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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025

or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to .

000-15701

(Commission file number)

NATURAL ALTERNATIVES INTERNATIONAL, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware | 84-1007839
(State of incorporation) | (IRS Employer Identification No.)
1535 Faraday Ave Carlsbad, CA 92008 | (760) 736-7700
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Registrant’s telephone number)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share | NAII | Nasdaq Stock Market

Indicate by check mark whether NAI (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that NAI was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether NAI has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that NAI was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether NAI is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company.

Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☐ | Emerging Growth Company | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☒ | Smaller reporting company | ☒ |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether NAI is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act): ☐ Yes ☒ No

As of November 12, 2 025, 6,176,778 shares of NAI's common stock were outstanding, net of 3,328,128 treasury shares.

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page
SPECIAL NOTE ABOUT FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS | 1
PART I | FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 2
Item 1. | Financial Statements | 2
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (unaudited) | 2
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) (unaudited) | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (unaudited) | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited) | 5
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) | 6
Item 2. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 15
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 17
PART II | OTHER INFORMATION | 18
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 18
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 18
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 18
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 18
Item 5. | Other Information | 18
Item 6. | Exhibits | 19
SIGNATURES |  | 20

Table of Contents

SPECIAL NOTE ABOUT FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements in this report, including information incorporated by reference, are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements reflect current views about future events and financial performance based on certain assumptions. They include opinions, forecasts, intentions, plans, goals, projections, guidance, expectations, beliefs, or other statements that are not statements of historical fact. Words such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “expect,” “plan,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “estimate,” “approximate,” “predict,” “forecast,” “project,” “future,” or “likely,” or the negative or other variation of such words, and similar expressions may identify a statement as a forward-looking statement. Any statements that refer to projections of our future financial performance, our anticipated growth and trends in our business, our goals, strategies, focus and plans, and other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including statements expressing general optimism or pessimism about future operating results, are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements in this report may include statements about:

| • | our ability to develop market acceptance for and increase sales of new products, develop relationships with new customers and maintain or improve existing customer relationships;
| • | future financial and operating results, including projections of net sales, revenue, income or loss, net income or loss per share, profit margins, expenditures, liquidity, and other financial items;
| • | the sufficiency of our available cash and cash equivalents, including continued access to borrowing under our credit facilities, and potential cash flows from our operations to fund our working capital and capital expenditure needs through the next 12 months and longer;
| • | inventory levels, including the adequacy of quality raw material and other inventory levels to meet future customer demand;
| • | sources, availability and quality of raw materials, including the limited number of suppliers of beta-alanine meeting our quality requirements;
| • | our ability to price our products to achieve profit margin targets, especially in the current volatile raw material environment and potential for new tariffs;
| • | our ability to maintain or increase our patent and trademark licensing revenues;
| • | our ability to improve operating efficiencies, manage costs and business risks, and improve or maintain profitability;
| • | our ability to protect our intellectual property;
| • | future economic and political conditions;
| • | currency exchange rates and their effect on our results of operations (including amounts that we may reclassify as earnings), the availability of foreign exchange facilities, our ability to effectively hedge against foreign exchange risks and the extent to which we may seek to hedge against such risks;
| • | the outcome of litigation, regulatory and tax matters we are or may become involved in, the costs associated with such matters and the effect of such matters on our business and results of operations;
| • | potential manufacturing and distribution channels, product returns, and potential product recalls;
| • | the impact of external factors on our business and results of operations, especially, as an example, variations in quarterly net sales from seasonal and other external factors;
| • | our ability to operate within the standards set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs);
| • | the adequacy of our financial reserves and allowances;
| • | the impact of accounting pronouncements and our adoption of certain accounting guidance; and
| • | other assumptions described in this Report underlying or relating to any forward-looking statements.

Forward-looking statements in this Report speak only as of the date of this Report based on information available to us at that time and caution should be taken not to place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are subject to certain future events, risks, and uncertainties that are or may be outside of our control. When considering forward-looking statements, you should carefully review the risks, uncertainties and other cautionary statements in this Report as they identify certain important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, the forward-looking statements. These factors include, among others, the risks described under Item 1A of Part I of our fiscal 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K, as well as in other reports and documents we have filed and will file with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

1

Table of Contents

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Natural Alternatives International, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

(Unaudited)

|  | September 30, 2025 |  |  | June 30, 2025 |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 7,744 |  |  | $ | 12,325 |
Accounts receivable – less allowance for credit losses of $0 at September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025 |  |  | 18,912 |  |  |  | 14,644 |
Inventories, net |  |  | 30,654 |  |  |  | 24,871 |
Income tax receivable |  |  | 184 |  |  |  | 276 |
Forward contracts |  |  | — |  |  |  | 368 |
Prepaids and other current assets |  |  | 7,557 |  |  |  | 6,792 |
Total current assets |  |  | 65,051 |  |  |  | 59,276 |
Property and equipment, net |  |  | 50,788 |  |  |  | 50,890 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  |  | 40,420 |  |  |  | 41,054 |
Other noncurrent assets, net |  |  | 686 |  |  |  | 719 |
Total assets |  | $ | 156,945 |  |  | $ | 151,939 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 20,095 |  |  | $ | 15,352 |
Accrued liabilities |  |  | 3,764 |  |  |  | 3,105 |
Accrued compensation and employee benefits |  |  | 3,026 |  |  |  | 2,173 |
Customer deposits |  |  | 930 |  |  |  | 1,364 |
Short-term liability – operating leases |  |  | 2,270 |  |  |  | 2,227 |
Forward contracts |  |  | 1,056 |  |  |  | 1,967 |
Income taxes payable |  |  | — |  |  |  | 411 |
Mortgage note payable, current portion |  |  | 308 |  |  |  | 305 |
Line of credit – current |  |  | 2,451 |  |  |  | 1,900 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 33,900 |  |  |  | 28,804 |
Long-term liability – operating leases |  |  | 45,349 |  |  |  | 45,970 |
Long-term pension liability |  |  | 124 |  |  |  | 111 |
Mortgage note payable, net of current portion |  |  | 8,551 |  |  |  | 8,628 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 87,924 |  |  |  | 83,513 |
Commitments and contingencies (Notes E, F, and L) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock; $.01 par value; 500,000 shares authorized; none issued or outstanding |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Common stock; $.01 par value; 20,000,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, issued and outstanding (net of treasury shares) 6,176,778 at September 30, 2025 and 6,178,213 at June 30, 2025 |  |  | 93 |  |  |  | 93 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 33,788 |  |  |  | 33,611 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 59,100 |  |  |  | 59,391 |
Treasury stock, at cost, 3,328,128 shares at September 30, 2025 and 3,326,693 at June 30, 2025 |  |  | (23,259 | ) |  |  | (23,254 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | (701 | ) |  |  | (1,415 | )
Total stockholders’ equity |  |  | 69,021 |  |  |  | 68,426 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 156,945 |  |  | $ | 151,939 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

2

Table of Contents

Natural Alternatives International, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | September 30, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Net sales |  | $ | 37,730 |  |  | $ | 33,150 |
Cost of goods sold |  |  | 33,333 |  |  |  | 30,891 |
Gross profit |  |  | 4,397 |  |  |  | 2,259 |
Selling, general and administrative |  |  | 4,113 |  |  |  | 4,095 |
Income (loss) from operations |  |  | 284 |  |  |  | (1,836 | )
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 33 |
Interest expense |  |  | (226 | ) |  |  | (178 | )
Foreign exchange loss |  |  | (301 | ) |  |  | (431 | )
Other, net |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | (1 | )
Total other expense |  |  | (483 | ) |  |  | (577 | )
Loss before income taxes |  |  | (199 | ) |  |  | (2,413 | )
Provision (benefit) for income taxes |  |  | 92 |  |  |  | (431 | )
Net loss |  | $ | (291 | ) |  | $ | (1,982 | )
Unrealized gain (loss) resulting from change in fair value of derivative instruments, net of tax |  |  | 714 |  |  |  | (682 | )
Comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | 423 |  |  | $ | (2,664 | )
Net loss per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | (0.05 | ) |  | $ | (0.33 | )
Diluted |  | $ | (0.05 | ) |  | $ | (0.33 | )
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | 6,006,592 |  |  |  | 5,919,460 |
Diluted |  |  | 6,006,592 |  |  |  | 5,919,460 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Natural Alternatives International, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

Three-Month Periods Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024

(Dollars in thousands)

(Unaudited)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Additional |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Other |  |  |  |  |
|  | Common Stock |  |  | Paid-in |  |  | Retained |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  | Comprehensive |  |  |  |  |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Capital |  |  | Earnings |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | (Loss) Income |  |  | Total |
Balance, June 30, 2025 |  |  | 9,504,906 |  |  | $ | 93 |  |  | $ | 33,611 |  |  | $ | 59,391 |  |  |  | 3,326,693 |  |  | $ | (23,254 | ) |  | $ | (1,415 | ) |  | $ | 68,426 |
Compensation expense related to stock compensation plans |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 177 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 177 |
Repurchase of common stock |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,435 |  |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5 | )
Unrealized gain resulting from change in fair value of derivative instruments, net of tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 714 |  |  |  | 714 |
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (291 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (291 | )
Balance, September 30, 2025 |  |  | 9,504,906 |  |  | $ | 93 |  |  | $ | 33,788 |  |  | $ | 59,100 |  |  |  | 3,328,128 |  |  | $ | (23,259 | ) |  | $ | (701 | ) |  | $ | 69,021 |
Balance, June 30, 2024 |  |  | 9,480,906 |  |  | $ | 93 |  |  | $ | 32,634 |  |  | $ | 72,966 |  |  |  | 3,280,721 |  |  | $ | (23,076 | ) |  | $ | (22 | ) |  | $ | 82,595 |
Compensation expense related to stock compensation plans |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 276 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 276 |
Change in minimum pension liability, net of tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (14 | ) |  |  | (14 | )
Repurchase of common stock |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,407 |  |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (8 | )
Unrealized loss resulting from change in fair value of derivative instruments, net of tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (682 | ) |  |  | (682 | )
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,982 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,982 | )
Balance, September 30, 2024 |  |  | 9,480,906 |  |  | $ | 93 |  |  | $ | 32,910 |  |  | $ | 70,984 |  |  |  | 3,282,128 |  |  | $ | (23,084 | ) |  | $ | (718 | ) |  | $ | 80,185 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Natural Alternatives International, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | September 30, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (291 | ) |  | $ | (1,982 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 1,166 |  |  |  | 1,127 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 177 |  |  |  | 276 |
Non-cash lease expense |  |  | 1,305 |  |  |  | 2,465 |
Pension expense, net of contributions |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 3 |
Loss on disposal of assets |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  |  | (4,268 | ) |  |  | (732 | )
Inventories, net |  |  | (5,783 | ) |  |  | (1,678 | )
Prepaids and other assets |  |  | (732 | ) |  |  | (486 | )
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |  |  | 4,933 |  |  |  | (2,275 | )
Forward contracts |  |  | 171 |  |  |  | 130 |
Accrued compensation and employee benefits |  |  | 853 |  |  |  | 765 |
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | (1,249 | ) |  |  | (636 | )
Income taxes |  |  | (319 | ) |  |  | (420 | )
Net cash used in operating activities |  |  | (4,023 | ) |  |  | (3,443 | )
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of property and equipment |  |  | (1,030 | ) |  |  | (301 | )
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (1,030 | ) |  |  | (301 | )
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Borrowing on line of credit |  |  | 551 |  |  |  | 2,000 |
Payments on long-term debt |  |  | (74 | ) |  |  | (73 | )
Repurchase of common stock |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | (8 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 472 |  |  |  | 1,919 |
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (4,581 | ) |  |  | (1,825 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  |  | 12,325 |  |  |  | 11,981 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 7,744 |  |  | $ | 10,156 |
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid during the period for: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest |  | $ | 146 |  |  | $ | 155 |
Income taxes |  | $ | 412 |  |  | $ | — |
Non-cash purchases of property and equipment |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | — |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

A. Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The accompanying interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and with applicable rules and regulations. Pursuant to such rules and regulations, certain information and note disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP) have been condensed or omitted. In management’s opinion, all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position, results of operations, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows have been included and are of a normal, recurring nature. The results of operations for the three months ended September 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the full fiscal year or for any future periods.

You should read the financial statements and these notes, which are an integral part of the financial statements, together with our audited financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025 (“2025 Annual Report”). The accounting policies used to prepare the financial statements included in this Report are the same policies described in the notes to the consolidated financial statements in our 2025 Annual Report unless otherwise noted below.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

We did not adopt any accounting pronouncements during the three months ended September 30, 2025.

Recently Issued Accounting and Regulatory Pronouncements

Recently issued accounting pronouncements are not discussed in this Report as such pronouncements did not have, and are not believed by management to have, a material impact on present or future financial statements.

Net Loss per Common Share

We compute net loss per common share using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, and diluted net loss per common share using the additional dilutive effect of all dilutive securities. The dilutive impact of unvested restricted shares accounts for the additional weighted average shares of common stock outstanding for our diluted net loss per common share computation. We calculated basic and diluted net loss per common share as follows (in thousands, except per share data):

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | September 30, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Numerator |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (291 | ) |  | $ | (1,982 | )
Denominator |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  | 6,007 |  |  |  | 5,919 |
Dilutive effect of restricted stock |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  | 6,007 |  |  |  | 5,919 |
Basic net loss per common share |  | $ | (0.05 | ) |  | $ | (0.33 | )
Diluted net loss per common share |  | $ | (0.05 | ) |  | $ | (0.33 | )

We exclude the impact of restricted stock from the calculation of diluted net loss per common share in periods where we have a net loss or when their inclusion would be antidilutive. During the three months ended September 30, 2025, we excluded 170,724 shares of unvested restricted stock. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, we excluded 279,792 shares of unvested restricted stock.

Revenue Recognition

We record revenue based on a five-step model which includes: (1) identifying a contract with a customer; (2) identifying the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determining the transaction price; (4) allocating the transaction price among the performance obligations; and (5) recognizing revenue as each of the various performance obligations are satisfied.

Revenue is measured as the net amount of consideration expected to be received in exchange for fulfilling one or more performance obligations. We identify purchase orders from customers as contracts. The amount of consideration expected to be received, and revenue recognized includes estimates of variable consideration, including estimates for early payment discounts and volume rebates. Such estimates are calculated using historical averages adjusted for any expected changes due to current business conditions, experience and expectations. We review and update these estimates at the end of each reporting period and the impact of any adjustments is recognized in the period the adjustments are identified. In assessing whether collection of consideration from a customer is probable, we consider both the customer's ability and intent to pay that amount of consideration when it is due. Payment of invoices is due as specified in the underlying customer agreement, which is typically 30 days from the invoice date. Invoices are generally issued on the date of transfer of control of the products ordered to the customer.

Revenue is recognized at the point in time that each of our performance obligations is fulfilled, and control of the ordered products is transferred to the customer. This transfer occurs when the product is shipped, or in some cases, when the product is delivered to the customer.

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We recognize revenue in certain circumstances before delivery to the customer has occurred (commonly referred to as bill-and-hold transactions). Products sold under bill-and-hold arrangements are recorded as revenue when risk of ownership has been transferred to the customer, but the product has not shipped due to a substantive reason, typically at the customer’s request. The product must be separately identified as belonging to the customer, ready for physical transfer to the customer, and we cannot have the ability to redirect the product to another customer.

We provide early payment discounts to certain customers. We evaluate the likelihood of customers taking advantage of these discounts based on historical payment trends. The cost of these discounts is reported as a reduction to the transaction price. If the actual discounts differ from those estimated, the difference is also reported as a change in the transaction price. We require prepayment from certain customers. We record any payments received in advance of contract fulfillment as a contract liability and they are classified as customer deposits on the consolidated balance sheet.

Contract liabilities and revenue recognized were as follows (in thousands):

|  | June 30, 2025 |  |  | Additions |  |  | Revenue Recognized |  |  | Customer Refunds |  |  | September 30, 2025 |
Contract Liabilities (Customer Deposits) |  | $ | 1,364 |  |  | $ | 732 |  |  | $ | (1,165 | ) |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | 930 |

|  | June 30, 2024 |  |  | Additions |  |  | Revenue Recognized |  |  | Customer Refunds |  |  | September 30, 2024 |
Contract Liabilities (Customer Deposits) |  | $ | 302 |  |  | $ | 1,113 |  |  | $ | (779 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 636 |

Except for product defects, no right of return exists on the sale of our products. We estimate returns based on historical experience and recognize a returns liability for any estimated returns. As of September 30, 2025, we have no estimated returns liability.

We currently own certain U.S. patents, and each patent’s corresponding foreign patent applications. All of these patents and patent rights relate to the ingredient known as beta-alanine marketed and sold under our CarnoSyn®, SR CarnoSyn®, and TriBsyn™ trademarks. We recorded beta-alanine raw material sales, and royalty and licensing income as a component of revenue in the amount of $1.7 million during the three months ended September 30, 2025. We similarly recorded $2.5 million during the three months ended September 30, 2024. These royalty income and raw material sale amounts resulted in royalty expense paid to the original patent holders from whom NAI acquired their patents and patent rights. We recognized royalty expense as a component of cost of goods sold in the amount of approximately $66,000 during the three months ended September 30, 2025. We recorded approximately $92,000 of royalty expense during the three months ended September 30, 2024.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Board of Directors approved our current omnibus equity incentive plan that became effective January 1, 2021 (the “2020 Plan”). The 2020 Plan was approved by our stockholders at the Annual Meeting of Stockholders on December 4, 2020. Under the 2020 Plan, we may grant nonqualified and incentive stock options, restricted stock grants, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights, and other stock-based awards to employees, non-employee directors and consultants.

The 2020 Plan expires at the end of December 2025. The Board of Directors has approved an Amendment to the 2020 Plan to extend its term for five more years and increase the number of shares reserved to the Plan by 550,000 shares. No other changes are included in the proposed Amendment. The proposed Amendment has been submitted to and will be voted on by the stockholders at their annual meeting on December 5, 2025.

We did not have any stock option activity or stock options outstanding during the three months ended September 30, 2025, or September 30, 2024.

We did not grant any restricted stock shares during the three months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024. During the three months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, no restricted stock shares were forfeited. Our net losses included stock-based compensation expense from vesting of prior restricted stock grants of $0.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and $0.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024.

Deferred Compensation Plan

Effective July 16, 2020, the Board of Directors approved and adopted a Non-Qualified Incentive Plan (the “Incentive Plan”). Pursuant to the Incentive Plan, the Human Resources Committee and the Board of Directors may make deferred cash payments or other cash awards (“Awards”) to directors, officers, employees of NAI and eligible consultants (“Participants”). These Awards are made subject to conditions precedent that must be met before NAI is obligated to make the payment. The purpose of the Incentive Plan is to enhance the long-term stockholder value of NAI by providing the Human Resources Committee and the Board of Directors the ability to make deferred cash payments or other cash awards to encourage Participants to serve NAI or to remain in the service of NAI, or to assist NAI to achieve results determined by the Human Resources Committee or the Board of Directors to be in NAI's best interest.

The Incentive Plan authorizes the Human Resources Committee or the Board of Directors to grant to, and administer, unsecured and deferred cash Awards to Participants and to subject each Award to whatever conditions are determined appropriate by the Human Resources Committee or the Board of Directors. The terms of each Award, including the amount and any conditions that must be met to be entitled to payment of the Award are set forth in an Award Agreement between each Participant and NAI. The Incentive Plan provides the Board of Directors with the discretion to set aside assets to fund the Incentive Plan although that has not been done to date.

No deferred cash awards were forfeited during the three months ended September 30, 2025, and September 30, 2024.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Except for cash and cash equivalents, as of September 30, 2025, and June 30, 2025, we did not have any financial assets or liabilities classified as Level 1. We classify derivative forward exchange and interest rate swap contracts as Level 2 assets and liabilities. The fair values were determined by obtaining pricing from our bank and corroborating those values with a third-party bank or pricing service.

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Fair value of derivative instruments classified as Level 2 assets and liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2025 |  |  | June 30, 2025 |
Swiss Franc Forward Contract – Current Assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | 368 |
Total Derivative Contracts – Current Assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | 368 |
Euro Forward Contract– Current Liabilities |  |  | (876 | ) |  |  | (1,704 | )
Swiss Franc Forward Contract – Current Liabilities |  |  | (180 | ) |  |  | (263 | )
Total Derivative Contracts – Current Liabilities |  |  | (1,056 | ) |  |  | (1,967 | )
Fair Value Net Asset – all Derivative Contracts |  | $ | (1,056 | ) |  | $ | (1,599 | )

We also classify any outstanding line of credit and term loan balance as a Level 2 liability as the fair value is based on inputs that can be derived from information available in publicly quoted markets. As of September 30, 2025, we had $2.5 million outstanding on our line of credit and $8.9 million outstanding on our term loan. As of June 30, 2025, we had $1.9 million outstanding on our line of credit and $8.9 million outstanding on our term loan. As of September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, we did not have any financial assets or liabilities classified as Level 3. We did not transfer any assets or liabilities between these levels during fiscal 2025 or fiscal 2024.

B. Inventories, net

Inventories, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | September 30, |  |  | June 30, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2025 |
Raw materials |  | $ | 22,494 |  |  | $ | 17,632 |
Work in progress |  |  | 5,711 |  |  |  | 3,943 |
Finished goods |  |  | 3,190 |  |  |  | 4,054 |
Reserve |  |  | (741 | ) |  |  | (758 | )
Inventories, net |  | $ | 30,654 |  |  | $ | 24,871 |

C. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | Depreciable Life |  |  | September 30, |  |  | June 30, |
|  | In Years |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2025 |
Land |  | NA |  |  | $ | 8,940 |  |  | $ | 8,940 |
Building and building improvements |  | 7 – 39 |  |  |  | 24,652 |  |  |  | 24,650 |
Machinery and equipment |  | 3 – 12 |  |  |  | 41,200 |  |  |  | 41,311 |
Office equipment and furniture |  | 3 – 5 |  |  |  | 7,398 |  |  |  | 6,936 |
Vehicles |  | 3 |  |  |  | 237 |  |  |  | 237 |
Leasehold improvements |  | 1 – 20 |  |  |  | 25,458 |  |  |  | 24,788 |
Total property and equipment |  |  |  |  |  | 107,885 |  |  |  | 106,862 |
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization |  |  |  |  |  | (57,097 | ) |  |  | (55,972 | )
Property and equipment, net |  |  |  |  | $ | 50,788 |  |  | $ | 50,890 |

Depreciation and amortization expense was approximately $1.2 million during the three months ended September 30, 2025 and $1.1 million during the three months ended September 30, 2024.

D. Other Comprehensive Loss

Other comprehensive (loss) income (“OCL” and “OCI”) consisted of the following during the three months ended September 30, 2025, and September 30, 2024 (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  |  |  |
|  | September 30, 2025 |  |  |  |  |
|  | Defined |  |  | Unrealized (Losses) |  |  |  |  |
|  | Benefit |  |  | Gains on |  |  |  |  |
|  | Pension |  |  | Cash Flow |  |  |  |  |
|  | Plan |  |  | Hedges |  |  | Total |
Beginning Balance |  | $ | (228 | ) |  | $ | (1,187 | ) |  | $ | (1,415 | )
OCI before reclassifications |  |  | — |  |  |  | 313 |  |  |  | 313 |
Amounts reclassified to sales |  |  | — |  |  |  | 401 |  |  |  | 401 |
Tax effect on activity |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Net current period OCI |  |  | — |  |  |  | 714 |  |  |  | 714 |
Ending Balance |  | $ | (228 | ) |  | $ | (473 | ) |  | $ | (701 | )

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|  | Three Months Ended |  |  |  |  |
|  | September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |
|  | Defined |  |  | Unrealized Gains |  |  | Unrealized Gains |  |  |  |  |
|  | Benefit |  |  | (Losses) on |  |  | (Losses) on |  |  |  |  |
|  | Pension |  |  | Cash Flow |  |  | Swap |  |  |  |  |
|  | Plan |  |  | Hedges |  |  | Derivative |  |  | Total |
Beginning Balance |  | $ | (278 | ) |  | $ | 172 |  |  | $ | 84 |  |  | $ | (22 | )
OCL before reclassifications |  |  | — |  |  |  | (807 | ) |  |  | (111 | ) |  |  | (918 | )
Amounts reclassified to sales |  |  | — |  |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 58 |
Tax effect on activity |  |  | (14 | ) |  |  | 151 |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 164 |
Net current period OCL |  |  | (14 | ) |  |  | (598 | ) |  |  | (84 | ) |  |  | (696 | )
Ending Balance |  | $ | (292 | ) |  | $ | (426 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (718 | )

E. Leases

We currently lease our Vista, California product manufacturing facility and Lugano, Switzerland product manufacturing and support facilities.

On July 18, 2023, we entered into a Fourth Amendment to the Lease of our Vista, California manufacturing facility. The Fourth Amendment extended the term of the Lease by an additional ten years and five months commencing April 1, 2024. The amended lease covering two buildings and approximately 162,000 square feet resulted in an increase in base rent to $1.50 per square foot, after five free months of base rent beginning at the commencement of the extended term. NAI is constructing substantial improvements to the facilities including but not limited to installation of an approximately $2.3 million solar electrical generating system on both buildings, and other substantial improvements. Pursuant to the Fourth Amendment, the Landlord will reimburse NAI for up to $1.1 million of these tenant improvements to the buildings. Our lease liability and Right of Use asset were both increased by approximately $25.9 million as a result of this lease extension effective on the date that the Fourth Amendment was executed.

On January 26, 2024, we exercised the early termination of an apartment lease in Lugano, Switzerland. The early termination reduced the lease term by 9 years and 8 months which ended on April 30, 2024. Our lease liability and Right of Use asset were both decreased by approximately $0.3 million as a result of the early termination of the lease agreement. On January 22, 2024, we entered into a lease for a new apartment in Lugano, Switzerland. This lease is for an initial term of 27 months, beginning April 1, 2024 and ending on June 30, 2026.

Our leases are classified as operating leases. Substantially all our operating leases are comprised of payments for the use of manufacturing and office space. We have no leases classified as finance leases. As of September 30, 2025, the weighted average remaining lease term for our operating leases was 8.3 years and the weighted average discount rate for our operating leases was 5.94%. As of June 30, 2025, the weighted average remaining lease term for our operating leases was 8.6 years and the weighted average discount rate was 5.94%.

Other information related to leases as of September 30, 2025, and September 30, 2024, was as follows (in thousands):

Supplemental Cash Flow Information |  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Three Months Ended |
|  | September 30, 2025 |  |  | September 30, 2024 |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 1,254 |  |  | $ | 709 |

F. Debt

We have had a credit line with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A (“Wells Fargo”) for many years. The credit line has been amended, modified, and extended several times, most recently on June 20, 2025, when we entered into a Sixth Amendment to Credit Agreement. The Sixth Amendment waived all prior instances of non-compliance and preemptively waived anticipated non-compliance with covenants in the quarter ending June 30, 2025. The amended Credit Agreement extended the credit line to December 31, 2026, decreased the maximum principal amount that can be borrowed from $12.5 million to $10.0 million, increased the interest rate on borrowing under the line of credit to 3.25% above the applicable Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") base rate, increased the unused commitment fee to 0.375%, and added the Company’s powder processing facility in Carlsbad, California as security for the amended Credit Agreement. Our obligations under the Credit Agreement are also secured by our accounts receivable and other rights to payment, general intangibles, inventory, equipment, and fixtures.

The Sixth Amendment also included modifications to our covenants under the Credit Agreement, including (i) net loss not greater than $250,000 for the first quarter of fiscal 2026, a net loss not greater than $750,000 for the first half of fiscal 2026, and net income of at least $1.00 on a year to date basis starting with the third quarter of fiscal 2026 and each fiscal quarter thereafter; (ii) fixed charge coverage ratio calculated on a rolling 4-quarter basis of not less than 1.0 to 1.0 for the first quarter of fiscal 2026 and not less than 1.25 to 1.0 for the second fiscal quarter of 2026 and all quarters thereafter. We also paid an extension fee of $20,000 upon execution of the Sixth Amendment.

Amounts outstanding are subject to a fluctuating interest rate and may be prepaid at any time.

We have a Term Note with Wells Fargo we entered into on August 16, 2021 to borrow part of the purchase price of our powder processing and warehouse property in Carlsbad, California. The Term Note is secured by a first mortgage on that property. The Term Note was in the original principal amount of $10.0 million and is a seven-year note with payments fully amortized based on a twenty-five year assumed term. Installment payments under this term loan commenced October 1, 2021 and continue through August 1, 2028 with a final installment due September 1, 2028, consisting of all remaining amounts due. Amounts outstanding on this note during the term of the agreement bear interest at the rate of 1.8% above the SOFR rolling 30-day average.

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We also have credit approval with Wells Fargo Bank, which allows us to hedge foreign currency exposures up to 12 months in the future, and we have credit approval with Bank of America which allows us to hedge foreign currency exposures up to 24 months in the future.

As of September 30, 2025, we had $8.9 million outstanding under the Term Note used in August 2021 for the purchase of our Carlsbad, California powder processing and warehouse property.

For the quarter ended September 30, 2025, we were not in compliance with the maximum net loss and fixed charge coverage ratio covenants of our credit agreement. We also anticipate we will not be able to comply with all of the covenants required under the modified Credit Agreement in the second quarter of fiscal 2026, primarily related to the impact on the fixed charge coverage ratio calculation due to the unexpected recognition of litigation expense and valuation allowance on our net deferred tax assets during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2025. We have advised our lender and are currently negotiating a potential revision to our credit agreement. There can be no assurance we will be able to successfully complete the negotiation of a revised credit facility, or what the differences in amount, cost and other factors may be.

As of September 30, 2025, we had $10.0 million of maximum borrowing capacity available on our credit facility and outstanding borrowings were $2.5 million.

G. Economic Dependency

We had substantial net sales to certain customers during the periods shown in the following table. The loss of any of these customers, or a significant decline in (i) sales to these customers, (ii) the growth rate of sales to these customers, or (iii) these customers’ ability to make payments when due, each individually could have a material adverse impact on our net sales and net operating results. Net sales to any one customer representing 10% or more of the respective period's consolidated net sales were as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | September 30, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Customer 1 |  | $ | 14,446 |  |  | $ | 12,258 |
Customer 2 |  |  | 4,809 |  |  |  | 4,047 |
Customer 3 |  |  | 3,860 |  |  |  | 3,702 |
|  | $ | 23,115 |  |  | $ | 20,007 |

Accounts receivable from these customers totaled $15.0 million at September 30, 2025 and $9.9 million at June 30, 2025.

We buy certain products, including beta-alanine, from a limited number of raw material suppliers who meet our quality standards. The loss of any of these suppliers could have a material adverse impact on our net sales and results of operations. Raw material purchases from any one supplier representing 10% or more of the respective period’s total raw material purchases were as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | September 30, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Supplier 1 |  |  | (a) |  |  | $ | 4,238 |
|  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 4,238 |

(a) All supplier purchases of raw materials were less than 10% of the respective period total raw material purchases.

H. Segment Information

Our business consists of two segments for financial reporting purposes. The two segments are identified as (i) private-label contract manufacturing, which primarily relates to the provision of private-label contract manufacturing services to companies that market and distribute nutritional supplements and other health care products, and (ii) patent and trademark licensing, which primarily includes direct raw material sales and royalty income from our license and supply agreements associated with the sale and use of beta-alanine under our CarnoSyn®, SR CarnoSyn®, and TriBsyn™ trademarks.

The chief operating decision maker is the Company's Chief Executive Officer, who, in conjunction with senior management, evaluates segment performance based on a number of factors. The primary performance measures for each segment are net sales and income or loss from operations before corporate allocations. Operating income or loss for each segment does not include corporate general and administrative expenses, interest expense and other miscellaneous income and expense items. Corporate general and administrative expenses include, but are not limited to human resources, corporate legal, finance, information technology, and other corporate level related expenses, which are not allocated to any segment. Transfers of raw materials between segments are recorded at cost. The accounting policies of our segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies in Note A and in the consolidated financial statements included in our 2025 Annual Report.

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Our operating results by business segment for the three months ended September 30, 2025 were as follows (in thousands):

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Natural |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Corporate |  |  | Alternatives |
|  | Private-label |  |  | Patent and |  |  | expenses |  |  | International |
|  | contract |  |  | trademark |  |  | not allocated |  |  | Inc. |
|  | manufacturing |  |  | licensing |  |  | to segments |  |  | Consolidated |
Net sales |  | $ | 36,065 |  |  | $ | 1,665 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 37,730 |
Cost of goods sold |  |  | 32,909 |  |  |  | 424 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 33,333 |
Gross profit |  |  | 3,156 |  |  |  | 1,241 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,397 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 1,353 |  |  |  | 529 |  |  |  | 2,231 |  |  |  | 4,113 |
Income (loss) from operations |  |  | 1,803 |  |  |  | 712 |  |  |  | (2,231 | ) |  |  | 284 |
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 30 |
Interest expense |  |  | (226 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (226 | )
Foreign exchange loss |  |  | (301 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (301 | )
Other, net |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 14 |
Total other expense |  |  | (483 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (483 | )
Income (loss) before income taxes |  |  | 1,320 |  |  |  | 712 |  |  |  | (2,231 | ) |  |  | (199 | )
Provision for income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 92 |
Net loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (291 | )
Other supplemental information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation |  | $ | 162 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 177 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 1,164 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,166 |
Capital expenditures |  |  | 1,030 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,030 |

Our operating results by business segment for the three months ended September 30, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Natural |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Corporate |  |  | Alternatives |
|  | Private-label |  |  | Patent and |  |  | expenses |  |  | International |
|  | contract |  |  | trademark |  |  | not allocated |  |  | Inc. |
|  | manufacturing |  |  | licensing |  |  | to segments |  |  | Consolidated |
Net sales |  | $ | 30,630 |  |  | $ | 2,520 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 33,150 |
Cost of goods sold |  |  | 30,001 |  |  |  | 890 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 30,891 |
Gross profit |  |  | 629 |  |  |  | 1,630 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,259 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 1,274 |  |  |  | 633 |  |  |  | 2,188 |  |  |  | 4,095 |
(Loss) income from operations |  |  | (645 | ) |  |  | 997 |  |  |  | (2,188 | ) |  |  | (1,836 | )
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  |  | 33 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 33 |
Interest expense |  |  | (178 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (178 | )
Foreign exchange loss |  |  | (431 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (431 | )
Other, net |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1 | )
Total other expense |  |  | (577 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (577 | )
(Loss) income before income taxes |  |  | (1,222 | ) |  |  | 997 |  |  |  | (2,188 | ) |  |  | (2,413 | )
Benefit for income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (431 | )
Net loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (1,982 | )
Other supplemental information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation |  | $ | 251 |  |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 276 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 1,125 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,127 |
Capital expenditures |  |  | 301 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 301 |

Total assets by segment were as follows (in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2025 |  |  | June 30, 2025 |
Private-label contract manufacturing |  | $ | 118,144 |  |  | $ | 113,843 |
Patent and trademark licensing |  |  | 38,801 |  |  |  | 38,096 |
Total Assets |  | $ | 156,945 |  |  | $ | 151,939 |

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I. Income Taxes

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, we used the discrete effective tax rate method in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 740-270-30-18 which allows for treatment of the interim year-to-date period as if it were the annual period when calculating estimated income tax expense or benefit. For the three months ended September 30, 2024, we used an estimated annual effective tax rate, which is based on expected annual income (or loss), statutory tax rates and tax planning opportunities available in the various jurisdictions to which we are subject to determine our quarterly provision for income taxes. Certain significant or unusual items are separately recognized in the quarter in which they occur and can be a source of variability in the effective tax rate from quarter to quarter. We recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions, if any, as an income tax expense.

During fiscal year 2025, we recorded a valuation allowance against net domestic deferred income tax assets of $4.8 million, representing the amount of our deferred income tax assets in excess of our domestic deferred income tax liabilities. During the three months ended September 30, 2025, we recorded a valuation allowance against domestic deferred income tax assets of $0.1 million, representing the amount of our domestic deferred income tax assets in excess of our domestic deferred income tax liabilities as of September 30, 2025. We recorded the valuation allowance because management was unable to conclude, in light of the cumulative loss we have realized related to our U.S.-based operations in recent years, that realization of the net domestic deferred income tax asset was more likely than not. The valuation allowance recorded as of September 30, 2025, related to U.S.-based deferred tax assets attributed to the U.S-based loss before income taxes during the three months ended September 30, 2025.

As a result of the recognition of these domestic valuation adjustments, we have a $4.9 million net deferred tax asset offset by a valuation allowance of $4.9 million resulting in a net deferred tax asset of $0 as of September 30, 2025. This valuation allowance did not have any effect on the tax expense and related liability recorded for operating income recognized by NAIE during the three months ended September 30, 2025.

Our effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2025 was -46.2%, and our effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2024 was 17.9%. Our effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2025 differs from the fiscal 2025 U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to a valuation allowance on deferred tax assets and a foreign income tax rate differential. Our effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2024 differs from the fiscal 2024 U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to Global Intangible Low-taxed Income, forecasted research and forecasted research and development tax credits.

On July 4, 2025, congress voted into law the One Big Beautiful Bill Act which restores the immediate expensing of domestic research and development expenses while making permanent the capitalization and amortization rules of research and development conducted abroad.

J. Treasury Stock

At times we purchase our shares under a stock repurchase plan (“Repurchase Plan”) authorized by the Board of Directors. The current total authorized repurchase amount is $18.0 million and as of September 30, 2025, we had approximately $716,000 remaining available under the Repurchase Plan. Under the Repurchase Plan, we may, from time to time, purchase shares of our common stock, depending upon certain market conditions, in open market or privately negotiated transactions. Our credit agreement with Wells Fargo effective as amended, currently prohibits most stock repurchases (see Note F). As a result, until that restriction is modified or removed, we do not intend to purchase our shares other than our longstanding practice of purchasing shares from our employees in exchange for paying the employees’ withholding requirements upon vesting of restricted stock held by the employee. This practice of covering withholding requirements is allowed in our credit agreement as amended with Wells Fargo.

Stock repurchases for the three months ended September 30, 2025 were as follows:

|  | Shares |  |  | Average Cost |  |  | Total Cost (in thousands) |
Shares purchased under Repurchase Plan |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Shares acquired from employees for restricted stock vesting |  |  | 1,435 |  |  | $ | 3.61 |  |  | $ | 5 |
Total |  |  | 1,435 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5 |

Stock repurchases for the three months ended September 30, 2024 were as follows:

|  | Shares |  |  | Average Cost |  |  | Total Cost (in thousands) |
Shares purchased under Repurchase Plan |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Shares acquired from employees for restricted stock vesting |  |  | 1,407 |  |  | $ | 5.72 |  |  | $ | 8 |
Total |  |  | 1,407 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8 |

Shares acquired from employees for restricted stock vesting may be returned to us by the related employees and in return we pay each employee’s required tax withholding resulting from the vesting of restricted shares. The valuation of the shares acquired and thereby the number of shares returned to us is calculated based on the closing share price on the date the shares vested.

K. Derivatives and Hedging

We are exposed to gains and losses resulting from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates relating to forecasted product sales denominated in foreign currencies and to other transactions of NAIE, our foreign subsidiary. As part of our overall strategy to manage the level of exposure to the risk of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, we may use foreign exchange contracts in the form of forward contracts. There can be no guarantee any such contract to the extent we enter into such contracts, there can be no guarantee any such contracts will be effective hedges against our foreign currency exchange risk.

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As of September 30, 2025, we had forward contracts designated as cash flow hedges primarily to protect against the foreign exchange risks inherent in our forecasted sales of products at prices denominated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar. These contracts are expected to be settled through June 2026. For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges, we record the effective portion of the gain or loss on the derivative in accumulated other comprehensive income (“OCI”) as a separate component of stockholders’ equity and subsequently reclassify these amounts into earnings in the period during which the hedged sales of products are recognized.

For foreign currency contracts designated as cash flow hedges, hedge effectiveness is measured using the spot rate. Changes in the spot-forward differential are excluded from the test of hedge effectiveness and are recorded currently in earnings as revenue. We measure effectiveness by comparing the cumulative change in the hedge contract with the cumulative change in the hedged item as well as ensuring the assumptions we made at hedge inception have not materially changed. No hedging relationships were terminated as a result of ineffective hedging for the three months ended September 30, 2025, and September 30, 2024.

We monitor the probability of forecasted transactions as part of the hedge effectiveness testing on a quarterly basis. During the three months ended September 30, 2025, and September 30, 2024, we did not have any losses or gains related to the ineffective portion of our hedging instruments.

As of September 30, 2025, the notional amounts of our foreign exchange contracts accounted for as cash flow hedges were $28.1 million (EUR 24.5 million) for Euro sales and $6.8 million (CHF 5.4 million) for Swiss Franc sales. As of September 30, 2025, a net loss of approximately $0.9 million offset by approximately $0.4 million of deferred taxes, related to derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges was recorded in OCI. It is expected that the entire amount of the net loss as of September 30, 2025, will be reclassified into earnings in the next 12 months along with the earnings effects of the related forecasted transactions.

We are exposed to interest rate fluctuations related to our $10.0 million Term Note with Wells Fargo, which carries a variable interest rate of 1.80% above the SOFR rolling 30-day average. To manage our exposure to this variable rate, on August 23, 2021, we entered into a floored interest rate swap that fixes our all-in rate on this loan to 2.4% for the first three years of the term loan. Fluctuations in the relation of our contractual swap rate to current market rates are recorded as an asset or liability with an offset to OCI at the end of each reporting period. Interest expense is adjusted for the difference between the actual SOFR spread and the swap contractual rate such that our effective interest expense for each period is equal to our hedged rate of 2.4%. This interest rate swap contract expired on September 3, 2024.

For foreign currency contracts not designated as cash flow hedges, changes in the fair value of the hedge are recorded directly to foreign exchange gain or loss in other income in an effort to offset the change in valuation of the underlying hedged item. During the three months ended September 30, 2025, we entered into forward contracts in order to hedge foreign exchange risk associated with our lease liability at NAIE, which is denominated in Swiss Francs (CHF). As of September 30, 2025, the notional amounts of our foreign exchange contracts not designated as cash flow hedges were approximately $11.7 million (CHF 9.3 million).

L. Contingencies

From time to time, we become involved in various investigations, claims and legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business. These matters may relate to product liability, employment, intellectual property, tax, regulation, contract or other matters. The resolution of these matters as they arise will be subject to various uncertainties and, even if such claims are without merit, could result in the expenditure of significant financial and managerial resources. While unfavorable outcomes are possible, based on available information, we generally do not believe the resolution of these matters will result in a material adverse effect on our business, consolidated financial condition, or results of operations and the price of our common stock. However, a settlement payment or unfavorable outcome could adversely impact our results of operations. Our evaluation of the likely impact of these actions could change in the future and we could have unfavorable outcomes we do not expect.

Settlement of Legal Proceeding

In December 2023, we were sued by three former employees in two separate, but substantially identical matters brought by the same law firm. The lawsuits were filed as a putative class action and a California Private Attorney General Act action seeking awards for all similarly situated employees going back ten years or more. We responded to these actions and agreed to submit the matters for mediation. On July 3, 2025, the mediation took place, and a tentative settlement agreement was reached whereby we agreed to contribute a maximum of $1.25 million. The court has consolidated the two actions. The potential settlement has been brought before the court and all similarly situated employees need to be contacted, and they may elect to participate or not. The process of obtaining court approval of the settlement is estimated to take approximately one year. We accrued the maximum settlement amount in our results of operations as of June 30, 2025 along with estimated related legal fees of approximately $0.15 million.

Employee Retention Tax Credit

In fiscal 2023, we recorded a $3.5 million Employee Retention Tax Credit ("ERTC") net refund associated with the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act signed into law in March 2020 and extended with the Taxpayer Certainty and Disaster Tax Relief Act of 2020 and the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021. These acts provided numerous tax provisions and other stimulus measures, including the ERTC. Under these expanded measures, we determined during fiscal 2023 that we qualified for the ERTC for the first three quarters of calendar 2021 and filed the required amended payroll tax returns to claim this refund. On December 9, 2024, the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") sent us a 105c letter informing us that they do not believe we qualify for the tax credit for the third quarter of calendar 2021. We disagreed with the position the IRS noted in their denial letter and responded to their letter to contest their claim. Although we had received this initial denial from the IRS, we believe we were entitled to the refund for these claims and therefore we have not made any allowances against the accrual for the related refund that was recorded in fiscal 2023. We have not yet received any additional correspondence from the IRS associated with our appeal related to the third quarter of calendar 2021, but in April 2025, we collected the refund amounts associated with our ERTC filings for the first and second quarters of calendar year 2021, which totaled $2.9 million.

Geopolitical Uncertainty

Management is monitoring the war in Ukraine, the ceasefire in Gaza, the on-going conflicts in Lebanon, Syria and Sudan, and potential economic effects from these events as they develop. These geographical areas account for a small portion of our global net sales, but we do source multiple raw materials from Israel. We do not anticipate these conflicts will have a significant impact on our net sales. We are continually evaluating options for alternative ingredient sources and/or holding safety stock of impacted materials to limit any impact. There are further concerns regarding consumer purchasing and consumption behavior, increases in global shipping expenses, greater volatility in foreign exchange and interest rates, and other unforeseen business disruptions due to the current global geopolitical tensions. We will continue to evaluate impacts of these developments on our customers, suppliers, employees, and operations.

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Government Trade Tariffs

The President of the United States has recently ordered U.S. government agencies to enforce new and increased tariffs on a wide range of goods and materials imported from foreign trade partners. Some tariffs have been presently deferred, and details of future tariff restrictions continuously evolve. Current and future implementation of tariffs may include products and ingredients we or our customers require for their products. These goods may include beta-alanine. The commercialization of our beta-alanine patent estate depends on the availability of the raw material beta-alanine. In response, China and other governments have imposed tariffs on certain American products. The resulting tariffs could have a significant adverse effect on our customers' businesses, the availability of beta-alanine, and the cost of our products. While we do not know how potential increased tariffs will be imposed, or how any tariffs will impact our business, we believe the imposition of additional tariffs by the U.S. or other governments on products or ingredients we use in the products we manufacture could adversely impact our customers as a result of increased product costs, and such increased costs could have an adverse impact on the availability of beta-alanine, the licensing of our patents and trademarks and our distribution of this raw material. This could adversely impact our ability to license our patents and trademarks, our ability to sell beta-alanine, and our customers’ ability to compete in the marketplace, reducing demand for our products, and products we manufacture for our customers. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

As a contract manufacturer, we pass through material cost increases to our customers, including increases associated with tariffs. We also work with our customers to identify potential alternative supply sources for key ingredients to help mitigate the impact tariffs may have on the cost of their products. We will continue to evaluate the impact of imposed trade tariffs on our customers, suppliers and operations.

M. Subsequent Events

On October 15, 2025, NAIE paid a dividend of $3.1 million to NAI. The dividend is subject to a 5% Swiss withholding tax.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis are intended to help you understand our financial condition and results of operations for the three months ended September 30, 2025. You should read the following discussion and analysis together with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements included under Item 1 in this Report, as well as the risk factors and other information included in our 2025 Annual Report and other reports and documents we file with the SEC. Our future financial condition and results of operations will vary from our historical financial condition and results of operations described below based on a variety of factors.

Executive Overview

The following overview does not address all of the matters covered in the other sections of this Item 2 or other items in this Report nor does it contain all of the information that may be important to our stockholders or the investing public. You should read this overview in conjunction with the other sections of this Item 2 and this Report.

Our primary business activity is providing private-label contract manufacturing services to companies that market and distribute vitamins, minerals, herbal and other nutritional supplements, as well as other health care products, to consumers both within and outside the U.S. Historically, our revenue has been largely dependent on sales to two or three private-label contract manufacturing customers and subject to variations in the timing of such customers’ orders, which in turn is impacted by such customers’ internal marketing programs, supply chain management, entry into new markets, new product introductions, the demand for such customers’ products, and general industry and economic conditions. Our revenue also includes raw material sales, and royalty and licensing revenue generated from our patent estate pursuant to license and supply agreements with third parties for the distribution and use of the ingredient known as beta-alanine sold under our CarnoSyn®, SR CarnoSyn® and TriBsyn™ trademarks.

A cornerstone of our business strategy is to achieve long-term growth and profitability and to diversify our sales base. We have sought and expect to continue to seek to diversify our sales by developing relationships with additional, quality-oriented, private-label contract manufacturing customers, and commercializing our patent estate through sales of beta-alanine under our CarnoSyn®, SR CarnoSyn® and TriBsyn™ trademarks, royalties from license agreements, and potentially additional contract manufacturing opportunities with licensees.

During the three months ended September 30, 2025, our net sales were 14% higher than in the three months ended September 30, 2024. Private-label contract manufacturing sales increased 18% primarily due to increased orders from several of our existing customers and shipments to new customers. Revenue concentration for our largest private-label contract manufacturing customer as a percentage of total net sales for the three months ended September 30, 2025 was 38%, and revenue concentration for our largest private-label contract manufacturing customer as a percentage of total net sales for the three months ended September 30, 2024 was 37%. We expect our annualized fiscal 2026 revenue concentration for our largest customer to be lower as compared to our revenue concentration for our largest customer in fiscal 2025.

During the three months ended September 30, 2025, patent and trademark licensing revenue decreased 34% to $1.7 million compared to revenue of $2.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease in patent and trademark licensing revenue during the three months ended September 30, 2025, was primarily due to lower raw material sales partially offset by sales of our new TriBsyn™ product and increased royalty and licensing revenue.

We continue to invest in research and development for the expansion of our CarnoSyn® product offerings. We believe SR CarnoSyn® may provide a unique opportunity within the growing Wellness and Healthy Aging markets but acceptance of this product offering has been limited as we only offer this product in tablet form. In August 2024, we announced our new product called TriBsyn™. We believe TriBsyn™ and its patent-pending formulation will allow us to better penetrate the Wellness and Healthy Aging channel. This groundbreaking product is a carnosine booster that utilizes CarnoSyn® beta-alanine and other proprietary technology to increase beta-alanine bioavailability and absorption while effectively eliminating beta-alanine related paresthesia. This product is available as a raw material powder, which allows formulation flexibility for our customers. The elimination of paresthesia while maintaining efficacy of dosage creates a new opportunity to reach segments of the market that to date have been untapped, including older adults, vegetarians, and vegans. We believe our efforts to refine our formulations and product offerings will be positively received and result in significant opportunity for increased sales of our patented products. We are also working on several additional innovations we believe could lead to new patentable products for CarnoSyn® Brands in the future.

To protect and grow our CarnoSyn® product offerings, we incurred litigation and patent compliance expenses of approximately $0.1 million during the three months ended September 30, 2025 and $0.2 million during the three months ended September 30, 2024. Our legal expense associated with our CarnoSyn® business has remained relatively low as we have no active litigation, and our current run-rate of expenses is primarily related to maintenance and expansion of our patent and trademark estate. Our ability to maintain or further increase our beta-alanine royalty and licensing revenue will depend in large part on our ability to develop a market for our sustained release form of beta-alanine marketed under our SR CarnoSyn® trademark and our new beta-alanine product marketed under our TriBsyn™ trademark, maintain our patent rights, the availability and cost of the raw material when and in the amounts needed, the ability to expand distribution of beta-alanine to new and existing customers, and continued compliance by third parties with our license agreements and our patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights. During the remainder of fiscal 2026, we will continue our sales and marketing activities to consumers, customers, potential customers, and brand owners on multiple platforms to promote and reinforce the features and benefits of utilizing CarnoSyn®, SR CarnoSyn®, and TriBsyn™, beta-alanine products.

Although we realized positive income from operations during the first quarter of fiscal 2026 as compared to a loss from operations during the first quarter of fiscal 2025, we recorded an overall net loss during the first quarter of fiscal 2026 due to increased interest expense and unfavorable foreign exchange activity. The improvement in our results from operations was primarily driven by increased sales and gross profit while selling, general, and administrative expenses remained relatively flat. The improvement in gross profit is primarily related to improved utilization of our factory capacities, increased new and existing customer sales, and lower volume rebates. We continue to anticipate that we will experience a net loss in the first half of fiscal 2026, net income in the second half of fiscal 2026, and net income for the full fiscal 2026 year.

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During the remainder of fiscal 2026, we plan to continue our focus on:

| • | Leveraging our state-of-the-art, certified facilities to increase the value of the goods and services we provide to our highly valued private-label contract manufacturing customers, and developing relationships with additional quality-oriented customers;
| • | Expanding the commercialization of our beta-alanine patent estate through raw material sales, developing sales distribution channels in Sports Nutrition, Wellness and Healthy Aging and Medical foods for our SR CarnoSyn® and TriBsyn™ beta-alanine product lines, exploiting new contract manufacturing opportunities, license and royalty agreements, and protecting our proprietary rights; and
| • | Improving operational efficiencies and managing costs and business risks to improve profitability.

Discussion of Critical Accounting Estimates

We have identified the following as our most critical accounting estimates, which are those that are most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results, and that require management’s most subjective and complex judgments. Information regarding our other significant accounting estimates and policies is disclosed in Note A of Item 1 in Part I of this report and as disclosed in our 2025 Annual Report.

Revenue Recognition — Revenue is measured as the net amount of consideration expected to be received in exchange for fulfilling one or more performance obligations. For certain contracts with volume rebates, our estimates of future sales used to assess the volume rebate estimates are subject to a high degree of judgement and may differ from actual sales due to, among other things, changes in customer orders and raw material availability.

Results of Operations

The results of our operations for the three months ended September 30 were as follows (dollars in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | September 30, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | % Change |
Private label contract manufacturing |  | $ | 36,065 |  |  | $ | 30,630 |  |  |  | 18 | %
Patent and trademark licensing |  |  | 1,665 |  |  |  | 2,520 |  |  |  | (34 | )%
Total net sales |  |  | 37,730 |  |  |  | 33,150 |  |  |  | 14 | %
Cost of goods sold |  |  | 33,333 |  |  |  | 30,891 |  |  |  | 8 | %
Gross profit |  |  | 4,397 |  |  |  | 2,259 |  |  |  | 95 | %
Gross profit % |  |  | 11.7 | % |  |  | 6.8 | % |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 4,113 |  |  |  | 4,095 |  |  |  | 0 | %
% of net sales |  |  | 10.9 | % |  |  | 12.4 | % |  |  |  |
Income (loss) from operations |  |  | 284 |  |  |  | (1,836 | ) |  |  | (115 | )%
% of net sales |  |  | 0.8 | % |  |  | (5.5 | )% |  |  |  |
Other expense |  |  | (483 | ) |  |  | (577 | ) |  |  | (16 | )%
Loss before income taxes |  |  | (199 | ) |  |  | (2,413 | ) |  |  | (92 | )%
% of net sales |  |  | (0.5 | )% |  |  | (7.3 | )% |  |  |  |
Provision (benefit) for income taxes |  |  | 92 |  |  |  | (431 | ) |  |  | (121 | )%
Net loss |  | $ | (291 | ) |  | $ | (1,982 | ) |  |  | (85 | )%
% of net sales |  |  | (0.8 | )% |  |  | (6.0 | )% |  |  |  |

Private-label contract manufacturing net sales increased 18% during the three months ended September 30, 2025 when compared to the same period in the prior year. The increase in net sales during the three months ended September 30, 2025 was primarily due to increased orders from several of our existing customers and shipments to new customers.

Net sales from our patent and trademark licensing segment decreased 34% during the three months ended September 30, 2025 when compared to the same period in the prior year. The decrease in patent and trademark licensing revenue during the three months ended September 30, 2025, was primarily due to decreased raw material orders from existing customers partially offset by sales of our new TriBsyn™ product and increased royalty and licensing revenue.

The change in gross profit margin for the three months ended September 30, 2025, was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended |
Contract manufacturing(1) |  |  | 6.5 | %
Patent and trademark licensing(2) |  |  | (1.6 | )%
Total change in gross profit margin |  |  | 4.9 | %

1 | Private-label contract manufacturing gross profit margin as a percentage of consolidated net sales increased 6.5 percentage points during the three months ended September 30, 2025, when compared to the comparable prior year period. The increase in gross profit as a percentage of net sales for private-label contract manufacturing during the three months ended September 30, 2025 is primarily related to an increase in sales volume which decreased our capacity underutilization, along with a favorable change in product sales mix and favorable foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations.

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2 | Patent and trademark licensing gross profit margin as a percentage of consolidated net sales decreased 1.6 percentage points during the three months ended September 30, 2025 when compared to the comparable prior year period. The decrease in margin contribution was primarily due to decreased patent and trademark licensing net sales in total and as a percentage of total consolidated net sales, as patent and trademark licensing historically provides higher profit margins than our private-label contract manufacturing business.

Selling, general and administrative expenses remained consistent at $4.1 million during the three months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024.

Other expense, net decreased $0.1 million during the three months ended September 30, 2025 when compared to the comparable period during the prior year. The decrease is due to a reduction in foreign currency exchange losses.

Our provision for income taxes during the three-month period ended September 30, 2025 increased to an expense of approximately $0.1 million when compared to a benefit for income taxes of approximately $0.4 million during the three months ended September 30, 2024. The increase in our provision for income taxes is primarily due to income before income taxes from our Swiss subsidiary NAIE, while the loss before income taxes from our U.S operations had no impact on our provision for income taxes due to a full valuation allowance on the domestic deferred tax asset from our U.S. operations during the three months ended September 30, 2025.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary sources of liquidity and capital resources are cash flows provided by operating activities and the availability of borrowing under our credit facilities. Net cash used in operating activities was $4.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to net cash used in operating activities of $3.4 million in the comparable period during the prior fiscal year.

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, changes in accounts receivable, consisting of amounts due from our private-label contract manufacturing customers and our patent and trademark licensing activities, used $4.3 million in cash compared to using $0.7 million of cash during the comparable three-month period in the prior year. The change in cash flow activity in accounts receivable during the three months ended September 30, 2025, primarily resulted from the timing of sales and related collections. Days sales outstanding was 41 days during the three months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to 48 days for the prior year period.

Changes in inventory used $5.8 million in cash during the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to using $1.7 million in the comparable prior year period. The change in cash related to inventory during the three months ended September 30, 2025, was primarily related to the difference in the amount and timing of orders and anticipated sales as compared to the same period in the prior year. Changes in accounts payable and accrued liabilities provided $4.9 million in cash during the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to using $2.3 million during the three months ended September 30, 2024. The change in cash flow activity related to accounts payable and accrued liabilities was primarily due to the timing of inventory receipts and payments.

Cash used in investing activities in the three months ended September 30, 2025, was $1.0 million compared to $0.3 million in the comparable prior year period. The increase during the three-months ended September 30, 2025 was related to increased capital expenditures primarily related to cost incurred to install solar energy generation equipment on our manufacturing facilities during the three months ended September 30, 2025 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2024.

Cash provided by financing activities for the three months ended September 30, 2025, was $0.5 million compared to providing $1.9 million in the comparable prior year period. The change in financing activities is primarily due to decreased usage of our credit facility during the three-month period ended September 30, 2025 compared to the three-month period ended September 30, 2024.

As of September 30, 2025, we had $10.0 million of borrowing capacity available on our credit facility of which we had outstanding borrowing of $2.5 million. We also owed $8.9 million on a term loan secured by our Carlsbad, California powder processing and storage facility. As of June 30, 2025, we had outstanding borrowing of $1.9 million on our line of credit, and we also owed $8.9 million on our term loan.

On September 30, 2025, we had $7.7 million in cash and cash equivalents of which $7.5 million was held by NAIE. On October 15, 2025, NAIE paid a dividend of $3.1 million to NAI which is subject to a 5% Swiss withholding tax. Overall, we believe our available cash, cash equivalents, potential cash flows from operations, and our line of credit will be sufficient to fund our current working capital needs and capital expenditures through at least the next 12 months. On June 20, 2025, we entered into an amended credit facility with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association ("Wells Fargo"). The amended credit facility extended the maturity date of our credit facility to December 31, 2026, decreased the maximum principal amount that can be borrowed from $12.5 million to $10.0 million, waived all prior events of default, prospectively waived the anticipated covenant violations for the quarter ending June 30, 2025, and modified the financial covenants for the first quarter of fiscal 2026 and beyond. We were not in compliance with the maximum net loss and fixed charge coverage ratio covenants of our credit agreement for the first quarter of fiscal 2026, and we anticipate we will not be able to comply with all of the covenants required under the modified Credit Agreement in the second quarter of fiscal 2026, primarily related to the impact on the fixed charge coverage ratio calculation due to the unexpected recognition of litigation expenses and a valuation allowance on our net domestic deferred tax assets during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2025. We have advised our lender and are currently negotiating a potential revision to our credit agreement. There can be no assurance we will be able to successfully complete the negotiation of a revised credit facility, or what the differences in amount, cost and other factors may be. Please see Note F, Item 1 of Part I of this report for terms of our current modified line of credit.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of September 30, 2025, we did not have any off-balance sheet debt nor did we have any transactions, arrangements, obligations (including contingent obligations) or other relationships with any unconsolidated entities or other persons that have or are reasonably likely to have a material current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures, capital resources, or significant components of revenue or expenses that would be material to investors.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recent accounting pronouncements are discussed in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included under Item 1, Note A of Part I of this Report. Other than those pronouncements, we are not aware of any other pronouncements that materially affect our financial position or results of operations.

ITEM 4. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

We maintain certain disclosure controls and procedures to assist our compliance with the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These controls and procedures are designed to help ensure material information: (1) is gathered and communicated to our management, (including our principal executive and financial officers) in a manner that allows for timely decisions regarding required disclosures; and (2) is recorded, processed, summarized, reported and filed with the SEC as required under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and within the time periods specified by the SEC.

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Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial and accounting officer), evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2025. Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded our disclosure controls and procedures were effective for their intended purpose as of September 30, 2025.

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

From time to time, we become involved in various investigations, claims and legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business. These matters may relate to intellectual property, product liability, employment, tax, regulation, contract, or other matters. The resolution of these matters as they arise will be subject to various uncertainties and, even if such claims are without merit, could result in the expenditure of significant financial and managerial resources. While unfavorable outcomes are possible, based on available information, we currently do not believe the resolution of these matters, even if unfavorable, will result in a material adverse effect on our business, consolidated financial condition, or results of operations. However, a settlement payment or unfavorable outcome could adversely impact our results of operations. Our evaluation of the likely impact of these actions could change in the future and we could have unfavorable outcomes we do not expect. An unexpected settlement expense or an unexpected unfavorable outcome of a matter could adversely impact our results of operations.

In December 2023 we were sued by three former employees in two separate but substantially identical matters brought by the same law firm. The lawsuits were filed as a putative class action and a California Private Attorney General Act action seeking awards for all similarly situated employees going back ten years or more. We responded to these actions and agreed to submit the matters for mediation. On July 3, 2025, the mediation took place, and a tentative settlement agreement was reached whereby we agreed to contribute a maximum of $1.25 million. The court has consolidated the two actions. The potential settlement must be approved by the court and all similarly situated employees need to be contacted, and they may elect to participate or not. The process of obtaining court approval of the settlement is estimated to take approximately one year. We accrued the maximum settlement amount in our results of operation as of June 30, 2025 along with estimated related legal fees of approximately $0.15 million.

There is no assurance NAI will prevail in litigation matters or in similar proceedings NAI or others may initiate, or that litigation expenses will not be greater than anticipated.

ITEM 1A. | RISK FACTORS

When evaluating our business and future prospects you should carefully consider the risks described under Item 1A of our 2025 Annual Report, as well as the other information in our 2025 Annual Report, this Report and other reports and documents we file with the SEC. If any of the identified risks actually occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be seriously harmed. In that event, the market price of our common stock could decline, and you could lose all or a portion of the value of your investment in our common stock.

ITEM 2. | UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

We did not sell any unregistered equity securities during the three-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024.

ITEM 3. | DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

ITEM 5. | OTHER INFORMATION

During the three month period ended September 30, 2025, none of the Company's directors or officers, as defined in Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 adopted or terminated any contract instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of the Company’s securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) or any "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" as defined under Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

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ITEM 6. | EXHIBITS

The following exhibit index shows those exhibits filed with this Report and those incorporated by reference:

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit Number | Description |  | Incorporated By Reference To
3(i) | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Natural Alternatives International, Inc. filed with the Delaware Secretary of State on January 14, 2005 |  | Exhibit 3(i) of NAI’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended December 31, 2004, filed with the commission on February 14, 2005
3(ii) | Amended and Restated By-laws of Natural Alternatives International, Inc. dated as of February 9, 2009 |  | Exhibit 3(ii) of NAI’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated February 9, 2009, filed with the commission on February 13, 2009
4(i) | Form of NAI’s Common Stock Certificate |  | Exhibit 4(i) of NAI’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2005, filed with the commission on December 8, 2005
31.1 | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Executive Officer |  | Filed herewith
31.2 | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Chief Financial Officer |  | Filed herewith
32 | Section 1350 Certification |  | Filed herewith
101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document |  | Filed herewith
101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |  | Filed herewith
101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |  | Filed herewith
101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |  | Filed herewith
101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |  | Filed herewith
101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |  | Filed herewith
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |  | Filed herewith

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, Natural Alternatives International, Inc., the registrant, has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, duly authorized officers.

Date: November 12, 2025

| NATURAL ALTERNATIVES INTERNATIONAL, INC. |
| By: | /s/ Mark A. LeDoux |
|  | Mark A. LeDoux, Chief Executive Officer |
|  | (principal executive officer) |
| By: | /s/ Michael E. Fortin |
|  | Michael E. Fortin, Chief Financial Officer |
|  | (principal financial and accounting officer) |

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