Supplement Terms Agreement with Atlas (the &#8220;Series 2 Supplemental Terms&#8221;), pursuant to which we issued and
sold 3,000 shares of Series 2 Preferred (the &#8220;Additional Series 2 Preferred&#8221;) to Atlas, and which provides that, irrespective
of the terms of the Series 2 Certificate of Designations, Atlas will not have the right to convert the Additional Series 2 Preferred into
Series 2 Conversion Shares at a conversion price of less than $1.00 per share prior to 30 days following the occurrence of a Supplemental
Terms Trigger Event (as hereinafter defined), at which time we may elect to pay the conversion amount in cash or by issuance of Series
2 Conversion Shares, at our discretion.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">A &#8220;Supplemental Terms Trigger Event&#8221;
will occur when the daily volume weighted average price of our Class A common stock is below $1.00 for five or more business days during
any given 15-day period.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in"><i>Ownership Limitation</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Notwithstanding the foregoing, we will not give
effect to any conversion of Series 2 Preferred to the extent that, following such conversion, the holder individually (without aggregating
with its affiliates) would beneficially own in excess of 4.99% of our outstanding Class A common stock (the &#8220;Maximum Percentage&#8221;);
provided, that the Maximum Percentage for a holder of Series 2 Preferred together with such holder&#8217;s affiliates will be 9.99%. The
Maximum Percentage is enforceable, unconditional, and non-waivable and shall apply to all affiliates and assigns of each holder of the
Series 2 Preferred.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in"><i>Company Optional Redemption</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We have the right at any time after the date that
is six months from the earlier of (i) the effective date of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, and (ii)
the date that the Series 2 Conversion Shares are eligible for resale pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act, to elect, in our sole
discretion, to redeem all or any portion of the Series 2 Preferred then outstanding by paying an amount in cash equal to the Series 2
Preferred Liquidation Amount multiplied by 115%. In addition, we may, at our election, use at least 25% of any funds that we raise through
an equity financing to redeem the Series 2 Preferred.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in"><i>Dividends and Distributions</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The Series 2 Preferred are not entitled to participate
in any dividends, distributions, or payments to the holders of our Class A common stock.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in"><i>Voting Rights</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The Series 2 Preferred shall vote together with
holders of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock on an as-converted basis, and not as a separate class, at any annual or special
meeting of stockholders, and may act by written consent in the same manner as holders of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock.
In addition, for so long as any shares of Series 2 Preferred are outstanding, the affirmative vote of a majority of the Series 2 Preferred
then outstanding shall be required to (i) alter or change adversely the powers, preferences or rights given to the Series 2 Preferred
or alter or amend the Series 2 Certificate of Designations, or (ii) enter into any agreement with respect to any of the foregoing.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Notwithstanding the foregoing, in no event shall
a holder of our Series 2 Preferred (together with such holder&#8217;s affiliates, and any &#8220;persons&#8221; acting as a &#8220;group&#8221;
(as such terms are defined under Sections 13(d) and 14(d) of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder) together
with Attribution Parties be entitled to vote, on an as-converted basis and in aggregate with respect to any other shares of our Class
A common stock, Class B common stock, Series 1 Preferred or other preferred stock beneficially owned by such holder of Series 2 Preferred
or any affiliates or Attribution Parties of such holder, more than 4.99% of our outstanding voting shares as of the applicable record
date, as adjusted for any stock splits, reverse stock splits, stock dividends, reclassifications, reorganization, recapitalizations or
other similar transaction.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><i>Covenants</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Pursuant to the Series 2 Certificate of Designations,
for so long as the Series 2 Preferred remains outstanding we have agreed to comply with a number of covenants restricting our ability
to take certain actions or engage in certain activities, which are typical for transactions of this type. In particular, we will not issue
any preferred stock or other securities except as set forth in the Series 2 Certificate of Designations and we will not enter into certain
fundamental transactions (including, without limitation, mergers, business combinations or similar transactions) without the prior written
consent of the holders of a majority of the Series 2 Preferred.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in"><i>Company Optional Redemption</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We have the right at any time after the date that
is six months from the earlier of (i) the effective date of the registration statement registering the Series 1 Conversion Shares, and
(ii) the date that the Series 1 Conversion Shares are eligible for resale pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act, to elect, in
our sole discretion, to redeem all or any portion of the Series 1 Preferred then outstanding by paying an amount in cash equal to the
Series 1 Preferred Liquidation Amount multiplied by 115%. In addition, we may, at our election, use at least 25% of any funds that we
raise through an equity financing to redeem the Series 1 Preferred.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in"><i>Dividends and Distributions</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The Series 1 Preferred are not entitled to participate
in any dividends, distributions, or payments to the holders of our Class A common stock.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in"><i>Voting Rights</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The Series 1 Preferred shall vote together with
holders of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock on an as-converted basis, and not as a separate class, at any annual or special
meeting of stockholders, and may act by written consent in the same manner as holders of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock.
In addition, for so long as any shares of Series 1 Preferred are outstanding, the affirmative vote of a majority of the Series 1 Preferred
then outstanding shall be required to (i) alter or change adversely the powers, preferences or rights given to the Series 1 Preferred
or alter or amend the Series 1 Certificate of Designations, or (ii) enter into any agreement with respect to any of the foregoing.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Notwithstanding the foregoing, in no event shall
a holder of our Series 1 Preferred (together with such holder&#8217;s affiliates, and any &#8220;persons&#8221; acting as a &#8220;group&#8221;
(as such terms are defined under Sections 13(d) and 14(d) of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder) together
with such holder or such holder&#8217;s affiliates (such persons, &#8220;Attribution Parties&#8221;)) be entitled to vote, on an as-converted
basis and in aggregate with respect to any other shares of our Class A common stock, Class B common stock, Series 2 Preferred or other
preferred stock beneficially owned by such holder of Series 1 Preferred or any affiliates or Attribution Parties of such holder, more
than 4.99% of our outstanding voting shares as of the applicable record date, as adjusted for any stock splits, reverse stock splits,
stock dividends, reclassifications, reorganization, recapitalizations or other similar transaction.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in"><i>Covenants</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Pursuant to the Series 1 Certificate of Designations,
for so long as the Series 1 Preferred remains outstanding we have agreed to comply with a number of covenants restricting our ability
to take certain actions or engage in certain activities, which are typical for transactions of this type. In particular, we will not issue
any preferred stock or other securities except as set forth in the Series 1 Certificate of Designations and we will not enter into certain
fundamental transactions (including, without limitation, mergers, business combinations or similar transactions) without the prior written
consent of the holders of a majority of the Series 1 Preferred.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Anti-Takeover Effects of our Certificate of Incorporation, Bylaws
and Delaware Law</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><i>Classified Board</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation
requires our board of directors to be divided into three classes serving staggered three-year terms, with one class elected each year.
The classification of directors has the effect of making it more difficult for stockholders to change the composition of our board of
directors.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><i>Advance Notice Requirements</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Our amended and restated bylaws establish advance
notice procedures with regard to stockholder proposals relating to the nomination of candidates for election as directors or new business
to be brought before meetings of our stockholders. These procedures specify that notice of stockholder proposals must be timely given
in writing to our corporate secretary prior to the meeting at which the action is to be taken and define what is considered timely. Our
amended and restated bylaws also specify the requirements as to form and content of all stockholder notices. These requirements may preclude
stockholders from bringing matters before the stockholders at an annual or special meeting.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><i>Director Removal and Vacancies</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation
requires that, a member of our board of directors or our entire board may only be removed for cause, and then only by the affirmative
vote of the holders of at least sixty-six and two-thirds percent in voting power of our stock entitled to vote on such removal. In addition,
our amended and restated certificate of incorporation requires that, any newly created directorship that results from an increase in the
number of directors or any vacancy on our board of directors, must be filled solely by the affirmative vote of a majority of the total
number of directors then in office, even if less than a quorum, or by a sole remaining director and may not be filled by the stockholders.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><i>Undesignated Preferred Stock</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation
provides for authorized shares of preferred stock. The existence of authorized but unissued shares of preferred stock may enable our board
of directors to discourage an attempt to obtain control of us by means of a merger, tender offer, proxy contest or otherwise. For example,
if in the due exercise of its fiduciary obligations, our board of directors were to determine that a takeover proposal is not in the best
interests of our shareholders, our board of directors could cause shares of preferred stock to be issued without shareholder approval
in one or more private offerings or other transactions that might dilute the voting or other rights of the proposed acquirer or insurgent
shareholder or shareholder group. In this regard, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation grants our board of directors
broad power to establish the rights and preferences of authorized and unissued shares of preferred stock. The issuance of shares of preferred
stock could decrease the amount of earnings and assets available for distribution to holders of shares of Class A common stock. The issuance
may also adversely affect the rights and powers, including voting rights, of these holders and may have the effect of delaying, deterring,
or preventing a change in our control.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><i>Exclusive Forum</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation
provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or,
if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware) shall, to the fullest extent
permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting
a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action
arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL, our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws, or (iv) any action asserting a claim governed
by the internal affairs doctrine. This choice of forum provision would not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created
by the Exchange Act or the Securities Act or any other claim for which the federal district courts of the United States of America shall
be the exclusive jurisdiction.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Notwithstanding the foregoing, Section 22 of the
Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created
by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder and our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that,
unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America will,
to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising
under the Securities Act. While the Delaware courts have determined that such choice of forum provisions are facially valid, a stockholder
may nevertheless seek to bring a claim in a venue other than those designated in the exclusive forum provisions. In such instance, we
would expect to vigorously assert the validity and enforceability of the exclusive forum provisions of our amended and restated certificate
of incorporation, but there can be no assurance that the provisions will be enforced by a court in those other jurisdictions.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Moreover, Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates
exclusive federal jurisdiction over all claims brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations
thereunder and our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the exclusive forum provision does not apply to suits
brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act. Accordingly, actions by our stockholders to enforce any duty or
liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder must be brought in federal court.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring
or holding any interest in shares of our capital stock shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to the forum provision in our amended
and restated certificate of incorporation. Our choice of forum provision may impose additional litigation costs on stockholders in pursuing
claims and may limit a stockholder&#8217;s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it believes to be favorable for disputes
with us or any of our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><i>Limitation of Liability and Indemnification
of Directors and Officers</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation
provides that our directors and officers will be indemnified by us to the fullest extent authorized by Delaware law.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">These provisions may discourage stockholders from
bringing a lawsuit against our directors for breach of their fiduciary duty. These provisions also may have the effect of reducing the
likelihood of derivative litigation against directors and officers, even though such an action, if successful, might otherwise benefit
us and our stockholders. Furthermore, a stockholder&#8217;s investment may be adversely affected to the extent we pay the costs of settlement
and damage awards against directors and officers pursuant to these indemnification provisions. We believe that these provisions and insurance
are necessary to attract and retain talented and experienced directors and officers.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><i>Section 203 of the DGCL</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">As a Delaware corporation, we will be subject to
the provisions of Section 203 of the DGCL. This statute prevents certain Delaware corporations, under certain circumstances, from engaging
in a &#8220;business combination&#8221; with an &#8220;interested stockholder.&#8221; In general, Section 203 defines an &#8220;interested
stockholder&#8221; as an entity or person who, together with the person&#8217;s affiliates and associates, beneficially owns 15% or more
of the outstanding voting stock of the corporation.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">A &#8220;business combination&#8221; includes a
merger or sale of more than 10% of our assets. However, the above provisions of Section 203 of the DGCL do not apply if:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 6%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 3%"><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td>
    <td style="width: 91%">the business combination takes place more than three years after the interested stockholder became an &#8220;interested stockholder;&#8221;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
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    <td>our board of directors approves the transaction that made the stockholder an &#8220;interested stockholder&#8221; prior to the date of the transaction;</td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 6%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 3%"><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td>
    <td style="width: 91%">after the completion of the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, that stockholder owned at least 85% of our voting stock outstanding, other than statutorily excluded shares of Class A common stock; or</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td>
    <td>on or subsequent to the date of the transaction, the business combination is approved by our board of directors and authorized at a meeting of our stockholders, and not by written consent, by an affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the outstanding voting stock not owned by the interested stockholder.</td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Listing</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Our Class A common stock is listed on the Nasdaq
Capital Market under the symbol &#8220;CSAI.&#8221;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Transfer Agent and Registrar</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The transfer agent and registrar for our Class
A common stock is Transfer Online, Inc. The transfer agent and registrar&#8217;s address is 512 SE Salmon Street, Portland, OR 97214.
The transfer agent and registrar can be contacted by phone at: (503) 227-2950.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="text-transform: uppercase"><b><span id="a_010"></span>PLAN
OF DISTRIBUTION</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The
shares of our Class A common stock offered by this prospectus are being offered by the Selling Stockholder, Atlas Sciences, LLC. The shares
may be sold or distributed from time to time by the Selling Stockholder directly to one or more purchasers or through brokers, dealers,
or underwriters who may act solely as agents at market prices prevailing at the time of sale, at prices related to the prevailing market
prices, at negotiated prices, or at fixed prices, which may be changed. The sale of our Class A common stock offered by this prospectus
could be effected in one or more of the following methods:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 6%"/><td style="width: 3%"><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td><td style="width: 91%">ordinary brokers&#8217; transactions;</td></tr></table>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 6%"/><td style="width: 3%"><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td><td style="width: 91%">transactions involving cross or block trades;</td></tr></table>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 6%"/><td style="width: 3%"><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td><td style="width: 91%">through brokers, dealers, or underwriters who may act solely as agents;</td></tr></table>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 6%"/><td style="width: 3%"><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td><td style="width: 91%">&#8220;at the market&#8221; into an existing market for the shares of our Class A common stock;</td></tr></table>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 6%"/><td style="width: 3%"><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td><td style="width: 91%">in other ways not involving market makers or established business markets, including direct sales to purchasers or sales effected
through agents;</td></tr></table>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 6%"/><td style="width: 3%"><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td><td style="width: 91%">in privately negotiated transactions; or</td></tr></table>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 6%"/><td style="width: 3%"><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td><td style="width: 91%">any combination of the foregoing.</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">In
order to comply with the securities laws of certain states, if applicable, the shares of our Class A common stock offered by this prospectus
may be sold only through registered or licensed brokers or dealers. In addition, in certain states, the shares of our Class&#160;A common
stock offered by this prospectus may not be sold unless they have been registered or qualified for sale in the state or an exemption from
the state&#8217;s registration or qualification requirement is available and complied with.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Atlas is an &#8220;underwriter&#8221; within the
meaning of Section 2(a)(11) of the Securities Act.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Atlas
has informed us that it intends to use one or more unaffiliated registered broker-dealers to effect all sales, if any, of our Class A
common stock that it may acquire from us pursuant to the Purchase Agreement. Such sales will be made at prices and at terms then prevailing
or at prices related to the then current market price. Such registered broker-dealer may, in some circumstances (for instance if such
registered broker-dealer&#8217;s involvement is not limited to receiving commission not in excess of the usual and customary distributor&#8217;s
or seller&#8217;s commissions), be considered to be an underwriter within the meaning of Section 2(a)(11) of the Securities Act. Atlas
has informed us that each such broker-dealer may receive commissions from Atlas for executing such sales for Atlas and, if so, such commissions
will not exceed customary brokerage commissions.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Brokers,
dealers, underwriters or agents participating in the distribution of the shares of our Class A common stock offered by this prospectus
may receive compensation in the form of commissions, discounts, or concessions from the Selling Stockholder and/or the purchasers, for
whom the broker-dealers may act as agent. The compensation paid to any such particular broker-dealer may be less than or in excess of
customary commissions. Neither we nor Atlas can presently estimate the amount of compensation that any agent will receive from the Selling
Stockholder or from any purchasers of shares of our Class A common stock sold by Atlas.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We
know of no existing arrangements between Atlas or any other stockholder, broker, dealer, underwriter or agent relating to the sale or
distribution of the shares of our Class A common stock offered by this prospectus.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We
may from time to time file with the SEC one or more supplements to this prospectus or amendments to the registration statement that includes
this prospectus to amend, supplement or update information contained in this prospectus, including, if and when required under the Securities
Act, to disclose certain information relating to a particular sale of shares of our Class A common stock offered by this prospectus by
the Selling Stockholder, including the names of any brokers, dealers, underwriters or agents participating in the distribution of such
shares of our Class A common stock by the Selling Stockholder, any compensation paid by Atlas to any such brokers, dealers, underwriters
or agents, and any other required information.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We will pay the expenses incident to the registration
under the Securities Act of the offer and sale of the shares of our Class A common stock included in this prospectus by Atlas. We have
agreed to indemnify Atlas and certain other persons against certain liabilities in connection with the offering of shares of our Class
A common stock offered by this prospectus, including liabilities arising under the Securities Act or, if such indemnity is unavailable,
to contribute amounts required to be paid in respect of such liabilities. Atlas has agreed to indemnify us against liabilities under the
Securities Act that may arise from certain written information furnished to us by Atlas specifically for use in this prospectus or, if
such indemnity is unavailable, to contribute amounts required to be paid in respect of such liabilities.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In the Purchase Agreement,
Atlas has agreed that, during the Commitment Period, neither it nor any of its affiliates acting on its behalf or pursuant to any understanding
with it, will execute any short sales, as such term is defined in Rule 200 of Regulation SHO under the Exchange Act.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We have advised Atlas that it is required to comply
with Regulation M promulgated under the Exchange Act. With certain exceptions, Regulation M precludes the Selling Stockholder, any affiliated
purchasers, and any broker-dealer or other person who participates in the distribution from bidding for or purchasing, or attempting to
induce any person to bid for or purchase any security which is the subject of the distribution until the entire distribution is complete.
Regulation M also prohibits any bids or purchases made in order to stabilize the price of a security in connection with the distribution
of that security. All of the foregoing may affect the marketability of the securities offered by this prospectus.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">This
offering will terminate on the earlier of (i) the end of the Commitment Period and (ii) the date that all shares registered pursuant to
the Registration Statement that includes this prospectus have been sold by Atlas.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Our
Class A common stock is listed on Nasdaq under the symbol &#8220;CSAI.&#8221;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="text-transform: uppercase"><b><span id="a_011"></span>LEGAL
MATTERS</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The validity of the Class A common stock offered
by this prospectus will be passed upon for us by Varnum&#160;LLP, Grand Rapids, Michigan.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="text-transform: uppercase"><b><span id="a_012"></span>EXPERTS</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The financial statements of Cloudastructure, Inc.
as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, incorporated by reference into this prospectus have been so incorporated in
reliance on the report of Bush &amp; Associates CPA, an independent registered public accounting firm, incorporated herein by reference,
given on the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="text-transform: uppercase"><b><span id="a_013"></span>WHERE
YOU CAN FIND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION</b></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We have filed with the Securities and Exchange
Commission (&#8220;SEC&#8221;) a registration statement on Form S-1 under the Securities Act, with respect to the shares of Class A common
stock covered by this prospectus. This prospectus, which constitutes a part of the registration statement, does not contain all of the
information set forth in the registration statement or the exhibits filed therewith. For further information about us and our Class A
common stock, we refer you to the registration statement and the exhibits filed therewith. Statements contained in this prospectus regarding
the contents of any contract or any other document that is filed as an exhibit to the registration statement are not necessarily complete,
and each such statement is qualified in all respects by reference to the full text of such contract or other document filed as an exhibit
to the registration statement. We file periodic reports, proxy statements, and other information with the SEC pursuant to the Exchange
Act. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy statements and other information about registrants, like us, that file electronically
with the SEC. The address of that site is www.sec.gov.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b><span id="a_014"></span>INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN DOCUMENTS BY REFERENCE</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The SEC allows us to incorporate by reference much
of the information we file with it, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to those publicly available
documents. The information that we incorporate by reference in this prospectus is considered to be part of this prospectus. Any statement
contained in a previously filed document incorporated by reference will be deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this prospectus
to the extent that a statement contained in this prospectus modifies or replaces that statement. This prospectus incorporates by reference
the documents listed below, but excludes any information furnished to, rather than filed with, the SEC.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 6%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 3%; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td>
    <td style="width: 91%">our Annual Report on <a href="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1709628/000168316825002122/cloudastructure_i10k-123124.htm">Form 10-K</a> for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025; </td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td>
    <td>our Quarterly Report on <a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1709628/000168316825003608/cloudastructure_i10q-033125.htm">Form&#160;10-Q</a> for the quarter ended March&#160;31, 2025, filed with the SEC on May&#160;15, 2025;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td>
    <td>our Current Reports on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on <a href="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1709628/000168316825001894/cloudastructure_8k.htm">March 26, 2025</a>, <a href="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1709628/000168316825002165/cloudastructure_8k.htm">April 1, 2025</a>, <a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1709628/000168316825002669/cloudastructure_8ka.htm">April 17, 2025</a>, <a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1709628/000168316825003619/cloudastructure_8k.htm">May&#160;15, 2025</a>, and <a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1709628/000168316825004916/cloudastructure_8k.htm">July 3, 2025</a>; and</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify">&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Symbol">&#183;</span></td>
    <td>the description of our Class A common stock contained in our Registration Statement on <a href="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1709628/000168316825000557/cloud_8a12b.htm">Form 8-A</a> filed on January 28, 2025, including any amendments or reports filed for the purpose of updating such description</td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">All reports and other documents we subsequently
file pursuant to Section 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act prior to the termination of this offering, but excluding any information
furnished to, rather than filed with, the SEC, will also be incorporated by reference into this prospectus and deemed to be part of this
prospectus from the date of the filing of such reports and documents.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We will furnish without charge to you, on written
or oral request, a copy of any or all of the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus, including exhibits to these documents.
You should direct any requests for documents to Cloudastructure, Inc., 228 Hamilton Avenue, 3rd Floor, Palo Alto, California 94301 or
by telephone at (650) 644-4160 or by email at investorsupport@cloudastructure.com. These documents may also be found on our website at
www.cloudastructure.com. The information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not a part of this prospectus.
We have included our website address in this prospectus solely as an inactive textual reference.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>5,000,000 Shares</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;<img src="image_005.jpg" alt="" style="height: 168px; width: 320px"/></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Class A Common Stock</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">_________________________</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Prospectus</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">_________________________</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>July 11, 2025</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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    <div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b><span id="a_015"></span>PART II</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b><span id="a_016"></span>INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 0px">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 96px"><b>Item 13.</b></td>
    <td><b>Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution</b></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The following table sets forth the various expenses
to be incurred in connection with the sale and distribution of the securities being registered hereby, all of which will be borne by us
(except for any discounts, concessions, commissions, fees of underwriters, selling brokers or dealer managers, and expenses incurred for
brokerage, accounting, tax or legal services and any other similar expenses incurred by the selling stockholder in disposing of the shares).
All amounts shown are estimates except the Securities and Exchange Commission (&#8220;SEC&#8221;) registration fee.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,204)">
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">__________________&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 0px"/>
    <td style="width: 96px"><b>Item 14.</b></td>
    <td><b>Indemnification of Directors and Officers</b></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We are incorporated under the laws of the State
of Delaware. Section 145 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (&#8220;DGCL&#8221;) provides that a Delaware corporation may indemnify
any person who was or is, or is threatened to be made, a party to any threatened, pending, or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether
civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (other than an action by or in the right of such corporation), by reason of the fact
that such person is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of such corporation, or is or was serving at the request of such corporation
as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, against expenses
(including attorneys&#8217; fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by the person in connection
with such action, suit or proceeding, if the person acted in good faith and in a manner the person reasonably believed to be in or not
opposed to best interests of the corporation and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe
the person&#8217;s conduct was unlawful.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Section 145 of the DGCL also provides that Delaware
corporation may indemnify any person who was or is, or is threatened to be made, a party to any threatened, pending, or completed action
or suit by or in the right of the corporation by reason of the fact that such person is or was a director, officer, employee or agent
of such corporation, or is or was serving at the request of such corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation
partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, against expenses (including attorneys&#8217; fees) actually and reasonably incurred
by such person in connection with the defense or settlement of such action or suit if such person acted in good faith and in a manner
such person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation, except that no indemnification of any
claim, issue or matter is permitted without judicial approval if such person is adjudged to be liable to the corporation.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Under the DGCL, where a present or former officer
or director is successful on the merits or otherwise in the defense of any action referred to above, or in defense of any claim, issue
or matter therein, the corporation must indemnify such present or former officer or director against the expenses (including attorney&#8217;s
fees) which such present or former officer or director actually and reasonably incurred in connection with such action (or claim, issue
or matter therein).</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Section 102(b)(7) of the DGCL permits a corporation
to provide in its certificate of incorporation that a director of the corporation shall not be personally liable to the corporation or
its stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duties as a director, except for liability for any:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <td style="width: 91%">breach of a director&#8217;s duty of loyalty to the corporation or its stockholders;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
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    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
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    <td>act or omission not in good faith or that involves intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law;</td></tr>
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    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
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  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation
contains a provision that precludes any director of ours from being personally liable to us or our stockholders for monetary damages for
breach of fiduciary duty as a director, except for the aforementioned liabilities which we are not permitted to eliminate or limit under
Section 107(b)(7) of the DGCL.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">In addition, our amended and restated certificate
of incorporation and bylaws requires us to indemnify, and advance expenses to, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any person who
was or is, or is threatened to be made, a party to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal,
administrative or investigative by reason of the fact that the person is or was our director, officer, employee or agent, or is or was
serving at our request as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Our amended and restated bylaws further authorizes
us to purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of any person who is or was our director, officer, employee or agent, or is or was serving
at our request as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, enterprise or nonprofit
entity against any liability asserted against such person and incurred by such person in any such capacity, or arising out of such person&#8217;s
status as such, whether or not we would have the power to indemnify such person against such liability under the provisions of the DGCL.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We maintain an insurance policy covering our officers
and directors with respect to certain liabilities, including liabilities arising under the Securities Act, or otherwise. In addition,
we have entered into separate indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 96px"><b>Item 15.</b></td>
    <td><b>Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities</b></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The following sets forth information
regarding all unregistered securities we have issued since January 1, 2022:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Regulation A Offering</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">On July 9, 2020, we commenced an offering of units
under the exemption from registration provided by Tier 2 of Regulation A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &#8220;Securities
Act&#8221;). Each unit consisted of two shares of our Class A common stock and one warrant to purchase one share of Class A common stock
for a period of 18 months following the date of issuance. Through August 24, 2021, the purchase price of each unit was $6.00 per unit,
and the exercise price of each warrant was $4.50 per warrant share. On August 25, 2021, we filed a supplement to our offering circular
to increase the purchase price of each unit to $7.20 per unit, and the exercise price of each warrant to $5.40 per warrant share. On May
19, 2022, we again updated the purchase price of each unit to $12.00 per unit, and the exercise price of each warrant to $9.00 per warrant
share.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">As of September 30, 2024, we had issued approximately
12.1 million shares of Class A common stock in our Regulation A offering, including shares issued upon exercise of our outstanding warrants,
and received cumulative proceeds of approximately $33.1 million, net of issuance costs of approximately $6.1 million, and approximately
15,262 warrants remained outstanding.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><i>Private Placements</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">On July 8, 2022, we entered into an Asset Purchase
Agreement with Infrastructure Proving Grounds, Inc., a Delaware corporation (&#8220;IPG&#8221;), and each of its stockholders, pursuant
to the terms of which we acquired substantially all of the assets of IPG in consideration of our payment $250,000 in cash and the issuance
of a warrant to purchase up to 3,541,667 shares of our Class A common stock for a period of 10-years at an exercise price of $2.16 per
warrant share, subject to a number of milestone achievements and vesting provisions, in a transaction exempt from registration under Section
4(a)(2) of the Securities Act. As of September 30, 2024, 750,000 warrant shares have vested under the terms of the warrant.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">On December 30, 2021, we entered into an Asset
Purchase Agreement with Visionful Holding Inc., a Delaware corporation (&#8220;Visionful&#8221;), and its sole stockholders, pursuant
to the terms of which we agreed to acquire substantially all of the assets of Visionful in consideration of our payment $282,662 in cash
and the issuance of 48,844 shares of Class A common stock, in a transaction exempt from registration under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities
Act. The transaction with Visionful closed on February 4, 2022.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">In July 2023, we commenced an offering of units
in a transaction exempt from registration under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act, and Regulation D, Rule 506(c) promulgated thereunder.
Each unit consisted of one share of Class A common stock and one warrant to purchase one share of Class A common stock for a period of
18 months following the date of issuance. The purchase price of each unit was $12.00 per unit, and the exercise price of each warrant
was $9.00 per warrant share. We issued 2,836 units and received cumulative proceeds of approximately $35,000.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><i>Engagement Letter with Maxim</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">On April 25, 2024, we entered into a letter agreement
(the &#8220;Engagement Letter&#8221;) with Maxim Group LLC, a New York limited liability company (&#8220;Maxim Group&#8221;), pursuant
to the terms of which Maxim Group provided us with financial advisory and investment banking services in connection with our direct listing
on the Nasdaq and in partial consideration for which we issued 145,915 shares of Class A common stock, in reliance on an exemption from
registration under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act, to Maxim Partners, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (&#8220;Maxim Partners,&#8221;
and together with Maxim Group, and their respective affiliates and subsidiaries, &#8220;Maxim&#8221;), with unlimited piggyback registration
rights.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><i>Equity Financings</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">On November 25, 2024, we entered into a Securities
Purchase Agreement, as amended by Amendment No. 1 to Securities Purchase Agreement, dated January 16, 2025, Amendment No. 2 to Securities
Purchase Agreement, dated January 29, 2025, and Amendment No. 3 to Securities Purchase Agreement, dated February 14, 2025, with Atlas
Sciences, LLC, a Utah limited liability company (&#8220;Atlas&#8221;), pursuant to which we agreed to issue and sell to Atlas (i) 6,300
shares of newly designated series of Series 1 Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the &#8220;Series 1 Preferred&#8221;),
for an aggregate purchase price of $6,300,000, and (ii) 720,000 shares of Class A common stock, for an aggregate purchase price of $72.00,
in a transaction exempt from registration under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act (the &#8220;Series 1 Equity Financing&#8221;). The
Series 1 Preferred are convertible into shares of our Class A common stock, on the terms and subject to the limitations and conditions
set forth in the Certificate of Designations of Preferences and Rights of Series 1 Convertible Preferred Stock, filed with the Secretary
of State of the State of Delaware on January 28, 2025. The Series 1 Equity Financing closed on January 29, 2025.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">On November 25, 2024, we also entered into an Equity
Purchase Agreement (the &#8220;Equity Line&#8221;) with Atlas Sciences, LLC, a Utah limited liability company (&#8220;Atlas&#8221;), which
provides that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth therein, we will have the right to cause Atlas to
purchase up to an aggregate of $50,000,000 (the &#8220;Maximum Commitment Amount&#8221;) of our Class A common stock (the &#8220;Equity
Line Shares&#8221;) over the 24-month term of the Equity Line. In consideration of Altas&#8217;s commitment to purchase the Equity Line
Shares, we issued Atlas &#8220;Commitment Shares&#8221; equal to 2% of Maximum Commitment Amount divided by the closing price of our Class
A common stock on the fifth trading day following first day on which they traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market. On February 6, 2025, we
issued Atlas 143,472 shares of Class A common stock in a transaction exempt from registration under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities
Act. In addition, pursuant to a requirement in the Equity Line that we issue additional Commitment Shares if the market price of our Class
A common stock declined from February 6, 2025 to the six-month anniversary of the date of the Equity Line, we issued an additional 229,662
Commitment Shares to Atlas on July 9, 2025 in a transaction exempt from registration under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></p>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 31 -->
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">On March 21, 2025, we entered into a second Securities
Purchase Agreement (the &#8220;Purchase Agreement&#8221;) with Atlas, pursuant to which we agreed to issue and sell to up to $40,000,000
of newly designated Series 2 Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the &#8220;Series 2 Preferred&#8221;), at a price
of $1,000 per share, in a transaction exempt from registration under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act (the &#8220;Equity Financing&#8221;).
The Series 2 Preferred are convertible into shares of our Class A common stock, on the terms and subject to the limitations and conditions
set forth in the Certificate of Designations of Preferences and Rights of Series 2 Convertible Preferred Stock (the &#8220;Series 2 Certificate
of Designations&#8221;), filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on March 24, 2025.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">On March 25, 2025, at the initial closing of the
Equity Financing, we issued and sold 4,500 shares of Series 2 Preferred to Atlas, for an aggregate purchase price of $4,500,000. On April
11, 2025, we entered into a Supplement Terms Agreement with Atlas, pursuant to which Atlas agreed to waive the conditions precedent set
forth in the Purchase Agreement, and we issued and sold an additional 3,000 shares of Series 2 Preferred to Atlas, for an aggregate purchase
price of $3,000,000, in a transaction exempt from registration under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 96px"><b>Item 16.</b></td>
    <td><b>Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules</b></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Exhibits</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">See the <a href="#a_017">Exhibit Index</a>
immediately preceding the signature page hereto for a list of exhibits filed as part of this registration statement, which Exhibit Index
is incorporated herein by reference.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Financial Statement Schedules</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">All financial statement schedules are omitted because
the information called for is not required or is shown either in the financial statements or in the accompanying notes.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1.5in">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 96px"><b>Item 17.</b></td>
    <td><b>Undertakings</b></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 48px">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 24px">(a)</td>
    <td>The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes:</td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="width: 24px">(1)</td>
    <td>To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:</td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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    <td>For purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of this registration statement as of the time it was declared effective.</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
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    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td>For the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.</td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <td>&#160;</td>
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    <td>&#160;</td>
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    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
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    <td>&#160;</td>
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    <td>&#160;</td>
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    <td>&#160;</td>
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    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; width: 46%"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1709628/000168316824007370/cloudastructure_ex0301.htm">Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the registrant, as currently in effect</a></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align: top; width: 8%; text-align: center">S-1/A</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; width: 10%; text-align: center">333-255424</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; width: 8%; text-align: center">3.1</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; width: 15%; text-align: center">October 24, 2024</td></tr>
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    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1709628/000168316824008437/cloudastructure_ex0302.htm">Form of Certificate of Designations of Preferences and Rights of Series 1 Convertible Preferred Stock</a></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
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    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">November 29, 2024</td></tr>
  <tr>
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    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1709628/000168316825001894/cloudastructure_ex0301.htm">Certificate of Designations of Preferences and Rights of Series 2 Convertible Preferred Stock</a></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
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  <tr>
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    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1709628/000168316824006658/cloudastructure_ex0302.htm">Bylaws of the registrant, as currently in effect</a></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">&#160;</td></tr>
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    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr>
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    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1709628/000168316824006658/cloudastructure_ex1001.htm">Amended 2014 Stock Option Plan</a></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">S-1/A</td>
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    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">333-282038</td>
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  <tr>
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    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1709628/000168316824007370/cloudastructure_ex1002.htm">2024 Stock Option Plan</a></td>
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  <tr>
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    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1709628/000168316824007370/cloudastructure_ex1003.htm">Employment Agreement between Cloudastructure, Inc. and James McCormick, dated June 24, 2024</a></td>
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  <tr>
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    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1709628/000168316824008437/cloudastructure_ex1006.htm">Securities Purchase Agreement, dated November 25, 2024, between Cloudastructure, Inc. and Streeterville Capital, LLC</a></td>
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    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">333-282038</td>
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  <tr>
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    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">S-1/A</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">333-282038</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">10.7</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
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  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">10.6</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1709628/000168316824008437/cloudastructure_ex1008.htm">Registration Rights Agreement, dated November 25, 2024, between Cloudastructure, Inc. and Atlas Sciences, LLC</a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">S-1/A</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">333-282038</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">10.8</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">November 29, 2024</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">10.7</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1709628/000168316825000544/cloud_ex1007.htm">Amendment No. 1 to Securities Purchase Agreement, dated January 16, 2025, between Cloudastructure, Inc. and Streeterville Capital, LLC</a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">S-1/A</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">333-282038</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">10.7</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">January 27, 2025</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">10.8</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1709628/000168316825000544/cloud_ex1010.htm">Amended and Restated Voting Agreement between Cloudastructure, Inc. and Rick Bentley, dated January 22, 2025.</a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">S-1/A</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">333-282038</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">10.10</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">January 27, 2025</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">10.9</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1709628/000168316825000544/cloud_ex1011.htm">Form of Standstill Agreement between Cloudastructure, Inc., Rick Bentley, and Gregory Rayzman</a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">S-1/A</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">333-282038</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">10.11</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">January 27, 2025</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">10.10</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1709628/000168316825000758/cloudastructure_ex1012.htm">Engagement Letter between Cloudastructure, Inc. and Maxim Group LLC, dated April 25, 2024</a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">S-1</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">333-284717</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">10.12</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">February 6, 2025</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">10.11</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1709628/000168316825000968/cloudastructure_ex1013.htm">Amendment No. 2 to Securities Purchase Agreement, dated January 29, 2025, between Cloudastructure, Inc. and Streeterville Capital, LLC</a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">S-1/A</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">333-284717</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">10.13</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">February 13, 2025</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">10.12</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1709628/000168316825001894/cloudastructure_ex1001.htm">Securities Purchase Agreement, dated March 21, 2025, between Cloudastructure, Inc. and Streeterville Capital, LLC</a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">8-K</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">001-42494</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">10.1</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">March 26, 2025</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">10.13</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1709628/000168316825001894/cloudastructure_ex1002.htm">Registration Rights Agreement, dated March 21, 2025, between Cloudastructure, Inc. and Streeterville Capital, LLC</a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">8-K</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">001-42494</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">10.2</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">March 26, 2025</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">10.14</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1709628/000168316825001894/cloudastructure_ex1003.htm">Placement Agency Agreement, dated March 21, 2025, between Cloudastructure, Inc. and Maxim Group LLC</a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">8-K</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">001-42494</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">10.3</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">March 26, 2025</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">10.15</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1709628/000168316825002122/cloudastructure_ex1015.htm">Amendment No. 3 to Securities Purchase Agreement, dated February 14, 2025, between Cloudastructure, Inc. and Streeterville Capital, LLC</a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">10-K</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">001-42494</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">10.15</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">March 31, 2025</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">10.16</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1709628/000168316825002122/cloudastructure_ex1016.htm">Voting Agreement between Cloudastructure, Inc. and Rick Bentley, dated March 24, 2025</a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">10-K</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">001-42494</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">10.16</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">March 31, 2025</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">10.17</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1709628/000168316825002165/cloudastructure_ex1001.htm">Waiver Agreement between Cloudastructure, Inc. and Streeterville Capital, LLC, dated April 1, 2025</a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">8-K</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">001-42494</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">10.1</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">April 1, 2025</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">10.18</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1709628/000168316825002669/cloudastructure_ex1001.htm">Supplement Terms Agreement between Cloudastructure, Inc. and Streeterville Capital, LLC, dated April 11, 2025</a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">8-K/A</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">001-42494</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">10.1</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">April 17, 2025</td></tr>
</table>

<p style="margin: 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0"></p>

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<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; width: 46%"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1709628/000168316825002669/cloudastructure_ex1002.htm">Waiver Agreement between Cloudastructure, Inc. and Streeterville Capital, LLC, dated April 11, 2025</a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 8%">8-K/A</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 10%">001-42494</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 8%">10.2</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 15%">April 17, 2025</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">10.20</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1709628/000168316825002669/cloudastructure_ex1003.htm">Waiver Agreement between Cloudastructure, Inc. and Atlas Sciences, LLC, dated April 11, 2025</a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">8-K/A</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">001-42494</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">10.3</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">April 17, 2025</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">23.1**</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">Consent of Bush &amp; Associates CPA, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">23.2**</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">Consent of Varnum LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1)</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">24.1*</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="#a_019">Power of Attorney</a> (included on signature page).</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr>
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    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">Inline XBRL Instance Document.</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">101.SCH</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">101.CAL</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">101.DEF</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">101.LAB</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">101.PRE</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">104</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document).</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">107*</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="cloudastructure_ex107.htm">Filing Fee Table</a></td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">&#160;</td></tr>
<tr>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">&#160;</td></tr>
</table>
<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">* Filed herewith.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">** To be filed by amendment.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b><span id="a_018"></span>SIGNATURES</b></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities
Act of 1933, the registrant has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly
authorized, in the city of Palo Alto, California, on July 11, 2025.</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b><span id="a_019"></span>POWER OF ATTORNEY</b></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">We, the undersigned officers and directors of Cloudastructure,
Inc., hereby severally constitute and appoint James McCormick and Greg Smitherman, and each of them singly (with full power to each of
them to act alone), our true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power of substitution and resubstitution in each of them
for us and in our name, place and stead, and in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments)
to this registration statement (or any other registration statement for the same offering that is to be effective upon filing pursuant
to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act of 1933), and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith,
with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority
to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite or necessary to be done in and about the premises, as full to all intents and
purposes as we might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of them,
or their substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities
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<TYPE>EX-FILING FEES
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Exhibit 107</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 12.5pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 12.5pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>Calculation of Filing Fee Tables</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B><U>S-1</U></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B></B>(Form Type)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B><U>Cloudastructure, Inc.</U></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><U>Table 1: Newly Registered and Carry Forward
Securities</U></P>

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    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center; width: 6%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8pt"><B>Security<BR>

    Type</B></FONT></TD>
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    Title</B></FONT></TD>
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    or Carry <BR>
    Forward <BR>
    Rule</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center; width: 8%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8pt"><B>Amount<BR>
    Registered<SUP>(1)</SUP></B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center; width: 8%"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8pt"><B>Proposed<BR>
    Maximum<BR>
    Offering<BR>
    Price Per</B></FONT></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8pt"><B>Unit<SUP>(2)</SUP></B></FONT></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center; width: 8%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8pt"><B>Maximum
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    Aggregate <BR>
    Offering <BR>
    Price</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center; width: 4%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8pt"><B>Fee<BR>

    Rate</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-top: black 1pt solid; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center; width: 9%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8pt"><B>Amount
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    Registration <BR>
    Fee</B></FONT></TD>
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    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8pt">Fees
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    Paid</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8pt">Equity</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center">Class A Common Stock, par value
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    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8pt">Rule 457(c)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center">5,000,000</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8pt">$2.19</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center">$10,950,000</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8pt">0.00015310</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center">$1,676.45</TD>
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    <TD COLSPAN="4" STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8pt"><B>Total
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    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8pt">$10,950,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center">$1,676.45</TD>
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    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center">&ndash;</TD>
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    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="4" STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8pt"><B>Total
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    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8pt">&ndash;</FONT></TD>
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    <TD COLSPAN="4" STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8pt"><B>Net
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    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-right: black 1pt solid; vertical-align: top; border-bottom: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 8pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

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    <TD STYLE="width: 94%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">In addition to the shares of Class A common stock set forth in this table, pursuant to Rule 416 under the Act, this registration statement also registers such indeterminate number of shares of Class A common stock as may become issuable upon exercise of these securities as the same may be adjusted as a result of stock splits, stock dividends, recapitalizations or other similar transactions.</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Estimated in accordance with Rule 457(c) solely for purposes of calculating the registration fee. The maximum price per share and the maximum aggregate offering price are based on the average of the high and low sale price of a share of Class A common stock as reported on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC on July 8, 2025, which date is within five business days prior to filing this registration statement.</FONT></TD></TR>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.LAB
<SEQUENCE>4
<FILENAME>csai-20250711_lab.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL LABEL FILE
<TEXT>
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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>5
<FILENAME>csai-20250711_pre.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL PRESENTATION FILE
<TEXT>
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    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: VendorURI; Value: https://www.novaworks.com -->
    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: Status; Value: 0x00000000 -->
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</head>
<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.25.2</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Cover<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jul. 11, 2025</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Cover [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">S-1<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">Cloudastructure, Inc.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0001709628<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">87-0690564<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">DE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">228 Hamilton Avenue<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2', window );">Entity Address, Address Line Two</a></td>
<td class="text">3rd Floor<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Palo Alto<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">CA<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">94301<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">650<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">644-4160<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFilerCategory', window );">Entity Filer Category</a></td>
<td class="text">Non-accelerated Filer<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntitySmallBusiness', window );">Entity Small Business</a></td>
<td class="text">true<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">true<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod', window );">Elected Not To Use the Extended Transition Period</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentCreationDate', window );">Document Creation Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Jul. 11,  2025<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentCreationDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The date the document was made available and submitted, in YYYY-MM-DD format. The date of submission, date of acceptance by the recipient, and the document effective date are all potentially different.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentCreationDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 2 such as Street or Suite number</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if an emerging growth company has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 7A<br> -Section B<br> -Subsection 2<br></p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicates that the company is a Smaller Reporting Company (SRC).</p></div>
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<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
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