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Stockholders’ Equity | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Equity [Abstract] |
Stockholders’ Equity | 4. Stockholders’ Equity Preferred Stock The Company is authorized to issue a total of 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share. On March 17, 2015, the Company filed a Certificate of Designations, Preferences, Rights and Limitations of its Series A Convertible Preferred Stock with the Delaware Secretary of State to amend the Company’s certificate of incorporation. The Company has designated a total of 350,000 shares as Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, which are non-voting and are not subject to increase without the written consent of a majority of the holders of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock or as otherwise set forth in the Preferences, Rights and Limitations. The holders of each tranche of 175,000 shares of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock are entitled to receive a per share dividend equal to 1% of the annual net revenue of the Company divided by 175,000, until converted or redeemed. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had 9,650,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock which may be issued with such rights and powers as the Board of Directors may designate. Each share of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock may be converted, at the option of the holder, into 0.20833 shares of common stock (subject to customary anti-dilution provisions) and the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock is subject to mandatory conversion at the conversion rate in the event of a merger or sale transaction resulting in gross proceeds to the Company of at least $21,875,000. The Series A Convertible Preferred Stock has a liquidation preference based on its assumed conversion into shares of common stock. The Series A Convertible Preferred Stock does not have any cash liquidation preference rights or any registration rights. If fully converted, the 350,000 outstanding shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock would convert into 72,917 shares of common stock at December 31, 2023 and 2022. Based on the attributes of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock as previously described, the Company has accounted for the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock as a permanent component of stockholders’ equity. Common Stock The Company is authorized to issue a total of 100,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had 2,249,290 shares and 1,664,706 shares, respectively, of common stock issued and outstanding. On June 2, 2023, the Company effected a 1-for-10 reverse split of its outstanding shares of common stock. The authorized number of shares of common stock and the par value per share were not affected by the reverse stock split. No fractional shares were issued in connection with the reverse stock split, as all fractional shares were rounded up to the next whole share. All share and per share amounts and information presented herein have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the reverse stock split for all periods presented. Effective March 10, 2023, the Company issued 1,250 shares of common stock upon the exercise of a stock option in the form of a warrant held by a consultant to the Company for 1,250 shares exercisable at $5.025 per share for total cash proceeds of $6,281. April 12, 2022 Sale of Common Stock Effective April 12, 2022, the Company completed the sale of 290,000 shares of common stock at a price of $20.00 per share in a registered direct offering, generating gross proceeds of $5,800,000. The total cash costs of this offering were $658,616, resulting in net proceeds of $5,141,384. Pursuant to the placement agents’ agreement, the Company granted warrants to the placement agents to purchase 29,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $20.00 per share exercisable through April 14, 2027. July 20, 2023 Sale of Common Stock and Warrants Effective July 20, 2023, the Company sold 180,000 shares of common stock at a price of $6.00 per share and pre-funded warrants to purchase 403,334 shares of common stock at a price of $5.9999 per pre-funded warrant to an institutional investor in a registered direct offering. The pre-funded warrants had an exercise price of $0.0001 per share, were immediately exercisable upon issuance, and were valid and exercisable until all pre-funded warrants were exercised in full. During the period from July 24, 2023 through August 7, 2023, the 403,334 pre-funded warrants, exercisable at $0.0001 per common share, were exercised for total cash proceeds of $41, resulting in the issuance of 403,334 shares of common stock. The pre-funded warrants were determined to be common stock equivalents. In a concurrent private placement to the institutional investor, the Company also sold warrants to purchase 583,334 shares of common stock. Each common warrant had an initial exercise price of $6.00 per share, was immediately exercisable upon issuance, and expires five years thereafter on July 20, 2028. The common warrants and the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the common warrants were not registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and were offered pursuant to the exemption provided in Section 4(a)(2) under the Securities Act and Rule 506(b) promulgated thereunder. The shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants were subsequently registered for resale on a registration statement on Form S-3 declared effective by the SEC on August 21, 2023. The registered direct offering and the concurrent private placement generated gross proceeds of $3,499,964. The total cash costs of the registered direct offering and the private placement were $362,925, resulting in net proceeds of $3,137,039. Pursuant to the placement agent agreement, the Company granted the placement agent warrants to purchase 35,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $6.60 per share and expiring on July 20, 2028. The exercise prices of the warrants issued to the institutional investor (exercisable at $6.00 per share) and to the placement agent (exercisable at $6.60 per share) are subject to customary adjustments for stock splits, stock dividends, stock combinations, reclassifications, reorganizations, or similar events affecting the Company’s common stock. In addition, the warrants issued to the institutional investor contain a “fundamental transaction” provision whereby in the event of a fundamental transaction (a sale or transfer of assets or ownership of the Company as defined in the warrant agreement) within the Company’s control, the holder of the unexercised common stock warrants would be entitled to receive, in exchange for extinguishment of such warrants, cash consideration equal to a Black-Scholes valuation, as defined in the warrant agreement. If such fundamental transaction is not within the Company’s control, the warrant holder would only be entitled to receive the same form of consideration (and in the same proportion) as the holders of the Company’s common stock, hence these warrants are classified as a component of permanent equity. The Company will account for any such cash payment for a warrant redemption as a distribution from stockholders’ equity, as and when such cash payment is made. Common Stock Warrants A summary of common stock warrant activity, including warrants to purchase common stock that were issued in conjunction with the Company’s public offering, during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 is presented below. Schedule of Warrants Outstanding
|  | Number of Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in Years) |
Warrants outstanding at December 31, 2021 |  |  | 311,031 |  |  | $ | 57.720 |  |  |  |  |
Issued |  |  | 29,000 |  |  |  | 20.000 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Expired |  |  | (150,000 | ) |  |  | 60.000 |  |  |  |  |
Warrants outstanding at December 31, 2022 |  |  | 190,031 |  |  | $ | 50.161 |  |  |  |  |
Issued |  |  | 618,334 |  |  |  | 6.034 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Expired |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Warrants outstanding at December 31, 2023 |  |  | 808,365 |  |  | $ | 16.407 |  |  |  | 3.99 |
Warrants exercisable at December 31, 2022 |  |  | 190,031 |  |  | $ | 50.161 |  |  |  |  |
Warrants exercisable at December 31, 2023 |  |  | 808,365 |  |  | $ | 16.407 |  |  |  | 3.99 |
At December 31, 2023, the outstanding warrants are exercisable at the following prices per common share: Schedule of Warrants Outstanding and Exercisable
Exercise Prices |  |  | Warrants Outstanding (Shares) |
$ | 6.000 |  |  |  | 583,334 |
$ | 6.600 |  |  |  | 35,000 |
$ | 20.000 |  |  |  | 29,000 |
$ | 37.000 |  |  |  | 11,331 |
$ | 57.000 |  |  |  | 149,700 |
|  |  |  |  | 808,365 |
The warrants exercisable at $57.00 per share at December 31, 2023 consist of 1,497,000 publicly-traded warrants pre-split 1-for-10 that were issued as part of the Company’s November 2020 public offering of units and are exercisable for a period of five years thereafter. As a result of the 1-for-10 reverse split of the Company’s common stock effective June 2, 2023, each such publicly-traded warrant currently represents the right to purchase 1/10th of a share of common stock at the original exercise price of $5.70 per share. Accordingly, upon exercise, 10 warrants, each exercisable at $5.70, will be required to acquire one share of post-split common stock, which is equivalent to a purchase price of $57.00. Based on a fair market value of $2.35 per share on December 31, 2023, there was no intrinsic value attributed to exercisable but unexercised common stock warrants at December 31, 2023. Information with respect to the issuance of common stock in connection with various stock-based compensation arrangements is provided at Note 6.

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