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Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2015
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies | 3. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES A . Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements reflect the accounts of IFMI and its wholly and majority owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. B . Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make assumptions and estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. C . Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and short-term, highly liquid investments that have original maturities of three months or less. Most cash and cash equivalents are in the form of short-term investments and are not held in federally insured bank accounts. D. Adoption of New Accounting Standards In July 2012, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2012-02, Intangibles — Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Testing Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets for Impairment (“ASU 2012-02”), which provides an option for companies to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events and circumstances indicates that it is more likely than not that the indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired. If a company concludes that it is not more likely than not that the indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired, then the company is not required to take further action. However, if a company concludes otherwise, then it is required to determine the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset and perform the quantitative impairment test by comparing the fair value with the carrying amount in accordance with Subtopic 350-30. A company also has the option to bypass the qualitative assessment for any indefinite-lived intangible asset in any period and proceed directly to performing the quantitative assessment in any subsequent period. The Company’s adoption of the provisions of ASU 2012-02 effective January 1, 2013 did not have an effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. In February 2013, the FASB issued ASU No. 2013-04, Liabilities (Topic 405): Obligations Resulting from Joint and Several Liability Arrangements for which the Total Amount of the Obligation is Fixed at the Reporting Date, which requires an entity to measure obligations resulting from joint and several liability arrangements for which the total amount of the obligation within the scope of the guidance is fixed at the reporting date, as the sum of the following: (a) the amount the reporting entity agreed to pay on the basis of its arrangement among its co-obligors and (b) any additional amount the reporting entity expects to pay on behalf of its co-obligors. Examples of obligations within the scope of this ASU include debt arrangements, other contractual obligations, and settled litigation and judicial rulings. The guidance in this ASU also requires an entity to disclose the nature and amount of the obligation as well as other information about those obligations. The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2013. The amendments in this ASU should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented for those obligations resulting from joint and several liability arrangements within the ASU’s scope that exist at the beginning of the entity’s fiscal year of adoption. An entity may elect to use hindsight for the comparative periods presented in the initial year of adoption (if it changed its accounting as a result of adopting the guidance) and shall disclose that fact. The use of hindsight would allow an entity to recognize, measure, and disclose obligations resulting from joint and several liability arrangements within the scope of this ASU in comparative periods using information available at adoption rather than requiring an entity to make judgments about what information it had in each of the prior periods to measure t he obligation. Early adoption was permitted. The Company adopted the provisions of ASU 2013-04 effective January 1, 2014 and the adoption of the provisions did not have an effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, cash flows, or related disclosures. In March 2013, the FASB issued ASU No. 2013-05, Foreign Currency Matters (Topic 830): Parent’s Accounting for the Cumulative Translation Adjustment upon Derecognition of Certain Subsidiaries or Groups of Assets within a Foreign Entity or of an Investment in a Foreign Entity, which addresses the accounting for the cumulative translation adjustment when a parent either sells a part or all of its investment in a foreign entity or no longer holds a controlling financial interest in a subsidiary or group of assets that is a nonprofit activity or a business within a foreign entity. When a reporting entity (parent) ceases to have a controlling financial interest in a subsidiary or group of assets that is a nonprofit activity or a business (other than a sale of in substance real estate or conveyance of oil and gas mineral rights) within a foreign entity, the parent is required to apply the guidance in Subtopic 830-30 to release any related cumulative translation adjustment into net income. Accordingly, the cumulative translation adjustment should be released into net income only if the sale or transfer results in the complete or substantially complete liquidation of the foreign entity in which the subsidiary or group of assets had resided. For an equity method investment that is a foreign entity, the partial sale guidance in Section 830-30-40 still applies, specifically, a pro rata portion of the cumulative translation adjustment should be released into net income upon a partial sale of such an equity method investment. However, this treatment does not apply to an equity method investment that is not a foreign entity. In those instances, the cumulative translation adjustment is released into net income only if the partial sale represents a complete or substantially complete liquidation of the foreign entity that contains the equity method investment. Additionally, the amendments in this ASU clarify that the sale of an investment in a foreign entity includes both (1) events that result in the loss of a controlling financial interest in a foreign entity (that is, irrespective of any retained investment) and (2) events that result in an acquirer obtaining control of an acquiree in which it held an equity interest immediately before the acquisition date (sometimes referred to as a step acquisition). Accordingly, the cumulative translation adjustment should be released into net income upon the occurrence of those events. For public entities, the ASU is effective prospectively for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2013. Early adoption wa s permitted. The Company adopted the provisions of ASU 2013-05 effective January 1, 2014, and the adoption of the provisions did not have an effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, cash flows, or related disclosures. In June 2013, the FASB issued ASU No. 2013-08, Financial Services-Investment Companies (Topic 946): Amendments to the Scope, Measurement, and Disclosure Requirements, which changes the approach to the investment company assessment in Topic 946, clarifies the characteristics of an investment company, and provides comprehensive guidance for assessing whether an entity is an investment company. The amendments require an investment company to measure non-controlling ownership interests in other investment companies at fair value rather than using the equity method of accounting. The amendments also require the following additional disclosures: (a) the fact that the entity is an investment company and is applying the guidance in Topic 946, (b) information about changes, if any, in an entity’s status as an investment company, and (c) information about financial support provided or contractually required to be provided by an investment company to any of its investees. The amendments in this ASU are effective for an entity’s interim and annual reporting periods in fiscal years that begin after December 15, 2013. Earlier application wa s prohibited. The Company has investments in the equity securities of investment funds and other non-publicly traded entities that have the attributes of investment companies as currently described in FASB ASC 946-15-2. The Company adopted the provisions of this ASU effective January 1, 2014, and the adoption of the provisions did not have an effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, cash flows, or related disclosures. In July 2013, the FASB issued ASU No. 2013-11, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Presentation of an Unrecognized Tax Benefit when a Net Operating Loss Carryforward, a Similar Tax Loss, or a Tax Credit Carryforward Exists, which provides guidance on the presentation of unrecognized tax benefits. This ASU applies to all entities that have unrecognized tax benefits when a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward exists at the reporting date. An unrecognized tax benefit, or a portion of an unrecognized tax benefit, should be presented in the financial statements as a reduction to a deferred tax asset for a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward, except as follows: to the extent a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward is not available at the reporting date under the tax law of the applicable jurisdiction to settle any additional income taxes that would result from the disallowance of a tax position or the tax law of the applicable jurisdiction does not require the entity to use, and the entity does not intend to use, the deferred tax asset for such purpose, the unrecognized tax benefit should be presented in the financial statements as a liability and should not be combined with deferred tax assets. This ASU is effective prospectively for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2013, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted the provisions of this ASU effective January 1, 2014, and the adoption of the provisions did not have an effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, cash flows, or related disclosures. In April 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-08, Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 205) and Property, Plant, and Equipment (Topic 360): Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity (“ASU 2014-08”), which changes the criteria for reporting discontinued operations and requires additional disclosures about discontinued operations. The guidance in this ASU raises the threshold for a disposal to qualify as a discontinued operation and certain other disposals that do not meet the definition of a discontinued operation. Under the new provisions, only disposals representing a strategic shift in operations – that is or will have a major effect on an entity’s operations and financial results should be presented as a discontinued operation. Examples include a disposal of a major line of business, a major geographical area, a major equity method investment, or other major parts of an entity. The new provisions also require new disclosures related to individually material disposals that do not meet the definition of a discontinued operation, an entity’s continuing involvement with a discontinued operation following the disposal date and retained equity method investments in a discontinued operation. The provisions of this ASU are effective for annual periods beginning on or after December 15, 2014 and interim periods within that year. The ASU is applied prospectively. Early adop tion wa s permitted but only for disposals (or classifications as held for sale) that have not been reported in financial statements previously issued. The Company’s adoption of the provisions of ASU 2014-08 effective January 1, 2015 did not have an effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. In June 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-11, Transfers and Servicing (Topic 860): Repurchase to Maturity Transactions, Repurchase Financings, and Disclosures, which changes the accounting for repurchase-to-maturity transactions that are repurchase agreements where the maturity of the security transferred as collateral matches the maturity of the repurchase agreement. According to the new guidance, all repurchase-to-maturity transactions will be accounted for as secured borrowing transactions in the same way as other repurchase agreements rather than as sales of a financial asset and forward commitment to repurchase. The amendments also change the accounting for repurchase financing arrangements that are transactions involving the transfer of a financial asset to a counterparty executed contemporaneously with a reverse repurchase agreement with the same counterparty. Under the new guidance, all repurchase financings will now be accounted for separately, which will result in secured lending accounting for the reverse repurchase agreement. The guidance also requires new disclosures about transfers that are accounted for as sales in transactions that are economically similar to repurchase agreements and increased transparency about the types of collateral pledged in repurchase agreements and similar transactions accounted for as secured borrowings. The provisions of this ASU are effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2014 with early adoption prohibited. An entity will be required to present changes in accounting for all outstanding repurchase-to-maturity transactions and repurchase financing arrangements as a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. The disclosures for certain transactions accounted for as a sale is required to be presented for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2014, and the disclosure for repurchase agreements, securities lending transactions, and repurchase-to-maturity transactions accounted for as secured borrowings is required to be presented for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2014, and for interim periods beginning after March 15, 2015. The Company’s adoption of the provisions of this ASU effective January 1, 2015 did not have an effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. See note 9. In November 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-17, Pushdown Accounting, which provides guidance on whether and at what threshold an acquired entity can apply pushdown accounting in its separate financial statements. The amendment gives the acquired entity the option of applying pushdown accounting in the reporting period in which the change-in-control event occurs. The decision to apply pushdown accounting is made for each individual change-in-control event. Once the election is made for a particular event, it is irrevocable. Furthermore, an entity may elect to apply push down accounting in a period subsequent to the change-in-control event but must treat such application as a change in accounting principle and apply the guidance of Accounting Changes and Error Corrections (Topic 250). The amendment became effective on November 18, 2014. The adoption of this ASU did not have an effect on the consolidated financial statements of the Company and it did not have an effect on the separately issued subsidiary statements. E. Financial Instruments The Company accounts for its investment securities at fair value under various accounting literature including FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 320, Investments — Debt and Equity Securities (“FASB ASC 320”), pertaining to investments in debt and equity securities and the fair value option of financial instruments in FASB ASC 825, Financial Instruments (“FASB ASC 825”). The Company also accounts for certain assets at fair value under the applicable industry guidance, namely FASB ASC 946, Financial Services-Investment Companies (“FASB ASC 946”). Certain of the Company’s assets and liabilities are required to be measured at fair value. For those assets and liabilities, the Company determines fair value according to the fair value measurement provisions included in FASB ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“FASB ASC 820”). FASB ASC 820 establishes a single authoritative definition of fair value, sets out a framework for measuring fair value, establishes a fair value hierarchy based on the quality of inputs used to measure fair value, and requires additional disclosures about fair value measurements. The definition of fair value focuses on the price that would be received to sell the asset or paid to transfer the liability between market participants at the measurement date (an exit price). An exit price valuation will include margins for risk even if they are not observable. FASB ASC 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels (level 1, 2 and 3). In addition, the Company has elected to account for certain of its other financial assets at fair value under the fair value option provisions included in FASB ASC 825. This standard provides companies the option of reporting certain instruments at fair value (with changes in fair value recognized in the statement of operations) that were previously either carried at cost, not recognized on the financial statements, or carried at fair value with changes in fair value recognized as a component of equity rather than in the statement of operations. The election is made on an instrument-by-instrument basis and is irrevocable. See note 9 for the information regarding the effects of applying the fair value option to the Company’s financial instruments on the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2015. The changes in fair value (realized and unrealized gains and losses) of these instruments are recorded in principal transactions and other income in the consolidated statements of operations. See notes 8 and 9 for further information. FASB ASC 320 requires that the Company classify its investments as either (i) held to maturity, (ii) available for sale, or (iii) trading. This determination is made at the time a security is purchased. FASB ASC 320 requires that both trading and available for sale securities are to be carried at fair value. However, in the case of trading assets, both unrealized and realized gains and losses are recorded in the statement of operations. For available for sale securities, only realized gains and losses are recognized in the statement of operations while unrealized gains and losses are recognized as a component of other comprehensive income. In all the periods presented, all securities were either classified as trading or available for sale. No securities were classified as held to maturity. Furthermore, the Company elected the fair value option, in accordance with FASB ASC 825, for all securities that were classified as available for sale. Therefore, for all periods presented, all securities owned by the Company were accounted for at fair value with unrealized and realized gains and losses recorded in the statement of operations. All securities that are classified as trading are included in investments-trading. However, when the Company acquires an investment that is classified as available for sale, but for which the Company elected the fair value option under FASB ASC 825, the investment is classified as other investments, at fair value. The determination of fair value is based on either quoted market prices of an active exchange, independent broker market quotations, market price quotations from third party pricing services, or, when independent broker quotations or market price quotations from third party pricing services are unavailable, valuation models prepared by the Company’s management. These models include estimates and the valuations derived from them could differ materially from amounts realizable in an open market exchange. Also, from time to time, the Company may be deemed to be the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity and may be required to consolidate it and its investments under the provisions included in FASB ASC 810, Consolidation (“FASB ASC 810”). See notes 3-J and 16. In those cases, the Company’s classification of the assets as trading, other investments, at fair value, available for sale, or held to maturity will depend on the intended use of the investment by the variable interest entity. Investments-T rading Unrealized and realized gains and losses on securities classified as investments-trading are recorded in net trading in the consolidated statements of operations. Other Investments, at F air V alue All gains and losses (unrealized and realized) from securities classified as other investments, at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets are recorded as a component of principal transactions and other income in the consolidated statements of operations. Trading Securities Sold, Not Yet Purchased Trading securities sold, not yet purchased represent obligations of the Company to deliver the specified security at the contracted price, thereby creating a liability to purchase the security in the market at prevailing prices. The Company is obligated to acquire the securities sold short at prevailing market prices, which may exceed the amount reflected on the consolidated balance sheets. Unrealized and realized gains and losses on trading securities sold, not yet purchased are recorded in net trading in the consolidated statement of operations. See notes 8 and 9. F. Investment Vehicles During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, the Company had investments in several Investment Vehicles. When making an investment in an Investment Vehicle, the Company must determine the appropriate method of accounting for the investment. In most cases, the Company will either (i) consolidate the Investment Vehicle, (ii) account for its investment under the equity method of accounting, or (iii) account for its investment as a marketable equity security under the provisions of FASB ASC 320. In the case of (ii) and (iii), the Company may account for its investment at fair value under the fair value option election included in FASB ASC 825. The Company may treat an investment in equity of an entity under the equity method of accounting when it has significant influence (as described in the FASB Codification) in the investee. In addition, the Company may elect to account for its investment at fair value under the fair value option included in FASB ASC 825. The Company consolidates an investment when it has control of the investee. In general, control is interpreted as owning in excess of 50% of the voting interest of an investee. However, this percentage is only a guideline and the Company considers the unique facts and circumstances of each investment. In addition, if the Company determines the investee is a variable interest entity and the Company is the primary beneficiary, the Company will consolidate the investee under the requirements for the consolidation of variable interest entities included in FASB ASC 810. If the Company determines that it is not required to consolidate an investee and does not have significant influence over the investee, it will account for the investment as a marketable equity security under the provisions included in FASB ASC 320. In general, if the investment was deemed to be an equity method investment and fair value was readily determinable, the Company made the fair value election. In all cases, if the investment was deemed to be a marketable equity security, the Company made the fair value election. The following discussion describes the Company’s accounting policy as it pertains to certain Investment Vehicles, the associated management contracts, and other related transactions. All of the Investment Vehicles described below are considered related parties of the Company. See note 29. Star Asia Related Entities The Company had an investment in several entities that either (i) invested in securities or real estate in Japan or (ii) provide d management services to entities that invested in securities or real estate in Japan. On February 20, 2014, the Company completed the sale of the Company’s ownership interests in all of the Star Asia related entities except for its remaining interest in Star Asia Opportunity. Star Asia Opportunity was liquidated and made its final distribution in 2014. The combination of interests sold on February 20, 2014 is referred to as the “Star Asia Group.” The Star Asia Group included the Company’s interest in the following entities (each defined individually below): Star Asia, Star Asia Manager, Star Asia Special Situations Fund, SAA Manager, SAP GP, and Star Asia Capital Management. See notes 5 and 15. Star Asia Finance, Limited (“Star Asia”) The Company had an investment in Star Asia. Star Asia invests primarily in Asian commercial real estate structured finance products, including CMBS, corporate debt of REITs and real estate operating companies, B notes, mezzanine loans, and other commercial real estate fixed income investments. The Company held no interest in Star Asia as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. The Company held a 28% interest in Star Asia as of December 31, 2013. The Company sold its interest in this entity on February 20, 2014. Until its sale on February 20, 2014, the Company accounted for its investment in Star Asia as an equity method investment for which it made the fair value election. Changes in fair value are recorded in earnings under the fair value option provisions included in FASB ASC 825. Because it was accounted for at fair value, it was included as a component of other investments, at fair value in the consolidated balance sheet. See notes 3-E, 8 and 9 for further information. Star Asia Management, LTD (“Star Asia Manager”) The Company had an investment in Star Asia Manager. Star Asia Manager serves as external manager of Star Asia and Star Asia SPV (see below). Pr i or to March 1, 2013, the Company owned a 50% interest in Star Asia Manager and accounted for its investment under the equity method with no fair value option election. From March 1, 2013 until its sale on February 20, 2014, the Company owned 100% of Star Asia Manager and included it in its consolidated statements. The Company held no interest in Star Asia Manager as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. Star Asia SPV The Company had an investment in Star Asia SPV. Star Asia SPV held investments in Asian commercial real estate. Until its final distribution in April 2013, the Company accounted for its interest in Star Asia SPV under the equity method with no fair value option election. The Company held no interest in Star As ia SPV as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. Star Asia Opportunity, LLC (“Star Asia Opportunity”) The Company had an investment in Star Asia Opportunity. Star Asia Opportunity held investments in seven real estate properties in Tokyo, Japan. Until its final distribution in May 2014, the Company accounted for its interest in Star Asia Opportunity under the equity method with no fair value election. The Company held no interest in Star Asia Opportunity as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. The Company held a 28% interest in Star Asia Opportunity as of December 31, 2013. Star Asia Capital Management LLC (“Star Asia Capital Management”) The Company had an investment in Star Asia Capital Management. Star Asia Capital Management served as the external man ager of Star Asia Opportunity. The Company sold its interest in this entity on February 20, 2014. From its initial investment until its sale on February 20, 2014, the Company accounted for its interest in Star Asia Capital Management under the equity method with no fair value election. The Company held no interest in Star Asia Capital Management as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. The Company held a 33% interest in Star Asia Capital Management as of December 31, 2013. Star Asia Japan Special Situations LP (“Star Asia Special Situations Fund”) The Company had an investment in Star Asia Special Situations Fund. The Star Asia Special Situations Fund is an investment fund that primarily invests in real estate and securities backed by real estate in Japan. The Company sold its interest in this entity on February 20, 2014. From its initial investment until its sale on February 20, 2014, the Company accounted for this investment under the equity method of accounting. The Company elected to carry its investment in the Star Asia Special Situations Fund at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in earnings under the fair value option provisions included in FASB ASC 825. Because it is accounted for at fair value, it is included as a component of other investments, at fair value in the consolidated balance sheet. The Company held no interest in Star Asia Special Situations Fund as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. The Company held a 2% interest in Star Asia Special Situations Fund as of December 31, 2013. Star Asia Advisors LTD (“SAA Manager”) The Company had an investment in SAA Manager. SAA Manager serves as the external manager of the Star Asia Special Situations Fund. The Company sold its interest in this entity on February 20, 2014. From its initial investment until its sale on February 20, 2014, the Company accounted for its interest in SAA Manager under the equity method of accounting with no fair value election. The Company held no interest in SAA Manager as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. The Company held a 33% interest in SAA Manager as of December 31, 2013. Star Asia Partners LTD (“SAP GP”) The Company had an investment in SAP GP. SAP GP serves as the general partner for the Star Asia Special Situations Fund. The Company sold its interest in this entity on February 20, 2014. From its initial investment until its sale on February 20, 2014, the Company accounted for its interest in SAP GP under the equity method of accounting with no fair value election. The Company held no interest in SAP GP as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. The Company held a 33% interest in SAP GP as of December 31, 2013. EuroDekania Limited and EuroDekania (Cayman) Ltd. (“EuroDekania”) The Company has an investment in, and serves as external manager, of EuroDekania. EuroDekania invests primarily in hybrid capital securities of European bank and insurance companies, CMBS, RMBS, and widely syndicated leverage loans. EuroDekania’s investments are denominated in Euros. The Company directly owned approximately 17% of the outstanding shares for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. The Company accounts for its investment in EuroDekania as a marketable equity security classified as available for sale for which the fair value option was elected effective January 1, 2008. Changes in fair value are recorded in earnings under the fair value option provisions included in FASB ASC 825. See notes 3-E, 8, and 9 for further information. The Company also serves as external manager of EuroDekania. See note 5 regarding sale of European operations, which includes the management contract for EuroDekania but excludes the Company’s investment in EuroDekania. Tiptree Financial Partners, L.P. (“Tiptree”) The Company has an investment in Tiptree. Tiptree is a diversified holding company. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company owned less than 1% and approximately 1% of Tiptree, respectively. For the period from January 1, 2013 until December 31, 2015, the Company elected to carry its investment at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in earnings under the fair value option provisions included in FASB ASC 825. Because it is accounted for at fair value, it is included as a component of other investments, at fair value in the consolidated balance sheet. See notes 3-E, 8, and 9 for further information. G. Derivative Financial Instruments FASB ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“FASB ASC 815”), provides for optional hedge accounting. When a derivative is deemed to be a hedge and certain documentation and effectiveness testing requirements are met, reporting entities are allowed to record all or a portion of the change in the fair value of a designated hedge as an adjustment to other comprehensive income (“OCI”) rather than as a gain or loss in the statements of operations. To date, the Company has not designated any derivatives as hedges under the provisions included in FASB ASC 815. Derivative financial instruments are recorded at fair value. If the derivative was entered into as part of its broker-dealer operations, it will be included as a component of investments-trading or trading securities sold, not yet purchased. If it is entered into as a hedge for another financial instrument included in other investments, at fair value then the derivative will be included as a component of other investments, at fair value. The Company may, from time to time, enter into derivatives to manage its risk exposures (i) arising from fluctuations in foreign currency rates with respect to the Company’s investments in foreign currency denominated investments; (ii) arising from the Company’s investments in interest sensitive investments; and (iii) arising from the Company’s facilitation of mortgage-backed trading. Derivatives entered into by the Company, from time to time, may include (i) foreign currency forward contracts; (ii) purchase and sale agreements of TBAs and other forward agency MBS contracts; and (iii) other extended settlement trades. TBAs are forward contracts to purchase or sell mortgage-backed securities whose collateral remain “to be announced” until just prior to the trade settlement. In addition to TBAs, the Company sometimes enters into forward purchases or sales of agency mortgage-backed securities where the underlying collateral has been identified. These transactions are referred to as other forward agency MBS contracts. TBAs and other forward agency MBS contracts are accounted for as derivatives by the Company under FASB ASC 815. The settlement of these transactions is not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In addition to TBAs and other forward agency MBS contracts as part of the Company’s broker-dealer operations, the Company may from time to time enter into other securities or loan trades that do not settle within the normal securities settlement period. In those cases, the purchase or sale of the security or loan is not recorded until the settlement date. However, from the trade date until the settlement date, the Company’s interest in the security is accounted for as a derivative as either a forward purchase commitment or forward sale commitment. Derivatives involve varying degrees of off-balance sheet risk, whereby changes in the level or volatility of interest rates or market values of the underlying financial instruments may result in changes in the value of a particular financial instrument in excess of its carrying amount. Depending on the Company’s investment strategy, realized and unrealized gains and losses are recognized in principal transactions and other income or in net trading in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations on a trade date basis. See note 10. The Company does not offset the fair value of derivatives f r o m the right to reclaim or the obligation to return collateral as allowed for in ASC 815. H. Furniture, Equipment, and Leasehold Improvements, Net Furniture, equipment, and leasehold improvements are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization, and are included as a component of other assets in the consolidated balance sheets. Furniture and equipment are depreciated on a straight line basis over their estimated useful life of 3 to 5 years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of their useful life or lease term, which generally ranges from 5 to 10 years. I. Goodwill and Intangible Assets with Indefinite Lives Goodwill represents the amount of the purchase price in excess of the fair value assigned to the individual assets acquired and liabilities assumed in various acquisitions completed by the Company. See note 4 and note 12. In accordance with FASB ASC 350, Intangibles — Goodwill and Other (“FASB ASC 350”), goodwill and intangible assets deemed to have indefinite lives are not amortized to expense but rather are analyzed for impairment. The Company measures its goodwill for impairment on an annual basis or when events indicate that goodwill may be impaired. The Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is “more likely than not” that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the two-step goodwill impairment test. Based on the results of the qualitative assessment, the Company then determines whether it needs to calculate the fair value of the reporting unit as part of the first step of the two-step goodwill impairment test. The goodwill impairment test two-step process requires management to make judgments in determining what assumptions to use in the calculation. The first step in the process is to identify potential goodwill impairment by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value. If the carrying value is less than fair value, the Company would complete step two in the impairment review process, which measures the amount of goodwill impairment. The Company includes intangible assets comprised primarily of its broker-dealer licenses in other assets on its consolidated balance sheets that it considers to have indefinite useful lives. The Company reviews these assets for impairment on an annual basis. J. Variable Interest Entities FASB ASC 810, Consolidation (“FASB ASC 810”), contains the guidance surrounding the definition of variable interest entities (“VIEs”), the definition of variable interests, and the consolidation rules surrounding VIEs. In general, VIEs are entities in which equity investors lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest or do not have sufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support. The Company has variable interests in VIEs through its management contracts and investments in various securitization entities including CLOs and CDOs. Once it is determined that the Company holds a variable interest in a VIE, FASB ASC 810 requires that the Company perform a qualitative analysis to determine (i) which entity has the power to direct the matters that most significantly impact the VIE’s financial performance and (ii) if the Company has the obligation to absorb the losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive the benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The entity that has both of these characteristics is deemed to be the primary beneficiary and required to consolidate the VIE. This assessment must be done on an ongoing basis. The Company has included the required disclosures for VIEs in its consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2015. See note 16 for further details. K . Collateralized Securities Transactions The Company may enter into transactions involving purchases of securities under agreements to resell (“reverse repurchase agreements” or “receivables under resale agreements”) or sales of securities under agreements to repurchase (“repurchase agreements”) that are treated as collateralized financing transactions and are recorded at their contracted resale or repurchase amounts plus accrued interest. The resulting interest income and expense are included in net trading in the consolidated statements of operations. In the case of reverse repurchase agreements, the Company generally takes possession of securities as collateral. Likewise, in the case of repurchase agreements, the Company is required to provide the counterparty with securities. In certain cases a repurchase agreement and a reverse repurchase agreement may be entered into with the same counterparty. If certain requirements are met, the offsetting provisions included in FASB ASC 210, Balance Sheet (“FASB ASC 210”), allow (but do not require) the reporting entity to net the asset and liability on the balance sheet. It is the Company’s policy to present the assets and liabilities on a gross basis even if the conditions described in offsetting provisions included in FASB ASC 210 are met. The Company classifies reverse repurchase agreements as a separate line item within the assets section of the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company classifies repurchase agreements as a separate line item within the liabilities section of the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. In the case of reverse repurchase agreements, if the counterparty does not meet its contractual obligation to return securities used as collateral, or does not deposit additional securities or cash for margin when required, the Company may be exposed to the risk of reacquiring the securities or selling the securities at unfavorable market prices in order to satisfy its obligations to its customers or counterparties. The Company’s policy to control this risk is monitoring the market value of securities pledged or used as collateral on a daily basis and requiring adjustments in the event of excess market exposure. In the case of repurchase agreements, if the counterparty makes a margin call and the Company is unable or unwilling to meet the margin call, the counterparty can sell the securities to repay the obligation. The Company is at risk that the counterparty may sell the securities at unfavorable market prices and the Company may sustain significant loss. The Company controls this risk by monitoring its liquidity position to ensure it has sufficient cash or liquid securities to meet margin calls. In the normal course of doing business, the Company enters into reverse repurchase agreements that permit it to re-pledge or resell the securities to others. See note 11. L . Revenue Recognition Net trading Net trading includes: (i) all gains, losses, and income (interest and dividend) from securities classified as investments-trading and trading securities sold, not yet purchased; (ii) interest income and expense from collateralized securities transactions; and (iii) commissions and riskless trading profits. Riskless trades are transacted through the Company’s proprietary account with a customer order in hand, resulting in little or no market risk to the Company. Transactions that settle in the regular way are recognized on a trade date basis. Extended settlement transactions are recognized on a settlement date basis (although in most cases of extended settlement trades, the unsettled trade is accounted for as a derivative between trade and settlement date). See notes 3G and 10. The investments classified as trading are carried at fair value. The determination of fair value is based on quoted market prices of an active exchange, independent broker market quotations, market price quotations from third party pricing services or, when independent broker quotations or market price quotations from third party pricing services are unavailable, valuation models prepared by the Company’s management. The models include estimates, and the valuations derived from them could differ materially from amounts realizable in an open market exchange. Net trading is reduced by interest expense that is directly incurred to purchase income generating assets related to trading activities such as margin interest. Such interest expense is recorded on an accrual basis. Asset management Asset management revenue consists of CDO asset management fees, fees earned for management of the Company’s permanent capital vehicles and investment funds, fees earned under a service arrangement with another CDO asset manager, and other asset management fees. CDO asset management fees are earned for providing ongoing asset management services to the trust. In general, the Company earns a senior asset management fee, a subordinated asset management fee, and an incentive asset management fee. The senior asset management fee is generally senior to all the securities in the CDO capital structure and is recognized on a monthly basis as services are performed. The senior asset management fee is generally paid on a quarterly basis. The subordinated asset management fee is an additional payment for the same services but has a lower priority in the CDO cash flows. If the trust experiences a certain level of asset defaults, these fees may not be paid. There is no recovery by the trust of previously paid subordinated asset management fees. It is the Company’s policy to recognize these fees on a monthly basis as services are performed. The subordinated asset management fee is generally paid on a quarterly basis. However, if the Company determines that the subordinated asset management fee will not be paid (which generally occurs on the quarterly payment date), the Company will stop recognizing additional subordinated asset management fees on that particular trust and will reverse any subordinated asset management fees that are accrued and unpaid. The Company will begin accruing the subordinated asset management fee again if payment resumes and, in management’s estimate, continued payment is reasonably assured. If payment were to resume but the Company was unsure of continued payment, it would recognize the subordinated asset management fee as payments were received and would not accrue such fees on a monthly basis. The incentive management fee is an additional payment, made typically after five to seven years of the life of a CDO, which is based on the clearance of an accumulated cash return on investment (“Hurdle Return”) received by the most junior CDO securities holders. It is an incentive for the Company to perform in its role as asset manager by minimizing defaults and maximizing recoveries. The incentive management fee is not ultimately determined or payable until the achievement of the Hurdle Return by the most junior CDO securities holders. The Company does not recognize incentive fee revenue until the Hurdle Return is achieved and the amount of the incentive management fee is determinable and payment is reasonably assured. Other asset management fees represents fees earned for the base and incentive management of various other Investment Vehicles that the Company manages. See note 3-F. New issue and advisory New issue and advisory revenue includes: (i) new issue revenue associated with originating, arranging, or placing newly created financial instruments; and (ii) revenue from advisory services. New issue and advisory revenue is recognized when all services have been provided and payment is earned. Principal transactions and other income Principal transactions include all gains, losses, and income (interest and dividend) from financial instruments classified as other investments, at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets. The investments classified as other investments, at fair value are carried at fair value. The determination of fair value is based on quoted market prices of an active exchange, independent broker market quotations, market price quotations from third party pricing services, or, when independent broker quotations or market price quotations from third party pricing services are unavailable, valuation models prepared by the Company’s management. These models include estimates, and the valuations derived from them could differ materially from amounts realizable in an open market exchange. Dividend income is recognized on the ex-dividend date. Other income / (loss) includes foreign currency gains and losses, interest earned on cash and cash equivalents, interest earn and losses incurred on notes receivable, and other miscellaneous income including revenue from revenue sharing arrangements. M. Interest Expense, net Interest expense incurred other than interest income and expense included as a component of net trading (described in 3-L above) is recorded on an accrual basis and presented in the consolidated statements of operations as a separate non-operat ing expense. See note 17. N. Leases The Company is a tenant pursuant to several commercial office leases. All of the Company’s leases are currently treated as operating leases. The Company records rent expense on a straight-line basis taking into account minimum rent escalations included in each lease. Any rent expense recorded in excess of amounts currently paid is recorded as deferred rent and included as a component of accounts payable and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. O. Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest The redeemable non-controlling interest represented the equity interests of PrinceRidge that were not owned by the Company. The members of PrinceRidge had the right to withdraw from PrinceRidge and require PrinceRidge to redeem the interests for cash over a contractual payment period. The capital account of a member who had not withdrawn was treated as a conditionally redeemable equity interest. As such, the Company accounted for these interests as temporary equity under Accounting Series Release 268 (“ASR 268”). These interests were shown outside of the permanent equity of IFMI in its consolidated balance sheet as redeemable non-controlling interest. The capital account of a member who had withdrawn was treated as a mandatorily redeemable equity interest. As such, the Company accounted for these interests as liabilities as a component of accounts payable and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Upon notification of withdrawal, the Company would reclassify the member’s equity interest form temporary equity to accounts payable and other liabilities. During the period from notification of withdrawal until final repayment, the member continued to participate in earnings and losses of PrinceRidge. Any earnings allocated to the member that increased the amount owed to the member were treated as interest expense. Any losses allocated to the member that reduced the amount owed to the member were treated as interest income. During 2013, the Company acquired all of the outstanding equity interests of PrinceRidge. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company owned 100% of PrinceRidge. See note 18. P. Non-Controlling Interest Subsequent to the consummation of the Merger on December 16, 2009, member interests in the Operating LLC, other than the interests held by the Company, are treated as a non-controlling interest. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company directly owned approximately 71.3% and 73.8%, respectively, of the Operating LLC. During 2013, the Company owned less than 100% of the equity interests of PrinceRidge. The interests of PrinceRidge not held by the Company during 2013 are also treated as non-controlling interests. See note 1 and 3-O. Q. Equity-Based Compensation The Company accounts for equity-based compensation issued to its employees using the fair value based methodology prescribed by the provisions related to share-based payments included in FASB ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation (“FASB ASC 718”). Through the periods presented herein, the Company has issued the following types of instruments: (i) “Restricted Units” that include both actual membership interests of the Operating LLC or interests that represent the right to receive common shares of IFMI, both of which may be subject to certain restrictions; (ii) “Restricted Stock” that are shares of IFMI’s common stock (“Common Stock”); and (iii) stock options of IFMI. When issuing equity compensation, the Company first determines the fair value of the Restricted Units or Restricted Stock or stock options granted. Once the fair value of the equity-based awards is determined, the Company determines whether the grants qualify for liability or equity treatment. The individual rights of the equity grants are the determining factors of the appropriate treatment (liability or equity). In general terms, if the equity-based awards granted have certain features (like put or cash settlement options) that give employees the right to redeem the grants for cash instead of equity of the Company, the grants will require liability treatment. Otherwise, equity treatment is generally appropriate. If the grants qualify for equity treatment, the value of the grant is recorded as an expense as part of compensation and benefits in the consolidated statements of operations. The expense is recorded ratably over the service period as defined in FASB ASC 718, which is generally the vesting period. The offsetting entry is to stockholders’ equity or non-controlling interest. In the case of grants that qualify for equity treatment, compensation expense is fixed on the date of grant. The only subsequent adjustments made would be to account for differences between actual forfeitures of grants when an employee leaves the Company and initial estimate of forfeitures. If the grants were to qualify for liability treatment, the treatment is the same as above except that the offsetting entry is to liability for equity compensation. In addition, in the case of grants that qualify for liability treatment, the Company would adjust the total compensation and the liability for equity compensation to account for subsequent changes in fair value as well as forfeitures as described in the preceding paragraph. From time to time, the Company has issued equity to non-employees as compensation for services. The Company follows the provisions of FASB ASC 505-50, Equity-Based Payments to Non Employees (“FASB ASC 505-50”). In those cases, the accounting treatment is materially the same as described for employees except that the fair value of the grant is determined at the earlier of (i) the performance commitment date; or (ii) the actual completion date of services. FASB ASC 505-50 describes the performance commitment date as the date when performance by the non-employee is probable because of sufficiently large disincentives in the event of nonperformance. If the sole remedy for the non-employee’s lack of performance is either the non-employee’s forfeiture of the equity instruments or the entity’s ability to sue the non-employee, those remedies should not, by themselves, be considered sufficiently large disincentives to nonperformance. When the Company has issued non employees grants, generally it has determined that the measurement date is the actual date of completion of services, which in the Company’s case, is the vesting date of the underlying grant. R. Accounting for Income Taxes The Company’s majority owned subsidiary, the Operating LLC, is treated as a pass-through entity for U.S. federal income tax purposes and in most of the states in which it does business. It is, however, subject to entity level income taxes in the United Kingdom, Spain, France, New York City, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, and Illinois. Beginning on April 1, 2006, the Company qualified for Keystone Opportunity Improvement Zone (“KOZ”) benefits, which exempts the Operating LLC and its members from Philadelphia and Pennsylvania state income and capital stock franchise tax liabilities. A ssuming the Company remains in its current location in Philadelphia, it will be entitled to KOZ benefits through October 31, 2018. For tax purposes, AFN contributed its assets and certain of its liabilities to Cohen Brothers in exchange for an interest in Cohen Brothers on December 16, 2009. AFN was organized and had been operated as a REIT for United States federal income tax purposes and therefore was not subject to U.S. federal income tax to the extent of its distributions to stockholders and as long as certain asset, income, distribution, and share ownership tests were met. Effective as of January 1, 2010, the Company ceased to qualify as a REIT and is instead treated as a C corporation for United States federal income tax purposes. The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the U.S. GAAP and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company records net deferred tax assets to the extent the Company believes these assets will more likely than not be realized. In making such a determination, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies, and recent financial operations. In the event the Company were to determine that it would be able to realize its deferred income tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, the Company would make an adjustment to the valuation allowance that would reduce the provision for income taxes. The Company’s policy is to record penalties and interest as a component of provision for income taxes in the consolidated statements of operations. S. Other Comprehensive Income / (Loss) The Company reports the components of comprehensive income / (loss) within the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income / (loss). Comprehensive income / (loss) includes net income / (loss) and foreign translation adjustment. T. Earnings / (Loss) Per Common Share In accordance with FASB ASC 260, Earnings Per Share (“FASB ASC 260”), the Company presents both basic and diluted earnings / (loss) per common share in its consolidated financial statements and footnotes. Basic earnings / (loss) per common share (“Basic EPS”) excludes dilution and is computed by dividing net income or loss allocable to common stockholders or members by the weighted average number of common shares and restricted stock entitled to non-forfeitable dividends outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per common share (“Diluted EPS”) reflects the potential dilution of common stock equivalents (such as restricted stock and restricted units entitled to forfeitable dividends, and in-the-money stock options), if they are not anti-dilutive. See note 24 for the computation of earnings/(loss) per common share. U. Recent Accounting Developments In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which replaces existing revenue recognition guidance in Topic 605, Revenue Recognition, replaces certain other industry-specific revenue recognition guidance, specifies the accounting for certain costs to obtain or fulfill a contract with a customer, and provides recognition and measurement guidance in relation to sales of non-financial assets. The core principle of this ASU is to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The ASU provides guidance on how to achieve this core principle, including how to identify contracts with customers and separate performance obligations in the contract, how to determine and allocate the transaction price to such performance obligations and how to recognize revenue when a performance obligation has been satisfied. The ASU is effective for annual reporting periods, and interim periods within those reporting periods, beginning after December 15, 2016 with early adoption prohibited. The Company will be required to apply the amendments in this ASU using one of the following two methods: (i) retrospective to each prior reporting period presented with the option to elect certain practical expedients as defined within the ASU or (ii) retrospective with the cumulative effect of initially applying the ASU recognized at the date of the initial application and providing certain additional disclosures as defined in the ASU. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), Deferral of the Effective Date, which defers the effective date of ASU No. 2014-09 to annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period. Earlier application is permitted only as of the annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim reporting. The Company will adopt the provisions of this ASU effective January 1, 2018 and is currently evaluating the new guidance to determine the impact it will have on our consolidated financial statements. In June 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-12, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Accounting for Share-Based Payments when the Terms of an Award Provide that a Performance Target could be Achieved after the Requisite Service Period, which requires a performance target that affects vesting and that could be achieved after the requisite service period be accounted for as a performance condition rather than as a non-vesting condition that affects the grant-date fair value of the award. A reporting entity should apply existing guidance in Topic 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation, as it relates to such awards. The amendments in this ASU are effective for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015 with early adoption permitted using either of two methods: (i) prospective to all awards granted or modified after the effective date or (ii) retrospective to all awards with performance targets that are outstanding as of the beginning of the earliest annual period presented in the financial statements and to all new or modified awards thereafter, with the cumulative effective applying this ASU as an adjustment to the opening retained earnings balance as of the beginning of the earliest annual period presented in the financial statements. The Company will adopt the provisions of this ASU effective January 1, 2016 and is currently evaluating the new guidance to determine the impact it may have to our consolidated financial statements. In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-13, Measuring the Financial Assets and the Financial Liabilities of a Consolidated Collateralized Financing Entity, which provides a measurement alternative for an entity that consolidates collateralized financing entities. A collateralized financing entity is a variable interest entity with nominal or no equity that holds financial assets and issues beneficial interests in those financial assets. The beneficial interests, which are financial liabilities of the collateralized financing entity, have contractual recourse only to the related assets of the collateralized financing entity. If elected, the alternative method results in the reporting entity measuring both the financial assets and financial liabilities of the collateralized financing entity using the more observable of the two fair value measurements, which effectively removes measurement differences between the financial assets and financial liabilities of the collateralized financing entity previously recorded as net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling and other beneficial interests and as an adjustment to appropriated retained earnings. The reporting entity continues to measure its own beneficial interests in the collateralized financing entity (other than those that represent compensation for services) at fair value. The ASU is effective for annual periods and interim periods with those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015. A reporting entity may apply the ASU using a modified retrospective approach by recording a cumulative-effect adjustment to equity as of the beginning of the annual period of adoption. A reporting entity may also apply the ASU retrospectively to all relevant prior periods beginning with the annual period in which ASU No. 2009-17, Consolidation (Topic 810): Improvements to Financial Reporting by Enterprises Involved with Variable Interest Entities, was adopted. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In January 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-01, Income Statement – Extraordinary and Unusual Items (Subtopic 225-20), Simplifying Income Statement Presentation by Eliminating the Concept of Extraordinary Items, which eliminates from U.S. GAAP the requirement of extraordinary items to be separately classified on the income statement. The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2015. A reporting entity may apply the amendments prospectively. A reporting entity may apply the amendments retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. Early adoption was permitted provided that the guidance is applied from the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2015. The Company will adopt the provisions of this ASU effective January 1, 2016 and is currently evaluating the new guidance to determine the impact it may have on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In February 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-02, Consolidation (Topic 810) – Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis, which makes targeted amendments to the current consolidation guidance and ends the deferral granted to investment companies from applying the VIE guidance. The revised consolidation guidance, among other things, (i) modifies the evaluation of whether limited partnerships and similar legal entities are VIEs or voting interest entities, (ii) eliminates the presumption that a general partner should consolidate a limited partnership, and (iii) modifies the consolidation analysis of reporting entities that are involved with VIEs through fee arrangements and related party relationships. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements. In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-03, Interest-Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30), Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs, which requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. The recognition and measurement for debt issuance costs are not affected by the amendments in this update. The amendments in this ASU are effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption of these amendments was permitted for financial statements that have not been previously issued. An entity should apply the new guidance on a retrospective basis, and the balance sheet of each individual period presented should be adjusted to reflect the period-specific effects of applying the new guidance. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of these amendments on the presentation in its consolidated financial statements. In May 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-07, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820) – Disclosures for Investments in Certain Entities that Calculate Net Asset Value per Share (or its Equivalent). Reporting entities are permitted to use net asset value (“NAV”) as a practical expedient to measure the fair value of certain investments. Under current U.S. GAAP, investments that use the NAV practical expedient to measure fair value are categorized within the fair value hierarchy as level 2 or level 3 investments depending on their redemption attributes, which has led to diversity in practice. This ASU will remove the requirement to categorize within the fair value hierarchy all investments that use the NAV practical expedient for fair value measurement purposes. Furthermore, the ASU will remove the requirement to make certain disclosures for all investments that are eligible to be measured at fair value using the NAV practical expedient. Rather, those disclosures are limited to investments for which the entity has elected to measure the fair value using that practical expedient. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015 and interim periods with those fiscal years. The ASU must be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented. The Company will adopt this ASU on January 1, 2016. The adoption of this ASU is expected to have an impact on the disclosures to the Company’s financial statements. In June 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-10, Technical Corrections and Improvements, which covers a wide range of topics in the codification. This ASU clarifies the codification, corrects unintended application of guidance, or makes minor improvements to the codification that are not expected to have a significant effect on current accounting practice or create a significant administrative cost to most entities. The transition guidance varies based on the amendments in this ASU. The amendments in this ASU that require transition guidance are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2015. Early adoption was permitted, including adoption in an interim period. All other amendments are effective upon the issuance of this ASU. The Company does not expect that the adoption of this ASU will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures. In September 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-16, Business Combinations (Topic 805), Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments, which includes amendments that eliminate the requirement to restate prior period financial statements for measurement period adjustments following a business combination. The new guidance requires that the cumulative impact of a measurement period adjustment (including the impact on prior periods) be recognized in the reporting period in which the adjustment is identified. The prior period impact of the adjustment should be either presented separately on the face of the income statement or disclosed in the notes to the financial statements. The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of these amendments on the presentation in its consolidated financial statements. In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01 Financial Instruments-Overall (subtopic 825-10). The revised guidance makes the following changes: (i) requires equity investments with readily determinable fair value (except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investee) to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income; (ii) allows an entity to choose to measure equity investments that do not have readily determinable fair values at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer; (iii) simplifies the impairment assessment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values by requiring a qualitative assessment to identify impairment and when a qualitative assessment indicates that impairment exists, an entity is required to measure the investment at fair value; (iv) eliminates the requirement to disclose the fair value of financial instruments measured at amortized cost for entities that are not public business entities; (v) eliminates the requirement for public business entities to disclose the method(s) and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value that is required to be disclosed for financial instruments measured at amortized cost on the balance sheet; (vi) requires public business entities to use the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes; (vii) requires an entity to present separately in other comprehensive income the portion of the total change in the fair value of a liability resulting from a change in the instrument-specific credit risk when the entity has elected to measure the liability at fair value in accordance with the fair value option for financial instruments; (viii) requires separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset (that is, securities or loans and receivables) on the balance sheet or the accompanying notes to the financial statements; and (ix) clarifies that an entity should evaluate the need for a valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset related to available-for-sale securities in combination with the entity’s other deferred tax assets. For public business entities, the amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. For non-public entities, the amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of these amendments on the presentation in its consolidated financial statements. V. Business Concentration A substantial portion of the Company’s asset management revenues in a year may be derived from a small number of transactions. CDO asset management revenue was generated from a limited number of CDOs. In addition, the Company may earn a substantial portion of its income in the form of principal transactions. This is comprised of gains and losses on a small number of investments. The following table provides a summary for the relevant periods.
SUMMARY OF REVENUE CONCENTRATION
(Dollars in Thousands)
|  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2015 |  | 2014 |  | 2013
CDO Asset Management |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CDO asset management revenue and related service agreements |  | $ | 8,678 |  | $ | 10,999 |  | $ | 13,664
Total asset management revenue |  | $ | 9,682 |  | $ | 14,496 |  | $ | 19,239
Total revenues |  | $ | 46,156 |  | $ | 55,750 |  | $ | 57,517
CDO asset management % as compared to total asset management fees |  |  | 90% |  |  | 76% |  |  | 71%
CDO asset management % as compared to total revenues |  |  | 19% |  |  | 20% |  |  | 24%
Principal Transactions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Principal transactions and other income |  | $ | 78 |  | $ | 7,979 |  | $ | (6,668)
Principal transactions % as compared to total revenues |  |  | 0% |  |  | 14% |  |  | -12%
Non-CDO asset management revenue is also derived from a small number of engagements. The Company’s trading revenue is generated from transactions with a diverse set of institutional customers. The Company does not consider its trading revenue to be concentrated from a customer perspective. W. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The following methods and assumptions were used by the Company in estimating the fair value of its financial instruments. These determinations were based on available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies. Considerable judgment is required to interpret market data to develop the estimates and, therefore, these estimates may not necessarily be indicative of the amount the Company could realize in a current market exchange. The use of different market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts. Refer to note 9 for a discussion of the fair value hierarchy with respect to investments-trading; other investments, at fair value; and the derivatives held by the Company. Cash and cash equivalents: Cash is carried at historical cost, which is assumed to approximate fair value. The estimated fair value measurement of cash and cash equivalents is classified within level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Investments-trading: These amounts are carried at fair value. The fair value is based on either quoted market prices of an active exchange, independent broker market quotations, market price quotations from third party pricing services, or valuation models when quotations are not available. See note 9 for disclosures about the categorization of the fair value measurements of investments-trading within the three level fair value hierarchy. Other investments, at fair value: These amounts are carried at fair value. The fair value is based on quoted market prices of an active exchange, independent broker market quotations, or valuation models when quotations are not available. In the case of investments in alternative investment funds, fair value is generally based on the reported net asset value of the underlying fund. See note 9 for disclosures concerning the categorization of the fair value measurements of other investments, at fair value within the three level fair value hierarchy. Receivables under resale agreements: Receivables under resale agreements are carried at their contracted resale price, have short-term maturities, and are repriced frequently or bear market interest rates and, accordingly, these contracts are at amounts that approximate fair value. The estimated fair value measurements of receivables under resale agreements are based on observations of actual market activity and are generally classified within level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Trading securities sold, not yet purchased: These amounts are carried at fair value. The fair value is based on quoted market prices of an active exchange, independent market quotations, market price quotations from third party pricing services, or valuation models when quotations are not available. See note 9 for disclosures concerning the categorization of the fair value measurements of trading securities sold, not yet purchased within the three level fair value hierarchy. Securities sold under agreement to repurchase: The liabilities for securities sold under agreement to repurchase are carried at their contracted repurchase price, have short-term maturities, and are repriced frequently with amounts normally due in one month or less and, accordingly, these contracts are at amounts that approximate fair value. The estimated fair value measurements of securities sold under agreement to repurchase are based on observations of actual market activity and are generally classified within level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Debt: These amounts are carried at outstanding principal less unamortized discount. However, a substantial portion of the debt was assumed in the Merger and recorded at fair value as of that date. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the fair value of the Company’s debt was estimated to be $35.2 million and $39.3 million, respectively. The estimated fair value measurements of the debt are generally based on discounted cash flow models prepared by the Company’s management primarily using discount rates for similar instruments issued to companies with similar credit risks to the Company and are generally classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Derivatives: These amounts are carried at fair value. Derivatives may be included as a component of investments-trading; trading securities sold, not yet purchased; and other investments, at fair value. See notes 9 and 10. The fair value is generally based on quoted market prices on an exchange that is deemed to be active for derivative instruments such as foreign currency forward contracts and Eurodollar futures. For derivative instruments, such as TBAs, the fair value is generally based on market price quotations from third party pricing services. See note 9 for disclosures concerning the categorization of the fair value measurements within the three level fair value hierarchy.

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