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Accounting Policies, by Policy (Policies) | 6 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2024
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Basis of Preparation and Principles of Consolidation | Basis of Preparation and Principles of Consolidation The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by generally accepted accounting principles for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year. The information included in this interim report should be read in conjunction with Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and the financial statements and notes thereto included in Golden Sun’s annual financial statements for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023 filed with the SEC on February 8, 2024. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated upon consolidation.
Emerging Growth Company Status | Emerging Growth Company Status The Company is an “emerging growth company,” as defined in Section2(a) of the Securities Act, as modified by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, (the “JOBS Act”), and it may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in its periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. Further, Section102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. The Company has elected not to opt out of such extended transition period which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, the Company, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of the Company’s financial statement with another public company which is neither an emerging growth company nor an emerging growth company which has opted out of using the extended transition period difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.
Non-controlling interests | Non-controlling interests Non-controlling interest represents the portion of the net assets of subsidiaries attributable to interests that are not owned or controlled by the Company. The non-controlling interest is presented in the consolidated balance sheets, separately from equity attributable to the shareholders of the Company. Non-controlling interest’s operating results are presented on the face of the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income as an allocation of the total income for the year between non-controlling shareholders and the shareholders of the Company. As of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, non-controlling interests represented non-controlling shareholders’ proportionate share of the equity interests in Hongkou School, Xianjin Technology, Fuyouyuan and Shanghai Jinheyu.
Uses of estimates | Uses of estimates In preparing the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, management makes estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. These estimates are based on information as of the date of the consolidated financial statements. Although these estimates are based on our knowledge of current events and actions we may undertake in the future, actual results may ultimately differ from these estimates and assumptions. Furthermore, when testing assets for impairment in future periods, if management uses different assumptions or if different conditions occur, impairment charges may result. Significant estimates required to be made by management include, but are not limited to, determinations of the useful lives and valuation of long-lived assets, valuation of inventories, estimates of allowances for doubtful accounts, contract assets, commission payables, refund liabilities, revenue recognition, and valuation allowance for deferred tax assets.
Cash and cash equivalents | Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents comprises cash at banks and on hand, which is unrestricted as to withdrawal and use.
Fair value of financial instruments | Fair value of financial instruments ASC 825-10 requires certain disclosures regarding the fair value of financial instruments. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A three-level fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The hierarchy requires entities to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are as follows:
| ● | Level 1 — inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.
| ● | Level 2 — inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted market prices for identical or similar assets in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable and inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data.
| ● | Level 3 — inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable.
Unless otherwise disclosed, the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, Accounts receivable, prepayments and other current assets, accounts payable, deferred revenue, accrued liabilities, due to related parties, short term bank loans and taxes payable, approximates their recorded values due to their short-term maturities. The Company determined that the carrying value of the long-term liabilities approximated their present value as the interest rates applied reflect the current quoted market yield for comparable financial instruments.
Accounts receivable, net | Accounts receivable, net Accounts receivables are recognized and carried at original invoiced amount less an estimated allowance for uncollectible accounts. The Company determines the adequacy of reserves for doubtful accounts based on individual account analysis and historical collection trends. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” which requires the Company to measure and recognize expected credit losses for financial assets held and not accounted for at fair value through net income. The Company adopted this guidance effective October 1, 2022.The Company establishes a provision for doubtful receivables based on management’s best estimates of specific losses on individual exposures, as well as a provision on historical trends of collections. The provision is recorded against accounts receivables balances, with a corresponding charge recorded in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. Delinquent account balances are written-off against the allowance for doubtful accounts after management has determined that the likelihood of collection is not probable. As of March 31, 2024, accounts receivable aging within 3 months amounted to $46,320, aging between 4 months to 6 months amounted to $133,602, aging between 7 months to 12 months amounted to $28,233, aging over one year amounted to $27,700. For the six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, $12,729 and $13,901 was written off against accounts receivable, respectively. Allowance for uncollectible balances amounted to $13,606 and $13,465 as of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively.
Inventories | Inventories The Company values its inventories at the lower of cost, determined on a first-in first out basis, or net realizable value. The Company reviews its inventories periodically to determine if any markdown is necessary for potential obsolescence or if a write-down is necessary if the carrying value exceeds net realizable value. There is no inventory write down was recorded for the six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. All inventories are from Shanghai Jinheyu as of March 31, 2024. As of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, inventories consisted of the following:
|  | March 31, 2024 |  |  | September 30, 2023 |
Raw materials |  | $ | 119,535 |  |  | $ | 153,851 |
Finished goods |  |  | 314,676 |  |  |  | - |
Inventories |  | $ | 434,211 |  |  | $ | 153,851 |
Prepayment and other assets | Prepayment and other assets Prepayment and other assets primarily consist of prepaid rents, prepaid service fee, advances to vendors for purchasing goods or services that have not been received or provided, loans to third-parties, security deposits, advances to employees, and prepayment for acquisition. Prepayment and other assets are classified as either current or non-current based on the terms of the respective agreements. These advances are unsecured and are reviewed periodically to determine whether their carrying value has become impaired. The Company considers the assets to be impaired if the collectability of the advance becomes doubtful. The Company uses the aging method to estimate the allowance for uncollectible balances. The allowance is also based on management’s best estimate of specific losses on individual exposures, as well as a provision on historical trends of collections and utilizations. Actual amounts received or utilized may differ from management’s estimate of credit worthiness and the economic environment. Other receivables are written off against the allowances only after exhaustive collection efforts. For the six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, there was no written off against other receivables, respectively. No allowance for doubtful accounts was recorded as of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively.
Property and equipment, net | Property and equipment, net Property and equipment are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is provided in the amounts sufficient to depreciate the cost of the related assets over their useful lives using the straight-line method, as follows:
|  | Useful life
Office Equipment |  | 3-5 years
Leasehold Improvement |  | 3-5 years
Expenditures for maintenance and repairs, which do not materially extend the useful lives of the assets, are charged to expense as incurred. Expenditures for major renewals and betterments which substantially extend the useful life of assets are capitalized. The cost and related accumulated depreciation of assets retired or sold are removed from the respective accounts, and any gain or loss is recognized in the consolidated statements of income and other comprehensive income in other income or expenses.
Impairment of long-lived assets | Impairment of long-lived assets Long-lived assets are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances (such as a significant adverse change to market conditions that will impact the future use of the assets) indicate that the carrying amount may not be fully recoverable or that the useful life is shorter than the Company had originally estimated. When these events occur, the Company evaluates the impairment by comparing the carrying value of the assets to an estimate of future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. If the sum of the expected future undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying value of the assets, the Company recognizes an impairment loss based on the excess of the carrying value of the assets over the fair value of the assets. No impairment charge was recognized for the six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Revenue recognition | Revenue recognition The Company generates revenues primarily from tuitions fees and other fees collected from services provided. Revenue is recognized when the price is fixed or determinable, persuasive evidence of the arrangement exists, the service is performed or the product is delivered and collectability of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured. The Company has adopted ASC 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” and all subsequent ASUs that modified ASC 606, using the modified retrospective approach for the year ended September 30, 2019 and has elected to apply it retrospectively for the year ended September 30, 2018. ASC 606 establishes principles for reporting information about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from the entity’s contracts to provide goods or services to customers. The core principle requires an entity to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that it expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for those goods or services recognized as performance obligations are satisfied. This new guidance provides a five-step analysis in determining when and how revenue is recognized. Under the new guidance, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services and is recognized in an amount that reflects the consideration which the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. In addition, the new guidance requires disclosure of the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. The Company’s continuing operations currently generated its revenue from the following main sources: Tutorial services The Company offers various off-campus small-group foreign language tutoring programs. Each contract of tutorial service programs represents a series of distinct services, which is delivery of various courses. The services have substantially the same pattern of transfer to the students, as such, they are considered as a single performance obligation, which is satisfied proportionately based on a straight-line basis over the program term as students simultaneously receive and consume the benefits of these services throughout the program term. The Company is the principal in providing tutorial services as it controls such services before the services are transferred to the customer. The program fees are generally collected in advance and are initially recorded as deferred revenue. Generally, the Company approves refunds for any remaining classes to students who decide to withdraw from a course within the predetermined period in the contract. The refund is equal to and limited to the amount related to the undelivered classes. The Company estimates and records refund liability for the portion the Company does not expect to be entitled based on historical refund ratio on a portfolio basis using the expected value method. E-commerce services The Company provides promotional services to merchants on e-commerce platform and collects commissions on the sales of goods traded through e-commerce platforms based on the commission rate specified in the contract. The company does not control the products sold on e-commerce platforms. Revenue from commissions service is recognized at point in time. Commission income is recognized when customers purchase goods through e-commerce platforms. Logistic, consulting services and others The Company provides services to schools, including but not limited to catering and logistic service. Logistic revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the period, as customers simultaneously receive and consume the benefits of the services. Catering revenue is recognized at point of sale. The Company also provides consulting services to related-party kindergartens. According to the contracts signed with each of the three kindergartens, the Company provides a range of educational management and consulting services, including branding, safety management, teacher training, supervision and evaluation on teachers, rating guidance services, to the kindergartens during the contract periods. The intended contractual benefit to the kindergartens of the management and consulting services is to enable the kindergartens’ smooth and effective operations. The promised services in each of the consulting service contracts are combined and accounted as a single performance obligation, as the promised services are considered as a significant integrated service. The consulting services are continuously provided and the kindergartens simultaneously receive and consume the benefits of these services throughout the service period each month. The revenue is recognized over time during the service period. The Company designs and executes marketing activities for its customers and revenue is recognized at point in time when customer accepts the services. In the six months ended March 31, 2024, the Company started to sell consumables and recognizes revenue at a point in time when control of the products is transferred to the customer. Practical expedient The Company has applied the new revenue standard requirements to a portfolio of contracts (or performance obligations) with similar characteristics for transactions where it is expected that the effects on the financial statements of applying the revenue recognition guidance to the portfolio would not differ materially from applying this guidance to the individual contracts (or performance obligations) within that portfolio. Therefore, the Company elects the portfolio approach in applying the new revenue guidance. Disaggregation of revenue Revenues from tutorial service and logistic and consulting services are recognized over time, based on a straight-line basis as the Company’s customers including students and schools as well as kindergartens simultaneously receive the Company’s services throughout the service periods. Revenues attributable to canteen foods and most educational materials are recognized at point in time when control of the promised goods are transferred to the customers. As the Company’s long-lived assets are all located in Yangtze River Delta, which is a triangle-shaped megalopolis comprising areas of Shanghai, southern Jiangsu province and northern Zhejiang province and substantially all of the Company’s revenues are derived from this area, no geographical disaggregation is presented. For the six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the disaggregation of revenue by major revenue stream and time of the revenue recognition is as follows:
|  | For the six months ended March 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Category of Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tutorial services |  | $ | 3,428,931 |  |  | $ | 3,017,545 |
E-commerce services |  |  | 4,458 |  |  |  | - |
Logistic, consulting services and others |  |  | 274,547 |  |  |  | 509,053 |
Total |  | $ | 3,707,936 |  |  | $ | 3,526,598 |
|  | For the six months ended March 31, |
|  | 2024 |  |  | 2023 |
Timing of Revenue Recognition: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Services transferred over time |  | $ | 3,486,635 |  |  | $ | 3,317,594 |
Goods transferred at a point in time |  |  | 221,301 |  |  |  | 209,004 |
Total |  | $ | 3,707,936 |  |  | $ | 3,526,598 |
Contract assets In accordance with ASC340-40-25-1, an entity shall recognize as an asset the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer if the entity expects to recover those costs. Entities sometimes incur costs to obtain a contract that otherwise would not have been incurred. Entities also may incur costs to fulfill a contract before a good or service is provided to a customer. The revenue standard provides guidance on costs to obtain and fulfill a contract that should be recognized as assets. Costs that are recognized as assets are amortized over the period that the related goods or services transfer to the customer, and are periodically reviewed for impairment. Only incremental costs should be recognized as assets. Incremental costs of obtaining a contract are those costs that the entity would not have incurred if the contract had not been obtained. As of March 31, 2024, in order to develop non-English foreign language tutorial service for middle school students, the Company incurred total of approximately $2.6 million (RMB18.6 million) commission type fee and administration costs paid to agents and schools to facilitate the related contracts with students for the tutorial service period, generally for 3 to 31 months tutorial service periods. The Company will not incur such costs if the Company does not enter into the tutorial service contracts with the students, as a result, the cost of approximately $2.6 million (RMB18.6 million) is considered as the incremental costs of obtaining contracts and shall be capitalized and amortize over tutorial service period. For the six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company amortized related amount of $173,125 and $408,490 into selling expense, respectively. As of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, the contract assets amounted to $448,187 and $423,532, respectively. Contract liability Contract liabilities are presented as deferred revenue in the consolidated balance sheets, which mainly represents payment received from students in advance of completion of performance obligations under a contract. The balance of deferred revenue is recognized as revenue upon the completion of performance obligations. As of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, the balance of deferred revenue amounted to $2,751,584 and $3,988,699, respectively. Substantially all of which will be recognized as revenue during the Company’s following fiscal year. Refund liability Refund liability mainly relates to the estimated refunds that are expected to be provided to students if they decide they no longer want to take the courses. Refund liability estimates are based on historical refund ratio on a portfolio basis using the expected value method. As of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, refund liability amounted to $250,556 and $333,030, respectively.
Cost of revenues | Cost of revenues Cost of revenues mainly consists of renumeration to instructors and tutors, rental expenses for office space and learning centers, canteen foods and teaching materials used in the provision of educational services.
Government subsidies | Government subsidies Government subsidies are recognized when there is a reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with the conditions attach thereto and the grant will be received. Government grant for the purpose of giving immediate financial support to the Company with no future related costs or obligation is recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income when received. For the six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the government subsidies income amounted to $278 and $860,079, respectively, and was included in other income of the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of (loss) income and comprehensive (loss) income.
Advertising expenditures | Advertising expenditures Advertising expenditures are expensed as incurred for the periods presented. Advertising expenditures have been included as part of selling and marketing expenses. For the six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the advertising expenses amounted to $116,853 and $149,379, respectively.
Operating leases | Operating leases The Company adopted Topic 842 on October 1, 2022 using the modified retrospective transition approach. The Company has operating lease contracts for office space. The Company determines whether an arrangement constitutes a lease and records lease liabilities and right-of-use assets on its consolidated balance sheets at lease commencement. The Company measures its lease liabilities based on the present value of the total lease payments not yet paid discounted based on the more readily determinable of the rate implicit in the lease or its incremental borrowing rate, which is the estimated rate the Company would be required to pay for a collateralized borrowing equal to the total lease payments over the term of the lease. The Company estimates its incremental borrowing rate based on an analysis of weighted average interest rate of its own bank loans. The Company measures right-of-use assets based on the corresponding lease liability adjusted for payments made to the lessor at or before the commencement date, and initial direct costs it incurs under the lease. The Company begins recognizing lease expense when the lessor makes the underlying asset available to the Company. For leases with lease term less than one year (short-term leases), the Company records operating lease expense in its consolidated statements of operations on a straight-line basis over the lease term and record variable lease payments as incurred.
Value added tax (“VAT”) | Value added tax (“VAT”) Revenue represents the invoiced value of goods and services, net of VAT. The VAT is based on gross sales price and VAT rates range up to 13%, depending on the type of products sold or service provided. Entities that are VAT general taxpayers are allowed to offset qualified input VAT paid to suppliers against their output VAT liabilities. Net VAT balance between input VAT and output VAT is recorded in taxes payable. All of the VAT returns filed by the Company’s subsidiaries in the PRC remain subject to examination by the tax authorities for five years from the date of filing.
Income taxes | Income taxes The Company accounts for current income taxes in accordance with the laws of the relevant tax authorities. Deferred income taxes are recognized when temporary differences exist between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period including the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. An uncertain tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” test, no tax benefit is recorded. As of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, there are $2,806,694 and $2,639,258 respectively of unrecognized tax benefits included in income tax payable that if recognized would impact the effective tax rate. Penalties and interest incurred related to underpayment of income tax are classified as income tax expense in the period incurred. No significant penalties or interest relating to income taxes have been incurred for the six months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. All of the tax returns of the Company’s subsidiaries in the PRC remain subject to examination by the tax authorities for five years from the date of filing.
Employee benefits | Employee benefits Full-time employees of the Company in the PRC participate in a government-mandated employer contribution social insurance plan pursuant to which certain pension benefits, medical care, unemployment insurance, employee housing fund and other welfare benefits are provided to eligible full-time employees. Chinese labor regulations require that the Company make contributions to the government for these benefits based on government prescribed percentage of the employee’s salaries. The contributions to the plan are expensed as incurred. Obligations for contributions to employer contribution social insurance plans are recognized as employee benefit expenses in the period during which services are rendered by employees.
(Loss) earnings per Share | (Loss) earnings per share The Company computes earnings per share (“EPS”) in accordance with ASC 260, “Earnings per Share”. ASC 260 requires companies to present basic and diluted EPS. Basic EPS is measured as net income divided by the weighted average common share outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS presents the dilutive effect on a per-share basis of the potential Ordinary Shares (e.g., convertible securities, options and warrants) as if they had been converted at the beginning of the periods presented, or issuance date, if later. Potential Ordinary Shares that have an anti-dilutive effect (i.e., those that increase income per share or decrease loss per share) are excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS.
Share-based compensation | Share-based compensation The Company follows the provisions of ASC 718, “Compensation - Stock Compensation,” which establishes the accounting for employee and non-employee share-based awards. For employee share-based awards, share-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award and is recognized as expense with graded vesting on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award.
Foreign currency translation | Foreign currency translation The functional currencies of the Company are the local currency of the county in which the subsidiaries operate. The Company’s financial statements are reported using U.S. Dollars. The results of operations and the consolidated statements of cash flows denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the average rates of exchange during the reporting period. Assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the balance sheet date are translated at the applicable rates of exchange in effect on that date. The equity denominated in the functional currencies is translated at the historical rates of exchange at the time of capital contributions. Because cash flows are translated based on the average translation rates, amounts related to assets and liabilities reported on the consolidated statements of cash flows will not necessarily agree with changes in the corresponding balances on the consolidated balance sheets. Translation adjustments arising from the use of different exchange rates from period to period are included as a separate component in accumulated other comprehensive income included in consolidated statements of changes in equity. Gains and losses from foreign currency transactions are included in the consolidated statement of income and comprehensive income. Since the Company operates primarily in the PRC, the Company’s functional currency is the Chinese Yuan (“RMB”). The Company’s consolidated financial statements have been translated into the reporting currency of U.S. Dollars (“US$”). The RMB is not freely convertible into foreign currency and all foreign exchange transactions must take place through authorized institutions. No representation is made that the RMB amounts could have been, or could be, converted into US$ at the rates used in the translation. The following table outlines the currency exchange rates that were used in creating the consolidated financial statements in this report:
|  |  | For the six months ended March 31, 2024 |  |  |  | For the six months ended March 31, 2023 |  |  |  | September 30, 2023 |
Balance sheet items, except for equity accounts |  |  | US$1=RMB7.2203 |  |  |  | US$1=RMB6.8676 |  |  |  | US$1=RMB7.2960 |
Items in the statements of income and cash flows |  |  | US$1=RMB7.2064 |  |  |  | US$1=RMB6.9761 |  |  |  | US$1=RMB7.0533 |
Comprehensive (loss) income | Comprehensive (loss) income Comprehensive (loss) income consists of two components, net (loss) income and other comprehensive (loss) income. Other comprehensive (loss) income refers to revenue, expenses, gains and losses that under U.S. GAAP are recorded as an element of shareholders’ equity but are excluded from net (loss) income. Other comprehensive (loss) income consists of foreign currency translation adjustment resulting from the Company not using US$ as its functional currency.
Concentrations of risks | Concentrations of risks (a) Concentration of credit risk Assets that potentially subject the Company to a significant concentration of credit risk primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and other current assets. The maximum exposure of such assets to credit risk is their carrying amounts as at the balance sheet dates. As of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, the aggregate amount of cash of $1,796,339 and $3,431,979, respectively, was held at major financial institutions in mainland PRC, where there is a RMB 500,000 deposit insurance limit for a legal entity’s aggregated balance at each bank. As of March 31, 2024 and September 30, 2023, cash of $290,319 and $3,112,082, respectively, was held at major financial institutions in Hong Kong, PRC. The bank deposits with financial institutions in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region are insured by the government authority up to HKD500,000. To limit the exposure to credit risk relating to deposits, the Company primarily places cash deposits with large financial institutions. The Company conducts credit evaluations of its customers and suppliers, and generally does not require collateral or other security from them. The Company establishes an accounting policy to provide for allowance for doubtful accounts based on the individual customer’s and supplier’s financial condition, credit history, and the current economic conditions. (b) Foreign currency risk A majority of the Company’s expense transactions are denominated in RMB and a significant portion of the Company and its subsidiaries’ assets and liabilities are denominated in RMB. RMB is not freely convertible into foreign currencies. In the PRC, certain foreign exchange transactions are required by law to be transacted only by authorized financial institutions at exchange rates set by the People’s Bank of China (“PBOC”). Remittances in currencies other than RMB by the Company in China must be processed through the PBOC or other China foreign exchange regulatory bodies which require certain supporting documentation in order to affect the remittance. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar in the future. The change in the value of the RMB relative to the U.S. dollar may affect the Company’s financial results reported in the U.S. dollar terms without giving effect to any underlying changes in the Company’s business or results of operations. Currently, the Company’s assets, liabilities, revenues and costs are denominated in RMB. To the extent that the Company needs to convert U.S. dollars into RMB for capital expenditures and working capital and other business purposes, appreciation of RMB against U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the RMB amount the Company would receive from the conversion. Conversely, if the Company decides to convert RMB into U.S. dollar for the purpose of making payments for dividends, strategic acquisition or investments or other business purposes, appreciation of U.S. dollar against RMB would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to the Company.
Risks and uncertainties | Risks and uncertainties The Company has substantial operations in China through its PRC subsidiaries. Accordingly, the Company’s business, financial condition, and results of operations may be influenced by political, economic, and legal environments in the PRC, as well as by the general state of the PRC economy. The Company’s results may be adversely affected by changes in the political, regulatory and social conditions in the PRC. The Company believes that it is in compliance with existing laws and regulations including its organization and structure disclosed in Note 1, this may not be indicative of future results. The Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations may also be negatively impacted by risks related to regional wars, geopolitical tensions, natural disasters, extreme weather conditions, health epidemics and other catastrophic incidents, which could potentially and significantly disrupt the Company’s operations.
Recent accounting pronouncements | Recent accounting pronouncements The Company considers the applicability and impact of all accounting standards updates (“ASUs”). Management periodically reviews new accounting standards that are issued. In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-08, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers” (“ASU 2021-08”). This ASU requires entities to apply Topic 606 to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities in a business combination. The amendments improve comparability after the business combination by providing consistent recognition and measurement guidance for revenue contracts with customers acquired in a business combination and revenue contracts with customers not acquired in a business combination. The amendments are effective for the Company beginning after December 15, 2023, and are applied prospectively to business combinations that occur after the effective date. The Company is in the process of evaluating the effect of the adoption of this ASU. In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2023-07, Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (Topic 280). This ASU updates reportable segment disclosure requirements by requiring disclosures of significant reportable segment expenses that are regularly provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) and included within each reported measure of a segment’s profit or loss. This ASU also requires disclosure of the title and position of the individual identified as the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measures of a segment’s profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is also permitted. This ASU will result in additional required disclosures when adopted, where applicable. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (Topic 740). The ASU requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as additional information on income taxes paid. The ASU is effective on a prospective basis for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025. Early adoption is also permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. Once adopted, this ASU will result in additional disclosures. Except for the above-mentioned pronouncements, there are no new recent issued accounting standards that will have a material impact on the consolidated financial position, statements of operations and cash flows.

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