<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001171843-24-001791.txt : 20240403
<SEC-HEADER>0001171843-24-001791.hdr.sgml : 20240403
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20240403080111
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001171843-24-001791
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		14
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20240328
ITEM INFORMATION:		Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement
ITEM INFORMATION:		Other Events
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20240403
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20240403

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			HARVARD BIOSCIENCE INC
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001123494
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	LABORATORY ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS [3826]
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	08 Industrial Applications and Services
		IRS NUMBER:				043306140
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-33957
		FILM NUMBER:		24816888

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		84 OCTOBER HILL RD
		CITY:			HOLLISTON
		STATE:			MA
		ZIP:			01746
		BUSINESS PHONE:		5088938999

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		84 OCTOBER HILL ROAD
		CITY:			HOLLISTON
		STATE:			MA
		ZIP:			01746
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<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; background-color: white"><b><br/>
UNITED STATES</b></p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; background-color: white"><b>SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</b>&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; background-color: white"><b>Washington, D.C. 20549</b></p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; background-color: white">_____________________</p>

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<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; background-color: white">_____________________</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0 0pt 3.25in; font-size: 10pt; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; background-color: white"><b>CURRENT REPORT</b></p>

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<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; background-color: white"><b>Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities
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<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; background-color: white">(Former name or former address, if changed since
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<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 34pt 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; background-color: white">Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is
intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions:</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 34pt 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

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<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; background-color: white; font-size: 10pt">
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<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

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<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; background-color: white; font-size: 10pt">
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<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 1.75in 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; background-color: white">Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 1.75in 0pt 6.45pt; font-size: 10pt; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

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<p style="margin: 0pt 7pt 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 7pt 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; background-color: white">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging
growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (17 CFR &#167;230.405) or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act
of 1934 (17 CFR &#167;240.12b-2).</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 7pt 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 7pt 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; background-color: white">Emerging growth company&#160;<span id="xdx_90A_edei--EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_c20240328__20240328_zUdGbD5Uczq8"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2024-03-28" format="ixt:booleanfalse" name="dei:EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" id="ixv-325">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></span></p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 7pt 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 8pt 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; background-color: white">If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the
registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards
provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. &#9744;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 8pt 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; background-color: white">&#160;</p>



<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white"></p>

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</p>

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  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="width: 89px"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Item 1.01</b></span></td>
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement.</b></span></td></tr>
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<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">On March 28, 2024, Harvard Bioscience, Inc. (the &#8220;Company&#8221;) entered into a third
amendment (the &#8220;Third Amendment&#8221;) to the Credit Agreement (the &#8220;Credit Agreement&#8221;), dated as of December 22, 2020,
among the Company, the lenders party thereto (the &#8220;Lenders&#8221;), and Citizens Bank, N.A., as the administrative agent (in such
capacity, the &#8220;Administrative Agent&#8221;), as further amended, restated, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time.</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">The Credit Agreement provides that Consolidated EBITDA (as defined therein) may be increased
by, among other things, the amount of certain non-recurring costs and expenses, provided that the amount of such increase shall not in
any period exceed 10% of Consolidated EBITDA (the &#8220;10% Cap&#8221;).</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">Pursuant to the Third Amendment, the Lenders and the Administrative Agent agreed to modify the
definition of &#8220;Consolidated EBITDA&#8221; to provide that, notwithstanding the 10% Cap, Consolidated EBITDA may be increased by
the amount of (i) the commission fee expected to be paid by the Company in relation to the Employee Retention Credit received in the fiscal
year ending on or before December 31, 2024; and (ii) reserves and expenses related to finalizing an escheatment audit with the State of
Delaware in a total amount equal to or around $600,000 expected to be paid during the second quarter of 2024.</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">The Third Amendment further provides that there are no fees, expenses or disbursements required
to be paid in connection with the Third Amendment (other than reimbursable attorney costs as provided in Section 10.3 of the Credit Agreement).</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">The foregoing description of the Third Amendment does not purport to be complete and is qualified
in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Third Amendment, which is filed as Exhibit 10.1 to this Current Report on Form 8-K
and incorporated herein by reference.</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

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  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 89px"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Item 8.01</b></span></td>
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Other Items.</b></span></td></tr>
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<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">As disclosed in the Company&#8217;s Annual Report on Form 10-K for
the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company received a cash payment of $3.1 million in connection with employee retention credits pursuant
to the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act. This amount was received in the first quarter of 2024. The Company expects
to receive additional cash payments of $3.1 million in connection with such credits during fiscal year 2024. The Company expects to incur
an aggregate commission fee of approximately $1 million in connection with such credits.</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&#160;&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; background-color: white; font-size: 10pt">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 0px">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 89px"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Item 9.01</b></span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>Financial Statements and Exhibits.</b></span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white">(d) Exhibits.</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 10pt">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">Exhibit Number</span></b></span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b><span style="text-decoration: underline">Description</span></b></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><a href="exh_101.htm">10.1</a></span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><a href="exh_101.htm">Third Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated March 28, 2024 among Harvard Bioscience, Inc., Citizens Bank, N.A., as the administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto.</a></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">104</span></td>
    <td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the XBRL document).</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt"></p>

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<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center"><b>SIGNATURE</b></p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; background-color: white; text-indent: 0.5in">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 10pt">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="3">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="3">
    <p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt"><b>HARVARD BIOSCIENCE, INC.</b></p>
    <p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt"><b>&#160;</b></p>
    <p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt"><b>&#160;</b></p>
    <p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt"><b>&#160;</b></p></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">By:</span></td>
    <td colspan="2">
    <p style="border-bottom: Black 0.5pt solid; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0">/s/ John Fry</p></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 50%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 6%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 6%"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Name:</span></td>
    <td style="width: 38%"><span style="font-size: 10pt">John Fry</span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">Title:</span></td>
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">Chief Legal Counsel and Secretary</span></td></tr>
  </table>
<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%; background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 10pt"><tr style="vertical-align: bottom"><td style="width: 210px"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Date: April 3, 2024</span></td></tr></table>



<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>



<p style="margin: 0">&#160;</p>

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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-10.1
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<FILENAME>exh_101.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 10.1
<TEXT>
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<P STYLE="font: 11pt Times New Roman; text-align: right; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 383.25pt"><B>Exhibit 10.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: italic 11pt Times New Roman; text-align: left; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 383.25pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; margin: 0pt 0"><B><U>THIRD AMENDMENT TO CREDIT AGREEMENT</U></B></P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">This THIRD AMENDMENT TO CREDIT AGREEMENT (this &ldquo;<U>Amendment</U>&rdquo;)
is entered into as of March 28, 2024 by and among HARVARD BIOSCIENCE, INC. (the &ldquo;<U>Borrower</U>&rdquo;), CITIZENS BANK, N.A., in
its capacity as the Administrative Agent (in such capacity, the &ldquo;<U>Administrative Agent</U>&rdquo;), and the Lenders party hereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; margin: 0pt 0">W I T N E S S E T H:</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">WHEREAS, the Borrower, the other Loan Parties party
thereto, the Administrative Agent and the Lenders are parties to the Credit Agreement, dated as of December 22, 2020 (as in effect on
the date hereof immediately before giving effect to this Amendment, the &ldquo;<U>Existing Credit Agreement</U>&rdquo;, and as further
amended, restated, supplemented, or otherwise modified from time to time, the &ldquo;<U>Credit Agreement</U>&rdquo;);</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">WHEREAS, the Loan Parties have requested that the Administrative
Agent and the Lenders agree to make certain amendments to the Existing Credit Agreement, and the Administrative Agent and the Lenders
have agreed to such amendments, subject to the terms and conditions hereof; and</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">WHEREAS, each Loan Party expects to realize substantial
direct and indirect benefits as a result of this Amendment becoming effective, and agrees to reaffirm its obligations under the Existing
Credit Agreement and the other Loan Documents to which it is a party.</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual agreements,
provisions and covenants contained herein, and other valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of all of which are hereby acknowledged,
the parties agree as follows:</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase">Section 1.</FONT>
<U>Defined Terms.</U> Capitalized terms used but not defined herein (including in the recitals hereto) shall have the meanings assigned
to them in the Credit Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase">Section 2.</FONT>
<U>Amendment</U>. Subject to the satisfaction of the conditions set forth herein, effective as of the Third Amendment Effective Date (as
defined below):</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">(a)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>the definition of &ldquo;Consolidated EBITDA&rdquo; is hereby amended to delete the definition in its entirety and replace the
following new definition in lieu thereof:</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;&ldquo;<U>Consolidated EBITDA</U>&rdquo; means,
with respect to any Person for any period, the Consolidated Net Income of such Person and its Subsidiaries for such period:</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 1in">(a)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>increased (without duplication) by the following, in each case, to the extent deducted (and not added back) in computing Consolidated
Net Income for such Person for such period:</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 1in">(i)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>federal, state, local and foreign income or franchise taxes of such Person and its Subsidiaries paid or payable in cash during
such period; <U>plus</U></P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 1in">(ii)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>Consolidated Interest Expense of such Person and its Subsidiaries to the extent paid or payable in cash or otherwise; <U>plus</U></P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 1in">(iii)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>Consolidated Depreciation and Amortization Expense of such Person and its Subsidiaries; <U>plus</U></P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 1in">(iv)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>non-cash losses and non-cash charges (excluding any non-cash charges that constitute an accrual of or a reserve for future cash
charges or are reasonably likely to result in a cash outlay in a future period); <U>plus</U></P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 1in">(v)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>in the case of the Borrower, reasonable and customary one-time, non-recurring fees, expenses and costs relating to the Transactions
incurred within six months of the Closing Date; <U>plus</U></P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 1in">(vi)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>without duplication of any addbacks provided in the definition of Pro Forma Basis, to the extent not already reflected pursuant
to another provision of this subsection (a), non-recurring losses, non-recurring charges or non-recurring expenses, including integration
costs incurred in connection with Permitted Acquisitions and the Transactions after the Closing Date, restructuring charges, retention
charges, recruiting, relocation, severance and signing bonuses and expenses, systems establishment costs, conversion costs, consulting
fees and any one time expense relating to enhanced accounting function, or any other costs incurred in connection with any of the foregoing,
in each case, reasonably acceptable to the Administrative Agent, <U>provided</U> that the amount of this clause (vi) shall not exceed
in any period 10% of Consolidated EBITDA determined before giving effect to this clause (vi); <U>provided</U>, further, that the amount
of this clause (vi) may exceed the 10% threshold for the twelve-month period ending (A) September 30, 2022 so long as such amount does
not exceed $4,600,000, (B) December 31, 2022 so long as such amount does not exceed $4,750,000, (C) March 31, 2023 so long as such amount
does not exceed $3,500,000, (D) June 30, 2023 so long as such amount does not exceed $2,750,000, (E) September 30, 2023 so long as such
amount does not exceed $2,500,000, and (F) December 31, 2023 so long as such amount does not exceed $2,250,000; <U>provided</U>, further,
that the amount of this clause (vi) may exceed the 10% threshold for (I) the commission fee relating to the Employee Retention Credit
in an amount equal to or around $1,000,000 expected to be paid on or before December 31, 2024 and (II) reserves and expenses related to
finalizing an escheatment audit with the State of Delaware in a total amount equal to or around $600,000 expected to be paid during the
second quarter of 2024; <U>plus</U></P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 1in">(vii)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>without duplication of any addbacks provided in the definition of Pro Forma Basis, losses, charges and expenses attributed to asset
Dispositions (including Dispositions pursuant to Sale and Leaseback transactions) or the sale or other Disposition of any Equity Interests
of any Person other than in the ordinary course of business or the Disposition of any securities or the extinguishment of any Indebtedness;
<U>plus</U></P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 1in">(viii)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>any net realized or unrealized loss during such period resulting from currency transaction or translation losses, including those
related to currency remeasurements of indebtedness (including any losses resulting from swaps and intercompany indebtedness); plus</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 1in">(ix)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>any non-cash impairment losses resulting from any reappraisal, revaluation or write-up or write-down of assets; <U>plus</U></P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 1in">(x)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>any unrealized hedging losses pursuant to hedging agreements; plus</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 1in">(xi)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>any other non-cash expenditure, charge or loss for such period (other than any non-cash expenditure, charge or loss relating to
write-offs, write-downs or reserves with respect to accounts receivable and inventory); <U>plus</U></P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 1in">(xii)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>one-time non-recurring costs associated with the settlement of the Biostage Litigation; <U>plus</U></P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 1in">(xiii)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>non-cash inventory write-downs with respect to the CHIPs Program in an amount not to exceed (a) $1,300,000 for the fiscal quarter
ending September 30, 2022 and (b) $400,000 for the fiscal quarter ending December 31, 2022; and</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 1in">(b)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>decreased (without duplication) by the following, in each case, to the extent taken into account (or added back) in computing Consolidated
Net Income for such Person for such period:</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 1in">(i)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>interest income to the extent received in cash or otherwise during such period; <U>plus</U></P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 1in">(ii)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>any gain realized in connection with the sale or Disposition of assets (including Dispositions pursuant to Sale and Leaseback transactions)
other than in the ordinary course of business or the Disposition of any securities or the extinguishment of any Indebtedness; <U>plus</U></P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 1in">(iii)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>any gain realized in connection with the Employee Retention Credit received in the Fiscal Year ending on or before December 31,
2024.</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">For purposes of determining the Consolidated Net Leverage Ratio, (a) there
shall be included in determining Consolidated EBITDA of the Borrower and its Subsidiaries for any period, without duplication, (i) the
Acquired EBITDA of any Acquired Entity or Business on a Pro Forma Basis and (b) there shall be excluded in determining Consolidated EBITDA
of the Borrower and its Subsidiaries for any period, the Disposed EBITDA of any Sold Entity or Business on a Pro Forma Basis. Notwithstanding
the foregoing, but subject to any adjustment set forth above with respect to any transactions occurring after the Closing Date, Consolidated
EBITDA shall be $5,865,812, $903,374, $4,562,934 and $3,984,713 for the fiscal quarters ended December 31, 2019, March 31, 2020, June
30, 2020 and September 30, 2020, respectively.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase">Section 3.</FONT>
<U>Conditions to Effectiveness</U>. This Amendment shall be effective as of the date of the satisfaction of each of the following conditions,
and in case of any documentation to be delivered to the Administrative Agent, such documentation shall be in form and substance reasonably
satisfactory to the Administrative Agent (such date, the &ldquo;<U>Third Amendment Effective Date</U>&rdquo;):</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 1in">(a)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>This Amendment shall have been duly executed and delivered by the Borrower, the Administrative Agent and the Required Lenders.</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">The parties acknowledge that there are no fees, expenses or disbursements
required to be paid in connection with this Amendment (other than reimbursable Attorney Costs as provided in <U>Section 10.3</U> of the
Credit Agreement).</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase">Section 4.</FONT>
<U>Representations and Warranties.</U> The Borrower represents and warrants to the Lender as follows:</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">(a)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>The Borrower has all requisite power and authority to execute, deliver and perform this Amendment and all documents and instruments
delivered in connection herewith, the Borrower has taken all necessary organizational action to authorize the execution, delivery and
performance of this Amendment and all documents and instruments delivered in connection herewith, and this Amendment has been duly executed
and delivered on behalf of the Borrower.</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">(b)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>This Amendment constitutes a legal, valid and binding obligation of the Borrower and the other Loan Parties, enforceable in accordance
with its terms, subject to applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or other similar laws affecting creditors&rsquo;
rights generally and subject to general principles of equity, regardless of whether considered in a proceeding in equity or at law.</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">(c)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>Each of the representations and warranties by the Loan Parties in the Loan Documents to which they are party is true and correct
in all material respects (or, if qualified as to materiality or as to a Material Adverse Effect, in all respects) as of the date hereof
(or, to the extent any such representation or warranty refers specifically to an earlier date, as of such earlier date) and before and
after giving effect to this Amendment.</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase">Section 5.</FONT>
<U>Effect of this Amendment</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">(a)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>Except as specifically amended hereby, all terms, conditions, covenants, representations and warranties contained in the Existing
Credit Agreement and the other Loan Documents, all rights of the Lender and all of the Obligations shall remain in full force and effect.
The Borrower hereby confirms that the Loan Documents previously executed by the Loan Parties are in full force and effect and that the
Loan Parties have no right of setoff, recoupment or other offset or any defense as of the date hereof with respect to any of the Obligations
or any such Loan Document.</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">(b)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>The execution, delivery and effectiveness of this Amendment shall not directly or indirectly constitute (i) a novation of any of
the Obligations under the Existing Credit Agreement, the Credit Agreement or the other Loan Documents or (ii) constitute a course of dealing
or, except as expressly amended hereby, other basis for altering any Obligations or any other contract or instrument (including, without
limitation, the Existing Credit Agreement, the Credit Agreement and the other Loan Documents).</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">(c)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>From and after the date hereof, (i) the term &ldquo;Agreement&rdquo; in the Credit Agreement, and all references to the Credit
Agreement in any other Loan Document, shall mean the Credit Agreement as amended hereby, and (ii) the term &ldquo;Loan Documents&rdquo;
in the Credit Agreement and the other Loan Documents shall include, without limitation, this Amendment and any agreements, instruments
and other documents executed and/or delivered in connection herewith. This Amendment is a Loan Document.</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase">Section 6.</FONT>
<U>Counterparts</U>. This Amendment may be executed in counterparts (and by different parties hereto in different counterparts), each
of which shall constitute an original, but all of which when taken together shall constitute a single contract. Delivery of an executed
counterpart of a signature page of this Amendment by facsimile or in electronic (e.g., &ldquo;pdf&rdquo; or &ldquo;tif&rdquo;) format
shall be effective as delivery of a manually executed counterpart of this Amendment. The words &ldquo;execution,&rdquo; &ldquo;signed,&rdquo;
&ldquo;signature,&rdquo; &ldquo;delivery,&rdquo; and words of like import in or relating to any document to be signed in connection with
this Amendment and the transactions contemplated hereby shall be deemed to include electronic signatures, the electronic association of
signatures and records on electronic platforms, deliveries or the keeping of records in electronic form, each of which shall be of the
same legal effect, validity or enforceability as a manually executed signature, physical delivery thereof or the use of a paper-based
recordkeeping system, as the case may be, to the extent and as provided for in any applicable law, including the Federal Electronic Signatures
in Global and National Commerce Act, the New York State Electronic Signatures and Records Act, any other similar state laws based on the
Uniform Electronic Transactions Act or the Uniform Commercial Code, each as amended, and the parties hereto hereby waive any objection
to the contrary.</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase">Section 7.</FONT>
<U>Reaffirmation</U>. Subject to any limitations on its obligations expressly stated in the Loan Documents to which it is a party, each
Loan Party (a) acknowledges and agrees, as of the effectiveness of this Amendment, that all of its obligations under the Loan Documents
to which it is a party are reaffirmed and remain in full force and effect on a continuous basis, and (b) reaffirms each Lien granted by
each Loan Party pursuant to the Collateral Documents, all of which obligations and Liens remain in full force and effect after giving
effect to this Amendment.</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase">Section 8.</FONT>
<U>No Actions, Claims, Etc.</U>. As of the date hereof, each of the Loan Parties hereby acknowledges and confirms that it has no knowledge
of any actions, causes of action, claims, demands, damages and liabilities of whatever kind or nature, in law or in equity, against the
Lender, any participant, or any of their respective officers, employees, representatives, agents, advisors, consultants, counsel or directors
arising from any action by such Persons, or failure of such Persons to act on or prior to the date hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"></FONT></P>

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<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase">Section 9.</FONT>
<U>Governing Law; Jurisdiction; Service of Process</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">(a)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>This Amendment shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of New York.</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">(b)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>Each of the parties hereto irrevocably and unconditionally submits, for itself and its property, to the non-exclusive jurisdiction
of the courts of the State of New York sitting in New York County and of the United States District Court of the for the Southern District
of New York and any appellate court from any thereof, in any action or proceeding arising out of or relating to this Amendment, or for
recognition or enforcement of any judgment, and each of the parties hereto irrevocably and unconditionally agrees that all claims in respect
of any such action or proceeding may be heard and determined in such New York State court or, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable
law, in such Federal court. Each of the parties hereto agrees that a final judgment in any such action or proceeding shall be conclusive
and may be enforced in other jurisdictions by suit on the judgment or in any other manner provided by law. Nothing in this Amendment shall
affect any right that Lender may otherwise have to bring any action or proceeding relating to this Amendment or any other Loan Document
against any Loan Party or its properties in the courts of any jurisdiction.</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">(c)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>Each of the parties hereto irrevocably and unconditionally waives, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, any objection
that it may now or hereafter have to the laying of venue of any action or proceeding arising out of or relating to this Amendment in any
court referred to in paragraph (b) of this Section. Each of the parties hereto hereby irrevocably waives, to the fullest extent permitted
by applicable law, the defense of an inconvenient forum to the maintenance of such action or proceeding in any such court.</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">(d)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>Each of the parties hereto irrevocably consents to service of process in the manner provided for notices in the Credit Agreement.
Nothing in this Amendment will affect the right of any party to this Amendment to serve process in any other manner permitted by law.</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase">Section 10.</FONT>
<U>Waiver of Jury Trial</U>. EACH PARTY HERETO HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES, TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, ANY RIGHT
IT MAY HAVE TO A TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY LEGAL PROCEEDING DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS AMENDMENT OR THE TRANSACTIONS
CONTEMPLATED HEREBY (WHETHER BASED ON CONTRACT, TORT OR ANY OTHER THEORY). EACH PARTY HERETO HEREBY (A) CERTIFIES THAT NO REPRESENTATIVE,
AGENT OR ATTORNEY OF ANY OTHER PERSON HAS REPRESENTED, EXPRESSLY OR OTHERWISE, THAT SUCH OTHER PERSON WOULD NOT, IN THE EVENT OF LITIGATION,
SEEK TO ENFORCE THE FOREGOING WAIVER AND (B) ACKNOWLEDGES THAT IT AND THE OTHER PARTIES HERETO HAVE BEEN INDUCED TO ENTER INTO THIS AMENDMENT
BY, AMONG OTHER THINGS, THE MUTUAL WAIVERS AND CERTIFICATIONS IN THIS SECTION.</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase">Section 11.</FONT>
<U>Headings</U>. Section headings used herein are for convenience of reference only, are not part of this Amendment and shall not affect
the construction of, or be taken into consideration in interpreting, this Amendment.</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; margin: 0pt 0">[Signature pages follow]</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 1in; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="text-align: left; margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 1in">IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Amendment to be duly
executed by their respective authorized officers as of the day and year first above written.</P>

<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 1in; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font-size: 10pt; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>
    <P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>Borrower:</B></P>
    <P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>
    <P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>HARVARD BIOSCIENCE, INC.</B></P></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt">


    <P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>
    <P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>
    <P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">By: &#8239;&#8239;<U>/s/ Jennifer
    Cote&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</U></P>
</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; text-align: justify; font-size: 10pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 20pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">Name:
Jennifer Cote</P>
                                                                                <P STYLE="margin-left: 20pt; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">Title: CFO and Treasurer</P></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 10pt"> <P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>CITIZENS BANK, N.A.</B>, as the Administrative Agent</P>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">By: &#8239;&#8239;<U>/s/ Brendan Howard&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</U></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 20pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">Name: Brendan Howard</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 20pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">Title: Director</P>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"><B>Consented and agreed to: </B></P>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"><B>CITIZENS BANK, N.A.</B>, as a Lender</P>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">By:&#8239;&#8239; <U>/s/ Brendan Howard&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</U></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 20pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">Name: Brendan Howard</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 20pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">Title Director</P>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left"><B>WELLS FARGO BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, as a Lender</B></P>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">By:&#8239;&#8239; <U>/s/ Brandon Moss&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</U></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 20pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">Name: Brandon Moss</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 20pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">Title: Vice President</P>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"><B>SILICON VALLEY BANK</B>, as a Lender</P>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">By:&#8239;&#8239; <U>/s/ Justin Roberts&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;</U></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 20pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">Name: Justin Roberts</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 20pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">Title Director</P>

</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>5
<FILENAME>hbio-20240328_pre.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL PRESENTATION FILE
<TEXT>
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<head>
<title></title>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.24.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139726793435456">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Cover<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Mar. 28, 2024</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Cover [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Mar. 28,  2024<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">001-33957<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">HARVARD BIOSCIENCE, INC.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0001123494<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">04-3306140<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">DE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">84 October Hill Road<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Holliston<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">MA<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">01746<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">(508)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">893-8999<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Common Stock, $0.01 par value<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">HBIO<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NASDAQ<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period.  The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_Security12bTitle">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_Security12bTitle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:securityTitleItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SecurityExchangeName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarExchangeCodeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Section 14a<br> -Number 240<br> -Subsection 12<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SolicitingMaterial</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_TradingSymbol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:tradingSymbolItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_WrittenCommunications">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 425<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_WrittenCommunications</td>
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<td>dei_</td>
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<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td>duration</td>
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