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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Basis of Presentation | Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”).
Liquidity | Liquidity At December 31, 2023, the Company had $14.0 million in cash and cash equivalents. The Company anticipates that the existing cash and cash equivalents balance together with potential future income from operations, collections of existing accounts receivable, revenue from its existing backlog of products as of this filing date, the sale of inventory on hand, deposits and down payments against significant orders will be adequate to meet its working capital and capital equipment requirements, and its anticipated cash needs over the next 12 months from the date of issuance of the accompanying Form 10-K.
Reclassifications | Reclassifications In addition, certain reclassifications have been made to the prior period consolidated financial statements to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on net (loss).
Principles of Consolidation | Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of CVD Equipment Corporation and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates | Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The Company’s significant estimates are the accounting for certain items such as revenues on long-term contracts recognized on the input method, valuation of inventories at the lower of cost or net realizable value; allowance for credit losses; valuation allowances for deferred tax assets, estimated lives and impairment considerations of long-lived assets and valuation of stock-based compensation.
Revenue Recognition | Revenue Recognition In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), the Company records revenue in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for goods or services promised to its customers. Under ASC 606, the Company follows a five-step model to: (1) identify the contract with the customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price for the contract; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (5) recognize revenue using one of the following two methods: Over time The Company designs, manufactures and sells custom chemical vapor deposition, thermal process equipment and other equipment through contractual agreements. These system sales require the Company to deliver functioning equipment that is generally completed within two to eighteen months from commencement of order acceptance. For systems sales that meet the criteria to recognize revenue over time, the Company recognizes revenue over time by using an input method based on costs incurred as it depicts the Company’s progress toward satisfaction of the performance obligation. For system sales that do not meet the criteria to recognize revenue over time based on the contract provisions, the Company recognizes revenue based on point in time. Under the over time method, revenue arising from fixed price contracts is recognized as work is performed based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs at completion of the performance obligations. Incurred costs include all direct material and labor costs and those indirect costs related to contract performance, such as supplies, tools, repairs and depreciation costs. Contract material costs are included in incurred costs when the project materials have been purchased or moved to work-in-process, and installed, as required by the project’s engineering design. Cost based input methods of revenue recognition require the Company to make estimates of costs to complete the projects. In making such estimates, significant judgment is required to CVD EQUIPMENT CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2023 and 2022 Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued) evaluate assumptions related to the costs to complete the projects, including materials, labor and other system costs. If the estimated total costs on any contract are greater than the net contract revenues, the Company recognizes the entire estimated loss in the period the loss becomes known and can be reasonably estimated. There were no material impairment losses recognized on contract assets during the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. The timing of revenue recognition, billings and collections results in accounts receivables, unbilled receivables or contract assets and contract liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet. Under typical payment terms for our contracts accounted for over time, amounts are billed as work progresses in accordance with agreed-upon contractual terms, either at periodic intervals or upon achievement of contractual milestones. Under ASC 606, payments received from customers in excess of revenue recognized to-date results in a contract liability. These contract liabilities are not considered to represent a significant financing component of the contract because we believe these cash advances and deposits are generally used to meet working capital demands which can be higher in the earlier stages of a contract. Also, advanced payments and deposits provide us with some measure of assurance that the customer will perform on its obligations under the contract. Contract assets include unbilled amounts typically resulting from system sales under contracts and represents revenue recognized that exceeds the amount billed to the customer. Contract liabilities include advance payments and billings in excess of revenue recognized. The Company typically receives down payments upon receipt of order and progress payments as the system is manufactured. Contract assets and contract liabilities are classified as current as these contracts in progress are expected to be substantially completed within the next twelve months. Point in time For non-system sales of products and services, revenue is recognized at the point in time when control of the promised products or services is transferred to the Company’s customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those products or services (the transaction price). A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct product or service to a customer and is the unit of account under ASC 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers.” For any system equipment sales where the equipment would have an alternative use or where the contract provisions of the contract preclude the use of over time revenue recognition, revenue is recognized at the point in time when control of the equipment is transferred to the customer. For the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, all system equipment sales were recorded over time by using an input method.
Inventories | Inventories Inventories (raw materials, work-in-process and finished goods) are valued at the lower of cost (determined on the first-in, first-out method) or net realizable value. Work-in-process and finished goods inventory reflect all accumulated production costs, which are comprised of direct production costs and overhead, and is reduced by amounts recorded in cost of sales as the related revenue is recognized. Indirect costs relating to long-term contracts, which include expenses such as general and administrative, are charged to expense as incurred and are not included in our cost of sales or work-in-process and finished goods inventory. Obsolete inventory or inventory in excess of management’s estimated usage requirement is written down to its estimated net realizable value if less than cost. The Company evaluates usage requirements by analyzing historical usage, anticipated demand, alternative uses of materials, and other qualitative factors. Unanticipated changes in demand for the Company’s products may require a write down of inventory, which would be reflected in cost of sales in the period the revision is made.
Product Warranty | Product Warranty The Company typically provides standard warranty coverage on its systems for one year from the date of final acceptance or fifteen months from the date of shipment by providing labor and parts necessary to repair the systems during the warranty period. The Company records the estimated warranty cost when revenue is recognized on the related system. Warranty cost is included in “Cost of revenue” in the consolidated statements of operations. The estimated warranty cost is based on the Company’s historical cost. The Company updates its warranty estimates based on actual costs incurred.
Income Taxes | Income Taxes Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the estimated future tax effects of temporary differences between the financial statements and tax bases of assets and liabilities, as measured by using the future enacted tax rates. Deferred tax expense (benefit) is the result of changes in the deferred tax assets and liabilities. The Company records a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that future tax benefits will not be utilized based on a lack of sufficient positive evidence. The Company records uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740 on the basis of a two-step process in which (1) we determine whether it is more likely than not the tax position will be sustained on examination by taxing authorities based on the technical merits of the position and (2) for those positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, we recognize the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority. CVD EQUIPMENT CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2023 and 2022 Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued) The Company’s policy for global intangible low taxed income (“GILTI”) is to treat such amounts as a period cost when incurred.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets and Intangibles | Impairment of Long-Lived Assets and Intangibles Long-lived assets consist primarily of property, plant, and equipment. Intangibles consist of patents, copyrights and intellectual property, licensing agreements and certifications. Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate their carrying value may not be recoverable.When such events or circumstances arise, an estimate of the future undiscounted cash flows produced by the asset, or the appropriate grouping of assets, is compared to the asset’s carrying value to determine if impairment exists.If the asset is determined to be impaired, the impairment loss is measured on the excess of its carrying value over its fair value. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of their carrying value or net realizable value.
Property, Plant and Equipment | Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation is determined on a straight-line basis for buildings and building improvements over 5 to 39 years and for machinery and equipment over 5 to 8 years. Depreciation and amortization of assets used in manufacturing are recorded in cost of revenue. Depreciation and amortization of all other assets are recorded as operating expenses.
Intangible Assets | Intangible Assets The cost of intangible assets is being amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated initial useful lives which ranged from 5 to 20 years.
Research and Development | Research and Development Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and include charges for the development of new technology and transition of existing technology into new products.
Earnings Per Share | Earnings Per Share Basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing the net income by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period. When applicable, diluted earnings per common share is determined using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period, adjusted for the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents, consisting of shares that might be adjusted upon exercise of common stock options, unvested restricted shares, and warrants. CVD EQUIPMENT CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2023 and 2022 Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued) Potential common shares issued are calculated using the treasury stock method, which recognizes the use of proceeds that could be obtained upon the exercise of options and warrants in computing diluted earnings per share. It assumes that any proceeds would be used to purchase common stock at the average market price of the common stock during the period.
Cash and Cash Equivalents | Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company had cash and cash equivalents of $14.0 million and $14.4 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company invests excess cash in treasury bills, certificates of deposit or deposit accounts, all with original maturities of less than three months. Cash equivalents were $12.1 million and $11.7 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company places most of its temporary cash investments with financial institutions, which from time to time may exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation limit. The amount in excess of the limit at both December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $1.5 million. The Company’s cash in our Denmark subsidiary exceeded the government guarantee limit by approximately $0.5 million at December 31, 2022.
Concentration of Credit Risk | Concentration of Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, and accounts receivable. The Company places its cash equivalents with financial institutions and invests its excess cash primarily in treasury bills, certificates of deposit or deposit accounts. The Company has established guidelines relative to credit ratings and maturities that seek to maintain stability and liquidity. The Company routinely assesses the financial strength of its customers. In accordance with the “expected credit loss” model, the carrying amount of accounts receivable is reduced by a valuation allowance that reflects the best estimate of the amounts the Company does not expect to collect. In addition to reviewing delinquent accounts receivable, the Company consider many factors in estimating our reserve, including types of customers and their credit worthiness, experience and historical data adjusted for current conditions and reasonable supportable forecasts. The Company records an allowance for credit losses based upon a specific review of all significant outstanding invoices. For those invoices not specifically reviewed, provisions are provided based upon the collection history, current economic trends and reasonable supportable forecasts. The Company has accounts receivables from certain customers that exceed 10%. As of December 31, 2023, the accounts receivable balance includes amounts from three customers that represented 37.6%, 13.0% and 12.8% of total accounts receivable, and as of December 31, 2022, two customers that represented 35.7% and 30.3% of total accounts receivable. CVD EQUIPMENT CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2023 and 2022 Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued) Accounts receivable is presented net of an allowance for credit losses of $36,000 as of both December 31, 2023 and 2022. The allowance is based on prior experience and management’s evaluation of future economic conditions. Measurement of credit losses requires consideration of historical loss experience, including the need to adjust for changing business conditions, and judgments about the probable effects of relevant observable data, including present economic conditions such as delinquency rates and the financial health of specific customers. Future changes to the estimated allowance for doubtful accounts could be material to our results of operations and financial condition.
Sales Concentrations | Sales Concentrations Revenue to a single customer in any one year can exceed 10% of our total sales. There were three customers in the year ended December 31, 2023 that represented 14.3%, 13.5% and 10.9% of our revenues, while there was one customer in the year ended December 31, 2022 that represented 29.2% of our revenues. The loss of a large customer could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business and financial condition. Export sales to customers represented approximately 17% of sales for both years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Export sales in both 2023 and 2022 were primarily to customers in Europe and Asia. All contracts except those entered into by the Company’s subsidiary in Denmark are denominated in U.S. dollars. The Company has not entered into any foreign exchange contracts.
Supplier Risk | Supplier Risk The Company relies on suppliers to manufacture many of the components and subassemblies used in its products. Quality or performance failures of the Company’s products or changes in its manufacturers’ financial or business condition could disrupt the Company’s ability to supply quality products to its customers and thereby have a material and adverse effect on its business and operating results. Some of the components and technologies used in the Company’s products are purchased and licensed from a single source or a limited number of sources. The loss of any of these suppliers may cause the Company to incur additional transition costs, result in delays in the manufacturing and delivery of its products or cause it to carry excess or obsolete inventory and could cause it to redesign its products.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments | Fair Value of Financial Instruments The carrying amounts of financial instruments including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, contract assets and contract liabilities approximate fair value due to the relatively short-term maturity of these instruments. The carrying value of long-term debt approximates fair value based on prevailing borrowing rates currently available for loans with similar terms and maturities.
Stock-Based Compensation | Stock-Based Compensation The Company records stock-based compensation in accordance with the provisions set forth in ASC 718, “Stock Compensation”. ASC 718 requires companies to recognize the cost of employee services received in exchange for awards of equity instruments based upon the grant date fair value of those awards over the vesting period. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to compute the estimated fair value of option awards and includes assumptions regarding expected volatility, expected option term, dividend yields and risk-free interest rates.
Shipping and Handling | Shipping and Handling It is the Company’s policy to include freight charges billed to customers in total revenue. The amount included in revenue was $55,000 and $87,000 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards | Recently Adopted Accounting Standards In June 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326), which require that financial assets measured at amortized cost be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the financial asset to present the net carrying value at the amount expected to be collected. The income statement reflects the measurement of credit losses for newly recognized financial assets, as well as the increase or decreases of expected credit losses that have taken place during the period. The measurement of expected credit losses is based upon historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. The adoption of the ASU 2016-3 as of January 1, 2023 did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards | Recently Issued Accounting Standards In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures,” which requires public business entities to disclose additional information in specified categories with respect to the reconciliation of the effective tax rate to the statutory rate for federal, state, and foreign income taxes. It also requires greater detail about individual reconciling items in the rate reconciliation to the extent the impact of those items exceeds a specified threshold. In addition to new disclosures associated with the rate reconciliation, the ASU requires information pertaining to taxes paid (net of refunds received) to be disaggregated for federal, state, and foreign taxes and further disaggregated for specific jurisdictions to the extent the related amounts exceed a quantitative threshold. The ASU also describes items that need to be disaggregated based on their nature, which is determined by reference to the item’s fundamental or essential characteristics, such as the transaction or event that triggered the establishment of the reconciling item and the activity with which the reconciling item is associated. The ASU eliminates the historic requirement that entities disclose information concerning unrecognized tax benefits having a reasonable possibility of CVD EQUIPMENT CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2023 and 2022 Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued) significantly increasing or decreasing in the 12 months following the reporting date. This ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. This ASU should be applied on a prospective basis; however, retrospective application is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact that ASU 2023 – 09 will have on our consolidated financial statements. In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segments,” which aims to improve financial reporting by requiring disclosure of incremental segment information on an annual and interim basis for all public entities to enable investors to develop more decision-useful financial analyses. Currently, Topic280 requires that a public entity disclose certain information about its reportable segments. For example, a public entity is required to report a measure of segment profit or loss that the CODM uses to assess segment performance and make decisions about allocating resources. Topic 280 also requires other specified segment items and amounts, such as depreciation, amortization, and depletion expense, to be disclosed under certain circumstances. The amendments in this ASU do not change or remove those disclosure requirements and do not change how a public entity identifies its operating segments, aggregates those operating segments, or applies the quantitative thresholds to determine its reportable segments. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact that ASU 2023 – 07 will have on our consolidated financial statements. The Company believes there is no additional new accounting guidance adopted, but not yet effective that is relevant to the readers of our financial statements. However, there are numerous new proposals under development which, if and when enacted, may have a significant impact on our financial reporting.

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