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Stock Option Plans (Tables)
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2023
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
Summary of Stock Options

Stock option activity for employees and non-employees under the Equity Compensation Plans for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was as follows:

 

Options

 

 

Weighted
Average
Exercise Price

 

 

Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (years)

 

 

Aggregate Intrinsic Value

 

Outstanding options, December 31, 2022

 

 

7,095,462

 

 

$

1.99

 

 

 

5.79

 

 

$

109,891

 

Granted

 

 

2,911,750

 

 

$

0.57

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Forfeited

 

 

(40,409

)

 

$

1.99

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Exercised

 

 

(8,000

)

 

$

0.54

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Expired

 

 

(137,574

)

 

$

2.06

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Outstanding options, September 30, 2023

 

 

9,821,229

 

 

$

1.57

 

 

 

6.41

 

 

$

437,894

 

Options vested and exercisable, September 30, 2023

 

 

5,049,015

 

 

$

1.97

 

 

 

3.75

 

 

$

193,470

 

Summary of Assumptions Used to Calculate Estimated Fair Value of Stock Options

The estimated fair value of stock options granted to employees and consultants during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, were calculated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model using the following assumptions:

 

 

Three Months Ended September 30,

 

Nine Months Ended September 30,

 

2023

 

2022

 

2023

 

2022

Expected volatility

 

*

 

 

97.4

 

%

 

80.2 - 81.9

 

%

 

78.0 - 97.4

 

%

Weighted-average volatility

 

*

 

 

 

97.4

 

%

 

 

81.7

 

%

 

 

94.1

 

%

Expected dividends

 

*

 

 

 

%

 

 

%

 

 

%

Expected term (in years)

 

*

 

 

5.77 - 6.08

 

 

 

5.77 - 6.08

 

 

 

5.50 - 6.08

 

 

Risk-free rate

 

*

 

 

3.55 - 3.56

 

%

 

3.50 - 3.90

 

%

 

1.38 - 3.56

 

%

* No options were granted during the three months ended September 30, 2023.

Summary of Restricted Stock

Stock award activity for employees and non-employees under the Equity Compensation Plans for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was as follows:

 

Number of shares

 

 

Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value

 

Unvested as of December 31, 2022

 

 

350,000

 

 

$

1.72

 

Granted

 

 

318,875

 

 

$

0.54

 

Vested

 

 

(106,250

)

 

$

1.72

 

Unvested as of September 30, 2023

 

 

562,625

 

 

$

1.04

 

Schedule of Stock-based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was as follows:

 

 

Three Months Ended September 30,

 

 

Nine Months Ended September 30,

 

 

2023

 

 

2022

 

 

2023

 

 

2022

 

Research and development

 

$

155,596

 

 

$

165,607

 

 

$

469,821

 

 

$

683,646

 

General and administrative

 

 

483,650

 

 

 

412,596

 

 

 

1,417,020

 

 

 

1,362,018

 

Total

 

$

639,246

 

 

$

578,203

 

 

$

1,886,841

 

 

$

2,045,664