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INCOME TAXES | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
INCOME TAXES | NOTE 16. INCOME TAXES Income (loss) before income taxes by geographic location is as follows:
(in US$ thousands ) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Taiwan operations |  | $ | (1,588 | ) |  | $ | (1,989 | ) |  | $ | (1,129 | )
Non-Taiwan operations |  |  | (1,164 | ) |  |  | (1,436 | ) |  |  | (164 | )
|  | $ | (2,752 | ) |  | $ | (3,425 | ) |  | $ | (1,293 | )
The components of income tax benefit (expense) by taxing jurisdiction are as follows:
( in US$ thousands ) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Taiwan: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Deferred |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
|  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Non-Taiwan: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Deferred |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
|  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Total current income tax benefit (expense) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Total deferred income tax benefit |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Total income tax benefit |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Our ultimate parent company is based in Singapore. A reconciliation of our effective tax rate related to the statutory tax rate in Taiwan, where our major operations are based, is as follows:
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Taiwan statutory rate, including taxes on income and retained earnings |  |  | 24.00 | % |  |  | 24.00 | % |  |  | 24.00 | %
Foreign tax differential |  |  | (3.03 | )% |  |  | (5.75 | )% |  |  | (0.47 | )%
Expiration of net operating loss carryforwards |  |  | (20.18 | )% |  |  | (6.47 | )% |  |  | (31.92 | )%
Net operating loss carryforwards not utilized due to dissolution of subsidiaries |  |  | (42.73 | )% |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Other non-deductible expenses |  |  | (9.79 | )% |  |  | (1.65 | )% |  |  | (3.99 | )%
Cumulative effect of initially applying new accounting standards |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Change in deferred tax assets and valuation allowance |  |  | 24.94 | % |  |  | (10.32 | )% |  |  | 10.52 | %
Loss on investment in subsidiaries dissolved |  |  | 26.62 | % |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Other |  |  | 0.17 | % |  |  | 0.19 | % |  |  | 1.86 | %
Effective rate |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
The significant components of our deferred tax assets consist of the following:
(in US$ thousands) |  | December 31 |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Net operating loss carryforwards |  | $ | 11,385 |  |  | $ | 13,079 |
Share-based compensation |  |  | 292 |  |  |  | 324 |
Investments |  |  | 131 |  |  |  | 145 |
Lease right-of-use assets |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 4 |
Intangible assets and goodwill |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |
Other |  |  | 66 |  |  |  | 54 |
|  |  | 11,880 |  |  |  | 13,607 |
Less: valuation allowance |  |  | (11,880 | ) |  |  | (13,607 | )
Deferred tax assets - net |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of our valuation allowance on deferred tax assets for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:
(in US$ thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Balance at beginning of year |  | $ | 13,607 |  |  | $ | 13,046 |  |  | $ | 12,732 |
Subsequent reversal and utilization of valuation allowance |  |  | (94 | ) |  |  | (81 | ) |  |  | (87 | )
Changes to valuation allowance |  |  | 1,158 |  |  |  | 575 |  |  |  | 1,585 |
Expirations |  |  | (1,731 | ) |  |  | (221 | ) |  |  | (1,720 | )
Exchange differences |  |  | (1,060 | ) |  |  | 288 |  |  |  | 536 |
Balance at end of year |  | $ | 11,880 |  |  | $ | 13,607 |  |  | $ | 13,046 |
Under ROC Income Tax Act, the tax loss carryforward in the preceding ten years would be deducted from income tax for Taiwan operations. As of December 31, 2022, we had net operating loss carryforwards available to offset future taxable income, shown below by major jurisdictions:
Jurisdiction |  | Amount |  |  | Expiring year
Hong Kong |  | $ | 15,330 |  |  | indefinite
Taiwan |  |  | 41,287 |  |  | 2023~2032
|  | $ | 56,617 |  |  |
Unrecognized Tax Benefits As of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, there were no unrecognized tax benefits that if recognized would affect the effective tax rate. There were no interest and penalties related to income tax liabilities recognized for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. Our major tax paying components are all located in Taiwan. As of December 31, 2022, the income tax filings in Taiwan have been examined for the years through 2021.

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