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Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2013
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Significant Accounting Policies [Text Block] | Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of CVD Equipment Corporation and its wholly owned subsidiaries. In December 1998, a subsidiary, Stainless Design Concepts, Ltd., was formed as a New York Corporation. In April 1999, this subsidiary was merged into CVD Equipment Corporation. The Company has two wholly owned subsidiaries: CVD Materials Corporation, which provides marketing for our Application Laboratory and FAE Holdings 411519R, LLC, a real estate holding company whose sole asset is its interest in the real estate and building housing our corporate headquarters.. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The Company’s significant estimates are the accounting for certain items such as revenues on long-term contracts recognized on the percentage-of-completion method, depreciation and amortization, valuation allowances for deferred tax assets, impairment considerations of long-lived assets and stock-based compensation. Revenue and Cost Recognition Revenues from fixed price contracts are recognized on the percentage of completion method, measured on the basis of incurred costs to estimated total costs for each contract. This cost to cost method is used because management considers it to be the best available measure of progress on these contracts. Contract costs include all direct material and labor costs and those indirect costs related to contract performance, such as indirect labor, supplies, tools, repairs and depreciation costs. Selling, general and administrative costs are charged to expense as incurred. Provisions for estimated losses on uncompleted contracts are made in the period in which such losses are determined. Changes in job performance, job conditions, and estimated profitability, and final contract settlements may result in revisions to costs and income and are recognized in the period in which the revisions are determined. The asset, “Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings on uncompleted contracts,” represents revenues recognized in excess of amounts billed. The liability, “Billing in excess of costs and estimated earnings on uncompleted contracts,” represents amounts billed in excess of revenues earned. Inventories Inventories are valued at the lower of cost (determined on the first-in, first-out method) or market. Income Taxes Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the estimated future tax effects of temporary differences between the financial statements and tax bases of assets and liabilities, as measured by the future enacted tax rates. Deferred tax expense (benefit) is the result of changes in the deferred tax assets and liabilities. The Company records a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that future tax benefits will not be utilized based on a lack of sufficient positive evidence. Investment tax credits are accounted for by the flow-through method reducing income taxes currently payable and the provision for income taxes in the period the assets giving rise to such credits are placed in service. To the extent such credits are not currently utilized on the Company’s tax return, deferred tax assets, subject to considerations about the need for a valuation allowance, are recognized for the carryforward amount. The Company recognizes the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more-likely-than-not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The accounting guidance on accounting for uncertainty in income taxes also addresses derecognition, classification, interest and penalties on income taxes, and accounting in interim periods. The Company does not believe it has any uncertain tax positions through the year ending December 31, 2013 which would have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company and its subsidiaries file combined income tax returns in the U.S. Federal and New York State jurisdiction. In addition, the parent company files standalone tax returns in California, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire and Wisconsin. The Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal and state income tax examinations for tax periods before 2010. The Company recognizes interest and penalties accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits, if any, in its income tax provision. The Company had no interest and penalties accrued at December 31, 2013 and 2012. Long Lived Assets Long-lived assets consist primarily of property, plant and equipment. Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate their carrying value may not be recoverable. When such events or circumstances arise, an estimate of the future undiscounted cash flows produced by the asset, or the appropriate grouping of assets, is compared to the asset’s carrying value to determine if impairment exists pursuant to the requirements of ASC 360-10-35, “Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets.” If the asset is determined to be impaired, the impairment loss is measured on the excess of its carrying value over its fair value. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of their carrying value or net realizable value. The Company had no recorded impairment charges in the consolidated statement of operations during each of the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012. Construction in Progress Construction in progress consists of amounts expended for renovating the new facility which was purchased on March 15, 2012. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to operations as incurred; additions, renewals and betterments are capitalized. Computer Software The Company follows ASC 350-40, “Internal Use Software.” This standard requires certain direct development costs associated with internal-use software to be capitalized including external direct costs of material and services and payroll costs for employees devoting time to the software projects. These costs totaled $10,890 and $4,495 for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively, and are included in Other Assets. All computer software is amortized using the straight-line method over its estimated useful life of three to five years. Amortization expense related to computer software totaled $7,433 and $4,869 for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Intangible Assets The cost of intangible assets is being amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives ranging from 5 to 20 years. Amortization expense recorded by the Company in 2013 and 2012 totaled $6,964 and $9,228, respectively. Research & Development Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. With our efforts having been utilized exclusively on customer orders, it has historically been included as part of cost of revenue in the consolidated statements of operations. In 2012 we expanded our laboratory staff and began conducting research and development independently. In 2013 we incurred approximately $1,837,000 of research and development expenses of which $1,013,000 were independent of external customer orders compared to 2012, when we incurred approximately $1,330,000 of research and development expenses of which $389,000 were independent of external customer orders. Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable is presented net of an allowance for doubtful accounts of $107,496 and $32,425 as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The allowance is based on historical experience and management’s evaluation of the collectability of accounts receivable. Management believes the allowance is adequate. However, future estimates may fluctuate based on changes in economic and customer conditions. The Company doesn’t require collateral from its customers. Product Warranty The Company records warranty costs as incurred and does not provide for possible future costs. Management estimates such costs are immaterial based on historical experience. However, it is reasonably possible that this estimate may differ in future periods. Earnings Per Share Basic net earnings per common share is computed by dividing the net income by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period. When applicable, diluted earnings per common share is determined using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period, adjusted for the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents, consisting of shares that might be adjusted upon exercise of common stock options and warrants. Potential common shares issued are calculated using the treasury stock method, which recognizes the use of proceeds that could be obtained upon the exercise of options and warrants in computing diluted earnings per share. It assumes that any proceeds would be used to purchase common stock at the average market price of the common stock during the period. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid financial instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Concentration of Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, and accounts receivable. The Company places its cash equivalents with high credit-quality financial institutions and invests its excess cash primarily in money market instruments. The Company has established guidelines relative to credit ratings and maturities that seek to maintain stability and liquidity. The Company sells products and services to various companies across several industries in the ordinary course of business. The Company routinely assesses the financial strength of its customers and maintains allowances for anticipated losses based upon historical experience. Fair value of Financial Instruments The carrying amounts of financial instruments including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses, and customer deposits approximate fair value due to the relatively short term maturity of these instruments. The carrying value of long-term debt approximates fair value based on prevailing borrowing rates currently available for loans with similar terms and maturities. Stock-Based Compensation The Company records stock-based compensation in accordance with the provisions set forth in ASC 718, “Stock Compensation” using the modified prospective method. ASC 718 requires companies to recognize the cost of employee services received in exchange for awards of equity instruments based upon the grant date fair value of those awards. Shipping and Handling It is the Company’s policy to include freight charges billed to customers in total revenue. The amount included in revenue was $71,179 and $35,779 for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Included in selling and shipping expense is $49,232 and $124,541 for shipping and handling costs for each of the years ended 2013 and 2012, respectively. Reclassification Certain items in the comparative financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current year's presentation. Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements In July 2013, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2013-09, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Deferral of the Effective Date of Certain Disclosures for Nonpublic Employee Benefit Plans in Update No. 2011-04. The amendments in this Update apply to certain quantitative disclosure requirements for an employee benefit plan, other than those plans that are subject to the Securities and Exchange Commission’s filing requirements ( hereafter “nonpublic employee benefit plan”), that holds investments in its plan sponsor’s own nonpublic entity equity securities, including equity securities of its plan sponsor’s nonpublic affiliated entities and that are within the scope of the disclosure requirements contained in FASB ASU No. 2011-04, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Amendments to Achieve Common Fair Value Measurement and Disclosure Requirements in U.S. GAAP and IFRSs. The amendments in this Update 2011-04 (Topic 820) of quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in Level 3 fair value measurements for investments held by a nonpublic employee benefit plan in its plan sponsor’s own nonpublic entity equity securities, including equity securities of its plan sponsor’s nonpublic affiliated entities. The amendments in this ASU do not defer the effective date for those certain quantitative disclosures for other nonpublic entity equity securities held in the nonpublic employee benefit plan or any qualitative disclosures. The deferral in this amendment is effective upon issuance for financial statements that have not been issued. This ASU is not expected to have a significant impact of the Company’s financial statements. In July 2013, the FASB issued ASU 2013-10, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Inclusion of the Fed Funds Effective Swap Rate (or Overnight Index Swap Rate) as a Benchmark Interest Rate for Hedge Accounting Purposes. The amendments in this Update permit the Fed Funds Effective Swap Rate to be used as a U.S. benchmark interest rate for hedge accounting purposes under Topic 815, in addition to the US Treasury rate and the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”). The amendments also remove the restriction on using different benchmark rates for similar hedges. The amendments are effective prospectively for qualifying new or redesignated hedging relationships entered into on or after July 17, 2013. This ASU is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s financial statements. In July 2013, the FASB issued ASU 2013-11, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Presentation of an Unrecognized Tax Benefit When a Net Operating Loss Carryforward, a Similar Tax Loss, or a Tax Credit Carryforward Exists. This ASU applies to all entities that have unrecognized tax benefits when a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward exists at the reporting date. An unrecognized tax benefit, or a portion of an unrecognized tax benefit, should be presented in the financial statements as a reduction to a deferred tax asset for a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward, except as follows. To the extent a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss, or a tax credit carryforward is not available at the reporting date under the tax law of the applicable jurisdiction to settle any additional income taxes that would result from the disallowance of a tax position or the tax law of the applicable jurisdiction does not require the entity to use, and the entity does not intend to use, the deferred tax asset for such purpose, the unrecognized tax benefit should be presented in the financial statements as a liability and should not be combined with deferred tax assets. The assessment of whether a deferred tax asset is available is based on the unrecognized tax benefit and deferred tax asset that exist at the reporting date and should be made presuming disallowance of the tax position at the reporting date. The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2013. For nonpublic entities, the amendments are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2014. Early adoption is permitted. This ASU is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company’s financial statements. We believe there is no additional new accounting guidance adopted, but not yet effective that is relevant to the readers of our financial statements. However, there are numerous new proposals under development which, if and when enacted, may have a significant impact on our financial reporting.

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