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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2025

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Principles of Consolidation

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and include the financial statements of Lixte Biotechnology Holdings, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Lixte Biotechnology, Inc. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Segment Information

Segment Information

The Company’s Chief Executive Officer is the Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) and evaluates performance and makes operating decisions about allocating resources based on internal financial data presented on a consolidated basis. Because the CODM evaluates financial performance on a consolidated basis, the Company has determined that it currently operates in a single1 reportable segment, which consists of the development of a drug class called Protein Phosphatase 2A inhibitors, and is comprised of the consolidated financial results of the Company. The CODM uses consolidated net income (loss) as the sole measure of segment profit or loss. The required segment information, including significant segment expenses, is presented at Note 3.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Some of those judgments can be subjective and complex, and therefore, actual results could differ materially from those estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various assumptions that are believed to be reasonable in relation to the financial statements taken, as a whole, under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Management regularly evaluates the key factors and assumptions used to develop the estimates utilizing currently available information, changes in facts and circumstances, historical experience, and reasonable assumptions. After such evaluations, if deemed appropriate, those estimates are adjusted accordingly. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates include those related to assumptions used in the calculation of accruals for clinical trial costs and other potential liabilities, and valuing equity instruments issued for services.

Cash

Cash

Cash is held in a cash bank deposit program maintained by Morgan Stanley Wealth Management, a division of Morgan Stanley Smith Barney LLC (“Morgan Stanley”). Morgan Stanley is a FINRA-regulated broker-dealer. The Company’s policy is to maintain its cash balances with financial institutions in the United States with high credit ratings and in accounts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”) and/or by the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (the “SIPC”). The Company periodically has cash balances in financial institutions in excess of the FDIC and SIPC insurance limits of $250,000 and $500,000, respectively. Morgan Stanley Wealth Management also maintains supplemental insurance coverage for the cash balances of its customers. The Company has not experienced any losses to date resulting from this policy.

Research and Development

Research and Development

Research and development costs consist primarily of fees paid to consultants and contractors, and other expenses relating to the negotiation, design, development, conduct and management of clinical trials with respect to the Company’s clinical compound and product candidate. Research and development costs also include the costs to manufacture compounds used in research and clinical trials, which are charged to operations as incurred. The Company’s inventory of LB-100 for clinical use has been manufactured separately in the United States and in the European Union in accordance with the laws and regulations of such jurisdictions.

Research and development costs are generally charged to operations ratably over the life of the underlying contracts, unless the achievement of milestones, the completion of contracted work, the termination of an agreement, or other information indicates that a different expensing schedule is more appropriate. However, payments for research and development costs that are contractually defined as non-refundable are charged to operations as incurred.

Obligations incurred with respect to mandatory scheduled payments under agreements with milestone provisions are recognized as charges to research and development costs in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations based on the achievement of such milestones, as specified in the respective agreement. Obligations incurred with respect to mandatory scheduled payments under agreements without milestone provisions are accounted for when due, are recognized ratably over the appropriate period, as specified in the respective agreement, and are recorded as liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet, with a corresponding charge to research and development costs in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations.

Payments made pursuant to contracts are initially recorded as advances on research and development contract services in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet and are then charged to research and development costs in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations as those contract services are performed. Expenses incurred under contracts in excess of amounts advanced are recorded as research and development contract liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet, with a corresponding charge to research and development costs in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations. The Company reviews the status of its various clinical trial and research and development contracts on a quarterly basis.

Prepaid Insurance

Prepaid Insurance

Prepaid insurance represents the premiums paid for directors and officers insurance coverage and for general liability insurance coverage in excess of the amortization of the total policy premium charged to operations at each balance sheet date. Such amount is determined by amortizing the total policy premium charged on a straight-line basis over the respective policy period. As the policy premiums incurred are generally amortizable over the ensuing twelve-month period, they are recorded as a current asset in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet at each reporting date and appropriately amortized to the Company’s consolidated statement of operations for each reporting period.

Digital Assets

Digital Assets

The Company holds certain digital assets, consisting of Bitcoin and Ethereum cryptocurrencies. Digital assets are initially recorded at cost and subsequently measured at fair value as of each reporting period. The Company determines the fair value of its digital assets in accordance with FASB ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, based on quoted prices on the active exchange(s) that it has determined is the principal market for Bitcoin and Ethereum (Level 1). Changes in fair value are included in unrealized gain (loss) on digital assets in other income (expense) in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Realized gains and losses on the sale of digital assets are included in other income (expense) in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The Company tracks its cost basis of digital assets in accordance with the first-in-first-out method of accounting. The Company’s digital assets are reasonably expected to be realized in cash or sold or consumed during the Company’s normal operating cycle and as such have been classified as current assets in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

The Company uses a combination of third-party custodial arrangements and cold storage solutions to secure its digital assets. While management believes these arrangements provide appropriate safeguards, digital assets are subject to unique risks, including technological failures, cybersecurity threats, loss of private keys, market volatility, and evolving legal and regulatory environments.

Management monitors developments in accounting and regulatory guidance related to digital assets. Any future updates may require changes in the Company’s accounting policies, disclosures, or internal controls.

Offering Costs

Offering Costs

Offering costs consist of costs incurred with respect to equity financing transactions, including legal fees. Such costs are deferred and charged to additional paid-in capital upon the successful completion of such financings, or are charged to operations if and when such financings are abandoned or terminated.

Patent and Licensing Legal and Filing Fees and Costs

Patent and Licensing Legal and Filing Fees and Costs

Due to the significant uncertainty associated with the successful development of commercially viable products based on the Company’s research efforts and related patent applications, all patent and licensing legal and filing fees and costs related to the development and protection of the Company’s intellectual property are charged to operations as incurred. Patent and licensing legal and filing fees and costs were $16,853 and $45,416 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $90,239 and $192,239 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Patent and licensing legal and filing fees and costs are included in general and administrative costs in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations.

Concentration of Risk

Concentration of Risk

The Company periodically contracts with vendors and consultants to provide services related to the Company’s operations. Charges incurred for these services can be for a specific period (typically one year) or for a specific project or task. Costs and expenses incurred that represented 10% or more of general and administrative costs or research and development costs for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 are described below.

Research and development costs for the three months ended September 30, 2025 include charges from three vendors and consultants representing 21.4%, 28.8% and 14.2%, respectively, of total research and development costs. Research and development costs for the three months ended September 30, 2024 include charges from three vendors and consultants representing 52.7%, 21.1% and 15.1%. respectively, of total research and development costs.

General and administrative costs for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 include charges from legal firms and other vendors for general licensing and patent prosecution costs relating to the Company’s intellectual properties representing 1.0% and 7.1%, respectively of total general and administrative costs. General and administrative costs for the three months ended September 30, 2025 also includes a charge from a vendor representing 10.6% of total general and administrative costs. General and administrative costs for the three months ended September 30, 2024 includes a charge from a vendor representing 18.4% of total general and administrative costs. General and administrative costs for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 also included charges for the fair value of stock options granted to directors and corporate officers representing 44.4% and 12.8%, respectively, of total general and administrative costs.

Research and development costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 include charges from five vendors and consultants representing 24.3%, 20.7%, 18.9%, 12.0% and 11.7%, respectively, of total research and development costs. Research and development costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 include charges from three vendors and consultants representing 41.2%, 30.4% and 12.6%, respectively, of total research and development costs.

General and administrative costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 include charges from legal firms and other vendors for general licensing and patent prosecution costs relating to the Company’s intellectual properties representing 2.9% and 8.5%. respectively, of total general and administrative costs. General and administrative costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 did not include any charges from a single vendor/consultant in excess of 10% of total general and administrative costs. General and administrative costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 also include charges from two vendors and consultants representing 16.0% and 11.5%, respectively, of total general and administrative costs. General and administrative costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 also included charges for the fair value of stock options granted to directors and corporate officers representing 35.4% and 12.6%, respectively, of total general and administrative costs.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under an asset and liability approach for financial accounting and reporting for income taxes. Accordingly, the Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected impact of differences between the financial statements and the tax basis of assets and liabilities.

The Company records a valuation allowance to reduce its deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. Due to the uncertainty of the Company’s ability to realize the benefit of the deferred tax assets, the net deferred tax assets are fully offset by a valuation allowance at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. In the event the Company was to determine that it would be able to realize its deferred tax assets in the future in excess of its recorded amount, an adjustment to the deferred tax assets would be credited to operations in the period such determination was made. Should the Company determine that it would not be able to realize all or part of its deferred tax assets in the future, an adjustment to the deferred tax assets would be charged to operations in the period such determination was made.

The Company is subject to U.S. federal income taxes and income taxes of various state tax jurisdictions. As the Company’s net operating losses have yet to be utilized, all previous tax years remain open to examination by Federal authorities and other jurisdictions in which the Company currently operates or has operated in the past. The Company did not have any unrecognized tax benefits as of September 30, 2025 or December 31, 2024, and does not anticipate any material amount of unrecognized tax benefits through December 31, 2025.

The Company accounts for uncertainties in income tax law under a comprehensive model for the financial statement recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in income tax returns as prescribed by GAAP. The tax effects of a position are recognized only if it is “more-likely-than-not” to be sustained by the taxing authority as of the reporting date. If the tax position is not considered “more-likely-than-not” to be sustained, then no benefits of the position are recognized. The Company had not recorded any liability for uncertain tax positions as of September 30, 2025 or December 31, 2024. Subsequent to September 30, 2025, any interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions will be recognized as a component of income tax expense.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company periodically issues common stock and stock options to officers, directors, employees, contractors and consultants for services rendered. Options vest and expire according to terms established at the issuance date of each grant. Stock grants, which are generally time vested, are measured at the grant date fair value and charged to operations ratably over the vesting period.

The Company accounts for stock-based payments to officers, directors, employees, contractors, and consultants by measuring the cost of services received in exchange for equity awards utilizing the grant date fair value of the awards, with the cost recognized as compensation expense on the straight-line basis in the Company’s financial statements over the vesting period of the awards. Recognition of compensation expense for non-employees is in the same period and manner as if the Company had paid cash for the services.

The fair value of stock options granted as stock-based compensation is determined utilizing the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, and is affected by several variables, the most significant of which are the expected life of the stock option, the exercise price of the stock option as compared to the fair market value of the common stock on the grant date, and the estimated volatility of the common stock. Unless sufficient historical exercise data is available, the expected life of the stock option is calculated as the mid-point between the vesting period and the contractual term (the “simplified method”). The estimated volatility is based on the historical volatility of the Company’s common stock, calculated utilizing a look-back period approximately equal to the contractual life of the stock option being granted. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. The fair market value of the common stock is determined by reference to the quoted market price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date. The expected dividend yield is based on the Company’s expectation of dividend payouts and is assumed to be zero.

The Company recognizes the fair value of stock-based compensation awards in general and administrative costs and in research and development costs, as appropriate, in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The Company issues new shares of common stock to satisfy stock option exercises.

Warrants

Warrants

The Company accounts for warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the warrant’s specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance in Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480”), and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”). The assessment considers whether the warrants are freestanding financial instruments pursuant to ASC 480, meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480, and whether the warrants meet all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the warrants are indexed to the Company’s own common stock and whether the warrant holders could potentially require “net cash settlement” in a circumstance outside of the Company’s control, among other conditions for equity classification. The Company has determined that the warrants issued in the July 2023 equity financing, the February 2025 equity financing, and the July 2025 equity financings (see Note 5) meet the requirements for equity classification. This assessment, which requires the use of professional judgment, is conducted when the warrants are issued and at the end each subsequent quarterly period while the warrants are outstanding. For issued or modified warrants that meet all of the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded as a component of additional paid-in capital at the time of issuance. For issued or modified warrants that do not meet all of the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be liability-classified and recorded at their initial fair value on the date of issuance and remeasured at fair value at each balance sheet date thereafter. Changes in the estimated fair value of the warrants that are liability-classified are recognized as a non-cash gain or loss in the statement of operations at each balance sheet date. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company did not have any liability-classified warrants.

Earnings (Loss) Per Share

Earnings (Loss) Per Share

The Company’s computation of earnings (loss) per share (“EPS”) includes basic and diluted EPS. Basic EPS is measured as the income (loss) attributable to common stockholders divided by the weighted average common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS is similar to basic EPS but presents the dilutive effect on a per share basis of potential common shares (e.g., preferred shares, warrants and stock options) as if they had been converted at the beginning of the respective periods presented, or issuance date, if later. Potential common shares that have an anti-dilutive effect (i.e., those that increase income per share or decrease loss per share) are excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS.

Loss per common share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the respective periods. The weighted average number of common shares outstanding utilized for determining basic net loss per common share for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025 includes all pre-funded warrants sold in the July 2, 2025 and July 8, 2025 equity financings, aggregating 3,085,883 pre-funded warrants, of which 659,772 pre-funded warrants were unexercised at September 30, 2025. Basic and diluted loss per common share was the same for all periods presented because all preferred shares, warrants (excluding pre-funded warrants) and stock options outstanding were anti-dilutive.

At September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company excluded the outstanding securities summarized below, which entitle the holders thereof to acquire shares of common stock, from its calculation of earnings per share, as their effect would have been anti-dilutive.

 Schedule of Anti-dilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share 

		2025				2024
		September 30,
		2025				2024
Series A Convertible Preferred Stock			—				72,917
Series B Convertible Preferred Stock			3,573,130				—
Common stock warrants (excluding pre-funded warrants)			7,610,972				808,365
Common stock options			1,123,059				623,232
Total			12,307,161				1,504,514

Foreign Currency Translation

Foreign Currency Translation

The consolidated financial statements are presented in the United States dollar, which is the functional and reporting currency of the Company.

The Company periodically incurs a cost or expense in a foreign jurisdiction denominated in a local currency. The Company purchases the required foreign currency to pay such cost or expense on an as-needed basis. Such cost or expense is converted into United States dollars for financial statement purposes based on the foreign currency conversion rate in effect on the transaction date. The Company purchases the requisite foreign currency to pay such cost or expense on an as-needed basis. Any gain or loss resulting from the purchase of the foreign currency is included as realized foreign currency gain (loss) in the consolidated statement of operations.

During the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company incurred various costs and expenses denominated in Euros, which were converted into United States dollars at the average rate of 1.1692 and 1.0991 Euros per United States dollar, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company incurred various costs and expenses denominated in Euros, which were converted into United States dollars at the average rate of 1.1182 and 1.0873 Euros per United States dollar, respectively. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company did not hold any currencies other than the United States dollar in its bank accounts, and was not a party to any foreign currency forward or exchange contracts. Accordingly, the Company did not have any unrealized foreign currency (gain) loss at September 30, 2025 or 2024.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The authoritative guidance with respect to fair value established a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels and requires that assets and liabilities carried at fair value be classified and disclosed in one of three categories, as presented below. Disclosure as to transfers in and out of Levels 1 and 2, and activity in Level 3 fair value measurements, is also required.

Level 1. Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets for an identical asset or liability that the Company has the ability to access as of the measurement date. Financial assets and liabilities utilizing Level 1 inputs include active-exchange traded securities and exchange-based derivatives.

Level 2. Inputs, other than quoted prices included within Level 1, which are directly observable for the asset or liability or indirectly observable through corroboration with observable market data. Financial assets and liabilities utilizing Level 2 inputs include fixed income securities, non-exchange-based derivatives, mutual funds, and fair-value hedges.

Level 3. Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data for the asset or liability which requires the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions. Financial assets and liabilities utilizing Level 3 inputs include infrequently traded non-exchange-based derivatives and commingled investment funds and are measured using present value pricing models.

The Company determines the level in the fair value hierarchy within which each fair value measurement falls in its entirety, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. In determining the appropriate levels, the Company performs an analysis of the assets and liabilities at each reporting period end.

The fair value of financial instruments measured on a recurring basis was as follows:

 Schedule of Fair Value Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis

Description		Level 1				Level 2				Level 3				Total
		As of September 30, 2025
Description		Level 1				Level 2				Level 3				Total
Assets:
Digital assets		$	2,454,473				—				—			$	2,454,473
Total assets at fair value		$	2,454,473				—				—			$	2,454,473

The carrying value of financial instruments, which consists of accounts payable and accrued expenses, is considered to be representative of their respective fair values due to the short-term nature of those instruments. The carrying value of digital assets is based on quoted prices in active markets (Level 1 inputs).

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-08, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Crypto Assets (Subtopic 350-60). ASU 2023-08 requires certain crypto assets to be measured at fair value separately on the balance sheet with gains and losses from changes in the fair value reported as unrealized gains or losses in the consolidated statement of operations each reporting period. ASU 2023-08 also enhances the other intangible asset disclosure requirements by requiring the name, cost basis, fair value, and number of units for each significant crypto asset holding. In conjunction with the acquisition of digital assets during the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2025, the Company adopted and applied ASU-2023-08 henceforth. As the Company did not have any crypto assets prior to the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2025, no cumulative-effect adjustment was required.

In November 2024 and January 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03 and ASU 2025-01, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40). These ASUs require disclosure of disaggregated information of Income Statement expense captions that include certain costs, such as employee compensation, depreciation, and intangible asset amortization. They also require disclosure of the total amounts of selling expenses, along with an entity’s definition of selling expenses. The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of these ASUs, but does not expect them to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements presentation and related disclosures.

Management does not believe that any other recently issued, but not yet effective, authoritative guidance, if currently adopted, would have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements, including their presentation and related disclosures.

Reclassifications

Reclassifications

As a result of the adoption of ASU 2023-07 Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, effective January 1, 2024, certain reclassifications have been made to the prior year statement of operations to conform it to the current year presentation. In presenting general and administrative costs on the Company’s consolidated statement of operations for the three months ended September 30, 2024, $283,053 of compensation to related parties, $45,416 of patent and licensing legal and filing fees and costs, and $293,158 of other costs and expenses were shown separately. In presenting the Company’s consolidated statement of operations for the three months ended September 30, 2024, the Company has combined these categories into general and administrative costs in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations for the three months ended September 30, 2024. In presenting general and administrative costs on the Company’s consolidated statement of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, $907,069 of compensation to related parties, $192,239 of patent and licensing legal and filing fees and costs, and $1,168,582 of other costs and expenses were shown separately. In presenting the Company’s consolidated statement of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company has combined these categories into general and administrative costs in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. These reclassifications had no effect on the reported results of operations, including loss from operations and net loss.

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