<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001171843-25-005377.txt : 20250813
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<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20250813163056
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001171843-25-005377
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		13
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20250812
ITEM INFORMATION:		Departure of Directors or Certain Officers; Election of Directors; Appointment of Certain Officers: Compensatory Arrangements of Certain Officers
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20250813
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20250813

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			HARVARD BIOSCIENCE INC
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001123494
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	LABORATORY ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS [3826]
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	08 Industrial Applications and Services
		EIN:				043306140
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-33957
		FILM NUMBER:		251212181

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		84 OCTOBER HILL RD
		CITY:			HOLLISTON
		STATE:			MA
		ZIP:			01746
		BUSINESS PHONE:		5088938999

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		84 OCTOBER HILL ROAD
		CITY:			HOLLISTON
		STATE:			MA
		ZIP:			01746
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<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>UNITED STATES</b></span></p>

<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span style="font-size: 10pt"><b>SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE
COMMISSION</b></span></p>

<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><b>Washington, D.C. 20549</b></p>

<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><b></b>_________________</p>

<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&#160;&#160;</p>

<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><b>FORM <span id="xdx_90D_edei--DocumentType_c20250812__20250812_z5LUrX512W87"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2025-08-12" id="Fact000009" name="dei:DocumentType">8-K</ix:nonNumeric></span></b></p>

<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><b></b>_________________</p>

<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&#160;&#160;</p>

<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><b>CURRENT REPORT</b></p>

<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&#160;&#160;</p>

<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><b>Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d)</b></p>

<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><b>of the Securities ExchangeAct of 1934</b></p>

<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&#160;&#160;</p>

<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><b>Date of Report (Date of earliest event reported):
<span id="xdx_900_edei--DocumentPeriodEndDate_c20250812__20250812_zYaHMB6IN6P9"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2025-08-12" format="ixt:datemonthdayyearen" id="Fact000010" name="dei:DocumentPeriodEndDate">August 12, 2025</ix:nonNumeric></span></b></p>

<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><b></b>_______________________________</p>

<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><b><span id="xdx_907_edei--EntityRegistrantName_c20250812__20250812_zfFSmfjoBBx3"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2025-08-12" id="Fact000011" name="dei:EntityRegistrantName">HARVARD BIOSCIENCE, INC.</ix:nonNumeric></span></b></p>

<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)</p>

<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">______________________________</p>

<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&#160;</p>

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<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><b><span id="xdx_903_edei--EntityAddressAddressLine1_c20250812__20250812_z8TJDreM83Va"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2025-08-12" id="Fact000015" name="dei:EntityAddressAddressLine1">84 October Hill Road</ix:nonNumeric></span></b></p>

<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><b><span id="xdx_902_edei--EntityAddressCityOrTown_c20250812__20250812_zEQoCPxte6s1"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2025-08-12" id="Fact000016" name="dei:EntityAddressCityOrTown">Holliston</ix:nonNumeric></span>, <span id="xdx_90B_edei--EntityAddressStateOrProvince_c20250812__20250812_zgqzmmQzP7Fd"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2025-08-12" id="Fact000017" name="dei:EntityAddressStateOrProvince">MA</ix:nonNumeric></span> <span id="xdx_90A_edei--EntityAddressPostalZipCode_c20250812__20250812_zYXvIBER1CV"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2025-08-12" id="Fact000018" name="dei:EntityAddressPostalZipCode">01746</ix:nonNumeric></span></b></p>

<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)</p>

<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><b><span id="xdx_901_edei--CityAreaCode_c20250812__20250812_zXsuf7PxXKAk"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2025-08-12" id="Fact000019" name="dei:CityAreaCode">(508)</ix:nonNumeric></span> <span id="xdx_90D_edei--LocalPhoneNumber_c20250812__20250812_zbRJcGeT5g03"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2025-08-12" id="Fact000020" name="dei:LocalPhoneNumber">893-8999</ix:nonNumeric></span></b></p>

<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)</p>

<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">(Former name or former address, if changed since last
report)</p>

<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">____________________________</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 33.7pt 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously
satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions:</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span id="xdx_909_edei--WrittenCommunications_c20250812__20250812_zgvrThi9O7M2"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2025-08-12" format="ixt:booleanfalse" id="Fact000021" name="dei:WrittenCommunications">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></span> Written communications pursuant to Rule 425
under the SecuritiesAct (17 CFR 230.425)</p>

<p style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span id="xdx_907_edei--SolicitingMaterial_c20250812__20250812_z5KCSoXkYIKc"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2025-08-12" format="ixt:booleanfalse" id="Fact000022" name="dei:SolicitingMaterial">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></span> Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12
under the ExchangeAct (17 CFR 240.14a-12)</p>

<p style="text-align: left; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span id="xdx_903_edei--PreCommencementTenderOffer_c20250812__20250812_zCBFKi46ucp6"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2025-08-12" format="ixt:booleanfalse" id="Fact000023" name="dei:PreCommencementTenderOffer">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></span> Pre-commencement communications pursuant to
Rule 14d-2(b) under the ExchangeAct (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))</p>

<p style="text-align: left; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><span id="xdx_901_edei--PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_c20250812__20250812_zpMwN1OioKre"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2025-08-12" format="ixt:booleanfalse" id="Fact000024" name="dei:PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></span> Pre-commencement communications pursuant to
Rule 13e-4(c) under the ExchangeAct (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of theAct:</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 33%; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center">Title of each class</td>
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center; width: 1%; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 33%; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center">Trading Symbol(s)</td>
    <td style="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center; width: 1%; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 32%; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center">Name of each exchange on which registered</td></tr>
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    <td style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center"><span id="xdx_90A_edei--SecurityExchangeName_c20250812__20250812_zvOGcF5cPmk1"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2025-08-12" format="ixt-sec:exchnameen" id="Fact000027" name="dei:SecurityExchangeName">The NASDAQ Stock Market</ix:nonNumeric></span></td></tr>
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<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 25.4pt 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined
in Rule 405 of the SecuritiesAct of 1933 (&#167;230.405 of this chapter) or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities ExchangeAct of 1934 (&#167;240.12b-2
of this chapter).</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">Emerging growth company <span id="xdx_908_edei--EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_c20250812__20250812_zBuifze3Xq9d"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2025-08-12" format="ixt:booleanfalse" id="Fact000028" name="dei:EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></span></p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use
the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a)
of the ExchangeAct. &#9744;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 1 -->
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    <div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&#160;</p></div>
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<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt"></p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 0.05pt"/>
    <td style="width: 60.25pt"><b>Item 5.02</b></td>
    <td style="padding-right: 3.15pt"><b>Departure of Directors or Certain Officers; Election of Directors; Appointment of Certain Officers; Compensatory
        Arrangements of Certain Officers.</b></td></tr>
  </table>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 15.45pt 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">On August 12, 2025, Harvard Bioscience, Inc. (the &#8220;Company&#8221;) entered
into a retention letter agreement (the &#8220;Retention Letter Agreement&#8221;) with Mark Frost, the Company&#8217;s Interim Chief Financial
Officer.</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 15.45pt 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 15.45pt 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">The Retention Letter Agreement provides that Mr. Frost will be eligible to receive
a cash bonus of $100,000 (the &#8220;Retention Bonus&#8221;) upon successful refinancing of the indebtedness due under the Company&#8217;s
existing term loan and senior revolving credit facility (the &#8220;Refinancing&#8221;) prior to March 15, 2026 (the &#8220;Retention
Date&#8221;). Mr. Frost&#8217;s eligibility to receive the Retention Bonus is subject to Mr. Frost&#8217;s continued employment with the
Company through the date of the Refinancing and, unless earlier terminated by the Company without cause, the Retention Date. The Retention
Bonus is being offered to Mr. Frost in lieu of the cash bonus of $50,000 provided in Mr. Frost&#8217;s offer letter from the Company dated
April 10, 2025.</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 15.45pt 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 15.45pt 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">The Retention Letter Agreement also requires the Company to provide certain payments
and benefits in the event of termination of Mr. Frost&#8217;s employment without cause prior to the Retention Date. Such benefits include
payment of Mr. Frost&#8217;s base salary and payment of the Company&#8217;s portion of COBRA premiums, in each case, for a period of five
months from the date of termination, subject to Mr. Frost signing a general release of claims.</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 15.45pt 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 15.45pt 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">The foregoing description of the Retention Letter Agreement is qualified in its
entirety by reference to the complete text of the Retention Letter Agreement, which is attached hereto as Exhibit 10.1 and incorporated
by reference herein.</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 15.45pt 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 0"/>
    <td style="width: 60.3pt"><b>Item 9.01</b></td>
    <td><b>Financial Statements and Exhibits.</b></td></tr>
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<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">(d) Exhibits.</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 10pt">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="border: Black 1pt solid; width: 15%"><b>Exhibit No.</b></td>
    <td style="border-top: Black 1pt solid; width: 85%; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><b>Description</b></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid"><a href="exh_101.htm">10.1</a></td>
    <td style="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><a href="exh_101.htm">Retention Letter Agreement between Mark Frost and the Company dated
        August 12, 2025</a></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid">104</td>
    <td style="border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the inline XBRL
        document)</td></tr>
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<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&#160;</p>

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<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities ExchangeAct of 1934, the registrant has duly
caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.</p>

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    <td style="font-size: 10pt; width: 50%">Date: August 13, 2025</td>
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    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left; width: 30%">/s/ Mark Frost</td>
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<p style="text-align: right; margin: 0"><b>Exhibit 10.1</b></p>

<p style="margin: 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0">August 8, 2025</p>

<p style="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0"><u>Via Email</u></p>

<p style="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0">Mark Frost</p>

<p style="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0pt 0">Re:&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;<u>Retention Benefit Opportunity</u></p>

<p style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0">Dear Mark:</p>

<p style="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0pt 0">We are pleased to inform you that, in recognition of
your contributions to Harvard Bioscience, Inc. (the &ldquo;<u>Company</u>&rdquo;) and your continued employment through March 15, 2026
(the &ldquo;<u>Retention Date</u>&rdquo;) you are being offered the opportunity to receive retention benefits (the &ldquo;<u>Retention
Benefits</u>&rdquo;) on the following terms and conditions:</p>

<p style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.5in">1.</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Eligibility for Incentive Bonus</u>. Subject to satisfaction of the conditions set forth below, and
in lieu of the &ldquo;cash incentive bonus&rdquo; provided for in your Offer Letter with the Company dated April 10, 2025 (the &ldquo;<u>Offer
Letter</u>&rdquo;), you will be eligible to be paid a cash bonus (the &ldquo;<u>Incentive Bonus</u>&rdquo;) in the gross amount of $100,000,
less applicable deductions and withholdings, upon the successful refinancing of the indebtedness due under the Company&rsquo;s existing
term loan and senior revolving credit facility prior to the Retention Date, as determined by the Company&rsquo;s Board of Directors in
its sole discretion (the &ldquo;<u>Refinancing</u>&rdquo;), payable in a lump sum on the next practicable payroll date following the Refinancing,
subject to your continued employment with the Company at the time of the Refinancing. For the avoidance of doubt, the Incentive Bonus
is only payable in connection with a qualified Refinancing, and not upon a Change in Control (as defined in the Company&rsquo;s Amended
and Restated 2021 Incentive Plan).</td></tr></table>

<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.5in">2.</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Conditions to Payment of Incentive Bonus</u>. In order to receive the Incentive Bonus, you must remain
employed by the Company or its subsidiaries in good standing and comply with the terms set forth in this letter through the Refinancing
and not have provided notice of your intention to resign.</td></tr></table>

<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.5in">3.</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Termination of Employment</u>. If your employment with the Company and its subsidiaries terminates
for any reason prior to the Retention Date other than a termination without Cause (or any other condition set forth in paragraph 2 above
is not satisfied), your right to payment of the Incentive Bonus will be forfeited in its entirety. However, if you are terminated without
Cause prior to the Retention Date, you shall be eligible for payment of severance (the &ldquo;<u>Severance</u>&rdquo;) in the form of
continued base salary payments for 5 months from the date of termination and payment of the Company portion of COBRA premiums at then
active rates for a period of 5 months from the date of termination, subject to your execution and non-revocation of a form of release
to be provided by the Company, which must become valid and irrevocable within 60 days of termination. The Severance will be paid pursuant
to the Company&rsquo;s payroll schedule then in effect commencing on the next practicable payroll date that is 60 days from termination,
with such first installment to include and satisfy all installments that would have otherwise been made up to such date assuming for such
purpose that the installments had commenced on the first payroll date following the date of termination.</td></tr></table>

<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.5in">4.</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Tax Withholding</u>. Payment of the Retention Benefits will be subject to applicable federal, state
and local tax deductions and withholding.</td></tr></table>

<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</p>

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<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.5in">5.</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Effect on Other Benefits</u>. You acknowledge that payment of the Retention Benefits are not part of
normal or expected compensation for purposes of calculating any severance, resignation, redundancy, end of service payments, bonuses,
long-service awards, pension or retirement benefits, matching contributions or similar payments.</td></tr></table>

<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.5in">6.</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Assignment</u>. The obligation to pay the Retention Benefits is solely that of the Company, provided
that the Company may assign its obligations to any entity that succeeds to the Company&rsquo;s business. You may not assign your right
to receive the Retention Benefits.</td></tr></table>

<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.5in">7.</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>No Right to Continued Employment</u>. The grant of these Retention Benefits do not give you any right
to continue your employment relationship with the Company or its subsidiaries, and you shall remain subject to discharge to the same extent
as if this opportunity were not granted to you.</td></tr></table>

<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.5in">8.</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Governing Law; JURY WAIVER</u>. Any dispute arising out of or relating to this letter shall be decided
by applying the laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts without regard to conflicts of law principles. <font style="background-color: white"><b><i>Each
party irrevocably and unconditionally waives any right to a trial by jury in connection with any dispute arising out of or relating to
this letter.</i></b></font></td></tr></table>

<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</p>

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<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.5in">9.</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Entire Agreement</u>. This letter, together with any agreements specifically referred to herein, embodies
the entire agreement and understanding between the parties hereto with respect to the subject matter herein, and supersedes all prior
or contemporaneous oral or written agreements and understandings relating to the subject matter herein.</td></tr></table>

<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0pt 0">We hope that this arrangement encourages your continued
commitment to the Company. Please acknowledge your agreement to the terms of this letter by countersigning it in the space below and returning
it to me.</p>

<p style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0">Sincerely,</p>

<p style="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0">Harvard Bioscience, Inc.</p>

<p style="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0">By: <u>/s/ John Duke</u></p>

<p style="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0">Name: John Duke</p>

<p style="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0">Title: Chief Executive Officer</p>

<p style="margin: 0pt 0; font-size: 10pt">Date: August 12, 2025</p>

<p style="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentAnnualReport_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Annual Report</link:label>
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport" xlink:label="dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodStartDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Period Start Date</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Period End Date</link:label>
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity File Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Registrant Name</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Central Index Key</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Primary SIC Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Tax Identification Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_CountryRegion_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Country Region</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Written Communications</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Soliciting Material</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle" />
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Title of 12(b) Security</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">No Trading Symbol Flag</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Trading Symbol</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd#dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:to="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Security Exchange Name</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_Security12gTitle_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Title of 12(g) Security</link:label>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>5
<FILENAME>hbio-20250812_pre.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL PRESENTATION FILE
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>7
<FILENAME>R1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
							function toggleNextSibling (e) {
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</head>
<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.25.2</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Cover<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Aug. 12, 2025</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Cover [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Aug. 12,  2025<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">001-33957<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">HARVARD BIOSCIENCE, INC.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0001123494<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">04-3306140<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">DE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">84 October Hill Road<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Holliston<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">MA<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">01746<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">(508)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">893-8999<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Common Stock, $0.01 par value<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">HBIO<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NASDAQ<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period. The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_Security12bTitle">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
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