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Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2017
Notes to Financial Statements |
Significant Accounting Policies [Text Block] | Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of CVD Equipment Corporation and its wholly owned subsidiar ies. In December 1998, a subsidiary, Stainless Design Concepts, Ltd., was formed as a New York Corporation. In April 1999, this subsidiary was merged into CVD Equipment Corporation. The Company has five wholly owned subsidiaries: CVD Materials Corporation, which provides material coatings, process development support and process startup assistance through Tantaline ApS and CVD Mesoscribe Technologies Corporation, FAE Holdings 411519R, LLC, a real estate holding company whose sole asset is its interest in the real estate and building housing our corporate headquarters and 555 N Research Corporation whose sole asset is its interest in the real estate and building located at 555 North Research Place, Central Islip, NY. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The Company ’s significant estimates are the accounting for certain items such as revenues on long-term contracts recognized on the percentage-of-completion method, depreciation and amortization, valuation of inventories at the lower of cost or market; allowance for doubtful accounts receivable; valuation allowances for deferred tax assets, impairment considerations of long-lived assets and stock-based compensation and costs associated with product warranties. Revenue Recognition. We earn revenue from the sale of custom equipment to customers around the world. A large portion of our revenue is derived from contracts relating to the design, development or manufacture of complex equipment to a buyer’s specification and is recognized in accordance with FASB ASC 605 - 35. For these contracts, we primarily apply the percentage- of-completion accounting method and generally recognize revenue based on the relationship of total costs incurred to total projected costs. Profits expected to be realized on such contracts are based on total estimated sales for the contract compared to total estimated costs, including warranty costs, at completion of the contract. Direct costs which include materials, labor and overhead are charged to work-in-progress (including our contracts-in-progress) inventory or cost of sales. Indirect costs relating to long-term contracts, which include expenses such as general and administrative, are charged to expense as incurred and are not included in our work-in-process (including our contracts-in-progress) inventory or cost of sales. Total estimates are reviewed and revised periodically throughout the lives of the contracts, and adjustments to profits resulting from such revisions are made cumulative to the date of the change. Estimated losses on long-term contracts are recorded in the period in which the losses become evident. We have been engaged in the production and delivery of goods on a continual basis under contractual arrangements for many years. Historically, we have demonstrated an ability to accurately estimate total revenues and total expenses relating to our long-term contracts. However, there exist many inherent risks and uncertainties in estimating revenues, expenses and progress toward completion, particularly on larger or longer-term contracts. If we do not estimate the total sales, related costs and progress toward completion on such contracts, the estimated gross margins may be significantly impacted or losses may need to be recognized in future periods. Any such resulting changes in margins or contract losses could be material to our results of operations and financial condition. Adoption of New Revenue Standard In May 2014, The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014 - 09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (Topic 606 ), which changes the criteria for recognizing revenue. The standard requires an entity which recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The standard requires a five -step process for recognizing revenues including identifying the contract with the customer, identifying the performance obligations in the contract, determining the transaction prices, allocating the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and recognizing revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. Publicly-traded companies were initially required to adopt the ASU for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016; however, the FASB, in August 2015, then issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2015 - 14 to defer the effective date of ASU 2014 - 09 for all entities by one year. The Company has completed its assessment of the impact that the standard will have on revenue recognition. The Company has reviewed contracts for all material revenue streams and assessed potential impacts on the Company ’s consolidated financial statements, results of operations, disclosures, and internal controls over financial reporting. The Company currently recognizes a significant majority of its revenue over time. Management has determined that this will remain materially consistent upon adoption of the new standard and no adjustment to beginning retained earnings will be necessary upon adoption. Additionally, the Company will make additional disclosures related to the revenues arising from contracts with customers as required by the new standard. The Company has adopted this guidance in the first quarter of fiscal 2018 using the modified retrospective approach. Inventories Inventories are valued at the lower of cost (determined on the first -in, first -out method) or net realizable value. Income Taxes On December 22, 2017, the Tax Act was adopted into law. The tax Act makes broad and complex changes to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, including, but not limited to, (i) reducing the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%; (ii) eliminating the corporate alternative minimum tax (“AMT”) and changing how existing AMT credits are realized; (iii) creating a new limitation on deductible interest expense and (iv) changing rules related to uses and limitation of net operating loss carryforwards created in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the estimated future tax effects of temporary differences between the financial statements and tax bases of assets and liabilities, as measured by using the future enacted tax rates. Deferred tax expense (benefit) is the result of changes in the deferred tax assets and liabilities. The Company records a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that future tax benefits will not be utilized based on a lack of sufficient positive evidence. Investment tax credits are accounted for by the flow-through method , reducing income taxes currently payable and the provision for income taxes in the period the assets giving rise to such credits are placed in service. To the extent such credits are not currently utilized on the Company’s tax return, deferred tax assets, subject to considerations about the need for a valuation allowance, are recognized for the carryforward amount. The Company recognizes the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more-likely-than- not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The accounting guidance on accounting for uncertainty in income taxes also addresses derecognition, classification, interest and penalties on income taxes, and accounting in interim periods. The Company does not believe it has any uncertain tax positions through the year ending December 31, 2017 which would have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company and its subsidiar ies file combined income tax returns in the U.S. Federal and New York State jurisdiction. In addition, the parent company files standalone tax returns in California, Delaware, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire and Wisconsin. The Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal and state income tax examinations for tax periods before 2014. Long Lived Assets and Intangibles Long-lived assets consist primarily of property, plant, and equipment. Intangibles consist of patents, copyrights and intellectual property, licensing agreements and certifications. Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate their carrying value may not be recoverable. When such events or circumstances arise, an estimate of the future undiscounted cash flows produced by the asset, or the appropriate grouping of assets, is compared to the asset’s carrying value to determine if impairment exists pursuant to the requirements of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 360 - 10 - 35, “Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets.” If the asset is determined to be impaired, the impairment loss is measured on the excess of its carrying value over its fair value. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of their carrying value or net realizable value. The Company had no recorded impairment charges in the consolidated statement of operations during each of the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016. Computer Software The Company follows ASC 350 - 40, “Internal Use Software.” This standard requires certain direct development costs associated with internal-use software to be capitalized including external direct costs of material and services and payroll costs for employees devoting time to the software projects. These costs totaled $427,000 and $2,000 for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and are included in Fixed Assets. All computer software is amortized using the straight-line method over its estimated useful life of three to five years. Amortization expense related to computer software totaled $36,000 and $18,000 for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Intangible Assets The cost of intangible assets is being amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated initial useful lives which ranged from 5 to 20 years. Amortization expense recorded by the Company in 2017 and 2016 totaled $46,000 and $31,000, respectively. Research & Development Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. In 2012 we expanded our laboratory staff and began conducting research and development independent of customer orders. In 2017, we incurred approximately $2,220,000 of research and development expenses of which $437,000 were independent of external customer orders compared to 2016, when we incurred approximately $2,448,000 of research and development expenses of which approximately $434,000 were independent of external customer orders. Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable is presented net of an allowance for doubtful accounts of $4,000 and $2,000 as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The allowance is based on historical experience and management’s evaluation of the collectability of accounts receivable. Management believes the allowance is adequate. However, future estimates may fluctuate based on changes in economic and customer conditions. The Company doesn’t require collateral from its customers. Product Warranty The Company records warranty costs as incurred and does not provide for possible future costs. Management estimates such costs are immaterial , based on historical experience. However, it is reasonably possible that this estimate may differ in future periods. Earnings Per Share Basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing the net income by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period. When applicable, diluted earnings per common share is determined using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period, adjusted for the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents, consisting of shares that might be adjusted upon exercise of common stock options and warrants. Potential common shares issued are calculated using the treasury stock method, which recognizes the use of proceeds that could be obtained upon the exercise of options and warrants in computing diluted earnings per share. It assumes that any proceeds would be used to purchase common stock at the average market price of the common stock during the period. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company had cash and cash equivalents of $ 14.2 million and $21.7 million respectively at December 31, 2017 and 2016. Concentration of Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, and accounts receivable. The Company places its cash equivalents with high credit-quality financial institutions and invests its excess cash primarily in money market instruments. The Company has established guidelines relative to credit ratings and maturities that seek to maintain stability and liquidity. The Company sells products and services to various companies across several industries in the ordinary course of business. The Company routinely assesses the financial strength of its customers and maintains al lowances for anticipated losses based upon historical experience. Fair value of Financial Instruments The carrying amounts of financial instruments including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, net, accounts payable and accrued expenses, deferred revenue and customer deposits approximate fair value due to the relatively short-term maturity of these instruments. The carrying value of long-term debt approximates fair value based on prevailing borrowing rates currently available for loans with similar terms and maturities. Business Combination The Company has accounted for its acquisitions of the assets of both Tantaline A/S and Mesoscribe Technologies, Inc. using the acquisition method. The Company has allocated the purchase price to the assets acquired based on their estimated fair values at the acquisition dates. Acquisition-Related Contingent Consideration Acquisition-related contingent consideration represents an obligation of the Company to transfer additional assets or equity interests if specified future events occur or conditions are met. This contingency is accounted for at fair value either as a liability or equity depending on the terms of the acquisition agreement. The Company determines the estimated fair value of contingent consideration as of the acquisition date, and subsequently at the end of each reporting period. In doing so, the Company makes significant estimates and assumptions regarding future events or conditions being achieved under the subject contingent agreement as well as the appropriate discount rate to apply. Stock-Based Compensation The Company records stock-based compensation in accordance with the provisions set forth in ASC 718, “Stock Compensation” using the modified prospective method. ASC 718 requires companies to recognize the cost of employee services received in exchange for awards of equity instruments based upon the grant date fair value of those awards. Shipping and Handling It is the Company ’s policy to include freight charges billed to customers in total revenue. The amount included in revenue was $42,000 and $28,000 for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Recently Adopt ed A ccounting Pronouncement In May 2014, The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014 - 09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (Topic 606 ), which changes the criteria for recognizing revenue. The standard requires an entity which recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The standard requires a five -step process for recognizing revenues including identifying the contract with the customer, identifying the performance obligations in the contract, determining the transaction prices, allocating the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and recognizing revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. Publicly-traded companies were initially required to adopt the ASU for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016; however, the FASB, in August 2015, then issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2015 - 14 to defer the effective date of ASU 2014 - 09 for all entities by one year. The Company has completed its assessment of the impact that the standard will have on revenue recognition. The Company has reviewed contracts for all material revenue streams and assessed potential impacts on the Company ’s consolidated financial statements, results of operations, disclosures, and internal controls over financial reporting. The Company currently recognizes a significant majority of its revenue over time. Management has determined that this will remain materially consistent upon adoption of the new standard and no adjustment to beginning retained earnings will be necessary upon adoption. Additionally, the Company will make additional disclosures related to the revenues arising from contracts with customers as required by the new standard. The Company has adopted this guidance in the first quarter of fiscal 2018 using the modified retrospective approach. In February 2016 the FASB issued ASU No. 2016 - 02, "Leases (Topic 842 )" (ASU 2016 - 02 ). The primary difference between previous GAAP and ASU 2016 - 02 is the recognition of lease assets and lease liabilities by lessees for those leases classified as operating leases under previous GAAP. The guidance requires a lessee to recognize in the statement of financial position a liability to make lease payments (the lease liability) and a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. When measuring assets and liabilities arising from a lease, a lessee (and a lessor) should include payments to be made in optional periods only if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise an option to extend the lease or not to exercise an option to terminate the lease. Similarly, optional payments to purchase the underlying asset should be included in the measurement of lease assets and lease liabilities only if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise that purchase option. For leases with a term of 12 months or less, a lessee is permitted to make an accounting policy election by class of underlying asset not to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities. If a lessee makes this election, it should recognize lease expense for such leases generally on a straight-line basis over the lease term. ASU 2016 - 02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. Lessees and lessors are required to recognize and measure leases at the beginning of the earliest period presented using a modified retrospective approach. The modified retrospective approach includes a number of optional practical expedients that entities may elect to apply. An entity that elects to apply the practical expedients will, in effect, continue to account for leases that commence before the effective date in accordance with previous GAAP unless the lease is modified, except that lessees are required to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all operating leases at each reporting date based on the present value of the remaining minimum rental payments that were tracked and disclosed under previous GAAP. In addition, FASB has amended Topic 842 prior to it becoming effective. The effective date and transition requirements for these amendments to Topic 842 are the same as ASU 2016 - 02. The Company is in the initial stages of evaluating the impact the adoption of this guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements, results of operations, and disclosures which will include recognizing a lease liability and a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. We believe there is no additional new accounting guidance adopted, but not yet effective that is relevant to the readers of our financial statements. However, there are numerous new proposals under development which, if and when enacted, may have a significant impact on our financial reporting.

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