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Table of Contents

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark one)

​

◻ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

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OR

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⌧ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

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For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.

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OR

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◻ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

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OR

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◻ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

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for the transition period from ____________to ____________

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Commission file number 001-34944

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Antelope Enterprise Holdings Limited

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(Exact name of the Registrant as specified in its charter)

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British Virgin Islands

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(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

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c/o Jinjiang Hengda Ceramics Co., Ltd.

Junbing Industrial Zone,

Anhai, Jinjiang City,

Fujian Province, PRC

Telephone: +86 (595) 8576 5053

​

(Address of principal executive offices)

​

Huang Meishuang

c/o Jinjiang Hengda Ceramics Co., Ltd.

Junbing Industrial Zone

Anhai, Jinjiang City

Fujian Province, PRC

Telephone: +86 (595) 8576 5053

Facsimile: +86 (595) 8576 5059

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(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile Number and Address of Company Contact Person)

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Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

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Title of each class | Name of each exchange on which registered
​ | ​
SHARES, PAR VALUE $0.024 | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

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Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

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None.

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Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

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None.

On April 25, 2020, the issuer had 6,031,604 shares outstanding.

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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

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Yes ◻ No ⌧

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If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

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Yes ◻ No ⌧

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

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Yes ⌧ No ◻

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Yes ⌧ No ◻

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

◻ Large Accelerated filer | ◻ Accelerated filer | ⌧ Non-accelerated filer
​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​
Emerging growth company ◻ | ​ | ​

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If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ◻

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Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

| ​ |  | ​ |
◻ US GAAP |  | ⌧ International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board |  | ◻ Other

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If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

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◻ Item 17 ◻ Item 18

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If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

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Yes ◻ No ⌧

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Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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|  | Page
| PART I | 5
ITEM 1. | IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS | 5
ITEM 2. | OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE | 5
ITEM 3. | KEY INFORMATION | 5
ITEM 4. | INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY | 23
| ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS | 50
ITEM 5. | OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS | 51
ITEM 6. | DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES | 76
ITEM 7. | MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS | 87
ITEM 8. | FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 88
ITEM 9. | THE OFFER AND LISTING | 90
ITEM 10. | ADDITIONAL INFORMATION | 91
ITEM 11. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK | 103
ITEM 12. | DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES | 104
| PART II | 105
ITEM 13. | DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES | 105
ITEM 14. | MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS | 105
ITEM 15. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES | 105
ITEM 16. | RESERVED | 106
| ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT | 106
| ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS | 106
| ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES | 106
| ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES. | 106
| ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS | 106
| ITEM 16F. CHANGES IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT | 107
| ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE | 107
​ | ​ | ​
​ | ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE | 107
​ | ​ | ​
​ | ITEM 16I. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTION | 107
| PART III | 108
ITEM 17. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS | 108
ITEM 18. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS | 108
ITEM 19. | EXHIBITS | 108

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2

Table of Contents

CERTAIN INFORMATION

In this Annual Report on Form 20-F (the “Annual Report”), unless otherwise indicated, “we,” “us,” “our,” and “Antelope Enterprises” refers to Antelope Enterprise Holdings Limited (formerly China Ceramics Co., Ltd.), a British Virgin Islands company, and its subsidiaries, including Success Winner Limited (“Success Winner”), a British Virgin Islands company and wholly owned subsidiary of Antelope Enterprises, Stand Best Creation Limited (“Stand Best”), a Hong Kong company and wholly owned subsidiary of Success Winner and the entity that wholly owns Jinjiang Hengda Ceramics Co., Ltd. (“Hengda”), a PRC operating company that in turn wholly owns Jiangxi Hengdali Ceramic Materials Co., Ltd. (“Hengdali”), a PRC operating company, Vast Elite Limited (“Vast Elite”), a Hong Kong company and wholly owned Subsidiary of Success Winner and the entity that wholly owns Chengdu Future Talented Management and Consulting Co., Ltd, (“Chengdu Future”) a PRC operating company, Antelope Enterprise (HK) Holdings Limited (“Antelope HK”), a Hong Kong company and wholly owned subsidiary of Success Winner and the entity that wholly owns Antelope Holdings (Chengdu) Co., Ltd (“Antelope Chengdu”), a PRC operating company, and the entity that wholly owns Antelope Future (Yangpu) Investment Co., Ltd (“Antelope Yangpu”), a PRC operating company that in turn wholly owns Antelope Ruicheng Investment (Hainan) Co., Ltd (“Antelope Ruicheng”) that in turn owns 51% of Hainan Kylin Cloud Services Technology Co., Ltd (“Hainan Kylin”), and the entity that wholly owns Hainan Antelope Holdings Co., Ltd (“Hainan Antelope”), a PRC operating company that in turn wholly owns Antelope Investment (Hainan) Co., Ltd (“Antelope Investment”).

On November 20, 2009, China Holdings Acquisition Corp. (“CHAC”), our predecessor, merged with and into Antelope Enterprise Holdings Limited, its wholly owned British Virgin Islands subsidiary, resulting in the redomestication of CHAC to the British Virgin Islands as “Antelope Enterprise Holdings Limited” Immediately following the merger and redomestication (the “Redomestication”), and as part of the same integrated transaction, Antelope Enterprises acquired all of the outstanding securities of Success Winner (the “Business Combination”). Unless the context indicates otherwise, the “Company” refers to CHAC prior to the Business Combination and Antelope Enterprises following the Business Combination.

Unless the context indicates otherwise, all references to “China” or “PRC” refer to the People’s Republic of China. All references to “provincial-level regions” or “regions” include provinces as well as autonomous regions and directly controlled municipalities in China, which have an administrative status equal to provinces, including Beijing.

All references to “Renminbi,” “RMB” or “yuan” are to the legal currency of the People’s Republic of China, and all references to “U.S. dollars,” “dollars,” “$” are to the legal currency of the United States. This Report contains translations of Renminbi amounts into U.S. dollars at specified rates solely for the convenience of the reader. We make no representation that the Renminbi or U.S. dollar amounts referred to in this Report could have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate or at all. On April 20, 2022, the buying rate announced by the Federal Reserve Statistical Release was RMB 6.3705 to $1.00.

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3

Table of Contents

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Report contains “forward-looking statements” that represent our beliefs, projections and predictions about future events. All statements other than statements of historical fact are “forward-looking statements” including any projections of earnings, revenue or other financial items, any statements of the plans, strategies and objectives of management for future operations, any statements concerning proposed new projects or other developments, any statements regarding future economic conditions or performance, any statements of management’s beliefs, goals, strategies, intentions and objectives, and any statements of assumptions underlying any of the foregoing. Words such as “may”, “will”, “should”, “could”, “would”, “predicts”, “potential”, “continue”, “expects”, “anticipates”, “future”, “intends”, “plans”, “believes”, “estimates” and similar expressions, as well as statements in the future tense, identify forward-looking statements.

These statements are necessarily subjective and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that could cause our actual results, performance or achievements, or industry results, to differ materially from any future results, performance or achievements described in or implied by such statements. Actual results may differ materially from expected results described in our forward-looking statements, including with respect to correct measurement and identification of factors affecting our business or the extent of their likely impact, the accuracy and completeness of the publicly available information with respect to the factors upon which our business strategy is based on the success of our business.

Forward-looking statements should not be read as a guarantee of future performance or results, and will not necessarily be accurate indications of whether, or the times by which, our performance or results may be achieved. Forward-looking statements are based on information available at the time those statements are made and management’s belief as of that time with respect to future events, and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual performance or results to differ materially from those expressed in or suggested by the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause such differences include, but are not limited to, those factors discussed under the headings “Risk Factors”, “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects,” “Information on the Company” and elsewhere in this Annual Report.

This Annual Report should be read in conjunction with our audited financial statements and the accompanying notes thereto, which are included in Item 18 of this Annual Report.

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4

Table of Contents

PART I

ITEM 1.IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not required.

ITEM 2.OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not required.

ITEM 3.KEY INFORMATION

A.Selected financial data

The following selected consolidated financial data as of and for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018 and 2017, have been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements of Antelope Enterprises included in this Annual Report. This information is only a summary and should be read together with the consolidated financial statements, the related notes, the section entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of Antelope Enterprises” and other financial information included in this Annual Report.

The consolidated financial statements are prepared and presented in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards, or IFRS, as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”). The results of operations of Antelope Enterprises in any period may not necessarily be indicative of the results that may be expected for any future period. See “Risk Factors” included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

ANTELOPE ENTERPRISE HOLDINGS LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES

Selected Consolidated Financial Data

(RMB in Thousands except per Share and Operating Data)

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position Data | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash and cash equivalents | ​ | 27,880 | ​ | 12,344 | ​ | 8,212 | ​ | 9,016 | ​ | 2,328
Total current assets |  | 132,329 |  | 166,860 |  | 362,248 |  | 366,895 |  | 728,535
Total assets |  | 177,867 |  | 225,386 |  | 362,283 |  | 366,941 |  | 825,418
Total current liabilities |  | 94,986 |  | 81,309 |  | 89,390 |  | 90,923 |  | 130,682
Long-term obligations |  | 33,325 |  | 46,728 |  | — |  | — |  | —
Total liabilities |  | 128,311 |  | 128,037 |  | 89,390 |  | 90,923 |  | 130,682
Total equity |  | 49,556 |  | 97,349 |  | 272,893 |  | 276,018 |  | 694,736
Outstanding shares * |  | 5,976,098 |  | 3,674,370 |  | 2,435,662 |  | 1,892,901 |  | 1,283,828

​

| · | Reflects 3:1 reverse stock split effected on September 3, 2020

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​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the years ended December 31,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income Data | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Revenues |  | 216,270 | ​ | 182,989 | ​ | 327,581 | ​ | 498,189 | ​ | 821,792
Gross profit (loss) |  | 67,341 |  | (26,002) |  | 81,326 |  | (1,166) |  | 50,354
Operating income (loss) |  | (99,137) |  | (214,993) |  | (24,081) |  | (346,620) |  | (50,635)
Loss before taxation |  | (89,841) |  | (193,062) |  | (9,445) |  | (418,465) |  | (78,285)
Loss attributable to shareholders |  | (88,752) |  | (193,095) |  | (9,501) |  | (418,674) |  | (88,026)
Earnings per share – * |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | (17.24) |  | (65.67) |  | (4.68) |  | (279.54) |  | (79.08)
Diluted |  | (17.24) |  | (65.67) |  | (4.68) |  | (279.54) |  | (79.08)
Weighted average shares outstanding – * |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 5,147,737 |  | 2,940,265 |  | 2,025,222 |  | 1,497,679 |  | 1,113,162
Diluted |  | 5,147,737 |  | 2,940,265 |  | 2,025,222 |  | 1,497,679 |  | 1,113,162
Cash dividends declared per share (RMB) |  | ​ |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | —

| · | Reflects 3:1 reverse stock split effected on September 3, 2020

The following table sets forth information concerning exchange rates between the RMB and the U.S. dollar for the periods indicated. On April 20, 2022, the buying rate announced by the Federal Reserve Statistical Release was RMB 6.3705 to $1.00.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Spot Exchange Rate
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Period | ​ | Average | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Period | ​ | Ended | ​ | (1) | ​ | Low | ​ | High
​ |  | ​ | ​ | (RMB per US$1.00)
2016 |  |  | ​ | 6.9421 | ​ | 6.6424 | ​ | 6.4498 |  | 6.9570
2017 |  |  |  | 6.5063 |  | 6.7568 |  | 6.4773 |  | 6.9575
2018 |  |  |  | 6.8755 |  | 6.6896 |  | 6.2649 |  | 6.9737
2019 |  |  |  | 6.9618 |  | 6.9081 |  | 6.6822 |  | 7.1786
2020 |  |  |  | 6.5250 |  | 6.9042 |  | 6.5208 |  | 7.1681
2021 | ​ | ​ | ​ | 6.3726 | ​ | 6.3726 | ​ | 6.4508 | ​ | 6.3435
​ |  | January |  | 6.3610 |  | 6.3556 |  | 6.3206 |  | 6.3822
​ |  | February |  | 6.3084 |  | 6.3436 |  | 6.3084 |  | 6.3660
​ |  | March |  | 6.3393 |  | 6.3446 |  | 6.3116 |  | 6.3720

​

Source: Federal Reserve Statistical Release.

(1) | Annual averages, lows, and highs are calculated from month-end rates. Monthly averages, lows, and highs are calculated using the average of the daily rates during the relevant period.

B.Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not required.

C.Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not required.

D.Risk factors

You should carefully consider the following risk factors, together with all of the other information included in this Annual Report.

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Risk Factors Relating to Our Ceramic Tile Business

We generate a large percentage of our revenues from a limited number of ceramic customers and our business will suffer if sales to such customers decline.

Our five largest customers accounted for an aggregate of 43.3%, 76.0% and 47.0% of our total revenue in fiscal years 2019, 2020 and 2021. We are particularly exposed to the credit risks of these customers as defaults in payment by our major customers would have a significant impact on our cash flows and financial results. Our agreements with our major customers do not specify minimum sales volume. There is no assurance that we will continue to retain these customers or that they will continue to purchase our products at their current levels in the future. If there is any reduction or cancellation of purchase orders by these customers for any reason, including a fall in demand from our customers’ downstream developer clients, or a termination of a relationship with these customers, our revenues will be negatively impacted.

Payment defaults by the customers to whom we extend credit would harm our cash flows and results.

Our financial position and profitability are dependent on the creditworthiness of our customers. We are exposed to the credit risks of our customers and this risk increases the larger the orders are. We usually offer our customers credit terms of approximately 120 to 150 days. During the past two years our trade receivable turnover has increased substantially. As of fiscal year end 2021, it was 168 days for tile products sales. We may experience increased credit risk from our customers resulting in an increased level of doubtful or bad debts in the future. Should we experience any unexpected delay or difficulty in collecting receivables from our customers, our cash flows and financial results may be adversely affected.

If our suppliers are unable to fulfill our orders for raw materials, we may lose business.

Our suppliers are all located in the PRC. Our purchases of raw materials is based on expected production levels, after taking into consideration, amongst other factors, sales forecasts and actual orders from our customers. To ensure that we are able to deliver quality products at competitive prices, we need to secure sufficient quantities of raw materials at acceptable prices and quality on a timely basis. Typically, we do not enter into any long-term supply agreements with our suppliers. There is no assurance that these suppliers will continue to supply us in the future or that they will do so at acceptable prices. In the event our suppliers are unable to fulfill our orders or meet our requirements, we may not be able to find timely replacements at acceptable prices and quality, and this will delay the fulfillment of our customers’ orders. Consequently, our reputation may be negatively affected, leading to a loss of business and affecting our ability to attract new business.

Increases in the price of raw materials will negatively impact our profitability.

In fiscal years 2019, 2020 and 2021 our cost of raw materials and energy source, which consist of clay (comprising mainly of kaolin, flint and feldspar), coal and natural gas (used to heat our kilns), coloring materials and glazing materials, accounted for approximately 56.7%, 25.1% and 16.0% of our total cost of sales in fiscal years 2019, 2020 and 2021. The price of clay, coal, natural gas, coloring materials and glazing materials may fluctuate due to factors such as global supply and demand for such raw materials and changes in global economic conditions. Coal and natural gas in aggregate accounted for approximately 12.1%, 5.2% and 3.7% of our total costs of raw materials as an energy source in fiscal years 2019, 2020 and 2021. Any shortages or interruptions in the supply of clay, coal and natural gas, coloring materials or glazing materials will result in an increase in the cost of production, thus increasing our cost of sales. If we are not able to pass on such an increase to our customers or are unable to find alternative sources of clay, coal, coloring materials, or glazing materials or appropriate substitute raw materials at comparable prices, our gross margins and overall financial performance will be adversely affected.

The Company may incur significant delays and/or expenses relating to the COVID-19 (coronavirus) outbreak in China and beyond

Beginning in late 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus (COVID-19) was reported and the World Health Organization has declared the outbreak to constitute a “Public Health Emergency of International Concern.” This has prompted government-imposed quarantines, closures of certain travel and businesses. Following this outbreak, in March 2022, the Company temporarily shut down its operations in Jinjiang City, Fujian Province, as mandated by the local authorities. In April 2022, the Company gradually resumed its operations in these cities and continues to operate such production facilities. It is presently unknown whether and to what extent the Company’s supply chains may be affected if the pandemic persists for an extended period of time. The Company may incur significant delays or expenses relating to such events outside of its control, which could have a material adverse impact on its business, operating results and financial condition.

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If China’s inflation increases or the prices of energy or raw materials increase, we may not be able to pass the resulting increased costs to our customers and this may adversely affect our profitability or cause us to suffer operating losses.

Economic growth in China has, in the past, been accompanied by periods of high inflation. In the past, the Chinese government has implemented various policies from time to time to control inflation. For example, the Chinese government has periodically introduced measures in certain sectors to avoid overheating of the economy, including tighter bank lending policies, increases in bank interest rates, and measures to curb inflation, which has resulted in a decrease in the rate of inflation. An increase in inflation could cause our costs for energy, labor costs, raw materials and other operating costs to increase, which would adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We are dependent on our management team and any loss of our key management personnel without timely and suitable replacements may reduce our revenues and profits.

Our business is also dependent on our executive officers who are responsible for implementing our business plans and driving growth. Please refer to “Directors, Senior Management and Employees” herein for more information about our directors and officers. The demand for such experienced personnel is intense and the search for personnel with the relevant skills set can be time consuming. The loss of our key management personnel without timely and suitable replacements may reduce our revenues and profits.

Failure to compete successfully with our competitors and new entrants to the ceramics industry in the PRC may result in Antelope Enterprises losing market share.

We operate in a competitive and fragmented industry. There is no assurance that we will not face competition from our existing competitors and new entrants. We compete with a variety of companies, some of which have advantages that include: longer operating history, larger clientele base, superior products, better access to capital, personnel and technology, or are better entrenched. Our competitors may be able to respond more quickly to new and emerging technologies and changes in customer requirements or succeed in developing products that are more effective or less costly than our products. Any increase in competition could have a negative impact on our pricing (thus eroding our profit margins) and reduce our market share. If we are unable to compete effectively with our existing and future competitors and do not adapt quickly to changing market conditions, we may lose market share.

We have not purchased product liability insurance and any loss resulting from product liability claims must be paid by us.

Accidents may arise as a result of defects in our products. If there are any defects in the products designed and/or manufactured by us, we may face claims from our customers or third parties for the personal injury or property damage suffered as a result of such defects. We have not purchased insurance coverage for product liability or third party liability and are therefore not covered or compensated by insurance in respect of losses, damages, claims and liabilities arising from or in connection with product liability or third party liability.

Our production facilities may be affected by power shortages which could result in a loss of business.

Our production facilities consume substantial amounts of electrical power, which is the principal source of energy for our manufacturing operations. Although we have a back-up generator at both our production facilities, we may experience occasional temporary power shortages disrupting production due to power rationing activities conducted by the authorities, thunderstorms or other natural events beyond our control. Accordingly, these production disruptions could result in a loss of business.

Our research and development efforts may not result in marketable products.

Our research and development team develops products which we have identified as having good potential in the market. There is no assurance that we will not experience delays in future product developments. There is also no assurance that the products which we are currently developing or may develop in the future will be successful or that we will be able to market these new products to our customers successfully. If our new products are unable to gain the acceptance of our customers or potential customers, we will not be able to generate future sales from our investment in research and development.

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We may not be able to ensure the successful implementation of our future plans and strategies, resulting in reduced financial performance.

We intend to expand our market presence and explore opportunities in strategic investments or alliances and acquisitions. These initiatives involve various risks including, but not limited to, the investment costs in setting up new offices and sales offices and working capital requirements. There is no assurance that any future plan can be successfully implemented as the successful execution could depend on several factors, some of which are not within our control. Failure to successfully implement our future plans or to effectively manage costs may lead to a material adverse change in our operating environment or affect our ability to respond to market or industry changes, resulting in reduced financial performance. Decelerating economic growth in China has caused challenging market conditions in the real estate and construction sectors resulting in a contraction in investment and new housing projects by property developers. The challenging market conditions has resulted in an expected contraction in demand for our products. Due to the reduced demand for our products, we recently recorded an impairment of assets. As we are currently operating our facilities at significantly less than our maximum capacity, this could reduce our profitability.

The Company’s total annual production capacity is 22.8 million square meters of ceramic tiles which is solely attributable to its Hengda facility. Effective November 1, 2021, we entered into a new lease agreement with the same lessee who had been leasing one of the production lines with the capacity to produce approximately 10 million square meters of ceramic tiles annually at the Hengdali facility. The new lease agreement replaces the eight-year contract entered into on March 1, 2016, and is for the Hengdali facility in its entirety, which includes building, plant and facilities, and which contains all of its machinery, equipment and production lines. The new lease has a term of five years, from November 1, 2021 through October 31, 2026, for an annual rent of RMB 18.0 million. The leased Hengdali facility has an annual production capacity of 22.4 million square meters of ceramic tiles, a reduction from its annual production capacity of 27.7 million square meters of ceramic tiles, resulting from the Company having retired two old furnaces at Hengdali in fiscal 2021. Due to a reduction in demand, as of fiscal year end 2021, we are utilizing production facilities capable of producing only 2.38 million square meters of ceramic tiles from our Hengda facility and of our 10 production lines at the plant, only one was utilized as of fiscal year end 2021 due to challenging macroeconomic conditions that began in the fourth quarter of 2012 and which was recently exacerbated by the COVID 19 pandemic. The fact that a significant portion of our facilities are not being used means that our net income will be significantly less than it would otherwise be because we need to maintain those unused facilities even though they are not currently being productive. Because certain of our facilities have remained idle for an extended period of time, the Company recorded an impairment charge of RMB 85.0 million (US$ 12.9 million) in the second half of 2018 related to property, plant and equipment, and land use rights at its Hengda and Hengdali production facilities. The impairment of the non-current assets is attributable to challenging market conditions in China which resulted in a contraction in demand for the Company’s products in 2018. If our Hengda facility continue to remain idle, we may be required to take an additional impairment charge on our financial statements.

For the full fiscal year 2021, ceramic tile revenue decreased by 20.9% as compared to fiscal 2020 mainly due to the 14.0% decrease in sales volume and a decrease in our average selling price of 8.0% resulting from a contraction in business from our customers which was primarily caused by the COVID 19 pandemic. In order to maintain our market share and move inventory, in October 2019, we decreased the pricing of our ceramic tile products by an average of 15%. This resulted in a 26% increase in our sales volume for the second half of 2019 as compared to the same period of 2018. For the full fiscal year 2020, revenue decreased by 44.1% as compared to fiscal 2019 mainly due to the 35.4% decrease in sales volume and a decrease in our average selling price of 13.6% resulting from the continued slowdown of China’s economy, especially in the manufacturing sector and the real estate industry. However, in July 2021, Hengda increased the pricing of its ceramic tile products by an average of 15% and Hengdali decreased the pricing of its ceramic tile products by an average of 5%, but the price change did not offset the fall in our sales volume due to COVID-19 pandemic. In July of 2018, we decreased the pricing of our ceramic tile products by an average of 10%, but this decrease did not offset the fall in our sales volume due to deteriorating market conditions that persisted through the second half of 2018, and we do not believe that further price decreases would have had a beneficial effect upon sales volume for this period. In past periods, we also decreased the pricing of our products in order to increase sales. On July 1, 2016, we reduced the selling price of certain of our slow-moving products beginning on July 1, 2016 with the goal to turn some of this inventory into cash. Beginning on October 1, 2016, in order to generate sales and move inventory, we instituted a 20% reduction of our slow-moving products. This price reduction led to a 35% increase in our sales volume in the fourth quarter of 2016 compared to the same period of 2015. The fourth quarter of 2016 growth in sales volume was the first positive comparison to the previous comparable period after four straight fiscal quarters of period over period decline in this key metric. Our strategy of decreasing the pricing of our products may or may not result in an increase in our sales volume during differing periods. In addition, if customers grow accustomed to such significant reductions, we may need to offer significant discounts in the future, which could reduce our net income and revenues long term.

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We may lose revenue if our intellectual property rights are not protected and counterfeit HD, Hengda, brand products are sold in the market.

We believe our intellectual property rights are important to our success and competitive position. A portion of our products are manufactured and marketed under our “HD” or “Hengda,” labels. We have filed our labels as trademarks in the PRC. We cannot assure you that there will not be any unauthorized usage or misuse of our trademarks or that our intellectual property rights will be adequately protected as it may be difficult and costly to monitor any infringements of our intellectual property rights in the PRC. If we cannot adequately protect our intellectual property, we may lose revenue. In addition, we believe the branding of our products and the brand equity in our “HD” or “Hengda” trademarks is critical to our expansion effort and the continued success of our business. Our efforts to build our brand may be undermined by the sale of counterfeit goods. The counterfeiting of our products may increase if our products become more popular. In order to preserve and enforce our intellectual property rights, we may have to resort to litigation against the infringing or counterfeiting parties. Such litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion of management resources which may have an effect on our financial performance.

We may inadvertently infringe third-party intellectual property rights, which could negatively impact our business and financial results.

We are not aware of, nor have we received any claims from third parties for, any violations or infringements of intellectual property rights of third parties by us as of the date of this Annual Report. Nevertheless, there can be no assurance that as we develop new product designs and production methods, we would not inadvertently infringe the intellectual property rights of others or others would not assert infringement claims against us or claim that we have infringed their intellectual property rights. Claims against us, even if untrue or baseless, could result in significant costs, legal or otherwise, cause product shipment delays, require us to develop non-infringing products, enter into licensing agreements or may be a distraction to our management. Licensing agreements, if required, may not be available on terms acceptable to us or at all. In the event of a successful claim of intellectual property rights infringement against us and our failure or inability to develop non-infringing products or to license the infringed intellectual property rights in a timely or cost-effective basis, our business and/or financial results will be negatively impacted.

The PRC government has historically introduced certain policy and regulatory measures to control the rapid increase in housing prices and cool down the real estate construction market and has more recently adopted policies to stimulate the real estate sector, and the government in the future may refrain from supporting the sector or adopt measures in the future that may further adversely affect our business.

Our business depends on the level of business activity in the property development and construction industries that use our products in their operations in the PRC. Our products are sold to customers in the property development and construction industries. If the property and construction industries fall into a recession in the future, the demand for construction materials, such as ceramic tiles, may consequently decrease and have a significant adverse effect on our business. The PRC government has committed to taking steps to regulate real estate development, promote the healthy development of the real estate industry in China, and strengthen the supervision over land for real estate development purposes. The PRC government has also enacted measures to cool down the real estate construction market and imposed lending curbs, higher mortgage rates, higher down payments, a price cap on new developments and restrictions on the number of homes each family can buy. This offered less incentive for property developers to develop new residential housing due to continued uncertainty, resulting in the recent slowing construction sector. In 2021, China's central government reined in real estate developers with stricter financial rules for property development resulting in a cooling of its property market. Consequently, investment in China's property sector resulted in 4.4% annual growth in 2021 down from the 7.0% growth rate recorded in 2020. In addition, the number of new construction projects was reasonably sound in the first half of 2021, but decreased 11.4% year-over-year by the end of the year due to constraints attributable to regulatory measures that affected property developers. However, the PRC government has also adopted an array of policies to stimulate the real estate sector from time to time which includes cutting benchmark interest rates, a lowering of the reserve requirement ratio for banks, lower first home down payment ratios and a cut in the minimum capital ratio for fixed asset investments which would help property developers. Although the PRC government’s measures have helped to sustain the real estate sector from time to time, there has been a substantial slowdown in construction activity, and it is not clear if supportive monetary and regulatory policies will continue in the future. We also cannot be certain that the PRC government will not issue additional and more stringent regulations or measures or that agencies and banks will not adopt restrictive measures or practices in response to PRC governmental policies and regulations, which could negatively affect the industries we serve in the PRC, and thereby harm our sales.

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Our manufacturing activities are dependent upon availability of skilled and unskilled labor, a deficiency of which could result in a reduction in profits.

Our manufacturing activities are labor intensive and dependent on the availability of skilled and unskilled labor in large numbers. Large labor intensive operations call for good monitoring and maintenance of cordial relations. Non-availability of labor, poor labor management and/or any disputes between the labor and management may result in a reduction in profits. Further, we rely on contractors who engage on-site laborers for performance of many of our unskilled operations. The scarcity or unavailability of contract laborers may affect our operations and financial performance.

We face increasing labor costs and other costs of production in the PRC, which could limit our profitability.

The ceramic tile manufacturing industry is labor intensive. Labor costs in China have been increasing in recent years and our labor costs in the PRC could continue to increase in the future. If labor costs in the PRC continue to increase, our production costs will likely increase which may in turn affect the selling prices of our products. We may not be able to pass on these increased costs to consumers by increasing the selling prices of our products in light of competitive pressure in the markets where we operate. In such circumstances, our profit margin may decrease.

Risk Factors Relating to Our Technology Sector Businesses

We have a limited operating history in highly competitive technology segments.

We have a limited operating history in technology segments which are competitive and subject to transformation. We may have limited information into trends that could affect the demand for our business services. Our financial results and growth to date may not be indicative of our future performance. We may not be able to effectively manage our growth and experience operational, financial and human resource constraints. Our current procedures and controls may not be adequate to support our future operations, and if we are not able to manage our growth effectively, our business may be materially and adversely affected.

If certain technology market segments in China do not develop as anticipated, our operating results will be adversely affected

Our future financial performance is dependent on certain economic and social trends and we may have overestimated factors such as the market size of certain technology market segments as well as our successful positioning in such markets. We are subject to both business and consumer activities in our targeted technology segments as well as trends in specific demographics which are often difficult to ascertain and which can change quickly.

We are entering highly competitive technology market segments

The technology market segments in which we plan to participate have highly seasoned and well capitalized competitors which could inhibit our success. We will need to promote and develop brand awareness as a competitive advantage and there can be no assurance that such branding will be successful or sustainable. We expect to continue to expend financial resources on the expansion of our businesses including our business consulting, software development and on-line streaming platforms, and there can be assurance that we will be able to compete with larger, better capitalized firms. This may also affect our ability to scale our operations and successful execute potential partnerships.

We are subject to rapid technology change and certain of our technology business segments could have significant barriers to entry

Some of our businesses will depend on the growth and evolution of the Internet and we cannot be certain how Internet access or trends for our services will evolve over time. Also, certain technology sectors that have significant barriers to entry based on strong competitors, entry costs, competitive pricing, geographical constraints, and various affiliations and partnerships.

We rely on existing technology systems, networks and platforms that we do not control

Our technology businesses rely on existing technology systems, networks and platforms that we do not control and changes to any of these technology formats could cause us our change our business model and operations. We may not be successful in developing relationships with industry participants that advance our business efforts or to engage customers to buy or use our services. Further, changes in technology can occur quickly and unpredictably and our ability to adapt to such changes could be constrained by our limited experience in certain segments.

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Risk Factors Relating to Operations in China

Violation of Foreign Corrupt Practices Act or China anti-corruption law could subject us to penalties and other adverse consequences.

We are subject to the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, which generally prohibits United States public companies from bribing or making prohibited payments to foreign officials to obtain or retain business. PRC law also strictly prohibits bribery of government officials. While we take precautions to educate our employees about the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and Chinese anti-corruption law, there can be no assurance that we or the employees or agents of our subsidiaries will not engage in such conduct, for which we may be held responsible. If that were to occur, we could suffer penalties that may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our independent registered public accounting firm’s audit documentation related to their audit reports included in this annual report may be located in the People’s Republic of China. The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board currently cannot inspect audit documentation located in China and, as such, you may be deprived of the benefits of such inspection.

Auditors of companies whose shares are registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and traded publicly in the United States, including our independent registered public accounting firm, must be registered with the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the “PCAOB”) and are required by the laws of the United States to undergo regular inspections by the PCAOB to assess their compliance with the laws of the United States and professional standards applicable to auditors. Our financial statements contained in this annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2021 have been audited by Centurion ZD CPA & Co., an independent registered public accounting firm that is headquartered in Hong Kong. Centurion ZD CPA & Co., is a firm registered with the PCAOB, and is required by the laws of the U.S. to undergo regular inspections by the PCAOB to assess its compliance with the laws of the U.S. and professional standards. However, because our auditor is based in Hong Kong, a jurisdiction where the PCAOB is currently unable to conduct inspections without the approval, our auditor and its audit work are not currently able to be inspected independently and fully by the PCAOB. The PCAOB announced on December 16, 2021 that it had determined that it was unable to inspect Centurion ZD CPA & Co., which audited the Company’s financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 20-F. This lack of PCAOB inspections in China prevents the PCAOB from regularly evaluating audits and quality control procedures of any auditors operating in China, including our auditor. As a result, investors may be deprived of the benefits of PCAOB inspections. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to PCAOB inspections. Investors may lose confidence in our reported financial information and procedures and the quality of our financial statements.

Proceedings instituted by the SEC against certain PRC-based accounting firms could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act.

On December 3, 2012, the SEC issued an order instituting administrative proceedings against five of the largest global public accounting firms relating to work performed in the PRC and such firms’ failure to provide audit work papers to the SEC in this regard. Our independent registered public accounting firm is not one of the accounting firms referenced in the order. On January 22, 2014, an initial administrative law decision was issued, censuring the five accounting firms and suspending four of the five firms from practicing before the SEC for a period of six months. On February 12, 2014, four of these PRC-based accounting firms appealed to the SEC against this decision. In February 2015, each of the four PRC-based accounting firms agreed to a censure and to pay a fine to the SEC to settle the dispute and avoid suspension of their ability to practice before the SEC. The settlement requires the firms to follow detailed procedures to seek to provide the SEC with access to Chinese firms’ audit documents via the CSRC. If the firms do not follow these procedures, the SEC could impose penalties such as suspensions, or it could restart the administrative proceedings. In the event that the SEC restarts the administrative proceedings, depending upon the final outcome, listed companies in the United States with major PRC operations may find it difficult or impossible to retain auditors in respect of their operations in the PRC, which could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act, including possible delisting. Moreover, any negative news about the proceedings against these audit firms may cause investor uncertainty regarding China-based, United States-listed companies and the market price of our shares may be adversely affected. If our independent registered public accounting firm was denied, temporarily, the ability to practice before the SEC and we were unable to timely find another registered public accounting firm to audit and issue an opinion on our financial statements, our financial statements could be determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act.

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Our shares may be delisted under the HFCA Act as the PCAOB is unable to inspect our auditor with presence in Hong Kong, and the delisting of our shares, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.

The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act was enacted on December 18, 2020. The HFCA Act states if the SEC determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspection by the PCAOB for three consecutive years beginning in 2021, the SEC shall prohibit our shares from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over the counter trading market in the United States. Our financial statements contained in this annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2021 have been audited by Centurion ZD CPA & Co., an independent registered public accounting firm that is headquartered in Hong Kong. Centurion ZD CPA & Co., is a firm registered with the PCAOB, and is required by the laws of the U.S. to undergo regular inspections by the PCAOB to assess its compliance with the laws of the U.S. and professional standards. However, because our auditor is based in Hong Kong, a jurisdiction where the PCAOB is currently unable to conduct inspections without the approval, our auditor and its audit work are not currently able to be inspected independently and fully by the PCAOB. The PCAOB announced on December 16, 2021 that it had determined that it was unable to inspect Centurion ZD CPA & Co., which audited the Company’s financial statements included in the 2021 Form 20-F. We expect that following the filing of this annual report on Form 20-F, the SEC likely will provisionally identified the Company as a Commission-Identified Issuer on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov/HFCAA.

The Company understands that if the SEC makes such a determination in each of 2022 2023 and 2024 due to the PCAOB’s continued inability to inspect or investigate completely the Company’s independent auditor, the SEC could prohibit trading of the shares of common stock of the company on the NASDAQ Capital Market, any other U.S. securities exchange, and in the over-the-counter market as early as 2024. Such a trading prohibition would substantially impair, if not preclude your ability to sell or purchase our securities, and the risks and uncertainties associated with a potential trading prohibition could have a negative impact on the price of our shares of Common Stock in the near term. Further, new laws and regulations or changes in laws and regulations could affect our ability to continue to have our securities listed on Nasdaq, which could materially impair the market for, and market price of, our securities. In addition, if certain legislation pending in the U.S. Congress, as previously disclosed in the Company’s 2021 Form 10-K, becomes law, such a prohibition could take effect as early as 2023. The Company and the Audit Committee will continue to monitor developments of these legislations and evaluate all options.

The Company has determined to engage Centurion ZD CPA & Co. to audit its financial statements for the year ending December 31, 2022; however as a result of the the restrictions and uncertainties presented by the HFCAA, at the present time the Company does not intend to engage Centurion ZD CPA & Co. thereafter, unless circumstances change such that the PCAOB is able to conduct a full inspection of Centurion ZD CPA & Co. during the required timeframe.

We are dependent on political, economic, regulatory and social conditions in the PRC.

Approximately 100%, 100% and 99.7% of our revenue in each of the last three fiscal years was derived from the PRC market and we anticipate that the PRC market will continue to be the major source of revenue for the foreseeable future. Accordingly, any significant slowdown in the PRC economy or decline in demand for our products from our customers in the PRC will have an adverse effect on our business and financial performance. Furthermore, as our operations and production facilities are located in the PRC, any unfavorable changes in the social and/or political conditions may also adversely affect our business and operations. While the current policy of the PRC government seems to be one of economic reform to encourage foreign investments and greater economic decentralization, there is no assurance that such a policy will continue to prevail in the future. There is no assurance that our operations will not be adversely affected should there be any policy changes.

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We are subject to risks related to the laws and regulations of the PRC and the interpretation and implementation thereof.

Our business and operations, as well as those of our customers and suppliers in the PRC, are subject to the laws and regulations promulgated by relevant PRC governmental authorities. The PRC government is still in the process of developing a comprehensive set of laws and regulations in the course of the PRC’s transformation from a centrally planned economy to a market-oriented economy. As the legal system in the PRC is still in flux, laws and regulations or their interpretation may be subject to change. Furthermore, any change in the political and economic policy of the PRC government may also result in similar changes in the laws and regulations or the interpretation thereof. Such changes may adversely affect our operations and business in the PRC. The PRC legal system is a codified legal system comprising written laws, regulations, circulars, administrative directives, and internal guidelines as well as judicial interpretations. Decided cases do not form part of the legal structure of the PRC and thus have no binding effect. As such, the administration of PRC laws and regulations may be subject to a certain degree of discretion by the authorities. This has resulted in the outcome of dispute resolutions not having the level of consistency or predictability as in other countries with more developed legal systems. Due to such inconsistency and unpredictability, if we should be involved in any legal dispute in the PRC, we may experience difficulties in obtaining legal redress or in enforcing our legal rights. From time to time, changes in law, registration requirements, and regulations or the implementation thereof may also require us to obtain additional approvals and licenses from the PRC authorities for carrying out our operations in the PRC which would require us to incur additional expenses in order to comply with such requirements and in turn affect our financial performance with the increase in our business costs. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that approvals, registrations, or licenses will be granted to us promptly or at all. If we experience delays in obtaining or are unable to obtain such required approvals, registrations, or licenses, our operations and business in the PRC, and hence our overall financial performance will be adversely affected.

Our business activities are subject to certain PRC laws and regulations.

As our production and operations are carried out in the PRC, we are subject to certain PRC laws and regulations. In addition, being wholly foreign-owned enterprises, we are required to comply with certain additional laws and regulations. Pursuant to PRC laws and regulations, the breach or non-compliance with such laws and regulations may result in the PRC authorities suspending, withdrawing or terminating our business license, causing us to cease production of all or certain of our products, and this would materially and adversely affect our business and financial performance. Our corporate affairs in the PRC are governed by our articles of association and the corporate and foreign investment laws and regulations of the PRC. The principles of the PRC laws relating to matters such as the fiduciary duties of directors and other corporate governance matters and foreign investment laws in the PRC are relatively new. Hence, the enforcement of investors or shareholders’ rights under the articles of association of a PRC company and the interpretation of the relevant laws relating to corporate governance matters remain largely untested in the PRC.

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PRC foreign exchange control may limit our ability to utilize our profits effectively and affect our ability to receive dividends and other payments from our PRC subsidiaries.

Hengda, Chengdu Future, Antelope Yangpu, Hainan Antelope, Antelope Chengdu are foreign investment enterprise, or “FIE,” and are subject to the rules and regulations in the PRC on currency conversion. In the PRC, State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, regulates the conversion of the RMB into foreign currencies. Currently, FIEs are required to apply to SAFE for “Foreign Exchange Registration Certificates for Foreign Investment Enterprise”. With such registration certifications (which need to be renewed annually), FIEs are allowed to open foreign currency accounts including the “current account” and “capital account”. Currently, conversion of currency within the scope of the “current account” (e.g. remittance of foreign currencies for payment of dividends, etc.) can be effected without requiring the approval of SAFE. However, conversion of currency in the “capital account” (e.g. for capital items such as direct investments, loans, securities, etc.) still requires the approval of SAFE. On October 21, 2005, SAFE promulgated the “Notice on Issues concerning Foreign Exchange Management in Financing by PRC Residents by Overseas Special Purpose Vehicle and Return Investments” (the “No. 75 Notice”). The No. 75 Notice came into effect on November 1, 2005 and requires the following matters, among others, to be complied with: every PRC domestic resident who establishes or controls an overseas special purpose vehicle, or “SPV,” must apply to the local bureau of SAFE for an “overseas investment foreign exchange registration.” Every PRC domestic resident of an SPV who has completed the “overseas investment foreign exchange registration”, or “Registrant,” must make an application to the local bureau of SAFE to amend their registration particulars upon (i) the injection of any PRC domestic assets or the equity interests of any PRC domestic company owned by the PRC domestic resident into the SPV, and (ii) the implementation of any overseas equity fund-raising by the SPV following an injection of PRC domestic assets or the equity interests of a PRC domestic company; every Registrant must apply to the local bureau of SAFE for change of registration particulars or recordation within 30 days after the occurrence of any capital increase or reduction, changes in shareholdings or share swap, merger, long-term investment in equities or debentures, guarantee of foreign indebtedness and other major capital changes not involving “return investment”, undertaken by an SPV; and every Registrant must repatriate, within 180 days, dividends or profits which he receives from an SPV and/or income derived from changes in the shareholding of an SPV. On July 14, 2014, China’s State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE), the foreign exchange control authority, released the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for Overseas Investment, Financing and Round Trip Investment Undertaken by Domestic Residents via Special Purpose Vehicles (Notice 37). The new regulation took effect July 4, 2014. At that time, the old regulation, “Notice on Issues concerning Foreign Exchange Management in Financing by PRC Residents by Overseas Special Purpose Vehicle and Return Investments” (the “No. 75 Notice”), which was issued in 2005, was repealed. Compared with Circular 75, Circular 37 reflects the trend of SAFE’s policy to gradually loosen the restrictions and simplify the procedures for overseas financing and investment by Chinese residents, so as to fully utilize the financial resources in domestic and overseas markets. However, as Circular 37 has only recently been issued, the actual interpretation and enforcement of the above changes by SAFE in practice remain to be seen. There can be no assurance that SAFE will not continue to issue new rules and regulations and/or further interpretations of the No. 37 Notice that will strengthen the foreign exchange control. As we are located in the PRC and all of our sales are denominated in RMB, our ability to pay dividends or make other distributions may be restricted by PRC foreign exchange control restrictions. There can be no assurance that the relevant regulations will not be amended to our detriment and that our ability to distribute dividends will not be adversely affected.

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Introduction of new laws or changes to existing laws by the PRC government may adversely affect our business.

The PRC legal system is based on the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China and is made up of written laws, regulations, circulars and directives. With the PRC’s entry into the WTO, the PRC government is in the process of developing its legal system so as to encourage foreign investments and to meet the needs of investors. As the PRC economy is developing at a generally faster rate than its legal system, some degree of uncertainty exists in connection with whether and how existing laws and regulations will apply to certain events or circumstances. Some of the laws and regulations, and the interpretation, implementation and enforcement thereof, are still at the experimental stage and therefore subject to policy changes. There is no assurance that the introduction of new laws or regulations, changes to existing laws and regulations and the interpretation or application thereof or the delays in obtaining approvals from the relevant PRC authorities will not have an adverse impact on our business or prospects. In particular, on August 8, 2006, the Ministry of Commerce, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, the State Administration of Taxation, the State Administration of Industry and Commerce and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange promulgated the “Rules on the Mergers and Acquisition of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors” which came into effect on September 8, 2006, or “the M&A Rules.” Foreign investors should comply with the rules when they purchase shareholding equities of a PRC domestic non-foreign-funded enterprise, or Domestic Company, or subscribe to the increased capital of a Domestic Company, and thus changing the nature of the Domestic Company into a foreign investment enterprise. The rules stipulate, inter alia, (i) that the acquisition of a Domestic Company by an affiliated foreign enterprise established or controlled by PRC entities or individuals must be approved by the Ministry of Commerce; (ii) that the incorporation of a special purpose vehicle, which is directly or indirectly controlled by PRC entities for the purpose of an overseas listing of the equity interest of a Domestic Company, must be subject to the approval of the Ministry of Commerce; (iii) that the acquisition of a Domestic Company by a special purpose vehicle shall be subject to approval of the Ministry of Commerce and (iv) the offshore listing of a special purpose vehicle shall be subject to the prior approval from China Securities Regulatory Commission. As Hengda was incorporated as a FIE and Antelope Enterprises does not fall within the scope of being classified as a special purpose vehicle directly or indirectly established or controlled by PRC entities or individuals, the M&A Rules did not apply to the Business Combination, and we were not required to obtain the approval from the Ministry of Commerce, the approval from the China Securities Regulatory Commission and/or any other approvals from PRC government authorities as stipulated by the M&A Rules. There is however no assurance that the PRC authorities will not issue further directives, regulations, clarifications or implementation rules, which may require us or other relevant parties to obtain further approvals with respect to the Business Combination. If new laws are promulgated or the existing laws are reinterpreted, our structure could be determined to be in violation of such laws and subject to sanction by applicable government authorities.

Environmental, health and safety laws have in the past and may in the future impose material liabilities on us and require us to incur material capital and operational costs.

We are subject to environmental, health and safety laws and regulations in the PRC that impose controls on our air, water and waste discharges, on our storage, handling, use, discharge and disposal of chemicals, and on exposure of our employees to hazardous substances. These laws and regulations could require us to incur costs to maintain compliance and could impose liability to remedy the effects of hazardous substance contamination. Although we do not believe that we have violated any of such laws and regulations and therefore have not incurred any significant liabilities under these laws and regulations in the past, the environmental laws and regulations are constantly evolving and becoming stricter in the PRC. The adoption of new laws or regulations or our failure to comply with these laws or regulations in the future could cause us to incur material liabilities and could require us to incur additional expenses, curtail operations and/or restrict our ability to expand.

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Our business will suffer if we lose our land use rights.

There is no private ownership of land in China and all land ownership is held by the government of China, its agencies, and collectives. In the case of land used for business purposes, land use rights can be obtained from the government for a period up to 50 years, and are typically renewable. Land use rights can be granted upon approval by the land administrative authorities of China (State Land Administration Bureau) upon payment of the required land granting fee, the entry into a land use agreement with a competent governmental authority and certain other ministerial procedures. We have received land use certificates for certain parcels of land on which our operations reside, but we may not have followed all procedures required to obtain such certificates or paid all required fees. If the Chinese administrative authorities determine that we have not fully complied with all procedures and requirements needed to hold a land use certificate, we may be forced by the Chinese administrative authorities to retroactively comply with such procedures and requirements, which may be burdensome and require us to make payments, or such Chinese administrative authorities may invalidate or revoke our land use certificate entirely. If the land use right certificates needed for our operations are determined by the government of China to be invalid or if they are not renewed, we may lose production facilities or employee accommodations that would be difficult or even impossible to replace. Should we have to relocate, our workforce may be unable or unwilling to work in the new location and our business operations will be disrupted during the relocation. The relocation or loss of facilities could cause us to lose sales and/or increase our costs of production, which would negatively impact our financial results.

We own certain buildings collectively, which may limit our right to use, renovate or dispose of such buildings.

Together with three other companies, we collectively own several buildings located at the Junbing Industrial Zone in Jinjiang City with a total construction area of 29,120.83 square meters. As a result, our right to use, renovate and dispose of such buildings may be limited.

Our business will suffer if we fail to comply with environmental protection regulations

Companies which cause severe pollution to the environment are required to restore the environment or remedy the effects of the pollution within a prescribed time limit. If a company fails to report and/or register the environmental pollution it caused, it will receive a warning or be penalized. Companies that fail to restore the environment or remedy the effects of the pollution within the prescribed time will be penalized or have their business licenses terminated. Companies that have polluted and endangered the environment must bear the responsibility for remedying the danger and effects of the pollution, as well as to compensate any losses or damages suffered as a result of such environmental pollution.

Our corporate structure together with applicable law impede shareholders from asserting claims against us and our principals.

All of our operations and records, and all of our senior management are located in the People’s Republic of China. Shareholders of companies such as ours have limited ability to assert and collect on claims in litigation against such companies and their principals. In addition, China has very restrictive secrecy laws that prohibit the delivery of many of the financial records maintained by a business located in China to third parties absent Chinese government approval. Since discovery is an important part of proving a claim in litigation, and since most if not all of our records are in China, Chinese secrecy laws could frustrate efforts to prove a claim against us or our management. In order to commence litigation in the United States against an individual such as an officer or director, that individual must be served. Generally, service requires the cooperation of the country in which a defendant resides. China has a history of failing to cooperate in efforts to affect such service upon Chinese citizens in China.

If we become directly subject to the recent scrutiny involving U.S.-listed Chinese companies, we may have to expend significant resources to investigate and/or defend the matter, which could harm our business operations, stock price and reputation and could result in a complete loss of your investment in us.

In recent years, U.S. public companies that have substantially all of their operations in China have been the subject of intense scrutiny by investors, financial commentators and regulatory agencies. Although a portion of this scrutiny seems to have abated, this scrutiny has centered around financial and accounting irregularities and mistakes, a lack of effective internal controls over financial reporting and, in many cases, allegations of fraud. As a result of the scrutiny, the publicly traded stock of many U.S. listed China-based companies that have been the subject of such scrutiny has sharply decreased in value. Many of these companies are now subject to shareholder lawsuits and/or SEC enforcement actions that are conducting internal and/or external investigations into the allegations. If we become the subject of any such scrutiny, whether any allegations are true or not, we may have to expend significant resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend our company. Such investigations or allegations will be costly and time-consuming and distract our management from our business plan and could result in our reputation being harmed and our stock price could decline as a result of such allegations, regardless of the truthfulness of the allegations.

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Risks to Antelope Enterprises’ Shareholders

The price of our shares could be volatile and could decline at a time when you want to sell your holdings.

The price of our shares has been and may continue to be volatile, and that volatility may continue for an extended period of time.

There is a risk that Antelope Enterprises could be treated as a U.S. domestic corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes after the Redomestication and the Business Combination, which, among other things, could result in significantly greater U.S. federal income tax liability to Antelope Enterprises.

Section 7874(b) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) generally provides that a corporation organized outside the United States that acquires, directly or indirectly, pursuant to a plan or series of related transactions substantially all of the assets of a corporation organized in the United States will be treated as a domestic corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes if shareholders of the acquired corporation, by reason of owning shares of the acquired corporation, own at least 80% (of either the voting power or the value) of the stock of the acquiring corporation after the acquisition. Under regulations promulgated under Section 7874, a warrant holder of either the acquired corporation or the acquiring corporation generally is treated for this purpose as owning stock of the acquired corporation or the acquiring corporation, as the case may be, with a value equal to the excess of the value of the shares underlying the warrant over the exercise price of the warrant. If Section 7874(b) were to have applied to the Redomestication, then, among other things, Antelope Enterprises, as the surviving entity, would have been subject to U.S. federal income tax on its worldwide taxable income following the Redomestication and the Business Combination as if Antelope Enterprises were a domestic corporation. Although Section 7874(b) should not have applied to treat Antelope Enterprises as a domestic corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, due to the absence of full guidance on how the rules of Section 7874(b) applied to the transactions completed pursuant to the Redomestication and Business Combination, this result is not entirely free from doubt. Shareholders are urged to consult their own tax advisors on this issue. See the discussion in the section entitled “Taxation — United States Federal Income Taxation — Tax Treatment of Antelope Enterprises After the Redomestication and the Business Combination.” The balance of this discussion assumes that Antelope Enterprises has been and will be treated as a foreign corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

There is a risk that Antelope Enterprises will be classified as a passive foreign investment company, or “PFIC,” which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. holders of its securities.

In general, Antelope Enterprises will be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year in which either (1) at least 75% of its gross income (including its pro rata share of the gross income of its 25% or more-owned corporate subsidiaries) is passive income or (2) at least 50% of the average value of its assets (including its pro rata share of the assets of its 25% or more-owned corporate subsidiaries) produce, or are held for the production of, passive income. Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, rents, royalties, and gains from the disposition of passive assets. If Antelope Enterprises is determined to be a PFIC for any taxable year (or portion thereof) that is included in the holding period of a U.S. Holder (as defined in the section entitled “Taxation—United States Federal Income Taxation—General”) of its shares, the U.S. Holder may be subject to increased U.S. federal income tax liability upon a sale or other disposition of the shares of Antelope Enterprises or the receipt of certain excess distributions from Antelope Enterprises and may be subject to additional reporting requirements. Based on the composition (and estimated values) of the assets and the nature of the income of Antelope Enterprises and its subsidiaries during its 2015 taxable year, Antelope Enterprises does not believe that it would be treated as a PFIC for such year. However, because Antelope Enterprises has not performed a definitive analysis as to its PFIC status for its 2015 taxable year, there can be no assurance in respect to its PFIC status for such year. There also can be no assurance with respect to Antelope Enterprises’ status as a PFIC for its current (2016) taxable year or any future taxable year. U.S. Holders of the shares of Antelope Enterprises are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the possible application of the PFIC rules. See the discussion in the section entitled “Taxation—United States Federal Income Taxation—U.S. Holders—Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.”

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Under the EIT Law, Antelope Enterprises, Success Winner and/or Stand Best, Vast Elite and Antelope HK may be classified as a “resident enterprise” of the PRC. Such classification could result in PRC tax consequences to Antelope Enterprises, our non-PRC resident shareholders, Success Winner and/or Stand Best, Vast Elite and Antelope HK.

On March 16, 2007, the National People’s Congress approved and promulgated a new tax law, the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, or “EIT Law,” which took effect on January 1, 2008. Under the EIT Law, enterprises are classified as “resident enterprises” and non-resident enterprises. An enterprise established outside of China with “de facto management bodies” within China is considered a “resident enterprise,” meaning that it can be treated in a manner similar to a Chinese enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes. The implementing rules of the EIT Law define “de facto management bodies” as a managing body that in practice exercises “substantial and overall management and control over the production and operations, personnel, accounting, and properties” of the enterprise; however, it remains unclear whether the PRC tax authorities would deem our managing body as being located within China. Due to the short history of the EIT Law and lack of applicable legal precedents, the PRC tax authorities determine the PRC tax resident treatment of a foreign (non-PRC) company on a case-by-case basis. If the PRC tax authorities determine that Antelope Enterprises, Success Winner and/or Stand Best, Vast Elite, Antelope HK are a “resident enterprise” for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, a number of PRC tax consequences could follow. First, Antelope Enterprises, Success Winner and/or Stand Best may be subject to the enterprise income tax at a rate of 25% on Antelope Enterprises’, Success Winner’s and/or Stand Best’s worldwide taxable income, as well as PRC enterprise income tax reporting obligations. Second, under the EIT Law and its implementing rules, dividends paid between “qualified resident enterprises” are exempt from enterprise income tax. As a result, if Antelope Enterprises, Success Winner and Stand Best are each treated as “qualified resident enterprises,” all dividends from Hengda to Antelope Enterprises (through Success Winner and Stand Best) should be exempt from the PRC enterprise income tax.

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If Stand Best, Antelope HK and Vast Elite were treated as a PRC “non-resident enterprise” under the EIT Law, then dividends that Stand Best receives from Hengda, Vast Elite receives from Chengdu Future, Antelope HK receives from Antelope Yangpu, Hainan Antelope and Antelope Chengdu (assuming such dividends were considered sourced within the PRC) (i) may be subject to a 5% PRC withholding tax, provided that Stand Best owns more than 25% of the registered capital of Hengda, continuously within 12 months immediately prior to obtaining such dividend from Hengda, Vast Elite owns more than 25% of the registered capital of Chengdu Future, continuously within 12 months immediately prior to obtaining such dividend from Chengdu Future, and Antelope HK owns more than 25% of the registered capital of Antelope Yangpu, Hainan Antelope and Antelope Chengdu, continuously within 12 months immediately prior to obtaining such dividend from Antelope Yangpu, Hainan Antelope and Antelope Chengdu and the Arrangement between the Mainland of China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income, or the “PRC-Hong Kong Tax Treaty,” were otherwise applicable, or (ii) if such treaty does not apply (i.e., because the PRC tax authorities may deem Stand Best to be a conduit not entitled to treaty benefits), may be subject to a 10% PRC withholding tax. Similarly, if Success Winner were treated as a “non-resident enterprise” under the EIT Law and Stand Best were treated as a “resident enterprise” under the EIT Law, then dividends Success Winner receives from Stand Best (assuming such dividends were considered sourced within the PRC) may be subject to a 10% PRC withholding tax. A similar situation may arise if Antelope Enterprises were treated as a “non-resident enterprise” under the EIT Law, and Success Winner were treated as a “resident enterprise” under the EIT Law. Any such taxes on dividends could materially reduce the amount of dividends, if any, we could pay to our shareholders. Finally, if Antelope Enterprises is determined to be a “resident enterprise” under the EIT Law, this could result in a situation in which a 10% PRC tax is imposed on dividends Antelope Enterprises pays to its shareholders that are not tax residents of the PRC, or “non-resident investors,” and that are enterprises but not individuals, and gains derived by them from transferring Antelope Enterprises’ shares, if such income is considered PRC-sourced income by the relevant PRC tax authorities. In such event, Antelope Enterprises may be required to withhold a 10% PRC tax on any dividends paid to such non-resident investors. Such non-resident investors also may be responsible for paying PRC tax at a rate of 10% on any gain derived by such investors from the sale or transfer of Antelope Enterprises’ shares in certain circumstances. Antelope Enterprises would not, however, have an obligation to withhold PRC tax with respect to such gain under the PRC tax laws. Also, if Antelope Enterprises is determined to be a “resident enterprise,” its nonresident investors who are individuals may also be subject to potential PRC individual income tax at a rate of 20% with respect to dividends received from Antelope Enterprises and/or gains derived by them from the sale or transfer of Antelope Enterprises’ shares. Moreover, the State Administration of Taxation, or “SAT,” released Circular Guoshuihan No. 698, or Circular 698, on December 10, 2009 that reinforces the taxation of certain equity transfers by non-resident investors through overseas holding vehicles. Circular 698 addresses indirect equity transfers as well as other issues. Circular 698 is retroactively effective from January 1, 2008. According to Circular 698, where a nonresident investor who indirectly holds an equity interest in a PRC resident enterprise through a non-PRC offshore holding company indirectly transfers an equity interest in the PRC resident enterprise by selling an equity interest in the offshore holding company, and the latter is located in a country or jurisdiction where the actual tax burden is less than 12.5% or where the offshore income of its residents is not taxable, the non-resident investor is required to provide the PRC tax authority in charge of that PRC resident enterprise with certain relevant information within 30 days of the execution of the equity transfer agreement. The tax authorities in charge will evaluate the offshore transaction for tax purposes. In the event that the tax authorities determine that such transfer is abusing forms of business organization and a reasonable commercial purpose for the offshore holding company other than the avoidance of PRC income tax liability is lacking, the PRC tax authorities will have the power to re-assess the nature of the equity transfer under the doctrine of substance over form. A reasonable commercial purpose may be established when the overall international (including U.S.) offshore structure is set up to comply with the requirements of supervising authorities of international (including U.S.) capital markets. If the SAT’s challenge of a transfer is successful, it may deny the existence of the offshore holding company that is used for tax planning purposes and subject the non-resident investor to PRC tax on the capital gain from such transfer. Since Circular 698 has a short history, there is uncertainty as to its application. We (or a nonresident investor) may become at risk of being taxed under Circular 698 and may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with Circular 698 or to establish that we (or such non-resident investor) should not be taxed under Circular 698, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations (or such non-resident investor’s investment in us). In additional, the PRC resident enterprise may be required to provide necessary assistance to support the enforcement of Circular 698. On February 3, 2015, the State Administration of Tax issued a Public Notice Regarding Certain Corporate Income Tax Matters on Indirect Transfer of Properties by Non-tax Resident Enterprise, or Public Notice 7. Public Notice 7 has introduced a new tax regime that is significantly different from that under Circular 698. Public Notice 7 extends its tax jurisdiction to not only indirect transfers set forth under Circular 698 but also transactions involving transfer of other taxable assets, through the offshore transfer of a foreign intermediate holding company. In addition, Public Notice 7 provides clearer criteria the Circular 698 on how to assess reasonable commercial purposes and has introduced safe harbors for internal group restructurings and the purchase and sale of equity through a public securities market. Public Notice 7 also brings challenges to both the foreign transferor and transferee (or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer) of the taxable assets. Where a non-resident enterprise conducts an “indirect transfer” by transferring the taxable assets indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, the non-resident enterprise being the transferor, or the transferee, or the PRC entity which directly owned the taxable assets may report to the relevant tax authority such indirect transfer. Using a “substance over form” principle, the PRC tax authority may re-characterize such indirect transfer as a direct transfer of the equity interests in the PRC tax resident enterprise and other properties in China, As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject on PRC enterprise income tax, and the transferee or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer is obligated to withhold the applicable taxes, currently at a rate of up to 10% for the transfer of equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise. Both the transferor and the transferee may be subject to penalties under PRC tax laws if transferee fails to withhold the taxes and the transferor fails to pay the taxes.

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We face uncertainties with respect to the reporting and consequences of private equity financing transactions, share exchange or other transactions involving the transfer of shares in our company by investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises, or sale or purchase of shares in other non-PRC resident companies or other taxable assets by us. Our company and other non-resident enterprises in our group may be subject to filing obligations or being taxed if our company and other non-resident enterprises in our group are transferors in such transactions, and may be subject to withholding obligations if our company and other non-resident enterprises in our group are transferees in such transactions, under Circular 698 and Public Notice 7. For the transfer to shares in our company by investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises, our PRC subsidiaries may be requested to assist in the filing under Circular 698 and Public Notice 7. As a result, we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with Circular 698 and Public Notice 7 to request the relevant transferors from whom we purchase taxable assets to comply with these circulars, or to establish that our company and other non-resident enterprises in our group should not be taxed under these circulars, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. The PRC tax authorities have the discretion under Circular 698 and Public Notice 7 to make adjustments to the taxable capital gains based on the difference between the fair value of the taxable assets transferred and the cost of investment. If the PRC tax authorities make adjustments to the taxable income of the transactions under Circular 698 and Public Notice 7, our income tax costs associated with such potential acquisitions will be increased, which may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. If any PRC tax applies to a non-resident investor, the non-resident investor may be entitled to a reduced rate of PRC tax under an applicable income tax treaty and/or a deduction for such PRC tax against such investor’s domestic taxable income or a foreign tax credit in respect of such PRC tax against such investor’s domestic income tax liability (subject to applicable conditions and limitations). Shareholders should consult with their own tax advisors regarding the applicability of any such taxes, the effects of any applicable income tax treaties, and any available deductions or foreign tax credits. For a further discussion of these issues, see the section herein captioned “Taxation—PRC Taxation.”

Fluctuations in exchange rates could adversely affect our business and the value of our shares.

The value of our shares will be indirectly affected by the foreign exchange rate between U.S. dollars and the Renminbi and between those currencies and other currencies in which our revenue may be denominated. Because all of our earnings and cash assets are denominated in Renminbi, fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Renminbi will affect the relative purchasing power of these proceeds, as well as our financial results reported in U.S. dollar terms without giving effect to any underlying change in our business, financial condition or results of operations. Fluctuations in the exchange rate will also affect the relative value of any dividend we issue after this offering that will be exchanged into U.S. dollars and earnings from, and the value of, any U.S. dollar-denominated investments we make in the future. Since July 2005, the Renminbi has not been pegged to the U.S. dollar. Although the People’s Bank of China regularly intervenes in the foreign exchange market to prevent significant short-term fluctuations in the exchange rate, the Renminbi may appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the medium to long term. Moreover, it is possible that in the future the Chinese authorities may lift restrictions on fluctuations in the Renminbi exchange rate and lessen intervention in the foreign exchange market. On March 17, 2014, the People’s Bank of China, China’s central bank, announced that the RMB exchange rate flexibility increased to 2% in order to proceed further with reform of the RMB exchange rate regime. On August 11, 2015, the People’s Bank of China, announced it was revamping the official central parity of the RMB of the U.S. dollar to better reflect market developments in the exchange rate. Therefore, the RMB exchange rate has become more flexible and the exchange rate regime more transparent and in line with changes in market supply and demand. However, significant fluctuations in the RMB’s value against the U.S. dollar could occur. Very limited hedging transactions are available in China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these transactions may be limited, and we may not be able to successfully hedge our exposure at all. In addition, our foreign currency exchange losses may be magnified by Chinese exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currencies.

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As the rights of shareholders under British Virgin Islands law differ from those under U.S. law, you may have fewer protections as a shareholder.

Our corporate affairs will be governed by our memorandum and articles of association, the BVI Business Companies Act, 2004 (as amended) (the “BVI Act”), and the common law of the British Virgin Islands. The rights of shareholders to take legal action against our directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under British Virgin Islands law are governed by the common law of the British Virgin Islands and by the BVI Act. The common law of the British Virgin Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the British Virgin Islands as well as from English common law, which is applied in the British Virgin Islands by virtue of the Common Law (Declaration of Application) Act. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under British Virgin Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedents in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the British Virgin Islands has a less developed body of securities laws as compared to the United States, and some states (such as Delaware) have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law. As a result of all of the above, holders of our shares may have more difficulty in protecting their interests through actions against our management, directors or major shareholders than they would as shareholders of a U.S. company.

British Virgin Islands companies may not be able to initiate shareholder derivative actions, thereby depriving shareholders of the ability to protect their interests.

British Virgin Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States. The circumstances in which any such action may be brought, and the procedures and defenses that may be available in respect to any such action, may result in the rights of shareholders of a British Virgin Islands company being more limited than those of shareholders of a company organized in the United States. Accordingly, shareholders may have fewer alternatives available to them if they believe that corporate wrongdoing has occurred. The British Virgin Islands courts are also unlikely to recognize or enforce against us judgments of courts in the United States based on certain liability provisions of U.S. securities law; and to impose liabilities against us, in original actions brought in the British Virgin Islands, based on certain liability provisions of U.S. securities laws that are penal in nature. There is no statutory recognition in the British Virgin Islands of judgments obtained in the United States, although the courts of the British Virgin Islands will generally recognize and enforce the non-penal judgment of a foreign court of competent jurisdiction without retrial on the merits. This means that even if shareholders were to sue us successfully, they may not be able to recover anything to make up for the losses suffered.

The laws of the British Virgin Islands may provide comparatively limited protection for minority shareholders, so minority shareholders will have limited recourse if the shareholders are dissatisfied with the conduct of our affairs.

Under the laws of the British Virgin Islands, there is limited statutory law for the protection of minority shareholders in the form of the provisions of the BVI Act dealing with shareholder remedies. The principal protection under statutory law is that shareholders may bring an action to enforce the constitutional documents of the company, i.e. the memorandum and articles of association as shareholders are entitled to have the affairs of the company conducted in accordance with the BVI Act and the memorandum and articles of association of the company. A shareholder may also bring an action under statute if he feels that the affairs of the company have been or will be carried out in a manner that is unfairly prejudicial or discriminating or oppressive to him. There are also common law rights for the protection of shareholders that may be invoked, largely dependent on English common law, since the common law of the British Virgin Islands for business companies is limited.

The market price for our shares has been and may continue to be volatile.

The market price for our shares has been and is likely to continue to be highly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to factors including the following:

| ● | actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly operating results and changes or revisions of our expected results;

| ● | changes in financial estimates by securities research analysts;

| ● | changes in the economic performance or market valuations of companies specializing in the ceramics business in China;

| ● | announcements by us and our affiliates or our competitors of new products, acquisitions, strategic relationships, joint ventures or capital commitments;

| ● | addition or departure of our senior management and key personnel; and

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| ● | fluctuations of exchange rates between the RMB and the U.S. dollar.

Volatility in the price of our shares may result in shareholder litigation that could in turn result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources.

The financial markets in the United States and other countries have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations, and market prices have been and continue to be extremely volatile. Volatility in the price of our shares may be caused by factors outside of our control and may be unrelated or disproportionate to our results of operations. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a public company’s securities, shareholders have frequently instituted securities class action litigation against that company. Litigation of this kind could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources.

Although we paid semi-annual dividends in July 2013, January 2014, July 2014 and January 2015, we did not pay a dividend after January 2015 and do not currently plan to pay a dividend in the near future. Therefore, shareholders will benefit from an investment in our shares only if those shares appreciate in value

We paid dividends in July 2013, January 2014, July 2014 and January 2015. The declaration and payment of cash dividends is at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on factors our board of directors deems relevant, including among others, our results of operations, financial condition and cash requirements, business prospects, and the terms of our credit facilities, if any, and any other financing arrangements. We currently do not plan to pay a dividend in the near future. Therefore, the realization of a gain on shareholders’ investments will depend on the appreciation of the price of our shares, and there is no guarantee that our shares will appreciate in value.

We may not be able to pay any dividends on our shares in the future due to British Virgin Islands law.

Under British Virgin Islands law, we may only pay dividends to our shareholders if the value of our assets exceeds our liabilities and we are able to pay our debts as they become due. We cannot give any assurance that we will declare dividends of any amounts, at any rate or at all in the future. Future dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our board of directors, and will depend upon our results of operations, cash flows, financial condition, payment to us of cash dividends by our subsidiaries, capital needs, future prospects and other factors that our directors may deem appropriate.

We may need additional capital, and the sale of additional shares or equity or debt securities could result in additional dilution to our shareholders.

We believe that our current cash and cash equivalents and anticipated cash flow from operations will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for the foreseeable future. We may, however, require additional cash resources due to changed business conditions or other future developments, including any investments or acquisitions we may decide to pursue. If these resources are insufficient to satisfy our cash requirements, we may seek to sell additional equity or debt securities or obtain one or more additional credit facilities. The sale of additional equity securities could result in additional dilution to our shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased debt service obligations and could result in operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations. It is uncertain whether financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all.

ITEM 4.INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

A.History and Development of the Company

Our principal PRC-based operating subsidiary, Hengda, was established on September 30, 1993 under the laws of PRC. All of the equity interests in Hengda are 100% owned by Stand Best. Hengda is a wholly foreign-owned enterprise in China.

Hengdali was established on May 4, 2008 under the laws of PRC. All of the equity interests in Hengdali are 100% owned by Hengda.

Stand Best was established on January 17, 2008 under the laws of Hong Kong. Stand Best acquired the entire shareholdings of Hengda on April 1, 2008 for consideration of RMB 58,980,000. As a result of this acquisition, Hengda became the wholly owned subsidiary of Stand Best.

Success Winner was established on May 29, 2009 under the laws of British Virgin Islands with Mr. Wong Kung Tok as its sole shareholder and sole director.

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On June 30, 2009, pursuant to the capitalization agreement dated June 30, 2009, Success Winner was issued the 9,999 shares allotted by Stand Best as per the capitalization exercise of a shareholder’s loan of HK$67.9 million (RMB 58.9 million). On the same date, the shareholder of Stand Best, Mr. Wong Kung Tok transferred all his shareholdings in Stand Best to Success Winner. Therefore, Mr. Wong Kung Tok, from June 30, 2009 to November 20, 2009, indirectly owned 100% of Stand Best and in turn, 100% of Hengda.

CHAC was incorporated in Delaware on June 22, 2007 and was organized as a blank check company for the purpose of acquiring, through a stock exchange, asset acquisition or other similar business combination, or controlling, through contractual arrangements, an operating business that had its principal operations in Asia, with a focus on potential acquisition target in China.

Pursuant to the terms of a merger and stock purchase agreement dated August 19, 2009, on November 20, 2009, CHAC merged with and into Antelope Enterprises, its wholly owned British Virgin Islands subsidiary, and immediately thereafter, as part of the same integrated transaction, Antelope Enterprises acquired all of the outstanding securities of Success Winner.

Prior to Antelope Enterprises’ acquisition of Success Winner, neither CHAC nor Antelope Enterprises had any operations.

On November 19, 2009, Hengda entered into a definitive acquisition agreement to acquire a new production facility in Gaoan, Jiangxi Province, PRC by purchasing 100% of the equity interests in Hengdali. The closing of the acquisition was subject to the Gaoan City Administration for Industry and Commerce transferring the registration and business license of Hengdali from Hengdali’s former shareholders to Hengda. The transfer occurred on January 8, 2010. Hengda appointed an executive officer to take control over Hengdali’s operating and financing activities on the same day. In total, Hengda assumed loans of RMB 60.0 million and paid cash consideration of RMB 185.5 million for the acquisition, of which RMB 145.4 million was advanced to Hengdali’s former shareholders by December 31, 2009.

On September 22, 2017, Success Winner incorporated a 100% owned subsidiary Vast Elite Limited (“Vast Elite”) in Hong Kong with initial registered capital of HKD1. Vast Elite is engaged in the trading of building materials but during the year ended December 31, 2020, Vast Elite had no operations.

On November 20, 2019, Vast Elite incorporated a 100% owned subsidiary Chengdu Future Talented Management and Consulting Co, Ltd (“Chengdu Future”) in China. Chengdu Future is engaged in the business management and consulting services.

On December 3, 2019, Success Winner incorporated a 100% owned subsidiary Antelope Enterprise Holdings Limited (“Antelope Holdings”) in Hong Kong. Antelope Holdings only serves the purpose as a holding company.

On May 9, 2020, Antelope HK incorporated a 100% owned subsidiary Antelope Holdings (Chengdu) Co., Ltd in China, Antelope Chengdu is engaged in computer consulting and software development.

On August 10, 2021, Antelope HK incorporated a 100% owned subsidiary Hainan Antelope Holdings Co., Ltd ("Antelope Hainan") in China. Antelope Hainan is engaged in the business management and consulting services. Antelope Hainan does not have any operations as of this report date.

On August 11, 2021, Antelope HK incorporated a 100% owned subsidiary Antelope Future (Yangpu) Investment Co., Ltd ("Antelope Yangpu") in China. Antelope Yangpu is engaged in the business management and consulting services. Antelope Yangpu does not have any operations as of this report date.

On August 23, 2021, Antelope Hainan incorporated a 100% owned subsidiary Antelope Investment (Hainan) Co., Ltd ("Antelope Investment") in China.

Antelope Investment is engaged in the business management and consulting services. Antelope Investment does not have any operations as of this report date.

On September 9, 2021, Antelope Future incorporated a 100% owned subsidiary Antelope Ruicheng Investment (Hainan) Co., Ltd ("Antelope Ruicheng") in China. Antelope Ruicheng is engaged in the business management and consulting services. Antelope Ruicheng does not have any operations as of this report date.

On September 18, 2021, Antelope Ruicheng incorporated a 51% owned subsidiary Hainan Kylin Cloud Services Technology Co., Ltd ("Hainan Kylin") in China. Hainan Kylin is engaged in the business management and consulting services for online social commerce and live streaming industry.

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Antelope Enterprise Holdings Limited and its subsidiaries’ (the “Company”) corporate structure as of December 31, 2021 is as follows:

Antelope Enterprises’ History

Antelope Enterprises is a British Virgin Islands limited liability company whose predecessor, CHAC, incorporated in Delaware on June 22, 2007, was organized as a blank check company for the purpose of acquiring, through a stock exchange, asset acquisition or other similar business combination, or controlling, through contractual arrangements, an operating business, that has its principal operations in Asia.

The Initial Public Offering

On November 21, 2007, CHAC consummated its initial public offering of 12,000,000 units. On December 14, 2007, the underwriters of CHAC’s initial public offering exercised their over-allotment option for an offering of 800,000 units. Each unit in the offering consisted of one share and one share purchase warrant. Each warrant entitled the holder to purchase from Antelope Enterprises one share in Antelope Enterprises at an exercise price of $7.50. CHAC’s shares and warrants started trading separately as of December 17, 2007.

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The Business Combination

Pursuant to the terms of a merger and stock purchase agreement dated August 19, 2009, on November 20, 2009, CHAC merged with and into Antelope Enterprises, its wholly owned British Virgin Islands subsidiary, and, immediately thereafter, and as part of the same integrated transaction, Antelope Enterprises acquired all of the issued and outstanding shares of Success Winner held by its former shareholder in exchange for $10.00 and 5,743,320 shares of Antelope Enterprises shares. In addition, 8,185,763 shares of the Antelope Enterprises shares were placed in escrow (the “Contingent Shares”) to be released to the seller in the event certain earnings and stock price thresholds were achieved. Of the Contingent Shares, 5,185,763 Contingent Shares were released based on our achieving growth in either net earnings before tax or net earnings after tax. 3,000,000 Contingent Shares that were eligible to be released if Antelope Enterprises shares closed at or above certain share price targets for any twenty trading days within a thirty trading day period prior to April 30, 2012 were canceled because we did not meet applicable price targets. Concurrent with the Business Combination, we redeemed and purchased an aggregate of 11,193,149 of our shares from our public stockholders for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $109.6 million (in transactions intended to assure the successful completion of the Business Combination). Such shares were voted in favor of the Business Combination and the other related proposals. On November 16, 2012 all of our share purchase warrants expired and ceased to trade. Antelope Enterprises’ registered office is c/o Harneys Corporate Services Limited of Craigmuir Chambers, P.O. Box 71, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands.

January 2020 Private Placement

On January 8, 2020, the Company executed subscription agreements (each, a “Subscription Agreement”) in connection with a $500,000 private placement of its ordinary shares with three accredited investors (the “Offering”) at the price of $0.75 per share. The Company agreed to register the shares sold in the Offering for resale no later than 270 days after the closing of the Offering. All respective purchasers in the Offering were “accredited investors” (as such term is defined under rules and regulations promulgated under the Securities Act), and the Company sold the securities in the Offering in reliance upon an exemption from registration contained in Section 4(2) and Rule 506 under the Securities Act. There were no discounts or brokerage fees associated with this Offering. The net proceeds of the Offering will be used for working capital and general corporate purposes.

May 2020 Registered Direct Offering

On May 22, 2020, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with certain institutional investors (the “Investors”) for the sale by the Company of 1,102,950 common shares (the “Common Shares”), at a purchase price of $0.68 per share. Concurrently with the sale of the Common Shares, pursuant to the Purchase Agreement the Company also sold warrants to purchase 1,102,950 common shares (the “Warrants”). The Company sold the Common Shares and Warrants for aggregate gross proceeds of $750,006 (the “Offering”). Subject to certain beneficial ownership limitations, the five-year Warrants will be initially exercisable on the six-month anniversary of the issuance date at an exercise price equal to $0.79 per share, subject to adjustments as provided under the terms of the Warrants, and will terminate on the five-year anniversary of the initial exercise date of the Warrants. The closing of the sales of these securities under the Purchase Agreement will take place on May 27, 2020. The net proceeds from the transactions will be approximately $595,000, after deducting certain fees due to the placement agent and the Company’s estimated transaction expenses, and will be used for working capital and general corporate purposes. The Warrants and the shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrants were sold without registration under the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”) in reliance on the exemptions provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act as transactions not involving a public offering and Rule 506 promulgated under the Securities Act as sales to accredited investors, and in reliance on similar exemptions under applicable state laws. Dawson James Securities, Inc. acted as the Company’s exclusive placement agent (the “Placement Agent”), on a best-efforts basis, in connection with the Offering. Pursuant to the terms and provisions of the engagement letter between the Company and the Placement Agent, the Company agreed to pay the Placement Agent a cash placement fee equal to 8% of the gross proceeds of the Offering, or $60,000, plus other expenses of the Placement Agent not to exceed $45,000. The Placement Agent also received five-year warrants (the “Compensation Warrants”) to purchase up to a number of common shares equal to 5% of the aggregate number of shares sold in the Offering, including the warrant shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrants, which such Compensation Warrants have substantially the same terms as the Warrants sold in the Offering, except that such Compensation Warrants have an exercise price of $0.85 per share and will terminate on the five year anniversary of the effective date of this offering.

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December 2020 Private Offering

On December 7, 2020, the Company executed subscription agreements with three individual accredited investors to offer and sell in a private placement 566,379 of the Company’s common shares at the per share price of $2.32 (which was the closing price for the Company’s common shares on December 4, 2020) for the gross proceeds of approximately $1.3 million. The shares were sold without registration under the Securities Act of 1933 in reliance on the exemptions provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act as transactions not involving a public offering and Rule 506 promulgated under the Securities Act as sales to accredited investors. The proceeds of the transaction will be used for working capital and general working purposes. There were no discounts or brokerage fees associated with this offering.

February 2021 Registered Direct Offering

On February 12, 2021, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with certain institutional investors for the sale of 588,235 common shares, at a purchase price of $3.57 per share. Concurrently with the sale of the Common Shares, pursuant to the Purchase Agreement the Company also sold warrants to purchase 588,235 common shares. The Company sold the Common Shares and Warrants for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately US$2.1 million, before commissions and expenses. The five-year Warrants will be immediately exercisable at an exercise price equal to $3.57 per share, and will terminate on the five-year anniversary of the initial exercise date of the Warrants. The net proceeds from the transactions will be approximately US$1.86 million, after deducting certain fees due to the placement agent and the Company’s estimated transaction expenses, and will be used for working capital and general corporate purposes.

In addition, the Placement Agent of this offering also received five-year warrants (the “Compensation Warrants”) to purchase up to a number of common shares equal to 5% of the aggregate number of shares sold in the Offering, including the warrant shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrants, which such Compensation Warrants have substantially the same terms as the Warrants sold in the Offering, except that such Compensation Warrants have an exercise price of $4.46 per share and will be exercisable six months from the effective date of this offering and will terminate on the five year anniversary of the effective date of this offering.

June 2021 Registered Direct Offering

On June 10, 2021, the Company commenced a registered direct offering of securities, and executed a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “SPA”) with three institutional accredited investors pursuant to which it sold 913,875 of the Company’s common shares at the per share price of $3.48 (which was priced in excess of the average of the five-day closing price for the Company’s common shares preceding execution of the SPA, which was $3.42). In a concurrent private placement, the Company sold to such investors warrants to purchase 913,875 common shares (the “Investor Warrants”). The Investor Warrants have an exercise price per share of $3.42, subject to adjustment, and have a term of five years. The transactions yielded gross proceeds to the Company of $3,180,285, before the payment of commissions and expenses.

In addition, the Company issued warrants (the “Placement Agent Warrants”) to the Placement Agent to purchase a number of common shares equal to 5.0% of the aggregate number of shares sold to the investors in this offering, as well as the warrant shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrants issued in the concurrent private placement, as additional placement agency compensation. The Placement Agent Warrants have substantially the same terms as the Investor Warrants, except that the Placement Agent Warrants will have an exercise price of $4.35.

CASH TRANSFERS WITHIN OUR ORGANIZATION

During each of the fiscal years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, the only transfer of assets among Antelope Enterprises and its subsidiaries have consisted of cash. During that same period, there have been no distributions, dividends or loans extended by any of our direct or indirectly held subsidiaries to Antelope Enterprises. During that same period Antelope Enterprises has not declared any dividends or made any distributions to its shareholders.

Antelope Enterprises routinely provides cash to its subsidiaries either by way of capital contribution or by way of loan.

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Antelope Enterprises is a holding company incorporated in the British Virgin Islands, and we do not have any substantive operations other than indirectly holding the equity interest in our operating subsidiaries in China. Antelope Enterprises relies on dividends paid by our Hong Kong and Chinese subsidiaries and capital raised from the sale of our securities to satisfy our cash needs. The payment of dividends to Antelope Enterprises by our Chinese subsidiaries is affected by means of dividends by those entities to their Hong Kong direct parent and a redividend by that Hong Kong entity to Antelope Enterprises. Such dividends are effected by resolution of the board of directors of each such entity (after provision for applicable tax obligations).

China is a foreign exchange administration country. Capital injections, cross-border trade and services transactions settled in foreign exchange, overseas financing and profit repatriations are subject to the foreign exchange administration regulations. A Chinese subsidiary owned by foreign company must apply for registration of foreign exchange with the SAFE after the issuance of a business license and obtain a foreign exchange registration certificate. When the Chinese subsidiaries apply for repatriating dividends to foreign shareholders, it must submit the application form to SAFE with the proof that such dividends have been subjected to all applicable tax withholding. A Chinese subsidiary can only distribute dividends out of its accumulated profits, which means that any accumulated losses must be more than offset by its profits in other years, including the current year.

The cash transfers within the organization during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 were as follows:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
For the year 2019
​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  | Equivalent |  | ​ |  | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Amount | ​ | to amount | ​ | ​ | ​ | Asset
Company (Wire transfer from) |  | Company (Wire transfer to) |  | (RMB) | ​ | (USD) |  | Purpose |  | type
Antelope Enterprise Holdings Limited |  | Stand Best Creation Limited |  | 7,919,743 |  | 1,146,443 |  | Working capital loan to subsidiary |  | Cash
Stand Best Creation Limited |  | Success Winner Limited |  | 3,476,371 |  | 503,231 |  | Working capital loan to direct holding company |  | Cash
Success Winner Limited |  | Vast Elite Limited |  | 2,764,622 |  | 400,200 |  | Working capital loan to direct subsidiary |  | Cash

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
For the year 2020
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Equivalent to | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Amount | ​ | amount | ​ | ​ | ​ | Asset
Company (Wire transfer from) |  | Company (Wire transfer to) |  | (RMB) |  | (USD) |  | Purpose |  | type
Antelope Enterprise Holdings Limited |  | Success Winner Limited |  | 7,028,476 |  | 1,018,000 |  | Working capital loan to direct subsidiary |  | Cash
​ |  | Vast Elite Limited |  | 10,013,161 |  | 1,450,300 |  | Working capital loan to direct subsidiary |  | Cash
Success Winner Limited |  | Antelope Enterprise (HK) Holdings Limited |  | 3,455,552 |  | 500,500 |  | Working capital loan to direct subsidiary |  | Cash
​ |  | Stand Best Creation Limited |  | 3,935,394 |  | 570,000 |  | Working capital loan to direct subsidiary |  | Cash
Antelope Enterprise (HK) Holdings Limited |  | Success Winner Limited |  | 3,452,100 |  | 500,000 |  | Return excessed working capital to direct holding company |  | Cash
Vast Elite Limited |  | Chengdu Future Talented Management and consulting Co., Ltd |  | 696,752 |  | 100,917 |  | Capital contribution to direct subsidiary |  | Cash

​

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
For the year 2021
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Equivalent to | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Amount | ​ | amount | ​ | ​ | ​ | Asset
Company (Wire transfer from) |  | Company (Wire transfer to) |  | (RMB) |  | (USD) |  | Purpose |  | Type
Antelope Enterprise Holdings Limited |  | Success Winner Limited |  | 48,304,308 |  | 7,580,000 |  | Working capital loan to direct subsidiary |  | Cash
​ |  | Vast Elite Limited |  | 12,244,951 |  | 1,921,500 |  | Working capital loan to direct subsidiary |  | Cash
Success Winner Limited |  | Antelope Enterprise (HK) Holdings Limited |  | 6,691,230 |  | 1,050,000 |  | Working capital loan to direct subsidiary |  | Cash
​ |  | Stand Best Creation Limited |  | 12,936,378 |  | 2,030,000 |  | Working capital loan to direct subsidiary |  | Cash
Antelope Enterprise (HK) Holdings Limited |  | Antelope Holdings (Chengdu) Co., Ltd |  | 4,779,450 |  | 750,000 |  | Capital injection to direct subsidiary |  | Cash
Vast Elite Limited |  | Chengdu Future Talented Management and Consulting Co., Ltd |  | 3,186,300 |  | 500,000 |  | Capital contribution to direct subsidiary |  | Cash
Jiangxi Hengdali Ceramics Materials Co., Ltd |  | Jinjiang Hengda Ceramics Co, Ltd |  | 7,000,000 |  | 1,098,453 |  | Loan repayment to direct holding company |  | Cash

​

Corporate Name Change

In October 2020, the Company announced its corporate name change to “Antelope Enterprise Holdings Limited”. Commencing on October 15, 2020, the Company’s shares continued to trade on the Nasdaq Stock Market but under a new ticker symbol “AEHL”; the new CUSIP number associated with the name change is G041JN106. The Company’s shareholders approved the name change proposal at its February 2020 Annual Meeting.

Reverse Stock Split

Following the September 3, 2020 record date, the Company’s ordinary shares began trading on the NASDAQ Stock Market on a split-adjusted basis. The new CUSIP number for the Company’s common stock following the reverse split is G2113X159. The Board approved a reverse stock split so as to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement of $1.00 per share for continued listing on the NASDAQ Stock Market. As a result of the reverse stock split, every three issued and outstanding ordinary shares as of the effective date were combined into one issued and outstanding share. The reverse stock split reduced the number of outstanding ordinary shares of the Company from approximately 9.2 million shares to approximately 3.1 million shares, and the par value per share increased from $0.008 to $0.024. In lieu of issuing fractional shares, the Company issued one full share of the post-reverse stock split common share to any stockholder who would have been entitled to receive a fractional share. All outstanding stock options, warrants and other rights to purchase the Company’s ordinary shares were adjusted proportionately as a result of the reverse stock split. Following the split, the Company regained its compliance with NASDAQ’s minimum bid requirements for continued listing requirements on the NASDAQ Stock Market on September 18, 2020.

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Operational Updates

The Company primarily conducts its mainland China business operations in two cities: Jinjiang City, Fujian Province, and Gao’An City, Jiangxi Province. This business is conducted through the Company’s two subsidiaries: Jinjiang Hengda Ceramics Co., Ltd. and Jiangxi Hengdali Ceramic Materials Co., Ltd. Following the new wave of COVID-19 outbreak in China, Hengda were required by the local authorities to cease their operations in March 2022; the respective operations gradually resumed beginning on April 20, 2022.

·Jinjiang Hengda Ceramics Co., Ltd. (Jinjiang City, Fujian Province) – there is a total of 223 employees at this location; no employee has been affected by the novel coronavirus. The local government maintains daily control and monitoring of traffic to Fujian province from more severely affected provinces. In general, business entities in Jinjiang province resumed their operations, with some restrictions on operations of commercial banks and municipal entities.

·Jiangxi Hengdali Ceramic Materials Co. Ltd. (Gao’An City, Jiangxi Province) – there is a total of zero employees at this location attributable to our having entered into a new lease for the Hengdali facility in its entirety.

In addition to the foregoing:

·Most of the branches of Fujian and Jianxi commercial banks where the Company maintains bank accounts have not fully resumed their operation or otherwise have refused to perform bank confirmations for fear of contacting contaminated items.

·Cities and municipalities where the Company’s key customers and suppliers operate maintain monitoring and compulsory quarantine policies adopted during the COVID-19 outbreak; a number of the Company’s key customers and suppliers are unable to provide confirmations on time.

·The express delivery companies have not fully resumed their operations in most cities. The delivery periods have significantly extended as compared with those prior to the COVID-19 outbreak due to shortage of active staff. Additional disinfection and sterilization requirements are in place to prevent the potential virus transmission through courier packages.

●Effective November 1, 2021, we entered into a new lease agreement with the same lessee who had been leasing one of the production lines with the capacity to produce approximately 10 million square meters of ceramic tiles annually at the Hengdali facility. The new lease agreement replaces the eight-year contract entered into on March 1, 2016 and is for the Hengdali facility in its entirety which includes building, plant and facilities, and which contains all of its machinery, equipment and production lines. The new lease has a term of five years, from November 1, 2021 through October 31, 2026, for an annual rent of RMB 18.0 million. The leased Hengdali facility has an annual production capacity of 22.4 million square meters of ceramic tiles. Due to the lease agreement, the Company’s total annual production capacity of ceramic tiles is 22.8 million square meters which is solely attributable to its Hengda facility.

·We have also begun to implement a diversification strategy into certain trending technology businesses in China to broaden our business operations and to fuel our growth. These include business management and consulting including human resource restructuring and optimization, information system technology consulting services including the sales of software use rights for digital data deposit platforms and asset management systems, and an online social media platform including live streaming and e-commence platform development and consulting. Two of our newly incorporated subsidiaries, Chengdu Future Talented Management and Consulting Co, Ltd (“Chengdu Future”) and Antelope Holdings (Chengdu) Co., Ltd (“Antelope Chengdu”), who engage in computer consulting and software development, respectively, contributed 3.9% of the Company’s total revenue in fiscal 2020. In fiscal 2021, Chengdu Future, Antelope Chengdu and Hainan Kylin Cloud Services Technology Co., Ltd (“Hainan Kylin”), which engages in business management and consulting services for the online social commerce and live streaming industry, accounted for 33.1% of the Company’s total revenue. We are intent upon growing our technology businesses over time.

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The principal office of the Company’s auditors is located in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of PRC (“HKSAR”). In order to prevent the COVID-19 disease outbreak in HKSAR, the government of HKSAR announced that (i) beginning on February 4, 2020, individuals, including Hong Kong residents, travelling between Hong Kong and the Mainland or between Hong Kong and other places will have to use control points at the Hong Kong International Airport, Shenzhen Bay and the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge, and closed other land and water ports between mainland and HKSAR, and (ii) beginning on February 8, 2020, the Department of Health of the HKSAR issued quarantine orders to all people entering Hong Kong from the Mainland, including Hong Kong residents, Mainland residents and visitors from other places. People involved are required to stay at home or are required to find other accommodations to complete a fourteen-day compulsory quarantine. The Chief Executive of the government of the HKSAR under section 8 of the Prevention and Control of Disease Ordinance (Cap. 599) enacted the Compulsory Quarantine of Certain Persons Arriving at Hong Kong Regulation (“the Regulation”) to enforce the quarantine measure described in item (ii) above. The updated expiry date of the Regulation is midnight June 7, 2020.

The Company files this Annual Report in compliance with and reliance upon the SEC Order under Section 36 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, granting Exemptions from Specified Provisions of the Exchange Act and Certain Rules thereunder (SEC Release No. 34-88318/March 4, 2020). As a standard audit procedure, the auditors are required to control the confirmation procedures to ensure the effectiveness of this audit procedure, i.e. to issue confirmations to bank, customers and suppliers directly, and required the counterparties to mail back the confirmations directly to the auditors’ office. However, in light of the limited operation of the commercial banks and other business entities (especially small and medium sized entities), and the extended processing period of the express delivery service during the outbreak and subsequent recovery periods, the issuing time and related response period of audit confirmations was delayed. The recovery rate of the audit confirmations distributed (especially for those to customers and suppliers) is also expected to be lower than in previous years, as a result, additional alternative procedures would be required, such measures would also in return delay the overall audit process. The above-referenced measures had or will have adverse impacts on the timeliness to the Company’s annual audit, i.e., adversely affect the auditors’ overall on-site audit schedules as well as the timeliness of express delivery service of documents (such as audit confirmations) between mainland and HKSAR, and the filing of this Annual Report.

B.Business Overview

Overview

We are a leading Chinese manufacturer of ceramic tiles used for exterior siding and for interior flooring and design in residential and commercial buildings. The ceramic tiles, sold under the “HD” or “Hengda,” brands are available in over two thousand styles, colors and size combinations. Currently, we have five principal product categories: (i) porcelain tiles, (ii) glazed tiles, (iii) glazed porcelain tiles, (iv) rustic tiles, and (v) polished glazed tiles. Porcelain tiles are our best-selling products, accounting for over 83.9% of our total revenue in 2021.

Ceramic tiles are widely used in the PRC as a construction material for residential and commercial buildings. Ceramic tiles are used for flooring, interior walls for decorative purposes and on exterior siding due to their resistance to temperature, extreme environments, erosion, abrasion and discoloration for extended periods of time. In addition, the government recently released a statement stating that the greatest potential for expanding domestic demand and sustaining economic growth lies in urbanization. Since urbanization leads to new property development and construction, this could positively impact the Company’s business.

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Our Hengda manufacturing facilities are operated by Jinjiang Hengda Ceramics Co., Ltd., and are located in Jinjiang, Fujian Province, and our Hengdali manufacturing facilities have historically been operated by Jiangxi Hengdali Ceramic Materials Co., Ltd., and are located in Gaoan, Jiangxi Province. The Company’s total annual production capacity is currently 22.8 million square meters of ceramic tiles which is solely attributable to its Hengda facility. Effective November 1, 2021, we entered into a new lease agreement with the same lessee who had been leasing one of the production lines with the capacity to produce approximately 10 million square meters of ceramic tiles annually at the Hengdali facility. The new lease agreement replaces the eight-year contract entered into on March 1, 2016 and is for the Hengdali facility in its entirety which includes building, plant and facilities, and which contains all of its machinery, equipment and production lines. The new lease has a term of five years, from November 1, 2021 through October 31, 2026, for an annual rent of RMB 18.0 million. The leased Hengdali facility has an annual production capacity of 22.4 million square meters of ceramic tiles, a reduction from its annual production capacity of 27.7 million square meters of ceramic tiles, resulting from the Company having retired two old furnaces at Hengdali in fiscal 2021. The Company believes that it is prudent to generate income from its unused production capacity from a third party rather than let it remain idle. In 2017, the Company retired two old furnaces at the Hengda facility and in July of 2018, it retired two more old furnaces. This resulted in the annual production capacity at Hengda being reduced to 22.8 million square meters of ceramic tiles which, due to the new third-party lease agreement for Hengdali, represents the Company’s total current production capacity. The Company’s strategy is to implement a diversification strategy into certain trending technology businesses in China to broaden its business operations and to fuel its growth. Therefore, it may not be likely that it will utilize the manufacturing capabilities at the leased Hengdali facility in the future for its own production purposes.

Due to currently challenging economic conditions, for the year ended December 31, 2021, we utilized production facilities capable of producing 2.38 million square meters ceramic tiles, as compared with the year ended December 31, 2020, when we utilized production facilities capable of producing 4.19 million square meters. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we had 10 production lines available for production and utilized two production lines during the peak season. As of December 31, 2021, we had seven production lines available for production (all were from Hengda), one of which was in use as of December 31, 2021. When in operation, each production line is optimized to manufacture specific size ranges to maximize efficiency and output.

We primarily sell our ceramic tile products through an exclusive distributor network. We have long-term relationships with our customers; most of our top ten customers in 2021 have been purchasing from us for over ten years. We have been in discussions with some large property developers in China to be their exclusive or primary provider of ceramic tiles and, although no arrangements or agreements have been entered into, we expect to enter into arrangements of that type in the foreseeable future.

We focus our research and development efforts on developing innovative and environmentally friendly products. We own eighteen utility model patents. Our stringent tile management and marketing efforts have created a strong business reputation and high brand awareness as demonstrated by us receiving the “Chinese Well-Known Trademark” award from the Intermediate People’s Court of Xiangtan City and “Asia’s 500 Most Influential Brands 2014” award from the World Brand Laboratory.

To mitigate the challenging conditions in the real estate market in China and associated industries like our existing tile manufacturing business, we have incorporated new subsidiaries which are mainly engaged in trending technology businesses in China such as business management and consulting including human resource restructuring and optimization, information system technology consulting services including the sales of software use rights for digital data deposit platforms and asset management systems, and an online social media platform including live streaming and e-commence platform development and consulting.

China’s Ceramic Tile Industry

We operate in the Chinese ceramic tile industry which is fragmented, highly competitive and closely tied to the PRC economy. Although there is little industry data available, management believes from its knowledge of other manufactures that it is one of the largest PRC-based manufacturers of ceramic tiles.

In 2021, China’s gross domestic product (GDP) totaled approximately $17.7 trillion and was the world’s second largest economy after the United States. China’s annual 2021 GDP grew by 8.1% compared to 2.3% annual GDP growth in 2020, with the year-to-year increase attributable to an economic rebound from the outbreak of the COVID 19 pandemic in December 2019. We believe that construction and real estate development will continue to be a key driver behind China’s GDP growth with property investment and related industries constituting a significant percentage of its GDP. Demand for ceramic tile product depends upon and directly correlates to activity in the construction and real estate development industries. The ceramic tile industry’s two primary markets in the PRC are residential construction applications and commercial construction applications.

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We believe that China’s real estate sector is likely to be relatively stable as speculative activities have prompted government policies to restrict construction with the intent to rein in rising prices. Further, tighter policy in the sector has occurred as some banks have increased their mortgage lending rates and down payment requirements. However, the government has issued statements stating that the greatest potential for expanding domestic demand and sustaining economic growth lies in urbanization. Since urbanization leads to new property development and construction, this could positively impact our business.

We believe that the real estate and the construction and building materials sectors continue to be vital to sustaining China’s economy growth. The Chinese Government is intent upon curbing real estate speculation and stabilizing prices by pronouncing that real estate is for habitation versus speculation and by promoting affordable housing and inexpensive rental housing. However, from time to time the Chinese government has also taken various actions to stimulate real estate development and home purchases which include interest rate cuts, lowering the reserve requirement ratio for banks, lowering first home down payment ratios and cutting the minimum capital ratio for fixed asset investments to aid property developers.

Although the Chinese Government’s measures have helped to sustain the real estate sector, there is an oversupply of building materials companies which, in combination with occasional slowdowns in construction and real estate activities, has hindered our operating results.

Commencing in the fourth quarter of 2012, we began experiencing challenging market conditions in China’s real estate and construction markets which resulted in a marked decrease in the sales volume of our ceramic tile products. Therefore, from that period forward, we have from time to time implemented a strategy of reducing the selling price of our ceramic tile products to be competitive in the market and to maintain market share. Further, over the last three fiscal years, challenging market conditions have become relatively more challenging due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In October 2019 we decreased the pricing of our ceramic tile products by an average of 15%. This resulted in a 26% increase in our sales volume for the second half of 2019 as compared to the same period of 2018. For the full fiscal year 2019, revenue decreased by 34.2% as compared to fiscal 2018 mainly due to the 27.0% decrease in sales volume resulting from the continued slowdown of China’s economy, especially in the manufacturing sector and the real estate industry. For the full fiscal year 2020, revenue decreased by 44.1% as compared to fiscal 2019 mainly due to the 35.4% decrease in sales volume resulting from a contraction in business from our customers which was primarily caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. For the full fiscal year 2021, ceramic tile revenue decreased by 20.9% as compared to fiscal 2020 mainly due to the 14.0% decrease in sales volume and 7.3% decrease in average sales price resulting from a contraction in business from our customers which was primarily caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Key Factors Affecting the Chinese Ceramic Tile Industry

The overall performance of the ceramic tile industry is influenced by consumer confidence, spending for durable goods, interest rates, turnover in housing, the condition of the residential and commercial construction industries and the overall strength of the economy and the recent restriction policy on the purchase of property. Demand for our ceramic tile products in the PRC heavily depends on the following economic factors and government policies designed to drive growth in the construction and real estate development sectors of the PRC economy.

Urbanization

Over the last twenty years, China has experienced rapid urbanization due to the increasingly limited capacity of rural areas to provide adequate economic support for a large agrarian population, the increasing disparity in disposable incomes between rural and urban dwellers and the easing of restrictions which historically limited rural to urban migration from rural areas to towns and cities. The development of an industrial base and service sector in urban areas has also driven large labor pools with a broad range of skills to urban areas. It is estimated that China’s urban population will expand from 572 million in 2005 to 926 million in 2025 and hit the one billion mark by 2030. In 20 years, China’s cities will have added 350 million people to its urban population — more than the entire population of the United States today. As a result of the urbanization trend and the associated need to expand an underdeveloped infrastructure to accommodate and house such growth, we believe that commercial and residential construction will expand measurably in future years, thereby creating additional demand for our products.

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Potential of Tier II and III cities

Much of the growth in China’s GDP is being driven by economic activity in Tier II and Tier III cities, such as Chengdu, Chongqing, and Tianjin, which commonly have populations that exceed 10 million individuals who often live in dwellings that do not meet modern standards. According to Jones Lang LaSalle, Tier I cities will account for only 10% of China’s commercial real estate activities by 2021, which highlights the attractive commercial development opportunities in Tier II and III cities. The economic impact of this trend is being felt across China’s Tier II and Tier III cities as the upswing in new residential and commercial construction projects and renovations is generating new demand for construction materials.

Importance of distributors

The majority of exterior ceramic tile manufacturers do not have sufficient resources to provide their own sales coverage nationwide and rely heavily on local distributors. As competition has intensified, many manufacturers have started to bid directly to real-estate developers for large construction projects. We have continued to rely on local distributors as our direct sales did not record any sales for the last three fiscal years. However, competitive forces could induce an increase in direct sales over time, placing a premium on a manufacturer’s internal sales force while requiring product lines with greater flexibility to meet customer demands.

Ceramic Tile Industry Products

There are two product segments within the ceramic tile industry: exterior and interior.

Exterior ceramic tiles

Exterior ceramic tile is mainly used as a decorative and protective component on building exteriors. Unlike other types of tiles, exterior ceramic tile must endure harsh environmental conditions and typically is manufactured to be water/dirt-resistant, non-corrosive and energy efficient. In addition, exterior ceramic tiles have other demands that interior ceramic tiles do not always have, including mandatory expansion joints, moisture considerations and thermal demands. Depending on the ultimate use of the ceramic tile and customer preferences, exterior ceramic tiles are often manufactured with customized glazing, coloring and other design and aesthetic features.

Interior ceramic tiles

Interior ceramic tiles are mainly used for decorative purposes on walls and floors in kitchens and bathrooms. Interior ceramic tiles are differentiated by design, style and perceived quality. Within China, interior ceramic tiles are typically purchased by residential owners or renovation contractors rather than property developers.

The manufacturing process is similar for both segments, however the distribution channels are different. Interior ceramic tiles are sold through retail stores and directly to contractors or residential owners. Exterior ceramic tiles are sold through distributors or directly to large property developers. Due to the higher cost distribution chain and typically smaller order sizes, profit margins are generally less within the interior ceramic tile industry.

Future Product Trends

As the ceramic tile industry in the PRC matures, builders are demanding construction materials that reduce building weight, making it possible to use light building structures and accelerate the speed of construction. Government policies meant to address energy efficiency are promoting the use of innovative wall materials, particularly those performing well in heat preservation and insulation and that are light in weight, and manufactured utilizing waste materials, less energy and fewer raw materials. In an effort to differentiate their products and meet government policies, ceramic tile manufacturers are increasingly focusing on research and development efforts.

Antelope Enterprises’ Ceramic Tile Products

Currently, all of our products are exterior wall ceramic tiles. We produce five types of ceramic tiles:

Porcelain tiles: Porcelain tiles are fired at extreme temperatures and are therefore stronger and harder than other types of ceramic tiles. The material and the color are the same throughout and porcelain tiles are extremely durable. Although porcelain tiles have a matte surface, they absorb less water than other ceramic tiles, and as such, they are a superior solution for exterior tiling where there is frequent exposure to moisture.

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Glazed tiles: Glazed tiles have a glossy finish and color patterns may be added to the exterior surface of the tile. The glaze does not go beyond the exterior surface of the tile and the interior color will show if the tile is chipped. Although glazed tiles are less water-resistant than matte porcelain tiles, they are easier to clean due to their glossy surface.

Glazed porcelain tiles: Glazed porcelain tiles combine the advantages of porcelain tiles and glazed tiles, thus enabling the tiles to have a porcelain body with a stain-proof and glossy finish.

Rustic tiles: Rustic tiles have greater versatility in their design as textures and colors can be added to their exterior surfaces and therefore can be used in more decorative situations. In addition to being used on exterior walls, rustic tiles are also used for interior walls and flooring.

Polished glazed tiles: Ceramic tiles can be manufactured in differing sizes according to customer specifications, with the largest sized tiles measuring 800 mm by 800 mm.

We can produce over 2,000 different combinations of products, colors, textures and sizes to meet the various demands of our customers.

Our Competitive Strengths

We believe the following competitive strengths will enable us to take advantage of the rapid growth of the ceramic tile industry in China:

Brand Recognition

We believe that the “Hengda” “HD” brands are well recognized and highly regarded in markets where our products are sold. In 2005, the brands “Hengda” and “HD” were each certified as a Fujian Well-Known Trademark by the Fujian Well-Known Trademark Award Commission and recognized as a “Chinese Well-known Trademark” in 2005 by the Intermediate People’s Court of Xiangtan City. Since 2012, we have been recognized with the “Asia’s 500 Most Influential Brands” award from the World Brand Laboratory. Our products are selected for inclusion in strategic and high-profile projects such as the 16th Asian Games, the 11th National Chinese Games Village and the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Focus on Tier II and Tier III Cities

Because of recent efforts by the PRC government to tighten monetary policy and constrain real estate prices in the “Tier-I” cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Guangzhou, we believe the outlook for our business has improved somewhat, given our concentration in Tier-II and Tier-III cities. We expect continued demand growth in the Tier-II and Tier-III cities, driven by urbanization trends as well as by the PRC government’s commitment to low-income housing.

Long-Term Sales Relationships

We have established an extensive distributor network and long-term customer relationships, where most of Hengda’s top ten customers in 2021 have been purchasing from us for over 10 years each.

Experienced Management Team

Our experienced, professional and dedicated management team brings a wealth of knowledge to our day-to-day operations and provides us with strategic direction and many years of experience in the ceramic industry.

Modern, environmentally friendly, and efficient manufacturing capabilities

We operate a modern manufacturing facility. Our Hengda facility received an ISO 9001:2000 accreditation, an international standard that acknowledged our quality control process. Our employees are required to undergo internal training regarding quality control policies, targets and procedures, as well as production and processing techniques.

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We upgraded our Hengda production lines to recover and/or reuse wastewater, waste dust, exhaust and kiln after-heat in 2007, which reduced our energy usage and energy costs. Our leased Hengdali production lines were also built using new equipment that incorporates recovery methods for recycling waste water, waste dust, exhaust and kiln after-heat that operate at a higher efficiency rate. We received an Energy Conservation Advance Enterprise Award in 2008 from the Jinjiang City Government.

Focus on Research and Development

We have devoted substantial resources to establishing research and development capabilities in an effort to improve our products and diversify our product mix. Our R&D team has developed over 2,000 types of different product combinations. As of the date of this Annual Report, we own eighteen utility model patents. “Utility model patents” means any new technical solution relating to the shape, the structure, or their combination, of a product, which is fit for practical use. In addition, we were awarded a “High-tech Enterprise Certificate” in 2007 from Fujian Provincial Department of Science and Technology, affirming our innovations in the industry. As of December 31, 2020, our research and development team includes 7 employees and focuses on new products as well as developing energy and resource efficient production methods.

Strategic Location within the PRC

We are located in Jinjiang and Gaoan. The Jinjiang region is an established ceramic and construction material hub in the PRC, and the Gaoan region is a developing ceramic production area supported by the local government. Both of these areas are located near the raw materials required to produce ceramic tiles. As distributors and direct customers come to these areas to procure construction materials for sale, construction projects or export, these locations provide us a regular flow of customers and demand. These centralized industry locations allow us to respond quickly to customer demands and react rapidly to emerging market trends. The proximity and ease of access to major ports and transportation infrastructure in both of these regions enables us to decrease transportation and logistics costs.

Our Ceramic Tile Growth Strategy

We intend to further strengthen our position as a leading manufacturer of ceramic tiles in China by implementing the following strategies:

Broadening Our Distribution Network

We sell our products mainly to distributors located in major Tier-II cities such as Tianjin, Wuhan, Chengdu and Shenyang. We plan to establish and/or increase our presence in Tier-II and Tier-III cities in provinces such as Zhejiang, Anhui, Heilongjiang, Guizhou, Henan, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Yunnan.

We believe that our new Hengdali production facility in Gaoan will better position us to expand into new markets and reach additional end customers as transportation and logistical costs of delivering products to these areas will be reduced.

Evaluating Opportunities to Increase Exports

We intend to increase the exported volume of our products with additional PRC trading companies and by promoting our products in regional and international trade shows with a focus on direct selling efforts to property developers in the PRC. While we are in its early stages, we also plan upon increasing our currently modest levels of exports to the Southeast Asia market due to a potential rise in construction in the region and its climate conditions which make it an ideal fit for certain of our ceramic tile products.

Pursuing Selective Acquisition Opportunities

We will explore business combinations that broaden our product line, expand our customer base and allow us to penetrate new geographic regions. Our management believes that it has sufficient expertise to find and acquire suitable ceramic production facilities and/or companies to increase our scale and geographic diversification within the PRC. Our management intends to only pursue acquisitions where it believes that we will be able to continue to provide cost competitive, high quality ceramic tiles to our customers.

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Further Enhancing Our Brand Awareness

We plan to enhance awareness of the “Hengda” or “HD” brands in the PRC exterior ceramic tile industry. Hengda produces our “Hengda” or “HD” brands, which are marketed toward the high-end market. Our branding strategy is to reach a larger customer base with a wide spectrum of product offerings. We plan on strengthening our brands by marketing our products to property developers and the construction industry, partnering with local distributors, attending national fairs and promoting our products through inclusion in strategic high-profile projects.

Developing Advanced Products That Meet Evolving Building Construction Requirements

We strive to develop new products that address market demand for advanced building materials that meet or exceed evolving government policies for energy efficiency. Further, we will continue to invest in research and development to maintain our competitive position in the industry. Our research and development efforts are focused on developing tiles which:

| ● | Reduce raw materials and energy consumption in the production process;

| ● | Have a density less than half of other tiles;

| ● | Reduce load bearing stress on exterior walls of buildings and tile shedding;

| ● | Recycle our by-products and limit waste output in our production process;

| ● | Utilize a honeycomb structure which optimizes insulation performance for new products, such as our light-weight product lines;

| ● | Have higher standards for water resistance; and

| ● | Are easier to attach to exterior walls.

| ● | Are designed to cool indoor temperatures of buildings and are sustainable energy efficient solution for both high rise apartment buildings and general housing.

Diversification into Trending Business Management and Consulting Technology Sectors in China

To mitigate the challenging conditions in the real estate market in China and associated industries like our ceramic tile manufacturing business, we incorporated new subsidiaries which are mainly engaged in trending technology businesses in China such as business management and consulting including human resource restructuring and optimization, information system technology consulting services including the sales of software use rights for digital data deposit platforms and asset management systems, and an online social media platform including live streaming and e-commence platform development and consulting.

Ceramic Tile Production Processes

A typical production line for ceramic tiles is comprised of preparation equipment (which typically includes a miller and a spray dryer), a press (which is used for shaping raw ceramic material), a glazing line (used to supply glazed materials to the pressed tiles), a kiln (used to harden the soft mixture of clay and minerals into a hard ceramic body by subjecting the mixture to high temperature) and packaging.

The procedures involved in the production of ceramic tiles are summarized below:

(i)Inspecting

Raw materials for ceramic products consist mainly of clay (comprised of inorganic materials such as kaolin, flint and feldspar) obtained mostly from areas adjacent to our facilities, such as Dehua county of Quanzhou city and the Fujian province. Raw materials are inspected by quality control staff upon receipt. Batch calculations that take into consideration both physical properties and chemical compositions of the raw materials are performed to ensure that the right amounts are mixed.

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(ii)Mixing and Grinding

After stringent checks on the quality of the clay and weighing, the raw material department mixes the clay as determined during inspection. The mixture is then sent to a ball mill where water is added to form a slurry for finer grinding. This process takes approximately 12 hours to complete. The slurry is then filtered and metallic particles are removed magnetically. The slurry is inspected at this stage for density, flow speed and water ratio. Compared with many competitors who use stone ball millers, we use aluminum ball millers to grind materials. Aluminum ball millers have a higher initial cost, but have higher grinding speed and can better process stone chips existing in the slurry. The slurry is then moved to a large slurry pool. Based on the production schedule, portions of the slurry may be moved to smaller slurry pools where coloring materials can be added. The mixture in smaller slurry pools are churned for approximately 24 hours to keep quality and color consistent in the end product.

(iii)Spray Drying

A spray dryer is then used to remove most of the water content in the slurry to obtain granules with the required moisture level for processing. The slurry is pumped into an atomizer, consisting of a rapidly rotating disk or nozzle where droplets are formed. The droplets of the slurry spray are then dried by a rising hot air column, forming small free-flowing granules of a standard size and specific moisture content which is used in the next stage. The stream of gases used to dry the slurry can be at temperatures as high as 1,100°C. The granules are then moved to and held in steel containers called hoppers for over 24 hours to ensure consistency and uniformity of granule size and color.

(iv)Molding

The granules flow from a hopper into the mold die where they are compressed by steel plungers and then ejected by the bottom plunger in varying sizes based on specifications. The automated presses used operate at pressures as high as 1,600 tons per square meter. The ceramic bisque, a shaped non-fired ceramic tile, is then passed through to the dryer to remove most of the remaining water content present in preparation for the firing and/or glazing stages. The ceramic tiles are fed into the dryer and conveyed horizontally on rollers, at temperatures of 250°C for approximately 15 to 25 minutes based on tile type.

(v)Glazing

Glazing involves applying one or more coats of glaze, comprised mainly of silica and other coloring agents such as iron, chromium, cobalt or manganese, onto the ceramic tile surface. The dried ceramic bisque is then sent to the glazing station where a design and/or color is added. The glaze concentration and glazing quantity is controlled by computers to avoid chromatic aberration and lack of uniformity. Not all products, such as porcelain tiles, require glazing.

(vi)Firing

After molding and/or glazing, the ceramic bisque is fired in a kiln. Typically, the temperature in a kiln is about 1,200°C and the firing process takes less than one hour. The entire firing process is monitored and controlled by computers. We currently have twelve firing lines, nine located in the Hengda facility and three located at the leased Hengdali facility.

(vii)Packaging

After the firing process, tiles are inspected for quality. Ceramic tiles which pass inspection are packaged and moved to the storage facility.

Quality Control & Assurance

The quality of our products is critical to our continued growth and success. In July 2002, our Hengda facility received ISO 9001:2000 accreditation, an international certification certificate, acknowledging our quality control process. Quality control procedures begin at the receipt of raw materials and continue throughout the manufacturing process ending with a final quality check prior to packaging. Our employees are required to undergo internal training regarding our quality control policies, targets and procedures, as well as production and processing techniques. As of December 31, 2021, our quality assurance team consisted of 3 members.

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Notable Awards & Certificates

We have received numerous awards and certificates for our branding, product quality and R&D achievements. Select awards include:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Year Initially |  | ​ |  | ​
Received | ​ | Award & Certificate Name | ​ | Issuer
2002 | ​ | ISO 9001:2000 Quality Management System Certificate | ​ | China Certification Center for Quality Mark
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
2005 |  | ISO 14001:2004 Environmental Management Standards Certificate |  | Fujian Branch of Beijing World Standards Certification Centre
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
2005 |  | Fujian Well-known Trademark |  | Fujian Well-known Trademark Award Commission
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
2005 |  | Chinese Well-known Trademark |  | Intermediate People’s Court of Xiangtan City
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
2006 |  | Inspection Exempted Products Certificate |  | National Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
2007 |  | High-tech Enterprise Certificate |  | Fujian Provincial Department of Science and Technology
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
2008 |  | Energy Conservation Advanced Enterprise |  | Jinjiang City Government
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
2009 |  | Fujian 100 Important Industrial Enterprise |  | Fujian Economic and Trading Commission
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
2010 |  | Asia’s 500 Most Influential Brands 2010 |  | World Brand Laboratory
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
2010 |  | Fujian’s Top 300 Enterprises |  | Fujian Enterprise Evaluation Center and Fujian Enterprise Evaluation Association
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
2011 |  | China’s 500 Most Valuable Brands |  | World Brand Laboratory
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
2011 |  | Top 100 Fastest Growing Enterprises for China Building Material |  | China Building Materials Enterprise Management Association
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
2011 |  | Top 500 Enterprise in China Building Material |  | China Building Materials Enterprise Management Association
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
2011 |  | Customer Preferred Top 10 Brand |  | China International Nameplate Development Association
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
2012 |  | Asia’s 500 Most Influential Brands 2012 |  | World Brand Laboratory
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
2013 |  | China’s 500 Most Valuable Brands |  | World Brand Laboratory
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
2013 |  | Asia’s 500 Most Influential Brands 2013 |  | World Brand Laboratory
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
2014 |  | China’s 500 Most Valuable Brands |  | World Brand Laboratory

​

Customers, Sales & Marketing

We primarily sell our products through an exclusive distributor network or directly to property developers. Distributors are located in major cities such as Shanghai, Beijing, and Shenyang and second and third tier cities such as Chengdu, Haikou, Hefei, Tianjin, Wuhan and other rural areas in the PRC. We have long-term relationships with many of our customers; most of our top ten customers in 2021 have been purchasing from us for several years.

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The following table sets forth ceramic tile revenue by geographic market and the related percentage for the years ended 2019, 2020 and 2021:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Geographic | ​ | 2019 | ​ | 2020 | ​ | 2021 |
Market |  | RMB’000 |  | Percentage | ​ | RMB’000 |  | Percentage | ​ | RMB’000 |  | Percentage |
PRC | ​ | 326,561 |  | 99.7 | % | 182,989 |  | 100 | % | 144,743 | ​ | 100 | %
Japan |  | 1,020 |  | 0.3 | % | — |  | — | % | — |  | — | %
Burma |  | 2,840 |  | 0.6 | % | — |  | — | % | — |  | — | %
India |  | 2,393 |  | 0.5 | % | — |  | — | % | — |  | — | %
Korea |  | 2,673 |  | 0.5 | % | — |  | — | % | — |  | — | %
Thailand |  | 2,122 |  | 0.4 | % | — |  | — | % | — |  | — | %
Hong Kong |  | 1,661 |  | 0.3 | % | — |  | — | % | — |  | — | %
Spain |  | 1,013 |  | 0.2 | % | — |  | — | % | — |  | — | %
Turkey |  | 1,358 |  | 0.3 | % | — |  | — | % | — |  | — | %
South Africa |  | 1,495 |  | 0.3 | % | — |  | — | % | — |  | — | %
Sierra Leone |  | 935 |  | 0.2 | % | — |  | — | % | — |  | — | %
Ghana |  | 866 |  | 0.2 | % | — |  | — | % | — |  | — | %
Russia |  | 709 |  | 0.1 | % | — |  | — | % | — |  | — | %
Morocco |  | 773 |  | 0.2 | % | — |  | — | % | — |  | — | %
Great Britain |  | 825 |  | 0.2 | % | — |  | — | % | — |  | — | %
Total |  | 327,581 |  | 100 | % | 182,989 |  | 100 | % | 144,743 |  | 100 | %

​

The following table sets forth ceramic tile revenue for our major customers and the related percentage of our net revenue for the years 2019, 2020 and 2021:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 2019 |
Customer Name |  | RMB’000 | ​ | Percentage |
Foshan City Jundian Ceramics Co., Ltd. | ​ | 56,128 |  | 17.1 | %
Xiamen Xinrui Materials Co., Ltd. |  | 40,189 |  | 12.3 | %
Chengdu City Dehui Construction Materials Co., Ltd. |  | 36,056 |  | 11.0 | %
Gaoan Hechang Trading Co., Ltd |  | 25,383 |  | 7.7 | %
Gaoan Jinfa Trading Co. Ltd. |  | 23,781 |  | 7.3 | %
Wuhan Dashunkai Materials Co., Ltd. |  | 18,123 |  | 5.5 | %
Liuzhou City Shengquanda Trading Co., Ltd |  | 17,837 |  | 5.4 | %
Zhengzhou Qiyang Trading Co.,Ltd |  | 17,190 |  | 5.2 | %
Kunming Wuye Trading Co., Ltd. |  | 14,586 |  | 4.5 | %
Xieli (Fujian) Co., Ltd. |  | 11,312 |  | 3.5 | %

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 2020 |
Customer Name |  | RMB’000 |  | Percentage |
Foshan City Jundian Ceramics Co., Ltd. | ​ | 49,702 | ​ | 27.2 | %
Xiamen Xinrui Materials Co., Ltd. |  | 34,938 |  | 19.1 | %
Chengdu City Dehui Construction Materials Co., Ltd. |  | 29,868 |  | 16.3 | %
Liuzhou City Shengquanda Trading Co., Ltd |  | 14,930 |  | 8.2 | %
Zhengzhou Qiyang Trading Co., Ltd |  | 9,542 |  | 5.2 | %
Sichuan Heli Construction Materials Co., Ltd |  | 8,837 |  | 4.8 | %
Nanning Guchen Trading Co. Ltd. |  | 8,078 |  | 4.4 | %
Wuhan Dashunka Construction Materials Co., Ltd. |  | 8,019 |  | 4.4 | %
Xieli Fujian Trading Co., Ltd |  | 7,135 |  | 3.9 | %
Hubei Wanshi Trading Co., Ltd. |  | 6,001 |  | 3.3 | %
Fushan Yirui Materials Co., Ltd. |  | 5,939 |  | 3.3 | %

​

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 2021 |
Customer Name |  | RMB’000 |  | Percentage |
Foshan City Jundian Ceramics Co., Ltd. | ​ | 12,790 | ​ | 8.8 | %
Xiamen Xinrui Materials Co., Ltd. |  | 9,109 |  | 6.3 | %
Chengdu City Dehui Construction Materials Co., Ltd. |  | 7,970 |  | 5.5 | %
Liuzhou City Shengquanda Trading Co., Ltd |  | 3,608 |  | 2.5 | %
Wuhan Dashunkai Construction Materials Co.,Ltd |  | 2,848 |  | 2.0 | %
Zhengzhou Qiyang Trading Co., Ltd | ​ | 2,324 | ​ | 1.6 | %
Hubei Wanshi Trading Co., Ltd. | ​ | 2,165 | ​ | 1.5 | %
Sichuan Heli Construction Materials Co., Ltd | ​ | 1,742 | ​ | 1.2 | %
Xieli Fujian Trading Co., Ltd | ​ | 1,599 | ​ | 1.1 | %
Nanning Guchen Trading Co. Ltd | ​ | 1,367 | ​ | 0.9 | %

​

Our business and profitability of our ceramic tile business segment is not materially dependent on any industrial, commercial or financial contract with any of our customers. None of our directors or executive officers or their respective affiliates has any interest, direct or indirect, in any of our customers.

Sales and Marketing

The sales and marketing department is responsible for formulating sales policies and pricing based on market analysis, surveys and forecasts, developing and implementing our sales and marketing campaigns, and promoting our products and brand. Additionally, our sales department is responsible for cultivating new customers and business relationships, as well as servicing existing accounts.

We participate in a variety of sales and marketing activities including trade shows, in-house sales and marketing seminars, factory tours, outdoor advertising, B2B catalogs and customer calls. We believe that these techniques allow us to gather and better understand customers’ needs and requirements and to obtain feedback on our products and services and intend to continue utilizing these techniques.

In the future, we intend to participate in international trade fairs and seminars from time to time to promote our brand and products, and to establish a network with industry professionals outside the PRC. To augment our plan to expand our markets internationally, our products will also be advertised on and available to purchase on the Internet. As of December 31, 2021, our sales and marketing department had 15 employees.

Backlog

We typically receive orders from customers two months in advance of production on a rolling basis. We enter into a dealership agreement with customers, and a sales or purchase contract each time a customer places an order. If a customer makes any changes to an order after we have used any raw materials in fulfilling the order, the customer bears the losses. Once we have delivered the products to the customer and the customer has examined and accepted the products, we provide no quality guarantees. We confirm amounts payable with each customer on a monthly basis. The products typically must be delivered to customers within 90 days of receipt of the sales order, and the customers typically must pay for the products within 120 to 150 days of delivery.

As of December 31, 2021, our backlog was nil attributable to the novel coronavirus pandemic and the disruption of normal business activities.

Major Suppliers & Raw Materials

Our suppliers are selected by our purchasing department and are assessed on criteria such as the quality of materials supplied, duration of their business relationship with us, pricing, delivery reliability and response time to orders placed by us. We have sufficient raw materials on hand to support, on average, three weeks of production at any point in time to minimize any potential production delays that could arise due to a delay in raw material delivery.

We have not experienced significant production disruptions due to a supply shortage from our suppliers, nor have we had a major dispute with a supplier.

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Our major suppliers for the last three years are set forth in the table below, and except for Jinjiang Xinao Gas Company Limited and Foshan City Sanshui Baoligao Inorganic Materials Co., Ltd., no suppliers accounted for more than 15% of our total purchases of raw materials and energy sources for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021. Our business or profitability is not materially dependent on any industrial, commercial or financial contract with any of our suppliers.

The following chart lists our major suppliers and the related percentage of our total purchases of raw materials and energy sources in fiscal years 2019, 2020 and 2021:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | 2019 |
Supplier Name |  | Type |  | RMB’000 |  | Percentage |
Jinjiang Xinao Gas Company Limited | ​ | Gas | ​ | 21,970 |  | 10.5 | %
Quanzhou Like Ceramic Materials Co., Ltd. |  | Color |  | 9,920 |  | 4.7 | %
Foshan City Nanhai Huaxiong Ceramic Materials Co., Ltd. |  | Color |  | 24,443 |  | 11.7 | %
Fengxin Huafeng Ceramic Co., Ltd. |  | Clay |  | 28,419 |  | 13.6 | %
Yongchun Junjie Mining Co., Ltd. |  | Coal |  | 26,551 |  | 10.3 | %
Foshan City Nanhai Zhongtai Glaze Production Plant |  | Color |  | — |  | — | %
Foshan City Sanshui Golden Eagle Inorganic Materials Co., Ltd. |  | Color |  | 29,088 |  | 13.9 | %
Fujian Nanping Minning Mining Exploitation Co., Ltd. |  | Clay |  | 10,524 |  | 5.0 | %

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | 2020 |
Supplier Name |  | Type |  | RMB’000 |  | Percentage |
Jinjiang Xinao Gas Company Limited |  | Gas |  | 7,846 |  | 12.2 | %
Quanzhou Like Ceramic Materials Co., Ltd. |  | Color |  | 8,324 |  | 13.0 | %
Foshan City Nanhai Huaxiong Ceramic Materials Co., Ltd. |  | Color |  | 8,676 |  | 13.5 | %
Quanzhou City Like Ceramic Co., Ltd. |  | Clay |  | 8,710 |  | 13.6 | %
Foshan City Sanshui Golden Eagle Inorganic Materials Co., Ltd. |  | Color |  | 9,451 |  | 14.8 | %
Yongchun Junjie Mining Co., Ltd |  | Coal |  | 6,870 |  | 10.7 | %

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | 2021 |
Supplier Name |  | Type |  | RMB’000 |  | Percentage |
Jinjiang Xinao Gas Company Ltd. | ​ | Gas |  | 8,488 | ​ | 15.3 | %
Quanzhou Like Ceramic Materials Co., Ltd. |  | Color |  | 6,827 |  | 12.4 | %
Foshan City Nanhai Huaxiong Ceramic Materials Co., Ltd. |  | Color |  | 7,473 |  | 13.5 | %

​

None of our officers or directors or their respective affiliates has any interest, direct or indirect, in any of the above major suppliers. There are no arrangements or understanding with any suppliers pursuant to which any of our directors and executive officers were appointed.

Research and Development

We have devoted substantial resources to establishing research and development capabilities in an effort to improve our products and diversify our product mix. Our research and development team focuses on new products as well as developing energy and resource efficient production methods.

We focus our research and development efforts on the following:

● | Expanding and improving production capacity;

● | Improving and developing new production and processing techniques;

● | Improving the use and selection of raw materials to lower costs; and

● | Developing new products and designs to address changing market demands.

Our research and development costs were approximately RMB 6.38 million, RMB 1.21 million, and RMB 0.14 million for fiscal years 2019, 2020 and 2021. From time to time, we may enter into collaboration agreements with research institutes to develop new products or improve our production process. As of December 31, 2021, our R&D department had 7 employees.

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Competition

We face intense competition from our existing competitors and new market entrants. Our primary competitors are usually privately owned companies that are located mainly in the PRC. Our principal competitors are Guangdong White Rabbit Ceramics, Foshan Shiwan Yulong Ceramics Co., Ltd, Jinjiang Haoyuan Ceramics, Co., Ltd, Jinjiang Wanli Ceramics Co., Ltd, Jinjiang Tengda Ceramics Co., Ltd and Jinjiang Haoshan Construction Materials Co., Ltd. We compete primarily based on product quality, brand recognition, and an extensive distributor network.

Intellectual Property

We protect our intellectual property primarily through a mix of patent and trademark registrations.

Registered Trademarks

Our brand name distinguishes our products and promotes consumer awareness of our products.

We have registered the following trademarks in the PRC:

​

|  |  |  |  |  |  | ​
Trademark |  | Class/Products |  | Validity Term |  | Registration No. | ​
| ​ | 19/ Tile, ceramic tile and wave pattern tile | ​ | From April 27, 2019 to April 27, 2029 | ​ | 4971249 | ​

​

Except as disclosed above, as of December 31, 2021, our business or profitability is not materially dependent on any other trademarks, copyrights, registered designs, patents, grant of licenses from third parties, new manufacturing processes or other intellectual property rights.

Legal Proceedings

We are currently not involved in any legal proceedings; nor are we aware of any claims that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Seasonality

The second and third calendar quarters have been the peak season of the property developing industry, and, therefore, our quarterly sales are usually highest from May to September compared to the rest of the year. We have lower sales between the months of January and March due to the effects of cold weather and the PRC Spring Festival. The seasonality information above is based on our turnover trend in the last three years and may vary slightly from year to year depending on the demand by our customers and end customers for our products. However, management believes that the seasonality information for the last three years is representative of the seasonality trend going forward.

Our Business Management and Consulting Segment

We have begun to execute on a corporate diversification strategy by incorporating new subsidiaries which are mainly engaged in trending technology businesses in China. These include business management and consulting including human resource restructuring and optimization, information system technology consulting services including the sales of software use rights for digital data deposit platforms and asset management systems, and an online social media platform including live streaming and e-commence platform development and consulting. Two of our new subsidiaries, Chengdu Future and Antelope Chengdu, made a modest contribution to our financial performance for the year ended December 31, 2020, and Hainan Kylin Cloud Services, Antelope Chengdu and Chengdu Future jointly made a significant contribution to our financial performance for the year ended December 31, 2021.

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Chengdu Future Talented Management and Consulting Co., Ltd

Chengdu Future Talented Management and Consulting Co., Ltd (“Chengdu Future”), located in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, engages in a wide range of business consultancy services. Its main focus is to provide comprehensive consulting services in the areas of enterprise management, information systems, human resource management and operations engineering. It helps enterprises to develop and implement innovative solutions to enable their growth, improve their performance and efficiency and to resolve technical pain points to ensure their financial and operational stability. Chengdu Future plans to continue to expand the scope of its services and penetrate new markets across China.

Antelope Holdings (Chengdu) Co., Ltd.

Antelope Holdings (Chengdu) Co., Ltd., (“Antelope Chengdu”), located in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, engages in management consulting services including system process consulting, project analysis, financial analysis, and software products and services. It diagnoses difficulties in infrastructure and enterprise systems and addresses business challenges that enterprises confront by developing strategies to surmount such hurdles to ensure the healthy growth and development of its client companies. Its consulting teams have advanced technological knowledge and capabilities to implement workflow solutions via proprietary software products and services to help its enterprise clients with customized solutions to solve complex problems. Antelope Chengdu plans to continue to expand the scope of its services and penetrate new markets across China.

Hainan Kylin Cloud Services Technology Co., Ltd.

Hainan Kylin Cloud Services Technology Co., Ltd (“Hainan Kylin”), headquartered in Hainan Province, is an SAAS service platform that engages in online social media platforms including live streaming and e-commence platform development and consulting. Its online presence includes a human resources platform that matches enterprises with a wide range of freelance workers and entrepreneurs. It is a leader in online employment, includes technical, professional and the industrial supply chain job candidates, and replaces the traditional human resource structure. Its online platform also provides entrepreneurial business consulting, skills training, resources for self-employment, counseling, compensation payment system services and other financial services. The Hainan Kylin online employment platform is designed to save enterprises significant costs in recruiting and hiring and covers 32 provinces nationwide.

Hainan Kylin also operates social e-commerce platforms such as Yunji E-Commerce, Leke Unicorn, Douyin Live, KK Live, and others. It currently operates as a multi-channel network, or influencer network, that works with live streaming video platforms to make their programming, partnerships digital rights, revenue and monetization effective. It plans to expand its live streaming online platforms by developing an array of professional anchor broadcasters, as well as discover and provide amateur anchors with training services, who would provide value-added content and services. Hainin Kylin integrates hundreds of Internet, blockchain and financial institutions on to its online platforms. Its growth plans include entry into digital entertainment such as video games, computer hardware digital products and e-sports.

The following table sets forth business management and consulting revenue for our major customers and the related percentage of our net revenue for fiscal year 2021:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 2021 |
Customer Name |  | RMB'000 |  | Percentage |
Hangzhou Yajie Electronic Commerce Co., Ltd. |  | 16,894 |  | 23.6 | %
Shanghai Pufei Investment Management Co., Ltd |  | 9,233 |  | 12.9 | %
Wuhan Tianguzhiji Network Technology Co.,Ltd |  | 8,058 |  | 11.3 | %
Ningbo Qinzhouyanzhi Network Technology Co.,Ltd |  | 6,573 |  | 9.2 | %
Hangzhou Jitang Technology Co.,Ltd |  | 3,891 |  | 5.4 | %
Shanghai Zhihuizhiyun Information Technology Co., Ltd |  | 3,724 |  | 5.2 | %
Zhejiang Jilian Technology Co., Ltd |  | 3,250 |  | 4.5 | %
Ningbo Ximu Network Technology Co., Ltd |  | 3,117 |  | 4.4 | %
Hangzhou Daoxian Technology Co.,Ltd |  | 3,011 |  | 4.2 | %
Hangzhou Jiayu Technology Co.,Ltd |  | 2,140 |  | 3.0 | %

​

Our business and profitability of our business management and consulting segment is not materially dependent on any industrial, commercial or financial contract with any of our customers. None of our directors or executive officers or their respective affiliates has any interest, direct or indirect, in any of our customers.

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Governmental Regulations

Environmental Protection Regulations

In accordance with the PRC Environmental Protection Law adopted on December 26, 1989, the Administration Supervisory Department of Environmental Protection of the State Council sets the national guidelines for the discharge of pollutants. The People’s Governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities may also set their own guidelines for the discharge of pollutants within their own provinces or districts in the event that the national guidelines are inadequate. A company which causes environmental pollution and discharges other polluting materials which endanger the public should implement environmental protection methods and procedures into their business operations. This may be achieved by setting up a system of accountability within the company’s business structure for environmental protection, adopting effective procedures to prevent environmental hazards such as waste gases, water and residues, dust powder, radioactive materials and noise arising from production, construction and other activities from polluting and endangering the environment. The environmental protection system and procedures should be implemented simultaneously with the commencement of and during the operation of construction, production and other activities undertaken by the company. Any company which discharges environmental pollutants should report and register such discharge with the Administration Supervisory Department of Environmental Protection and pay any fines imposed for the discharge. A fee may also be imposed on the company for the cost of any work required to restore the environment to its original state. Companies which have caused severe pollution to the environment are required to restore the environment or remedy the effects of the pollution within a prescribed time limit. If a company fails to report and/or register the environmental pollution it caused, it will receive a warning or be penalized. Companies that fail to restore the environment or remedy the effects of the pollution within the prescribed time will be penalized or have their business licenses terminated. Companies that have polluted and endangered the environment must bear the responsibility for remedying the danger and effects of the pollution, as well as to compensate any losses or damages suffered as a result of such environmental pollution. Our Hengda facility obtained a Temporary Pollutant Discharge Permit (No.350582-2014-000260) granted by Jinjiang City Environmental Protection Bureau that will expire on May 1, 2016, and we are currently in the process of applying for the renewal of the permit.

Government Regulations Relating to Foreign Exchange Controls

The principal regulation governing foreign exchange in the PRC is the Foreign Currency Administration Rules and a series of implementing rules and regulations, as amended. Under these rules, the Renminbi, the PRC’s currency, is freely convertible for trade and service related foreign exchange transactions (such as normal purchases and sales of goods and services from providers in foreign countries), but not for direct investment, loan or investment in securities outside of China unless the prior approval of the State Administration for Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, of the PRC is obtained. Foreign investment enterprises, or FIEs, are required to apply to the SAFE for Foreign Exchange Registration Certificates for FIEs. With such registration certificates, which need to be renewed annually, FIEs are allowed to open foreign currency accounts including a basic account and capital account. Currency translation within the scope of the basic account, such as remittance of foreign currencies for payment of dividends, can be effected without requiring the approval of the SAFE. Such transactions are subject to the consent of PRC banks which are authorized by the SAFE to review basic account currency transactions. However, conversion of currency in the capital account, including capital items such as direct investment, loans and securities, still require approval of the SAFE. On November 21, 2005, the SAFE issued Circular No. 75 on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents Corporate Financing and Roundtrip Investment Through Offshore Special Purpose Vehicles. Circular No. 75 confirms that the use of offshore special purpose vehicles as holding companies for PRC investments are permitted, but proper foreign exchange registration applications are required to be reviewed and accepted by the SAFE.

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Regulation of Foreign Currency Exchange

Foreign currency exchange in the PRC is governed by a series of regulations, including, without limitation, the Foreign Currency Administrative Rules (1996), as amended, and the Administrative Regulations Regarding Settlement, Sale and Payment of Foreign Exchange (1996), as amended. Under these regulations, the Renminbi is freely convertible for trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, but not for direct investment, loans or investments in securities outside China without the prior approval of the SAFE. Pursuant to the Administrative Regulations Regarding Settlement, Sale and Payment of Foreign Exchange, foreign-invested enterprises in China may purchase foreign exchange without the approval of the SAFE for trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions by providing commercial documents evidencing these transactions. They may also retain foreign exchange, subject to a cap approved by SAFE, to satisfy foreign exchange liabilities or to pay dividends. However, the relevant Chinese government authorities may limit or eliminate the ability of foreign-invested enterprises to purchase and retain foreign currencies in the future. In addition, foreign exchange transactions for direct investment, loan and investment in securities outside China are still subject to limitations and require approvals from the SAFE. On August 29, 2008, SAFE issued Circular No. 142 on Relevant Business Operations Issues Concerning Improving the Administration of the Payment and Settlement of Foreign Exchange Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, with respect to the administration of conversion of foreign exchange capital contributions of FIEs into Renminbi, unless otherwise permitted by PRC laws or regulations, Renminbi converted from foreign exchange capital contributions can only be applied to activities within the approved business scope of FIEs and cannot be used for domestic equity investment or acquisitions.

Regulation of Dividend Distribution

The principal laws and regulations in China governing distribution of dividends by foreign-invested companies include:

| ● | The Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Law (1979), as amended;

| ● | The Regulations for the Implementation of the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Law (1983), as amended;

| ● | The Sino-foreign Cooperative Enterprise Law (1988), as amended;

| ● | The Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Sino-foreign Cooperative Enterprise Law (1995), as amended;

| ● | The Foreign Investment Enterprise Law (1986), as amended; and

| ● | The Regulations of Implementation of the Foreign Investment Enterprise Law (1990), as amended.

Under these regulations, foreign-invested enterprises in China may pay dividends only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. In addition, wholly foreign-owned enterprises in China are required to set aside at least 10% of their respective accumulated profits each year, if any, to fund certain reserve funds unless such reserve funds have reached 50% of their respective registered capital. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends.

Insurance

We have not purchased insurance coverage for product liability or third party liability and are therefore not covered or compensated by insurance in respect of losses, damages, claims and liabilities arising from or in connection with product liability or third party liability. In addition, we currently do not maintain business interruption insurance. As a result, our business and prospects could be adversely affected in the event of such problems in our operations and may suffer losses that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

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C.Organizational Structure

The following chart illustrates Antelope Enterprises’ organizational structure as of December 31, 2021:

Corporate Structure and Background

Our principal PRC-based operating subsidiary, Hengda, was established on September 30, 1993 under the laws of PRC. All of the equity interests in Hengda are 100% owned by Stand Best. Hengda is a wholly foreign-owned enterprise in China.

Hengdali was established on May 4, 2008 under the laws of PRC. All of the equity interests in Hengdali are 100% owned by Hengda.

Stand Best was established on January 17, 2008 under the laws of Hong Kong. Stand Best acquired the entire shareholdings of Hengda on April 1, 2008 for consideration of RMB 58,980,000. As a result of this acquisition, Hengda became the wholly owned subsidiary of Stand Best.

Success Winner was established on May 29, 2009 under the laws of British Virgin Islands with Mr. Wong Kung Tok as its sole shareholder and sole director.

On June 30, 2009, pursuant to the capitalization agreement dated June 30, 2009, Success Winner was issued the 9,999 shares allotted by Stand Best as per the capitalization exercise of a shareholder’s loan of HK$67.9 million (RMB 58.9 million). On the same date, the shareholder of Stand Best, Mr. Wong Kung Tok transferred all his shareholdings in Stand Best to Success Winner. Therefore, Mr. Wong Kung Tok, from June 30, 2009 to November 20, 2009, indirectly owned 100% of Stand Best and in turn, 100% of Hengda.

CHAC was incorporated in Delaware on June 22, 2007 and was organized as a blank check company for the purpose of acquiring, through a stock exchange, asset acquisition or other similar business combination, or controlling, through contractual arrangements, an operating business that had its principal operations in Asia, with a focus on potential acquisition target in China.

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Pursuant to the terms of a merger and stock purchase agreement dated August 19, 2009, on November 20, 2009, CHAC merged with and into Antelope Enterprises, its wholly owned British Virgin Islands subsidiary, and immediately thereafter, as part of the same integrated transaction, Antelope Enterprises acquired all of the outstanding securities of Success Winner.

Prior to Antelope Enterprises’ acquisition of Success Winner, neither CHAC nor Antelope Enterprises had any operations.

On November 19, 2009, Hengda entered into a definitive acquisition agreement to acquire a new production facility in Gaoan, Jiangxi Province, PRC by purchasing 100% of the equity interests in Hengdali. The closing of the acquisition was subject to the Gaoan City Administration for Industry and Commerce transferring the registration and business license of Hengdali from Hengdali’s former shareholders to Hengda. The transfer occurred on January 8, 2010. Hengda appointed an executive officer to take control over Hengdali’s operating and financing activities on the same day. In total, Hengda assumed loans of RMB 60.0 million and paid cash consideration of RMB 185.5 million for the acquisition, of which RMB 145.4 million was advanced to Hengdali’s former shareholders by December 31, 2009.

On September 22, 2017, Success Winner incorporated a 100% owned subsidiary Vast Elite Limited (“Vast Elite”) in Hong Kong with initial registered capital of HKD1. Vast Elite is engaged in the trading of building materials but during the year ended December 31, 2020, Vast Elite had no operations.

On November 20, 2019, Vast Elite incorporated a 100% owned subsidiary Chengdu Future Talented Management and Consulting Co, Ltd (“Chengdu Future”) in China. Chengdu Future is engaged in the business management and consulting services.

On December 3, 2019, Success Winner incorporated a 100% owned subsidiary Antelope Enterprise Holdings Limited (“Antelope Holdings”) in Hong Kong. Antelope Holdings only serves the purpose as a holding company.

On May 9, 2020, Antelope HK incorporated a 100% owned subsidiary Antelope Holdings (Chengdu) Co., Ltd in China, Antelope Chengdu is engaged in computer consulting and software development.

On August 10, 2021, Antelope HK incorporated a 100% owned subsidiary Hainan Antelope Holdings Co., Ltd ("Antelope Hainan") in China. Antelope Hainan is engaged in the business management and consulting services. Antelope Hainan does not have any operations as of this report date.

On August 11, 2021, Antelope HK incorporated a 100% owned subsidiary Antelope Future (Yangpu) Investment Co., Ltd ("Antelope Yangpu") in China. Antelope Yangpu is engaged in the business management and consulting services. Antelope Yangpu does not have any operations as of this report date.

On August 23, 2021, Antelope Hainan incorporated a 100% owned subsidiary Antelope Investment (Hainan) Co., Ltd ("Antelope Investment") in China.

Antelope Investment is engaged in the business management and consulting services. Antelope Investment does not have any operations as of this report date.

On September 9, 2021, Antelope Future incorporated a 100% owned subsidiary Antelope Ruicheng Investment (Hainan) Co., Ltd ("Antelope Ruicheng") in China. Antelope Ruicheng is engaged in the business management and consulting services. Antelope Ruicheng does not have any operations as of this report date.

On September 18, 2021, Antelope Ruicheng incorporated a 51% owned subsidiary Hainan Kylin Cloud Services Technology Co., Ltd (("Hainan Kylin") in China. Hainan Kylin is engaged in the business management and consulting services for online social commerce and live streaming industry.

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At the February 21, 2020 Annual Meeting, the Company’s shareholders approved, among others, a proposal to amend the Company’s Memorandum of Association to effect a reverse stock split of the outstanding the Company’s common shares, at one of several split ratios, to be determined by the Board of Directors in its sole discretion, prior to the one-year anniversary of this Annual Meeting, for the purposes of regaining compliance with the NASDAQ continued listing requirements. On September 3, 2020, the Company effected a reverse stock split, where every three issued and outstanding ordinary shares as of the effective date were automatically be combined into one issued and outstanding share. Consequently, the reverse stock split reduced the number of outstanding ordinary shares of the Company from approximately 9.2 million shares to approximately 3.1 million shares, and the par value per share increased from $0.008 to $0.024. All outstanding stock options, warrants and other rights to purchase the Company’s ordinary shares were adjusted proportionately as a result of the reverse stock split. Following the split, the Company regained its compliance with NASDAQ’s minimum bid requirements for continued listing requirements on the NASDAQ Stock Market on September 18, 2020.

D.Property, plant and equipment

We jointly own six buildings comprised of one office building and five workshops in Jinjiang, Fujian Province. We recorded the related fixed assets in proportion to the amount we paid for our part of the buildings, which represents our interests in the buildings. As co-owners of these six buildings under the relevant Building Ownership Certificate, all co-owners have collective rights and obligations to the jointly-owned property under PRC law, and typically the disposal of such jointly owned property by one owner without the consent of all other owners is prohibited.

The land-use rights of this workshop and the co-owned six buildings expire in 2055 and cover approximately 10,023 square meters. We also own land-use rights at two locations and seven buildings in Gaoan for office buildings, workshops, warehouses, and raw material yards and staff quarters. The land-use rights for these two facilities expire in 2058 and cover an aggregate of approximately 244,324 square meters.

We currently lease 17 properties in Jinjiang, Fujian Province in the PRC for various uses including warehouses, office space, workshops, staff quarters and stock yards. The lease terms range from three to five years. As of December 31, 2016 our Hengda production facility in Jinjiang City, Fujian Province in the PRC, had a total gross floor area of approximately 140,000 square meters and employed 728 production personnel and our Hengdali production facility in Gaoan, Jiangxi Province in the PRC, has a total gross floor area of approximately 244,324 square meters and employed 393 production personnel. The Hengda facility consists of nine production lines with an annual production capacity of 42 million square meters. The Hengdali facility consists of five production lines with an annual production capacity of 30 million square meters of ceramic tiles. Historically, we have not experienced any form of disruption in our production facility. However, our annual production capacity has been effectively reduced from 72 million square meters of ceramic tiles to 66 million square meters of ceramic tiles due to an eight-year contract to lease out one of the production lines from our Hengdali facility that we entered into in March 2016. Our annual production capacity was further reduced to 56.5 million square meters of ceramic tiles due to our having retired two old furnaces at the Hengda facility in July of 2018. Our annual production capacity was further reduced to 45.2 million square meters of ceramic tiles due to our having retired two old furnaces at the Hengdali facility in 2021. Due to current economic conditions, we are currently utilizing production facilities capable of producing 2.38 million square meters. We currently have 10 production lines (two of which were utilized at the end of 2021), with each production line optimized to manufacture specific size ranges to maximize efficiency and output. In addition, effective November 1, 2021, Hengdali cancelled the eight-year lease with lessee, and entered a new lease agreement with the same lessee to lease out the building, plant and facilities, and all the machinery and equipment, instead of just the production lines, for a term of five years from November 1, 2021 through October 31, 2026 for an annual rent of RMB 18 million. The leased Hengdali facility has an annual production capacity of 22.4 million square meters of ceramic tiles. Therefore, the Company’s total annual production capacity is currently 22.8 million square meters of ceramic tiles which is solely attributable to its Hengda facility.

During 2014, our Hengda facility was required by the local governmental entity to begin using natural gas to operate the facility, as opposed to coal. This mandated change in fuel source is part of a province-wide (and country-wide) effort to reduce pollution. This change resulted in our incurring a one-time charge of approximately RMB 5.6 million (US$ 0.9 million) in December 2013, and will increase our cost of goods produced at that facility because natural gas is a more expensive energy source than coal. Fuel source (comprising coal and natural gas) accounted for 5.2% and 3.7% of the total cost of sales in 2020 and 2021, respectively. There is no assurance that in the future our other production facilities will not be required to make similar modifications which could have similar adverse effects on our operations.

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In 2015, we began renovating the showroom in our Hengda facility (the Hengda Exhibition Hall) that is a valuable resource for the marketing and promotion of our extensive line of building material products. We believe that upgrading this showroom will enable us to continue to secure significant new contracts for our products, especially from larger property developers. Capital expenditures for the new renovations to the Hengda Exhibition Hall were RMB 3.9 million (US$ 0.6 million) in the third quarter of 2015 and RMB 6.6 million (US$ 1.0 million) in the fourth quarter of 2015, with no unpaid balances as of December 31, 2015. The total cost of the renovations, which were completed in the fourth quarter, was RMB 10.5 million (US$ 1.6 million). We also constructed a new production line to manufacture glazed brick ceramic tiles in our Hengdali facility. Capital expenditures for the new line were RMB 18.6 million (US$ 2.9 million) in the third quarter of 2015 and RMB 130.1 million (US$ 20.1 million) in the fourth quarter of 2015, with no unpaid balances as of December 31, 2015. The total cost of the new production line was RMB 148.7 million (US$ 23.0 million). In March 2016, we entered into an eight-year contract to lease out one of the production lines from our Hengdali facility. The production line has the capacity to produce approximately 10 million square meters of ceramic tiles annually. The term of the contract is from March 1, 2016 to February 29, 2024, and the contract stipulates for the receipt of rental income of RMB 15.0 million (US$ 0.5 million) per year, including 6% value added tax. The purpose of this arrangement was to generate income from the unused production capacity. In 2021, Hengdali retired two old furnaces. Therefore, for the term of the eight-year lease, and as a result of two old furnaces having been put out of use at the facility, we may only produce up to 22.4 million square meters of ceramic tiles from our Hengdali facility. In 2017, Hengda retired two old furnaces; in July of 2018, Hengda retired two more old furnaces, which caused Hengda’s annual maximum production capacity to be reduced to approximately 22.8 million. Therefore, the Company’s annual production capacity has been effectively reduced from 72 million square meters of ceramic tiles, to 45.2 million ceramic tiles as of fiscal year end 2021. In addition, effective November 1, 2021, Hengdali cancelled the eight-year lease with lessee, and entered a new lease agreement with the same lessee to lease out the building, plant and facilities, and all the machinery and equipment, instead of just the production lines, for a term of five years from November 1, 2021 through October 31, 2026 for an annual rent of RMB 18 million. The leased Hengdali facility has an annual production capacity of 22.4 million square meters of ceramic tiles. Due to the lease agreement, the Company’s total annual production capacity of ceramic tiles is 22.8 million square meters which is solely attributable to its Hengda facility.

ITEM 4A.UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.

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ITEM 5.OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Overview

We are a British Virgin Islands limited liability company whose predecessor, CHAC, was incorporated in Delaware on June 22, 2007 and was organized as a “blank check” company for the purpose of acquiring, through a stock exchange, asset acquisition or other similar business combination, or controlling, through contractual arrangements, an operating business that had its principal operations in Asia, with a focus on potential acquisition target in China.

Pursuant to the terms of a merger and stock purchase agreement dated August 19, 2009, on November 20, 2009, CHAC merged with and into Antelope Enterprise Holdings Limited (“Antelope Enterprises”), formerly known as China Ceramics Co., Ltd.), its wholly owned British Virgin Islands subsidiary, and, immediately thereafter, as part of the same integrated transaction, Antelope Enterprises acquired all of the outstanding securities of Success Winner.

Antelope Enterprises, through its operating subsidiaries, is a leading PRC-based manufacturer of ceramic tiles used for exterior siding and for interior flooring and design in residential and commercial buildings. The ceramic tiles sold under the “HD” or “Hengda” brands, are available in over two thousand styles, colors and size combinations. Currently, we have five principal product categories: (i) porcelain tiles, (ii) glazed tiles, (iii) glazed porcelain tiles, (iv) rustic tiles, and (v) polished glazed tiles. Porcelain tiles are our best-selling products, accounting for 83.9% and 77.7% of our total tiles products sales revenue for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Antelope Enterprises also engages in business management and consulting which consists of computer consulting services, software development, and operations in the online commerce and live streaming industry which are relatively new sectors for the Company, and these sectors accounted for 33.1% of total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2021.

The Company’s total annual production capacity is 22.8 million square meters of ceramic tiles which is solely attributable to its Hengda facility. Effective November 1, 2021, as a result of the Company’s intention not to use the Hengdali facility for its own production purposes, we entered into a new lease agreement with the same lessee who had been leasing one of the production lines with the capacity to produce approximately 10 million square meters of ceramic tiles annually at the Hengdali facility. The new lease agreement replaces the eight-year contract entered into on March 1, 2016 and is for the Hengdali facility in its entirety which includes building, plant and facilities, and which contains all of its machinery, equipment and production lines. The new lease has a term of five years, from November 1, 2021 through October 31, 2026, for an annual rent of RMB 18.0 million. The leased Hendali facility has an annual production capacity of 22.4 million square meters of ceramic tiles, a reduction from its annual production capacity of 27.7 million square meters of ceramic tiles, resulting from the Company having retired two old furnaces at Hengdali in fiscal 2021. The Company believes that it is prudent to generate income from its unused production capacity from a third party rather than let it remain idle. In 2017, the Company retired two old furnaces at the Hengda facility and in July of 2018, it retired two more old furnaces. This resulted in the annual production capacity at Hengda being reduced to 22.8 million square meters of ceramic tiles which, due to the new third-party lease agreement for Hengdali, represents the Company’s total current production capacity.

Due to currently challenging economic conditions, for the year ended December 31, 2021, we utilized production facilities capable of producing 2.38 million square meters ceramic tiles, as compared with the year ended December 31, 2020, when we utilized production facilities capable of producing 4.19 million square meters. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we had 10 production lines available for production and utilized two production lines during the peak season. As of December 31, 2021, we had seven production lines available for production (all were from Hengda), one of which was in use as of December 31, 2021. When in operation, each production line is optimized to manufacture specific size ranges to maximize efficiency and output.

On November 20, 2019, we incorporated a 100% owned operating subsidiary Chengdu Future Talented Management and Consulting Co, Ltd (“Chengdu Future”) in China. Chengdu Future is engaged in business management and consulting services.

On May 5, 2020, Antelope Enterprise (HK) Holdings Limited incorporated a 100% owned subsidiary Antelope Holdings (Chengdu) Co., Ltd (“Antelope Chengdu”) in China. Antelope Chengdu is engaged in computer consulting and software development.

On August 10, 2021, Antelope HK incorporated a 100% owned subsidiary Hainan Antelope Holdings Co., Ltd (“Antelope Hainan”) in China. Antelope Hainan is engaged in business management and consulting services. Antelope Hainan does not have any operations as of this report date.

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On August 11, 2021, Antelope HK incorporated a 100% owned subsidiary Antelope Future (Yangpu) Investment Co., Ltd (“Antelope Yangpu”) in China. Antelope Yangpu is engaged in business management and consulting services. Antelope Yangpu does not have any operations as of this report date.

On August 23, 2021, Antelope Hainan incorporated a 100% owned subsidiary Antelope Investment (Hainan) Co., Ltd (“Antelope Investment”) in China. Antelope Investment is engaged in business management and consulting services. Antelope Investment does not have any operations as of this report date.

On September 9, 2021, Antelope Future incorporated a 100% owned subsidiary Antelope Ruicheng Investment (Hainan) Co., Ltd (“Antelope Ruicheng”) in China. Antelope Ruicheng is engaged in business management and consulting services. Antelope Ruicheng does not have any operations as of this report date.

On September 18, 2021, Antelope Ruicheng incorporated a 51% owned subsidiary Hainan Kylin Cloud Services Technology Co., Ltd (“Hainan Kylin”) in China. Hainan Kylin is engaged in business management and consulting services for the online social commerce and live streaming industry.

To mitigate the challenging conditions in the real estate market in China and associated industries like our existing tile manufacture business, we incorporated new subsidiaries which are mainly engaged in trending technology business in China such as business management and consulting including human resource restructuring and optimization, information system technology consulting services including the sales of software use rights for digital data deposit platforms and asset management systems, and an online social media platform including live streaming and e-commence platform development and consulting.

In December 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus (COVID-19) was reported and the World Health Organization has declared the outbreak to constitute a “Public Health Emergency of International Concern” and a global pandemic. We experienced (and continue to experience) significant adverse impacts resulting from COVID-19 pandemic and the related public health orders. The COVID-19 pandemic is disrupting supply chains and affecting production and sales across a range of industries as a result of quarantines, facility closures, and travel and logistics restrictions in connection with the outbreak. We are experiencing reduced demand for our products both internationally and domestically and an increased level of purchase order cancellations as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. We also continue facing increasing uncertainties around our estimates of revenue collectability and accounts receivable credit losses. The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak had a material adverse impact on our operations and financial results.

On September 3, 2020, the Company effected a reverse stock split, where every three issued and outstanding ordinary shares as of the effective date were automatically be combined into one issued and outstanding share. Consequently, the reverse stock split reduced the number of outstanding ordinary shares of the Company from approximately 9.2 million shares to approximately 3.1 million shares, and the par value per share increased from $0.008 to $0.024. All outstanding stock options, warrants and other rights to purchase the Company’s ordinary shares were adjusted proportionately as a result of the reverse stock split.

Basis of Presentation

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on the selected financial information as of and for the year ended December 31, 2021 and has been prepared based on the consolidated financial statements of Antelope Enterprise Holdings Limited and its subsidiaries. The consolidated financial statements of Antelope Enterprise Holdings Limited and its subsidiaries have been prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, or “IASB.” The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis, except for derivative financial instruments that have been measured at fair value.

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The business combination on November 20, 2009 has been accounted for as a reverse recapitalization. The acquisition agreement resulted in the former owner of Success Winner obtaining effective operating and financial control of the combined entity. Prior to the acquisition, we had no operating business. Accordingly, the acquisition does not constitute a business combination for accounting purposes and is accounted for as a capital transaction. That is, the transaction is in substance a reverse recapitalization, equivalent to the issuance of equity interests by Success Winner for the net monetary assets of Antelope Enterprise accompanied by a recapitalization. The consolidated financial statements are a continuation of the financial statements of Success Winner. The assets and liabilities of Antelope Enterprises are recognized at their carrying amounts at the date of acquisition with a corresponding credit to the consolidated equity and no goodwill or other intangible assets are recognized. The equity of the combined entity recognized at the date of acquisition represents the equity balances of Success Winner together with the deemed proceeds from the reverse recapitalization determined as described above. However, the equity structure presented in the consolidated financial statements (number and values of equity instruments issued) reflects the equity structure of the legal parent, Antelope Enterprises. Costs directly attributable to the transaction have been debited to equity to the extent of net monetary assets received.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our financial results for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
RMB(‘000) |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021
Revenues |  | 327,581 |  | 182,989 |  | 216,270
Cost of revenues |  | (246,255) |  | (208,991) |  | (148,929)
Gross profit (loss) |  | 81,326 |  | (26,002) |  | 67,341
Other income |  | 14,636 |  | 21,931 |  | 9,420
Other expenses |  | — | ​ | — |  | (124)
Selling and distribution expenses |  | (11,321) |  | (9,356) |  | (6,322)
Administrative expenses |  | (25,111) |  | (26,619) |  | (32,436)
Bad debt expense |  | (68,660) |  | (150,268) |  | (125,554)
Finance costs |  | (315) |  | (2,748) |  | (2,166)
Loss before taxation |  | (9,445) |  | (193,062) |  | (89,841)
Income tax expenses |  | (56) |  | (33) |  | (217)
Net loss |  | (9,501) |  | (193,095) |  | (90,058)
Net loss attributable to: |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity holders of the Company |  | (9,501) |  | (193,095) |  | (88,752)
Non-controlling interest |  | — |  | — |  | (1,306)
Net loss |  | (9,501) |  | (193,095) |  | (90,058)

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The following table shows the Company’s operations by business segment for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | For the years Ended December 31,
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021
​ | ​ | RMB'000 | ​ | RMB'000 | ​ | RMB'000
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales of tile products |  | 327,581 |  | 182,989 |  | 144,743
Business management and consulting |  | — |  | — |  | 71,527
Total revenues |  | 327,581 |  | 182,989 |  | 216,270
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cost of revenues |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales of tile products |  | 246,255 |  | 208,991 |  | 83,436
Business management and consulting |  | — |  | — |  | 65,493
Total cost of revenues |  | 246,255 |  | 208,991 |  | 148,929
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Operating costs and expenses |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales of tile products |  | 36,747 |  | 38,723 |  | 20,292
Business management and consulting |  | — |  | — |  | 9,955
Other |  | — |  | — |  | 10,677
Total operating costs and expenses |  | 36,747 |  | 38,723 |  | 40,924
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Bad debt expense |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales of tile products |  | 68,660 |  | 150,268 |  | 115,407
Business management and consulting |  | — |  | — |  | 10,147
Total bad debt expense |  | 68,660 |  | 150,268 |  | 125,554
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other expenses |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales of tile products |  | — |  | — |  | 90
Business management and consulting |  | — |  | — |  | 34
Total other expenses |  | — |  | — |  | 124
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other income |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales of tile products |  | 7,436 |  | 14,682 |  | 9,389
Business management and consulting |  | 7,200 |  | 7,249 |  | 29
Other |  | — |  | — |  | 2
Total other income |  | 14,636 |  | 21,931 |  | 9,420
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Loss from operations |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales of tile products |  | (9,445) |  | (193,062) |  | (65,093)
Business management and consulting |  | — |  | — |  | (14,073)
Other |  | — |  | — |  | (10,675)
Loss from operations |  | (9,445) |  | (193,062) |  | (89,841)

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Description of Selected Income Statement Items

Revenue from sales of ceramic tile products. We generate revenue from the sales of ceramic tiles, including porcelain tiles, glazed porcelain tiles, glazed tiles, rustic tiles and polished glazed tiles, net of rebates and discounts. For the past three fiscal years, the second and third calendar quarters have been the peak season of the property developing industry, and, therefore, our quarterly sales are usually highest from May to September compared to the rest of the year. Conversely, our sales were lower between the months of January to March. This is because property developing activities tend to be low due to the effects of cold weather and the PRC Spring Festival. Beginning on July 1, 2016, we reduced the selling price of certain of our slow-moving products by 10% with the goal of turning some of this inventory into cash. Beginning on October 1, 2016, in order to generate sales and move inventory, we instituted a 20% reduction in price of our slow-moving products. However, in 2017, we increased the pricing of our ceramic tile products by an average of 20%. Although we increased our average selling price twice with 10% product raises in 2017, we were not able to return to the price levels achieved prior to 2016. In April of 2018, we increased the pricing of our ceramic tile products by an average of 5%, but the sales did not improve as we expected, but decreased sharply due to a slowdown of the real estate industry. Therefore, we decreased the pricing of our ceramic tile products by an average of 10% in July 2018 to respond to the difficult market conditions. In October 2019, we further decreased the pricing of our ceramic tile products by an average of 15%. However, while the 15% price decrease in October 2019 helped boost sales volume in the latter half of the fiscal year, it did not offset the fall in our sales volume due to deteriorating market conditions that persisted through the entire year 2019. In 2020, we did not have any price adjustments of our ceramic tile products. In July 2021, Hengda increased the pricing of its ceramic tile products by an average of 15% and Hengdali decreased the pricing of its ceramic tile products by an average of 5%, and our total sales of ceramic tiles was significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Revenue from the sale of ceramic tile products decreased by 20.9% for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020, mainly due to the 14.0% decrease in sales volume and a decrease in average selling price of 7.0% resulting from a contraction in business from our customers primarily caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

We also generated revenue from business management consulting, information system technology consulting services including the sales of software use rights for digital data deposit platforms and asset management systems, and social media platform development and consulting. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we generated RMB 71.5 million from Antelope Chengdu, Chengdu Future and Hainan Kylin Cloud Services who are engaged in these sectors.

Cost of revenues. Cost of revenues for tile products consists of costs directly attributable to production, including the cost of clay, color materials, glaze materials, coal, salaries for staff engaged in production activity, electricity, depreciation, packing materials, and related expenses.

The most significant factors that directly or indirectly affect our cost of sales are as follows:

| ● | Availability and price of clay;

| ● | Availability and price of coal; and

| ● | Availability and price of dyes; and

| ● | Price of energy.

Clay is a key material for making ceramic tiles, and accounted for approximately 5.7% and 8.8% of our cost of sales for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Fujian and Jiangxi Provinces, where our production facilities are located, are the largest clay resources areas in China and clay supply is stable and sufficient for our production and planned production.

Dyes are another key material for making ceramic tiles, and accounted for approximately 6.6% and 10.5% of our cost of sales for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. A number of dyes are used in ceramic tiles, and the prices of different dyes have experienced fluctuations over the past few years.

Coal is another key material for making ceramic tiles during the firing stage. Coal accounted for approximately 0.1% and 2.4% of our cost of sales for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We have long-term relationships with our coal suppliers. The price of coal has experienced fluctuations over the past few years. The Company’s Hengda facility used natural gas instead of coal for manufacturing ceramic tiles, and natural gas accounted for approximately 3.6% and 2.8% of our cost of sales for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

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For the year ended December 31, 2021, we had cost of revenues related to business management and consulting income of RMB 65.5 million, mainly consisted of professional costs for outsourcing technology services.

Other income and other expenses. Other income consists of interest income, foreign exchange gain/loss, gain on disposal of equipment and rental income by leasing out one of its production lines. Other expenses primarily consist of the loss on disposal of equipment and the depreciation by leasing out one of our production lines. In addition, we had RMB 7.2 million in technology consulting income from our newly incorporated subsidiaries Chengdu Future and Antelope Chengdu during the year ended December 31, 2020.

Selling and distribution expenses. Selling and distribution expenses consist of payroll, traveling expenses, transportation and advertising expenses incurred by our selling and distribution team.

Administrative expenses. Administrative expenses consist primarily of R&D expense, employee remuneration, payroll taxes and benefits, general office expenses and depreciation. We expect administrative expenses to remain constant as compared to the prior year.

Income taxes. Our subsidiaries in the PRC are subject to the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, and the applicable income tax rate pursuant to such law for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 is 25% for Hengda, Hengdali and Hainan Kylin Cloud Services Technology, 5% for Chengdu Future and Antelope Chengdu.

Results of Operations

Fiscal Year Ended 2021 Compared to the Fiscal Year Ended 2020

Revenue from sales of tile products. The following table sets forth the breakdown of revenue, by product categories, for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Revenue RMB (000) |  | 2020 |  | Percentage |  | 2021 |  | Percentage |
Porcelain |  | 142,230 |  | 77.7 | % | 121,502 |  | 83.9 | %
Glazed Porcelain |  | 1,624 |  | 0.9 | % | 387 |  | 0.3 | %
Glazed |  | 2,736 |  | 1.5 | % | 202 |  | 0.1 | %
Rustic |  | 24,461 |  | 13.4 | % | 22,449 |  | 15.6 | %
Polished Glazed |  | 11,938 |  | 6.5 | % | 203 |  | 0.1 | %
Total |  | 182,989 |  | 100.0 | % | 144,743 |  | 100.0 | %

​

Revenue from sales of tile products was RMB 144.7 million (US$ 22.4 million) for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to RMB 183.0 million (US$ 26.5 million) for the year ended December 31, 2020, representing a decrease of RMB 38.3 million, or 20.9%. The decrease in revenue was primarily due to the decrease in sales volume of 14.0% and a decrease in average selling price of 7.3%. The decrease in sales resulted from the continued slowdown of China’s economy, and both the manufacturing sector and the real estate industry were affected by the weaker economy and the adverse impact of the COVID-19 outbreak.

Porcelain tiles. Revenue from the sales of porcelain tiles decreased 14.6%, from RMB 142.2 million (US$ 20.6 million) for the year ended December 31, 2020 to RMB 121.5 million (US$ 18.8 million) for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in our sales volume for the year of 2021 as compared to the same period of 2020. Porcelain tiles for exterior walls are still our most popular product and have the largest market potential of all of our tiles. We expect porcelain tiles to continue to be our key tile product for the foreseeable future.

Glazed porcelain tiles. Revenue from glazed porcelain tiles decreased 76.2%, from approximately RMB 1.6 million (US$ 0.2 million) for the year ended December 31, 2020 to RMB 0.4 million (US$ 59,960) for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Glazed tiles. Revenue from glazed tiles decreased 92.6%, from RMB 2.7 million (US$ 0.4 million) for the year ended December 31, 2020 to RMB 0.2 million (US$ 31,370) for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Rustic tiles. Revenue from rustic tiles decreased 8.2%, from RMB 24.5 million (US$ 3.5 million) for the year ended December 31, 2020 to RMB 22.4 million (US$ 3.5 million) for the year ended December 31, 2021.

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Polished glazed tiles. Revenue from polished glazed tiles decreased 98.3%, from RMB 11.9 million (US$ 1.7 million) for the year ended December 31, 2020 to RMB 0.2 million (US$ 31,460) for the year ended December 31, 2021. We believe that this product represents both a functional and cost-effective replacement for actual marble or stone materials used in a decorative fashion inside homes. However, the demand for this type of tile decreased significantly due to the impact of the continued effects of the Covid-19 pandemic.

Revenue from business management and consulting.

For the year ended December 31, revenue from our new sector of business management and consulting income was RMB 71.5 million (US$ 11.1 million).

Cost of sales for sales of tile products. The following table sets forth the breakdown of cost of sales, by product segment, for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cost of sales RMB (‘000) |  | 2020 |  | Percentage |  | 2021 |  | Percentage |
Porcelain |  | 164,247 |  | 78.6 | % | 71,002 |  | 85.1 | %
Glazed Porcelain |  | 2,334 |  | 1.1 | % | 237 |  | 0.3 | %
Glazed |  | 3,132 |  | 1.5 | % | 111 |  | 0.1 | %
Rustic |  | 25,538 |  | 12.2 | % | 11,983 |  | 14.4 | %
Polished Glazed |  | 13,740 |  | 6.6 | % | 103 |  | 0.1 | %
Total |  | 208,991 |  | 100.00 | % | 83,436 |  | 100.00 | %

​

Cost of sales for sales of tile products was RMB 83.4 million (US$ 12.9 million) for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to RMB 209.0 million (US$ 30.3 million) for the year ended December 31, 2020, representing a decrease of RMB 125.6 million, or 60.0%. The decrease in cost of sales was primarily due to decreased sales and production, and the substantial increase in the reversal of an inventory impairment provision.

Cost of sales for business management and consulting.

Cost of sales for business management and consulting services was RMB 65.5 million (US$ 10.2million) for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Gross profit for sales of tile products. The following table sets forth the breakdown of our gross profit (loss) and gross profit (loss) margin by product segment for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 2020 | ​ | 2021 |
​ | ​ | Gross | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |
​ | ​ | Profit | ​ | Profit (Loss) | ​ | Gross | ​ | Profit |
RMB (‘000) |  | (Loss) |  | Margin |  | Profit |  | Margin |
Porcelain |  | (22,017) |  | (15.5) | % | 50,500 |  | 41.6 | %
Glazed Porcelain |  | (710) |  | (43.8) | % | 150 |  | 38.8 | %
Glazed |  | (396) |  | (14.5) | % | 91 |  | 45.0 | %
Rustic |  | (1,077) |  | (4.4) | % | 10,466 |  | 46.6 | %
Polished Glazed |  | (1,802) |  | (15.1) | % | 100 |  | 49.3 | %
All products |  | (26,002) |  | (14.2) | % | 61,307 |  | 42.4 | %

​

Gross profit was RMB 61.3 million (US$ 9.5 million) for the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to a gross loss of RMB 26.0 million (US$ 3.8 million) for the year ended December 31, 2020, an increase of RMB 87.3 million.

Gross profit for business management and consulting,

Gross profit for the business management and consulting services was RMB 6.0 million (US$ 0.9 million) for the year ended December 31, 2021.

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Other income. Other income for the year ended December 31, 2021 was RMB 9.4 million (US$ 1.5 million), as compared to RMB 21.9 million (US$ 3.2 million) for the same period of 2020. For both 2021 and 2020, other income was mainly attributable to the income from leasing out one of the production lines from our Hengdali facility pursuant to an eight-year lease contract. In addition, we generated RMB 7.2 million from computer consulting and software development during the year ended December 31, 2020. Since these new businesses had just launched and their income was fairly modest, it was included in this reporting line item for fiscal 2020.

Selling and distribution expenses. Selling and distribution expenses were RMB 6.3 million (US$ 1.0 million) for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to RMB 9.4 million (US$ 1.4 million) for the year ended December 31, 2020, representing a decrease of RMB 3.0 million, or 32.4%. The decrease in selling and distribution expenses was primarily due to decreased advertising expense by RMB 2.0 million and decreased salary expense of salesperson by RMB 1.0 million.

Administrative expenses. Administrative expenses were RMB 32.4 million (US$ 5.0 million) for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to RMB 26.6 million (US$ 3.9 million) for the year ended December 31, 2020, representing an increase of RMB 5.8 million, or 21.9%. The increase in administrative expenses was primarily due to an increase in consultant fees of RMB 8.5 million which was partly offset by (i) an RMB 1.1 million decrease in research and development expenses, (ii) an RMB 1.4 million decrease in professional fees, and (iii) an RMB 0.2 million decrease in directors’ fees.

Bad debt expense. Bad debt expense was RMB 125.6 million (US$ 19.5 million) for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to RMB 150.3 million (US$ 21.8 million) for the year ended December 31, 2020. We recognize a loss allowance for expected credit loss on our financial assets, primarily on trade receivables, which are subject to impairment under IFRS 9, Financial Instruments, first effective for year 2018. We believe that we have undertaken appropriate measures to resolve the bad debt expense. We will continue to review each of our customers for credit quality as well as assiduously test their accounts receivables balances in each upcoming fiscal period.

Finance costs. Finance costs were RMB 2.2 million (US$ 0.3 million) for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to RMB 2.7 million (US$ 0.4 million) for the year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease was mainly due to the decrease of interest expense on lease liabilities. We adopted IFRS 16 during the year ended December 31, 2019, and recognized lease liabilities in relation to leases which had previously been classified as “operating leases”. These liabilities were measured at the present value of the remaining lease payments, discounted using the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate as of January 1, 2019. The difference between the actual payment and lease liabilities was the interest expense.

Other expenses. Other expenses were RMB 124,000 (US$ 19,000) for the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to RMB nil (US$ nil) for the year ended December 31, 2020, representing an increase of RMB 124 or 100.0%. The increased other expenses were mainly due to an increase in the foreign currency transaction exchange loss.

Loss before taxation. Loss before taxation was RMB 89.8 million (US$ 13.9 million) for the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to a loss before taxation of RMB 193.1 million (US$ 28.0 million) for the year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease in loss before taxation was mainly due to an increased reversal of the inventory provision, decreased bad debt expense and increased gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2021 as described above.

Income taxes. We incurred an income tax expense of RMB 0.2 million (US$ 34,000) for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to an income tax expense of RMB 33,000 (US$ 5,000) for the year ended December 31, 2020. Our PRC statutory enterprise income tax rate was 25% for the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

Net loss attributable to equity holders of the Company. Net loss attribute to equity holders of the Company was RMB 88.8 million (US$ 13.8 million) for the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to a loss attributable to the Company’s shareholders of RMB 193.1 million (US$ 28.0 million) for the year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease in net loss attributable to shareholders in 2021 was attributable to the reasons described above.

Net loss attributed to non-controlling interest. Net loss attributed to non-controlling interest was RMB 1.3 million (US$ 0.2 million) and RMB nil (US$ nil) for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. Non-controlling interest represented the 49% ownership of Hainan Kylin.

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Fiscal Year Ended 2020 Compared to the Fiscal Year Ended 2019

Revenue. The following table sets forth the breakdown of revenue, by product categories, for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Revenue RMB (000) |  | 2019 |  | Percentage |  | 2020 |  | Percentage |
Porcelain |  | 249,355 |  | 76.1 | % | 142,230 |  | 77.7 | %
Glazed Porcelain |  | 5,975 |  | 1.8 | % | 1,624 |  | 0.9 | %
Glazed |  | 6,323 |  | 1.9 | % | 2,736 |  | 1.5 | %
Rustic |  | 40,507 |  | 12.4 | % | 24,461 |  | 13.4 | %
Polished Glazed |  | 25,421 |  | 7.8 | % | 11,938 |  | 6.5 | %
Total |  | 327,581 |  | 100.0 | % | 182,989 |  | 100.0 | %

​

Revenue decreased by RMB 144.6 million, or 44.1%, to RMB 183.0 million ($26.5 million) in the year ended December 31, 2020, from RMB 327.6 million ($47.4 million) for the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease in revenue was primarily due to the decrease in sales volume of 35.4% and a decrease in average sales price of 13.6%.

Porcelain tiles. Revenue from the sales of porcelain tiles decreased 43.0%, from RMB 249.4 million ($36.1 million) for the year ended December 31, 2019 to RMB 142.2 million ($20.6 million) for the year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in our sales volume in 2020 as compared to 2019. Porcelain tiles for exterior walls are still our most popular product and have the largest market potential of all of our tiles. We expect porcelain tiles to continue to be our key tile product for the foreseeable future.

Glazed porcelain tiles. Revenue from glazed porcelain tiles decreased 72.8%, from RMB 6.0 million ($0.9 million) for the year ended December 31, 2019 to RMB 1.6 million ($0.2 million) for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Glazed tiles. Revenue from glazed tiles decreased 56.7%, from RMB 6.3 million ($0.9 million) for the year ended December 31, 2019 to RMB 2.7 million ($0.4 million) for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Rustic tiles. Revenue from rustic tiles decreased 39.6%, from RMB 40.5 million ($5.9 million) for the year ended December 31, 2019 to RMB 24.5 million ($3.5 million) for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Polished glazed tiles. Revenue from polished glazed tiles decreased 53.0%, from RMB 25.4 million ($3.7 million) for the year ended December 31, 2019 to RMB 11.9 million ($1.7 million) for the year ended December 31, 2020. We began selling polished glazed tiles in the second quarter of 2011. We believe that this product represents both a functional and cost-effective replacement for actual marble or stone materials used in a decorative fashion inside homes. The polished glazed tiles are larger than our other tiles and we believe that demand for this series could increase in the future.

Cost of sales. The following table sets forth the breakdown of cost of sales, by product segment, for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cost of sales RMB (‘000) |  | 2019 |  | Percentage |  | 2020 |  | Percentage |
Porcelain |  | 187,176 |  | 76.0 | % | 164,247 |  | 78.6 | %
Glazed Porcelain |  | 5,379 |  | 2.2 | % | 2,334 |  | 1.1 | %
Glazed |  | 4,711 |  | 1.9 | % | 3,132 |  | 1.5 | %
Rustic |  | 29,293 |  | 11.9 | % | 25,538 |  | 12.2 | %
Polished Glazed |  | 19,696 |  | 8.0 | % | 13,740 |  | 6.6 | %
Total |  | 246,255 |  | 100.0 | % | 208,991 |  | 100.0 | %

​

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Cost of sales was RMB 209.0 million ($30.3 million) for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to RMB 246.3 million ($ 35.6 million) for the year ended December 31, 2019, representing a decrease of RMB 37.3 million, or 15.1%. The decrease in cost of sales was primarily due to decreased sales and production.

Gross profit (loss). The following table sets forth the breakdown of our gross profit (loss) and gross profit (loss) margin by product segment for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, |
​ | ​ | 2019 | ​ | 2020 |
​ | ​ | Gross | ​ | Profit | ​ | Gross | ​ | Profit |
RMB (‘000) |  | Profit |  | Margin |  | Profit |  | Margin |
Porcelain |  | 62,179 |  | 24.9 | % | (22,017) |  | (15.5) | %
Glazed Porcelain |  | 596 |  | 10.0 | % | (710) |  | (43.8) | %
Glazed |  | 1,612 |  | 25.5 | % | (396) |  | (14.5) | %
Rustic |  | 11,214 |  | 27.7 | % | (1,077) |  | (4.4) | %
Polished Glazed |  | 5,725 |  | 22.5 | % | (1,802) |  | (15.1) | %
All products |  | 81,326 |  | 24.8 | % | (26,002) |  | (14.2) | %

​

Our gross profit (loss) decreased RMB 107.3 million from a gross profit of RMB 81.3 million ($11.8 million) for the year ended December 31, 2019 to a gross loss of RMB 26.0 million ($3.8 million) for 2020.

Other income. Other income for the year ended December 31, 2020 was RMB 21.9 million ($3.2 million), as compared to RMB 14.6 million ($2.1 million) for the same period of 2019. For both 2020 and 2019, other income was mainly the leasing income from leasing out one of the production lines from its Hengdali facility pursuant to an eight-year lease contract. In addition, we generated RMB 7.2 million from our newly incorporated subsidiaries, Chengdu Future and Antelope Chengdu, who engage in computer consulting and software development, respectively.

Selling and distribution expenses. Selling and distribution expenses were RMB 9.4 million ($1.4 million) for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to RMB 11.3 million ($1.6 million) for the year ended December 31, 2019, representing a decrease of RMB 1,965,000, or 17.4%. The decrease in selling and distribution expenses was primarily due to a decrease in payroll expenses of RMB 630,000, a decrease in travel expenses of RMB 268,000 and a decrease in advertising expenses of RMB 1,060,000.

Administrative expenses. Administrative expenses were RMB 26.6 million ($3.9 million) for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to RMB 25.1 million ($3.6 million) for the year ended December 31, 2019, representing an increase of RMB 1,508,000, or 6.0%. The increase in administrative expenses was mainly due to the increase in consulting fees of RMB 1,440,000 for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Bad debt expense. Bad debt expense was RMB 150.3 million ($21.8 million) for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to RMB 68.7 million ($10.0 million) for the year ended December 31, 2019, representing an increase of RMB 81.6 million, or 118.9%. We recognize a loss allowance for expected credit loss on our financial assets, primarily on trade receivables, which are subject to impairment under IFRS 9, Financial Instruments, first effective for the current accounting period. We believe that we have undertaken appropriate measures to resolve the bad debt expense. We will continue to review each of our customers for credit quality as well as assiduously test their accounts receivables balances in each upcoming fiscal period.

Finance costs. Finance costs increased from RMB 315,000 ($ 0.05 million) for the year ended December 31, 2019 to RMB 2.7 million ($0.4 million) for the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase was mainly due to an increase in interest expense associated with our lease liability.

Loss before taxation. Loss before taxation was RMB 193.1 million ($28.0 million) for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to a loss before taxation of RMB 9.4 million ($1.4 million) for the year ended December 31, 2019. The increase in loss before taxation was mainly due to the gross loss and an increase in bad debt expense for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Income taxes. We incurred an income tax expense of RMB 33,000 ($5,000) for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to an income tax expense of RMB 56,000 ($8,000) for the year ended December 31, 2019, representing a decrease in tax expense of RMB 23,000. Our PRC statutory enterprise income tax rate was 25% for Hengda and Hengdali, and 5% for Chengdu Future and Antelope Chengdu for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.

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Loss attributable to shareholders. Loss attributable to shareholders was RMB 193.1 million ($28.0 million) for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to a loss attributable to shareholders of RMB 9.5 million ($1.4 million) for year ended December 31, 2019. The increase in net loss attributable to shareholders in 2020 was for the reasons described above.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The following table presents a summary of our cash flows and beginning and ending cash balances for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
RMB (‘000) |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021
Net cash generated from / (used in) operating activities |  | 6,287 |  | (313) |  | (8,123)
Net cash used in investing activities |  | (1,066) |  | 2,739 |  | (1,279)
Net cash generated from / (used in) financing activities |  | (5,907) |  | 1,335 |  | 24,397
Net cash flow |  | (686) |  | 3,761 |  | 14,995
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year |  | 9,016 |  | 8,212 |  | 12,344
Effect of foreign exchange rate differences |  | (118) |  | 371 |  | 541
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year |  | 8,212 |  | 12,344 |  | 27,880

​

We have historically financed our liquidity requirements mainly through operating cash flow, bank loans and issuance of new shares. We believe that we will generate sufficient cash from operations to meet our needs for the next twelve months.

However, we may sell additional equity or obtain credit facilities to enhance our liquidity position or to increase our cash reserve for future acquisitions and capital equipment expenditures. The sale of additional equity would result in further dilution of our equity to our shareholders. The incurrence in indebtedness would result in increased fixed obligations and could result in operating covenants that would restrict our operations. We cannot provide assurance that financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all.

On December 16, 2019, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with certain institutional investors for the sale by the Company of 1,200,000 pre-reverse stock split common shares, at a purchase price of $0.75 per share (pre-reverse stock split). Concurrently with the sale of the Common Shares, the Company also sold warrants to purchase 1,200,000 pre-reverse stock split common shares. The Company sold the Common Shares and Warrants for aggregate gross proceeds of $900,000 (the “Offering”). Subject to certain beneficial ownership limitations, the five-year Warrants will be initially exercisable on the six-month anniversary of the issuance date at an exercise price equal to $0.82 per share (pre-reverse stock split), subject to adjustments as provided under the terms of the Warrants, and will terminate on the five-year anniversary of the initial exercise date of the Warrants. The closing of the sales of these securities under the Purchase Agreement took place on December 18, 2019. The Company received net proceeds from the transactions of approximately $748,000, after deducting certain fees due to the placement agent and the Company’s estimated transaction expenses. The net proceeds received by the Company from the transactions will be used for working capital and general corporate purposes.

Pursuant to the terms and provisions of the engagement letter between the Company and the Placement Agent, the Company agreed to pay the Placement Agent a cash placement fee equal to 8% of the gross proceeds of the Offering, or $72,000, plus other expenses of the Placement Agent not to exceed $45,000. The Placement Agent also received five-year warrants to purchase up to a number of common shares equal to 5% of the aggregate number of shares sold in the Offering, including the warrant shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrants, which such Compensation Warrants have substantially the same terms as the Warrants sold in the Offering, except that such Compensation Warrants have an exercise price of $0.9375 per share (pre-reverse stock split) and will terminate on the five year anniversary of the effective date of this offering.

On January 8, 2020, the Company executed subscription agreements (each, a “Subscription Agreement”) in connection with a $500,000 private placement of its ordinary shares with three accredited investors (the “Private Placement”) at the price of $0.75 per share (pre-reverse stock split). The Company agreed to register the shares sold in the Private Placement for resale no later than 270 days after the closing of the Private Placement. There were no discounts or brokerage fees associated with this Offering. The net proceeds of the Private Placement will be used for working capital and general corporate purposes.

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On May 22, 2020, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with certain institutional investors for the sale by the Company of 1,102,950 common shares (pre-reverse stock split), at a purchase price of $0.68 per share (pre-reverse stock split). Concurrently with the sale of the Common Shares, pursuant to the Purchase Agreement the Company also sold Warrants to purchase 1,102,950 Common Shares (pre-reverse stock split). The Company sold the Common Shares and Warrants for aggregate gross proceeds of $750,006. Subject to certain beneficial ownership limitations, the five-year Warrants will be initially exercisable on the six-month anniversary of the issuance date at an exercise price equal to $0.79 per share (pre-reverse stock split), and will terminate on the five-year anniversary of the initial exercise date of the Warrants. The closing of the sales of these securities under the Purchase Agreement will take place on May 27, 2020. The net proceeds from the transactions will be approximately $595,000, after deducting certain fees due to the placement agent and the Company’s estimated transaction expenses, and will be used for working capital and general corporate purposes.

The Placement Agent also received five-year Warrants to purchase up to a number of common shares equal to 5% of the aggregate number of shares sold in the offering, including the warrant shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrants, which such Compensation Warrants having substantially the same terms as the Warrants sold in the Offering, except that such Compensation Warrants have an exercise price of $0.85 per share (pre-reverse stock split) and will terminate on the five year anniversary of the effective date of this offering.

On December 7, 2020, the Company executed subscription agreements with three individual accredited investors to offer and sell in a private placement 566,379 of the Company’s common shares at the per share price of $2.32 (which was the closing price for the Company’s common shares on December 4, 2020) for gross proceeds of approximately $1.3 million. The proceeds of the transaction will be used for working capital and general working purposes. There were no discounts or brokerage fees associated with this offering.

On February 12, 2021, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with certain institutional investors for the sale of 588,235 common shares, at a purchase price of $3.57 per share. Concurrently with the sale of the Common Shares, pursuant to the Purchase Agreement the Company also sold warrants to purchase 588,235 common shares. The Company sold the Common Shares and Warrants for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $2.1 million, before commissions and expenses. The five-year Warrants will be immediately exercisable at an exercise price equal to $3.57 per share, and will terminate on the five-year anniversary of the initial exercise date of the Warrants. The net proceeds from the transactions will be approximately $1.86 million, after deducting certain fees due to the placement agent and the Company’s estimated transaction expenses, and will be used for working capital and general corporate purposes.

In addition, the Placement Agent of this offering also received five-year warrants (the “Compensation Warrants”) to purchase up to a number of common shares equal to 5% of the aggregate number of shares sold in the Offering, including the warrant shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrants, which such Compensation Warrants have substantially the same terms as the Warrants sold in the Offering, except that such Compensation Warrants have an exercise price of $4.46 per share and will be exercisable six months from the effective date of this offering and will terminate on the five year anniversary of the effective date of this offering.

On June 10, 2021, the Company commenced a registered direct offering of securities, and executed a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “SPA”) with three institutional accredited investors pursuant to which it sold 913,875 of the Company’s common shares at the per share price of $3.48 (which was priced in excess of the average of the five-day closing price for the Company’s common shares preceding execution of the SPA, which was $3.42). In a concurrent private placement, the Company sold to such investors warrants to purchase 913,875 common shares. The Investor Warrants have an exercise price per share of $3.42, subject to adjustment and have a term of five years; the transaction yielded gross proceeds to the Company of $3,180,285, before payment of commissions and expenses.

In addition, the Company issued warrants to the Placement Agent to purchase a number of common shares equal to 5.0% of the aggregate number of shares sold to the investors in this offering, as well as the warrant shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrants issued in the concurrent private placement, as additional placement agency compensation. The Placement Agent Warrants have substantially the same terms as the Investor Warrants, except that the Placement Agent Warrants will have an exercise price of $4.35.

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Cash flows from operating activities.

Our net cash used in operating activities was RMB 8.1 million ($1.3 million) for the year ended December 31, 2021, an increase of RMB 7.8 million as compared to a cash outflow of RMB 0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase in cash outflow was mainly due to an increase in operating cash outflow before working capital changes of RMB 17.2 million, an increase in cash outflow on trade receivables of RMB 0.8 million, an increase in cash outflow on other receivables and prepayments of RMB 21.1 million and increased cash outflow on taxes payable of RMB 4.7 million, which was partly offset by an increase in cash inflow from inventories of RMB 4.5 million, a decrease in cash out flow on unearned revenue of RMB 16.2 million and a decrease in cash outflow from trade payable of RMB 15.4 million.

Our net cash used in operating activities was RMB 0.3 million ($45,000) for the year ended December 31, 2020, a decrease of RMB 6.6 million as compared to a cash inflow of RMB 6.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease of cash inflow was mainly due to a decrease in operating cash inflow before working capital changes of RMB 46.4 million, an increase in cash outflow on trade receivables of RMB 53.1 million and an increase in cash outflow on trade payables of RMB 14.1 million, which were partly offset by an increase of cash inflow from inventories of RMB 96.6 million, a decrease in cash outflow from taxes payable of RMB 8.4 million and a decrease in cash outflow from other payables of RMB 2.1 million.

Cash flows from investing activities.

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 was RMB 1.3 million (US$ 0.2 million), compared to cash inflow of RMB 2.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase of cash outflow was mainly due to the purchase of fixed assets in 2021, while we had cash inflow from the release of restricted cash in 2020.

Net cash generated from investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2020 was RMB 2.7 million (US$ 0.4 million), compared to a cash outflow of RMB 1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The increase of cash inflow was mainly due to the decrease in restricted cash.

Cash flows from financing activities.

Net cash generated from financing activities was RMB 24.4 million (US$ 3.8 million) for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to a cash inflow of RMB 1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily due to an increase in the issuance of share capital of RMB 13.5 million and proceeds from warrants exercised of RMB 10.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, which was partly offset by an increase in a payment for a lease liability by RMB 0.6 million and a decrease in an advance from related parties by RMB 0.1 million.

Net cash generated from financing activities was RMB 1.3 million (US$ 0.2 million) for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to a cash outflow of RMB 5.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily due to an increase in the issuance of share capital by RMB 11.0 million and an increase in advance from related parties by RMB 117,000 for the year ended December 31, 2020, which was partly offset by an increase in a payment for a lease liability by RMB 0.9 million and a decrease in proceeds from warrants exercised of RMB 2.9 million.

Cash and bank balances were RMB 27.9 million (US$ 4.4 million) as of December 31, 2021, as compared to RMB 12.3 million as of December 31, 2020.

As of December 31, 2021, our total outstanding bank loan amounts were nil.

Operating lease commitments totaled RMB 46.7 million (US$ 7.3 million) as of December 31, 2021. Operating lease commitments totaled RMB 60.2 million (US$ 9.2 million) as of December 31, 2020.

There were no commitments for advertising and insurance expenditure as of December 31, 2021.

In our opinion, our working capital, including our cash, income and cash flows from operations, and short-term borrowings, is sufficient for our present requirements.

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However, we may sell additional equity or obtain credit facilities to enhance our liquidity position or to increase our cash reserve for future acquisitions and capital equipment expenditures. The sale of additional equity would result in further dilution of our equity to our shareholders. The incurrence in indebtedness would result in increased fixed obligations and could result in operating covenants that would restrict our operations. We cannot provide assurance that financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all.

Inventory Management

Our inventory is comprised of raw materials, work in progress and finished goods. Raw materials are purchased from our suppliers located in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi Provinces and comprise mainly of clay, coal, colorings and glazing materials.

We have sufficient raw materials to support, on average, three weeks of production at any point in time. This helps to minimize any potential delays in our production process which may arise due to insufficient raw materials. Our production of ceramic tiles is based on customers’ orders. In doing so, we minimize storage space and maintain a relatively low inventory level of finished products. Our inventory turnover for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 are as follows:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021
Inventories (RMB’000) |  | 165,296 |  | 52,201 |  | 31,589
Inventory turnover (days) (1) |  | 217 |  | 190 |  | 183

(1) | The average inventory turnover is computed based on the formula: (simple average opening and closing inventories balance in a financial year / cost of sales) × 365 days.

The write-down of inventory for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 was a reversal of write-down RMB 99.2 million in 2021, a reversal of write-down RMB 2.3 million in 2020, and a reversal of write-down RMB of 56.8 million in 2019, and was charged to Cost of Sales.

Credit Management

Credit terms to our customers

We typically extend credit terms of approximately 90 days to our customers. We grant credit terms based on the reputation, creditworthiness, size of orders, payment records and number of years we have done business with the customer. We do not have a products’ return policy. In the year ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, we recorded RMB 125.6 million (US$ 19.5 million) and RMB 150.3 million (US$ 21.8 million), respectively, for provision for bad debt related to the amount of outstanding trade receivables that did not conform with the Company’s credit policy.

Personnel from our sales and marketing department typically conduct visits to new customers to evaluate their credit worthiness before entering into any arrangements with them. In addition, as Hengda was awarded a Top 500 Brand award, we increased the deposit required from new distributors from RMB 0.4 million to RMB 1.0 million.

Our average trade receivables’ turnover for sales of tile products for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 are as follows:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021
Trade receivables (RMB’000) |  | 177,023 |  | 101,470 |  | 51,335
Trade receivables turnover (days) (1) |  | 194 |  | 242 |  | 168

​

Our average trade receivables’ turnover for business management and consulting for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 are as follows:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021
Trade receivables (RMB’000) |  | — |  | — |  | 81
Trade receivables turnover (days) (1) |  | — |  | — |  | 11

(1) | The average trade payables’ turnover is computed based on the formula: (simple average opening and closing trade payables balance, net of value-added tax in facial year / purchases) × 365 days.

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Credit terms from our suppliers

Our typical credit terms from our major suppliers are from 1 to 4 months after the raw materials have been delivered. Our average trade payables’ turnover for sales of tile products for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 are as follows:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021
Trade payables (RMB’000) |  | 22,577 |  | 6,750 |  | 3,673
Trade payables turnover (days) (1) |  | 30 |  | 22 |  | 20

​

Our average trade payables’ turnover for business management and consulting for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 are as follows:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021
Trade payables (RMB’000) |  | — |  | — |  | 2,617
Trade payables turnover (days) (1) |  | — |  | — |  | 7

(1) | The average trade payables’ turnover is computed based on the formula: (simple average opening and closing trade payables balance, net of value-added tax in facial year / purchases) × 365 days.

Capital Expenditures

Our capital expenditures primarily consist of expenditures on property, plant and equipment.

There were no capital expenditures for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.

Contractual Obligations

Our contractual obligations consist mainly of debt obligations, operating lease obligations and other purchase obligations and commitments, and will be paid off with our cash flow from operations. The following table sets forth a breakdown of our contractual obligations (including both interest and principal cash flows) as of December 31, 2021:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Payment Due by Period
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Less than 1 | ​ | 1-3 | ​ | 3-5 | ​ | More than 5
​ |  | Total |  | year |  | years |  | years |  | years
Short-term debt obligations (1) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | —
Operating lease obligations (2) |  | 49,448 |  | 14,883 |  | 34,565 |  | — |  | —
Other obligations (3) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | —
Total |  | 49,448 |  | 14,883 |  | 34,565 |  | — |  | —

(1) | Amounts represent principal and interest cash payments over the life of the bank loans, including anticipated interest payments that are not recorded in the financial statements.

(2) | We lease plant buildings, production factories, warehouses and employees’ hostel from non-related parties under non-cancellable operating lease arrangements.

(3) | Includes advertising and insurance expenditure contracted but not provided for in the financial statements.

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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any outstanding off-balance arrangements and have not entered into any transactions that are established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements.

Impact of Inflation

The general annual inflation rate in China was approximately 2.5% in 2020, and 0.9% in 2021 according to the National Bureau of Statistics. Our results of operations may be affected by inflation, particularly rising prices for energy, labor costs, raw materials and other operating costs. See “Item 3. Key Information — Risk Factors — Risks relating to our business. If China’s inflation increases or the prices of energy or raw materials increase, we may not be able to pass the resulting increased costs to our customers and this may adversely affect our profitability or cause us to suffer operating losses.”

FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT

We are exposed to financial risks arising from our operations and the use of financial instruments. The key financial risks included credit risk, liquidity risk, interest rate risk, foreign currency risk and market price risk.

We do not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading purposes or to hedge against fluctuations, if any, in interest rates and foreign exchange rates.

(i)Credit risk

Credit risk refers to the risk that a counterparty will default on its contractual obligations resulting in financial loss us. Our exposure to credit risk arises primarily from bank balances and trade receivables. For trade receivables, we adopt the policy of dealing only with customers of appropriate credit history to mitigate credit risk. For other financial assets, we adopt the policy of dealing only with high credit quality counterparties.

As we do not hold any collateral, the maximum exposure to credit risk for each class of financial assets is the carrying amount of that class of financial assets presented on the consolidated statements of financial position.

Cash and bank balances

Our bank deposits are placed with reputable banks in the PRC, Hong Kong and the United States. The credit exposure of our cash and bank balances (excluding restricted cash) as of December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 were RMB 8,212,000 and RMB 12,344,000 and RMB 27,880,000, respectively.

(ii)Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that we will encounter difficulty in raising funds to meet commitments associated with financial instruments. Liquidity risk may result from an inability to sell a financial asset quickly at close to its fair value.

Our exposure to liquidity risk arises primarily from mismatches of the maturities of financial assets and liabilities. Our objective is to maintain a balance between continuity of funding and flexibility through the use of stand-by credit facilities.

The table below summarizes the maturity profile of the liabilities based on contractual undiscounted payments:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31, 2021
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | More than 1 | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | year but less | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Within 1 year | ​ | than 5 years | ​ | Total
​ |  | RMB’000 |  | RMB’000 |  | RMB’000
Trade payables |  | 6,290 |  | — |  | 6,290
Amounts owed to related parties |  | 36,348 |  | — |  | 36,348
Lease liabilities |  | 14,883 |  | 34,565 |  | 49,448
Total |  | 57,521 |  | 34,565 |  | 92,086

​

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| (iii) | Interest rate risk

Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of our financial instruments will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates.

Our interest-bearing bank deposits and borrowings were nil as of December 31, 2021.

| (iv) | Foreign currency risk

Currency risk is the risk that the value of a financial instrument will fluctuate due to changes in foreign exchange rates. Currency risk arises when transactions are denominated in foreign currencies.

Our operations are primarily conducted in the PRC. All the sales and purchases transactions are denominated in RMB. As such, our operations are not exposed to exchange rate fluctuation.

As at December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, nearly all of our monetary assets and monetary liabilities were denominated in RMB except certain bank balances and other payables which were denominated in US dollars and HKD.

Critical Accounting Policies and Judgment

The preparation of the condensed consolidated interim financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with International Accounting Standard (“IAS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”), requires us to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. Estimates and judgments are continually evaluated and are based on historical experiences and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may materially differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

See Note 2 to our condensed consolidated interim financial statements, “Basis of Preparation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.”

Inventories

Inventories are carried at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost is determined using the weighted average basis, and in the case of work in progress and finished goods, comprises direct materials, direct labor and an appropriate proportion of overhead.

Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated cost of completion and applicable selling expenses.

When inventories are sold, the carrying amount of those inventories is recognized as an expense in the period in which the related revenue is recognized. The amount of any write-down of inventories to net realizable value and all losses of inventories are recognized as an expense in the period the write-down or loss occurs. The amount of any reversal of any write-down of inventories is recognized as a reduction in the amount of inventories recognized as an expense in the period in which the reversal occurs.

Financial instruments

Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognized when a group entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

Financial assets and financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value except for trade debtors arising from contracts with customers which are initially measured in accordance with HKFRS 15 since 1 January 2018. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets or liabilities at fair value through profit or loss) are added to or deducted from the fair value of the financial assets or financial liabilities, as appropriate, on initial recognition. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets or financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are recognized immediately in profit or loss.

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The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortized cost of a financial asset or financial liability and of allocating interest income and interest expense over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts and payments (including all fees and points paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the financial asset or financial liability, or, where appropriate, a shorter period, to the net carrying amount on initial recognition.

Interest income which are derived from the Company’s ordinary course of business are presented as revenue.

Financial assets

Classification and subsequent measurement of financial assets (upon application of IFRS 9)

Financial assets that meet the following conditions are subsequently measured at amortized cost:

· the financial asset is held within a business model whose objective is to collect contractual cash flows; and

· the contractual terms give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

All other financial assets are subsequently measured at fair value through profit or loss (“FVTPL”).

A financial asset is classified as held for trading if:

· it has been acquired principally for the purpose of selling in the near term; or

· on initial recognition it is a part of a portfolio of identified financial instruments that the Company manages together and has a recent actual pattern of short-term profit-taking; or

· it is a derivative that is not designated and effective as a hedging instrument.

In addition, the Company may irrevocably designate a financial asset that are required to be measured at the amortized cost as measured at FVTPL if doing so eliminates or significantly reduces an accounting mismatch.

(i) Amortized cost and interest income

Interest income is recognized using the effective interest method for financial assets measured subsequently at amortized cost. Interest income is calculated by applying the effective interest rate to the gross carrying amount of a financial asset, except for financial assets that have subsequently become credit-impaired. For financial assets that have subsequently become credit-impaired, interest income is recognized by applying the effective interest rate to the amortized cost of the financial asset from the next reporting period. If the credit risk on the credit-impaired financial instrument improves so that the financial asset is no longer credit-impaired, interest income is recognized by applying the effective interest rate to the gross carrying amount of the financial asset from the beginning of the reporting period following the determination that the asset is no longer credit impaired.

(ii) Financial assets at FVTPL

Financial assets that do not meet the criteria for being measured at amortized cost are measured at FVTPL.

Financial assets at FVTPL are measured at fair value at the end of each reporting period, with any fair value gains or losses recognized in profit or loss. The net gain or loss recognized in profit or loss includes any dividend or interest earned on the financial asset and is included in the “other gains and losses” line item.

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Impairment of financial assets (upon application IFRS 9)

The Company recognizes a loss allowance for expected credit loss (“ECL”) on financial assets which are subject to impairment under IFRS 9 (including trade and other receivables, bank deposits and bank balances). ECLs are based on the difference between the contractual cash flows due in accordance with the contract and all the cash flows that the Company expects to receive, discounted at an approximation of the original effective interest rate. The expected cash flows will include cash flows from the sale of collateral held or other credit enhancements that are integral to the contractual terms. The amount of ECL is updated at each reporting date to reflect changes in credit risk since initial recognition.

General approach

ECLs are recognized in two measurement bases. For credit exposures for which there has not been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, ECLs are provided for credit losses that result from default events that are possible within the next 12-months (a 12-month ECL). For those credit exposures for which there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, a loss allowance is required for credit losses expected over the remaining life of the exposure, irrespective of the timing of the default (a lifetime ECL).

At each reporting date, the Company assesses whether the credit risk on a financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition. When making the assessment, the Company compares the risk of a default occurring on the financial instrument as at the reporting date with the risk of a default occurring on the financial instrument as at the date of initial recognition and considers reasonable and supportable information that is available without undue cost or effort, including historical and forward looking information.

The Company considers a financial asset in default when contractual payments are 90 days past due. However, in certain cases, the Company may also consider a financial asset to be in default when internal or external information indicates that the Company is unlikely to receive the outstanding contractual amounts in full before taking into account any credit enhancements held by the Company. A financial asset is written off when there is no reasonable expectation of recovering the contractual cash flows.

Financial assets at amortized cost are subject to impairment under the general approach and they are classified within the following stages for measurement of ECLs except for trade receivables which apply the simplified approach as detailed below.

Stage 1 — Financial instruments for which credit risk has not increased significantly since initial recognition and for which the loss allowance is measured at an amount equal to 12-month ECLs

Stage 2 — Financial instruments for which credit risk has increased significantly since initial recognition but that are not credit-impaired financial assets and for which the loss allowance is measured at an amount equal to lifetime ECLs

Stage 3 — Financial assets that are credit-impaired at the reporting date (but that are not purchased or originated credit-impaired) and for which the loss allowance is measured at an amount equal to lifetime ECLs

Simplified approach

For trade receivables that do not contain a significant financing component or when the Company applies the practical expedient of not adjusting the effect of a significant financing component, the Company applies the simplified approach in calculating ECLs. Under the simplified approach, the Company does not track changes in credit risk, but instead recognizes a loss allowance based on lifetime ECLs at each reporting date.

The Company assesses at the end of each reporting period whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or a group of financial assets is impaired. An impairment exists if one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset have an impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset or the Company of financial assets that can be reliably estimated. Evidence of impairment may include indications that a debtor or a group of debtors is experiencing significant financial difficulty, default or delinquency in interest or principal payments, the probability that they will enter bankruptcy or other financial reorganization and observable data indicating that there is a measurable decrease in the estimated future cash flows, such as changes in arrears or economic conditions that correlate with defaults.

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Financial assets carried at amortized cost

For financial assets carried at amortized cost, the Company first assesses whether impairment exists individually for financial assets that are individually significant, or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant. If the Company determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset, whether significant or not, it includes the asset in a group of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment. Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is, or continues to be, recognized are not included in a collective assessment of impairment.

The amount of any impairment loss identified is measured as the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred). The present value of the estimated future cash flows is discounted at the financial asset’s original effective interest rate (i.e., the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition).

The carrying amount of the asset is reduced through the use of an allowance account and the loss is recognized in profit or loss. Interest income continues to be accrued on the reduced carrying amount using the rate of interest used to discount the future cash flows for the purpose of measuring the impairment loss. Loans and receivables together with any associated allowance are written off when there is no realistic prospect of future recovery and all collateral has been realized or has been transferred to the Company.

If, in a subsequent period, the amount of the estimated impairment loss increases or decreases because of an event occurring after the impairment was recognized, the previously recognized impairment loss is increased or reduced by adjusting the allowance account. If a write-off is later recovered, the recovery is credited to other expenses in the statement of profit or loss.

Loans and receivables

Loans and receivables are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market. They are initially recognized at fair value. Subsequent to initial recognition, loans and receivables (including trade and other receivables, pledged bank deposits, fixed bank deposits with maturity periods over three months and bank balances) are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method, less any identified impairment losses).

Impairment of financial assets

Financial assets are assessed for indicators of impairment at the end of each reporting period. Financial assets are considered to be impaired when there is objective evidence that, as a result of one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of the financial asset, the estimated future cash flows of the financial assets have been affected.

Objective evidence of impairment could include:

· significant financial difficulty of the issuer or counterparty; or

· breach of contract, such as a default or delinquency in interest or principal payments; or

· it becoming probable that the borrower will enter bankruptcy or financial re-organization; or disappearance of an active market for that financial asset because of financial difficulties.

If any such evidence exists, the impairment loss on trade receivables and other current receivables and other financial assets carried at amortized cost is measured as the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the present value of the estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial asset’s original effective interest rate (i.e. the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition of these assets), where the effect of discounting is material. This assessment is made collectively where these financial assets share similar risk characteristics, such as similar past due status, and have not been individually assessed as impaired. Future cash flows for financial assets which are assessed for impairment collectively are based on historical loss experience for assets with credit risk characteristics similar to the collective group.

If in a subsequent period the amount of an impairment loss decreases and the decrease can be linked objectively to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognized, the impairment loss is reversed through profit or loss. A reversal of an impairment loss shall not result in the asset’s carrying amount exceeding that which would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognized in prior years.

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Impairment losses are written off against the corresponding assets directly, except for impairment losses recognized in respect of trade receivables included within trade and other receivables and prepayments, whose recovery is considered doubtful, but not remote. In this case, the impairment losses for doubtful debts are recorded using an allowance account. When the Company is satisfied that recovery is remote, the amount considered irrecoverable is written off against trade debtors directly and any amounts held in the allowance account relating to that debt are reversed. Subsequent recoveries of amounts previously charged to the allowance account are reversed against the allowance account. Other changes in the allowance account and subsequent recoveries of amounts previously written off directly are recognized in profit or loss.

Derecognition of financial assets

The Company derecognizes a financial asset only when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire, or when it transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset to another entity. If the Company neither transfers nor retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership and continues to control the transferred asset, the Company recognizes its retained interest in the asset and an associated liability for amounts it may have to pay. If the Company retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of a transferred financial asset, the Company continues to recognize the financial asset and recognizes a collateralized borrowing for the proceeds received.

On derecognition of a financial asset measured at amortized cost, the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the sum of the consideration received and receivable is recognized in profit or loss.

Financial liabilities and equity instruments

Debt and equity instruments issued by a group entity are classified as either financial liabilities or as equity in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangements and the definitions of a financial liability and an equity instrument.

Equity instruments

An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of the Company after deducting all of its liabilities. Equity instruments issued by the Company are recognized at the proceeds received, net of direct issue costs.

Effective interest method

The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortized cost of a financial liability and of allocating interest expense over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments (including all fees and points paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the financial liability, or, where appropriate, a shorter period, to the net carrying amount on initial recognition.

Interest expense is recognized on an effective interest basis.

Financial liabilities

Interest-bearing borrowings are recognized initially at fair value less attributable transaction costs. They are subsequently stated at amortized cost with any difference between the amount initially recognized and redemption value being recognized in profit or loss over the period of the borrowings, together with any interest and fees payable, using the effective interest method.

Trade and other payables are initially recognized at fair value. They are subsequently stated at amortized cost unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial, in which case they are stated at cost.

Derecognition

The Company derecognizes a financial asset only when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire.

On derecognition of a financial asset in its entirety, the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the sum of the consideration received and receivable and the cumulative gain or loss that had been recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity is recognized in profit or loss.

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The Company derecognizes a financial liability when, and only when, the Company’s obligations are discharged, cancelled or expire. The difference between the carrying amount of the financial liability derecognized and the consideration paid and payable is recognized in profit or loss.

Derivative financial instruments

Initial recognition and subsequent measurement

We use derivative financial instruments, such as forward currency contracts, for investment purposes. Such derivative financial instruments are initially recognized at fair value on the date on which a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently re-measured at fair value. Derivatives are carried as financial assets when the fair value is positive and as financial liabilities when the fair value is negative.

Any gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value of derivatives are taken directly to profit or loss.

Leases

Financial leases refers to the situation that the economic ownership of a leased asset is transferred to the lessee if the lessee bears substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the leased asset.

All other leases are treated as operating leases. Where we have the right to use of assets held under operating leases, payments made under the leases are charged to profit or loss on a straight line basis over the lease terms except where an alternative basis is more representative of the time pattern of benefits to be derived from the leased assets. Lease incentives received are recognized in profit or loss as an integral part of the aggregate net lease payments made. Contingent rentals are charged to profit or loss in the accounting period in which they are incurred. Operating leases were treated in accordance to IFRS 16 commencing January 1, 2019.

All of our leases are operating leases for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019.

Revenue recognition

Revenue comprises the fair value of the consideration received or receivable for the sale of goods, net of rebates and discounts. No such rebates were paid to distributors since year 2013. Provided it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to us and the revenue and costs, if applicable, can be measured reliably, revenue is recognized as follows:

| ● | Sales of goods are recognized upon transfer of the significant risks and rewards of ownership to the customer. This is usually taken as the time when the goods are delivered and the customer has accepted the goods. Once goods are accepted by a customer, there is no continuing management involvement with the goods and we do not have the obligation to accept the return of the goods to us from the customer.

| ● | Rental income is recognized based upon our annual rental over the life of the lease under operating lease, using the straight-line method.

| ● | Interest income is recognized on a time-proportion basis using the effective interest method.

Impairment of non-financial assets

Impairment testing is made on our goodwill at each reporting date. Property, plant and equipment and land use rights are tested for impairment if there is any indication that the assets may be impaired at the balance sheet date.

If any indication exists, or when annual impairment testing for an asset is required, we estimate the asset’s recoverable amount.

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Calculation of recoverable amount

An asset’s recoverable amount is the greater of an asset’s or cash-generating unit’s fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. Where an asset does not generate cash inflows largely independent of those from other assets, the recoverable amount is determined for the smallest group of assets that generates cash inflows independently (i.e. a cash-generating unit).

Recognition of impairment losses

An impairment loss is recognized in profit or loss whenever the carrying amount of an asset, or the cash-generating unit to which it belongs, exceeds its recoverable amount. Impairment losses recognized in respect of cash-generating units are allocated first to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to that cash-generating unit (or group of units), and then, to reduce on a pro rata basis the carrying amount of the other assets in the unit (or group of units), except that the carrying amount of an asset will not be reduced below its individual fair value less costs of disposal (if measurable) or value in use (if determinable).

Reversal of impairment losses

In respect of assets other than goodwill, an impairment loss is reversed if there has been a favorable change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount. An impairment loss in respect to goodwill is not reversed.

A reversal of an impairment loss is limited to the asset’s carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognized in prior years. Reversals of impairment losses are credited to profit or loss in the year in which the reversals are recognized.

Share-based employee remuneration

We operate equity-settled share-based remuneration plans for its employees. None of our plans feature any options for a cash settlement.

The fair value of share options granted to employees is recognized as an employee cost with a corresponding increase in the share-based payment reserve within equity. The fair value is measured at the grant date using the Black Scholes Option Pricing Model, taking into account the terms and conditions upon which the options were granted. Where the employees have to meet vesting conditions before becoming unconditionally entitled to the share options, the total estimated fair value of the share options is spread over the vesting period, taking into account the probability that the options will vest.

During the vesting period, the number of share options expected to vest is reviewed. Any resulting adjustment to the cumulative fair value recognized in prior years is charged/credited to the profit or loss for the year under review, unless the original employee expenses qualify for recognition as an asset, with a corresponding adjustment to the share-based payment reserve. On the vesting date, the amount recognized as an expense is adjusted to reflect the actual number of share options that vest (with a corresponding adjustment to the share-based payment reserve) except where forfeiture is only due to not achieving vesting conditions that relate to the market price of our shares. The equity amount is recognized in the share-based payment reserve until either the option is exercised (when it is transferred to the share premium account) or the option expires (when it is released directly to retained earnings).

Accounting for income taxes

Income tax comprises current tax and deferred tax.

Current tax and movements in deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized in profit or loss except to the extent that they relate to items recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, in which case the relevant amounts of tax are recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, respectively.

Current tax is the expected tax payable on the taxable income for the year, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the end of the reporting period, and any adjustment to tax payable in respect of previous years.

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Deferred tax is calculated using the liability method on temporary differences at the reporting date between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities in the financial statements and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognized for all taxable temporary differences. Deferred tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences, tax losses available to be carried forward as well as other unused tax credits, to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit, including existing taxable temporary differences, will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, unused tax losses and unused tax credits can be utilized.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are not recognized if the temporary difference arises from goodwill or from initial recognition (other than in a business combination) of assets and liabilities in a transaction that affects neither taxable nor accounting profit or loss.

Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences arising on investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures, except where we are able to control the reversal of the temporary differences and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

Deferred tax is calculated, without discounting, at tax rates that are expected to apply in the period the liability is settled or the asset realized, based on tax rate (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.

The carrying amount of a deferred tax asset is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and is reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow the related tax benefit to be utilized. Any such reduction is reversed to the extent that it becomes probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available.

Additional income taxes that arise from the distribution of dividends are recognized when the liability to pay the related dividends is recognized.

Current tax assets and current tax liabilities are presented in net if we have the legally enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts and the following additional conditions are met:

| a) | in the case of current tax assets and liabilities, we intend either to settle on a net basis, or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously; or

| b) | in the case of deferred tax assets and liabilities, if they relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority on either:

| (i) | the same taxable entity; or

| (ii) | different taxable entities, which, in each future period in which significant amounts of deferred tax liabilities or assets are expected to be settled or recovered, intend either to settle current tax liabilities and realize the current tax assets on a net basis, or to settle the liabilities and realize the assets simultaneously.

Critical accounting estimates and assumptions

We make estimates and assumptions concerning the future. The resulting accounting estimates will, by definition, seldom equal the related actual results. The key sources of estimation uncertainty and key assumptions concerning the future at the end of the reporting period, that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year are discussed below:

Useful lives and impairment assessment of property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and identified impairment losses. The estimation of useful lives impacts the level of annual depreciation expenses recorded. Property, plant and equipment are evaluated for possible impairment on a specific asset basis or in groups of similar assets, as applicable. This process requires management’s estimate of future cash flows generated by each asset or group of assets. For any instance where this evaluation process indicates impairment, the relevant asset’s carrying amount is written down to the recoverable amount and the amount of the write-down is charged against profit or loss.

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Useful lives and impairment assessment of investment property

Investment properties are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and identified impairment losses. The estimation of useful lives impacts the level of annual depreciation expenses recorded. Investment properties are evaluated for possible impairment on a specific asset basis or in groups of similar assets, as applicable. This process requires management’s estimate of future cash flows generated by each asset or group of assets. For any instance where this evaluation process indicates impairment, the relevant asset’s carrying amount is written down to the recoverable amount and the amount of the write-down is charged against profit or loss.

Impairment loss recognized in respect of property, plant and equipment

As of December 31, 2021, the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment was approximately RMB 1,250,000 (2020: RMB 68,000). No impairment loss was recognized in 2021 and 2020. Determining whether property, plant and equipment are impaired requires an estimation of the recoverable amount of the property, plant and equipment. Such an estimate was based on certain assumptions which are subject to uncertainty and might materially differ from the actual results.

Impairment loss recognized in respect of investment property

As of December 31, 2021, the carrying amount of investment property was nil (2020: nil). No impairment loss was recognized in 2021 and 2020. Determining whether an investment property is impaired requires an estimate of the recoverable amount of the investment property. Such an estimate was based on certain assumptions which are subject to uncertainty and might materially differ from the actual results.

Impairment loss recognized in respect of land use rights

As of December 31, 2021, the carrying amounts of land used rights was nil (2020: nil). No impairment loss were recognized against the original carrying amount of land use rights in fiscal 2021 and 2020, respectively. Determining whether land use rights are impaired requires an estimate of the recoverable amount of the land use rights. Such an estimate was based on certain assumptions which are subject to uncertainty and might materially differ from the actual results.

Income tax

The Company has exposure to income taxes in the PRC. Significant judgment is required in determining the provision for income taxes. There are certain transactions and computations for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain during the ordinary course of business. The Company recognizes liabilities for expected tax issues based on estimates of whether additional taxes will be due. When the final tax outcome of these matters is different from the amounts that were initially recognized, such differences will impact the income tax and deferred tax provisions in the period in which such determination is made.

Impairment of financial assets (trade receivables)

The Company recognizes a loss allowance for expected credit loss (“ECL”) on financial assets which are subject to impairment under IFRS 9 (including trade and other receivables, amounts due from related parties, restricted cash, bank balances and cash). The amount of ECL is updated at each reporting date to reflect changes in credit risk since initial recognition.

Lifetime ECL represents the ECL that will result from all possible default events over the expected life of the relevant instrument. In contrast, 12-month ECL (“12m ECL”) represents the portion of lifetime ECL that is expected to result from default events that are possible within 12 months after the reporting date. Assessment are done based on the Company’s historical credit loss experience, adjusted for factors that are specific to the debtors, general economic conditions and an assessment of both the current conditions at the reporting date as well as the forecast of future conditions.

The Company applies the IFRS 9 simplified approach to measure ECL which uses a lifetime ECL for all trade receivables. The ECL on these assets are assessed individually for debtors with significant balances and/or collectively using a provision matrix with appropriate groupings.

For all other instruments, the Company measures the loss allowance equal to 12m ECL, unless when there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, the Company recognizes lifetime ECL. The assessment of whether lifetime ECL should be recognized is based on significant increases in the likelihood or risk of a default occurring since initial recognition.

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The Company recognized bad debts of RMB 125.6 million and RMB 150.3 million in the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Net realizable value of inventories

Net realizable value of inventories is management’s estimate of future selling price in the ordinary course of business, less estimated costs of completion and selling expenses. These estimates are based on current market conditions and the historical experience of selling products of a similar nature and could change significantly as a result of various market factors.

Share-based payment transaction

The Company measures the cost of equity-settled transactions with employees by reference to the fair value of the equity instruments at the date at which they are granted. Estimating fair value for share-based payment transactions requires determining the most appropriate valuation model which is dependent on the terms and conditions of the grant. This estimate also requires determining the most appropriate inputs to the valuation model including the expected life of the stock option, volatility and dividend yield, and the assumptions as to these components.

​

ITEM 6.DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

A.Directors and senior management

Our current directors and executive officers are:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Name |  | Age |  | Position
Huang Meishuang |  | 37 |  | Chair of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Hen Man Edmund |  | 49 |  | Chief Financial Officer
Roy Tan Choon Kang (1)(2)(3)(4) |  | 50 |  | Director
Shen Cheng Liang (1)(2)(3) |  | 66 |  | Director
Song Chungen (1)(2)(3) |  | 45 |  | Director
Alex Ng Man Shek |  | 52 |  | Executive Director and Corporate Secretary

(1) | Member of audit committee

(2) | Member of compensation committee

(3) | Member of nominations committee

(4) | Audit committee financial expert

Huang Meishuang was appointed the Chairman of the Board effective as of June 17, 2019, following Huang Jia Dong’s resignation. Ms. Huang is Mr. Huang’s daughter. She has been employed at the Company’s Treasury Department from August 2008 to August 2013. From September 2013 to present, she has been employed as CEO’s Assistant. Ms. Huang holds a Bachelor’s degree in Business Administration from JiMei University, Xiamen (2008). She also holds a postgraduate diploma of the Executive Development Program from Xiamen University (2009).

Hen Man Edmund has served as our Chief Financial Officer since November 20, 2009. Mr. Hen joined Hengda in 2008 as the Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Hen is responsible for the corporate finance function and oversees matters relating to compliance and reporting obligation of our company. Prior to joining Hengda, Mr. Hen was a Financial Controller of a switchgear manufacturer in Sichuan PRC and was responsible for the corporate finance function of the company. Prior to that, Mr. Hen was the accountant of Dickson Concepts (International) Ltd., a public listed company in Hong Kong and oversaw the accounting and financial administration of the company. He also worked at a variety of international accountancy firms, including Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, in assurance and advisory services during the period from 1995 to 2001. Mr. Hen graduated from the University of East Anglia, United Kingdom, with a Bachelor’s Degree in Science in 1995. He is a member of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales and a member of the Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants.

Roy Tan Choon Kang commenced his career at the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC) in 1996 at the Economics & Strategy Department handling GIC’s equity and fixed income investments in North America and Latin America. From February 1, 2009 to December 31, 2016, Mr. Tan held the title of Managing Partner of One Tree Partners PTE Ltd., an asset management company. From November 2016 to July 31, 2017, Mr. Tan held the office of the CFO of Fuse Enterprises Inc., a digital marketing and mining company. Mr. Tan holds a joint MBA degree from National University of Singapore and Columbia University, NY (1999).

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Song Chungen was appointed effective as of November 1, 2019 as an independent member of the Board as well as a member of Audit, Compensation and Nominating Committees, to fill the vacancy following Liu Jun’s resignation. From 2009 to present, Song Chungen has been a practicing lawyer at Guangdong Weihao Law firm. He obtained his law license in May 2003, and in November 2009, he obtained Securities Qualification in China. Song Chungen holds a Bachelor’s degree in Law from Sun Yat Sen University (2007).

Shen Cheng Liang is a ceramics production expert with over 30 years of experience in the ceramics industry in China. Prior to his retirement from the industry in 2012, he was a senior production engineer and general manager at Fujian Yiyan Ceramics Ltd. where he worked from 1983 to 2012. Mr. Liang graduated with a bachelor’s degree in material physics from Jingdezhen Ceramics College in 1983.

Alex Ng Man Shek has been served as the position of corporate secretary of Nova Lifestyle Inc. (NASDAQ: NVFY) from June 2011 to October 2016 and the chief operating officer of a wholly-owned subsidiary of Nova Lifestyle Inc. in Dongguan, the PRC since 2003. He worked in various companies in Hong Kong, Canada and the PRC. Mr. Ng received his Bachelor’s degree in Economics from York University, Canada in 1994. He has also received a Certificate in Securities Course, a Certificate in Technical Analysis Course and a Certificate in Derivatives Course from The Canadian Securities Institute during the period from 1998 to 2002. There is no arrangement or understanding between Mr. Ng and any other persons pursuant to which he was appointed as discussed above. Nor are there any family relationships between Mr. Ng and any executive officers and directors.

There are no family relationships among our directors or officers.

The business address of each party described above is c/o Jinjiang Hengda Ceramics Co., Ltd., Junbing Industrial Zone, Anhai, Jinjiang City, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China.

B.Compensation

Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation

No member of our compensation committee has at any time been our officer or employee, or our subsidiaries. No interlocking relationship exists between our board of directors or compensation committee and the board of directors or compensation committee of any other company, nor has any interlocking relationship existed in the past.

During the last fiscal year, none of our officers and employees, and none of our former officers participated in deliberations of our Board of Directors concerning executive officer compensation.

Director Compensation

Starting April 1, 2010, our Board determined to provide its non-employee members annual compensation of $40,000. The following table sets forth all of the compensation paid by us or our significant subsidiaries in 2021 to each of our non-employee directors for such person’s service as a director (including contingent or deferred compensation accrued during 2020):

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Value of | ​ | ​
​ |  | Compensation |  | Options(1) | ​ | ​
Name and Principal Position |  | RMB |  | RMB |  | Total RMB
Song Chungen |  | 559,071 |  | — |  | 559,071
Roy Tan Choon Kang |  | 290,286 |  | — |  | 290,286
Alex Ng Man Shek |  | 978,000 |  | — |  | 978,000
Shen Cheng Liang |  | — |  | — |  | —

(1) | No options were granted to our directors in 2021.

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Executive Officers

The following table sets forth all of the compensation paid by us or our significant subsidiaries in 2021 to each of our officers for such person’s service as an officer (including contingent or deferred compensation accrued during 2021, but not including any amounts paid to such persons for their services as directors):

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Value of Stock | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Salary | ​ | Bonus | ​ | Compensation (2) | ​ | Total
Name and Principal Position (1) |  | RMB |  | RMB |  | RMB |  | RMB
Huang Meishuang, CEO |  | 56,917 |  | — |  | 1,261,775 |  | 1,318,692
Hen Man Edmund, CFO |  | 579,208 |  | — |  | 573,534 |  | 1,152,742

(1) | No options were granted to our executives in 2021.

(2) | Stock Compensation were granted to our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer in 2021.

Retirement Benefits

As of December 31, 2021, we have contributed to the government-mandated employee welfare and retirement benefit plan and provided pension, retirement or similar benefits to its employees. The PRC regulations require us to pay the local labor administration bureau a monthly contribution at a stated contribution rate based on the monthly basic compensation of qualified employees. The local labor administration bureau, which manages various investment funds, will take care of employee retirement, medical and other fringe benefits. We have no further commitments beyond our monthly contribution.

Employment Agreements

Upon consummation of the acquisition of Success Winner, we entered into employment agreements with certain of our executive officers. The following discussion summarizes the material terms of employment agreements entered into between us and our executive officers:

We entered into employment agreements with the following officers: Huang Meishuang, CEO, Hen Man Edmund, CFO, and Alex Ng Man Shek, Executive Director and Corporate Secretary.

| ● | The term of the employment agreements is three years (June 19, 2019 to June 18, 2022 for Huang Meishuang), one year (July 1, 2021 to June 30, 2022 for Hen Man Edmund and Alex Ng Man Shek).

| ● | From July 1, 2017, Hen Man Edmund received compensation of RMB 50,715 (HKD 58,500) per month. From July 1, 2017, Alex Ng Man Shek received compensation of RMB 69,354 (HKD 80,000) per month. Alex became our director starting from October 2017.

| ● | We may dismiss any of the above officers if any of the following events occurs with respect to the officer: (1) failure to show up for work, (2) failure to provide required documents, (3) falsification of documents, criminal record, etc., (4) serious violation of such officers’ labor rules and of regulations, (5) serious lapse of duties and responsibilities, (6) activities that violate regulations, resulting in loss of more than RMB 4,000, (7) operation of his own business during the term of his employment, (8) criminal prosecution and labor punishment, (9) request by the officer to resign, (10) causing us to sign or change any contract through fraud, coercion and other fraudulent means, or (11) other situations stipulated by law and statutes.

| ● | Each officer is subject to the non-compete provisions of the agreement for a period of three years following termination of the employment agreement and non-solicitation provisions of the agreement for a period of two years following termination of the employment agreement.

Other Employees

Compensation for our senior executives is comprised of four elements: a base salary, an annual performance bonus, equity and benefits.

In developing salary ranges, potential bonus payouts, equity awards and benefit plans, it is anticipated that our compensation committee takes into account: 1) competitive compensation among comparable companies and for similar positions in the market, 2) relevant ways to incentivize and reward senior management for improving shareholder value while building a successful company, 3) individual performance, 4) how best to retain key executives, 5) the overall performance of us and our various key component entities, 6) our ability to pay and 7) other factors deemed to be relevant at the time.

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Our senior management have discussed our above-mentioned planned process for executive compensation and the four compensation components. Specific compensation plans for our key executives are negotiated and established by our compensation committee.

We have not entered into any service contracts with any of our officers, directors or employees that contain any provisions for benefits upon termination of employment.

Antelope Enterprise Holdings Limited 2010 Incentive Compensation Plan

On December 27, 2010, our shareholders approved the 2010 Incentive Plan. The purpose of the 2010 Incentive Plan is to assist us and our subsidiaries in attracting, motivating, retaining and rewarding high-quality executives and other employees, officers, directors, and independent contractors by enabling such persons to acquire or increase a proprietary interest in us in order to strengthen the mutuality of interests between such persons and our shareholders, and providing such persons with annual and long-term performance incentives to expand their maximum efforts in the creation of shareholder value. Awards under the 2010 Incentive Plan will be limited in the aggregate to 1,200,000 shares. The 2010 Incentive Plan shall terminate at such time as no shares remain available for issuance under the 2010 Incentive Plan, when we have no further obligations with respect to outstanding awards under the 2010 Incentive Plan. As of December 31, 2016, no stock options under the 2010 Incentive Plan have been granted.

Administration. The 2010 Incentive Plan is administered by a committee (the “Committee”) designated by our board of directors (the “Board”), which shall consist of at least two directors, each of whom is (i) a “non-employee director” within the meaning of Rule 16b-3 promulgated under the Exchange Act and (ii) an “outside director” within the meaning of Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended from time to time, including regulations thereunder and successor provisions and regulations thereto (the “Code”); provided, however, that except as otherwise expressly provided in the 2010 Incentive Plan or in order to comply with Code Section 162(m) or Rule 13b-3 under the Exchange Act, the Board may exercise any power or authority granted to the Committee under the 2010 Incentive Plan. Among other things, the Committee has complete discretion, subject to the express limits of the 2010 Incentive Plan, to determine the officers, directors, employees and independent contractors to be granted an award, the type of award to be granted, the number of shares subject to each award, the terms and conditions of each award, the exercise price of each award which is a stock option (“Option”) and the base price of each award which is a stock appreciation right (“SAR”), the term of each award, the vesting schedule for an award, whether to accelerate award vesting, the value of the Shares underlying an award, and the required withholdings, if any. The Committee is also authorized to construe the award agreements, and may prescribe rules relating to the 2010 Incentive Plan. Notwithstanding the foregoing, neither the Committee nor the Board has any authority to grant or modify an award under the 2010 Incentive Plan with terms or conditions that would cause the award to be considered nonqualified “deferred compensation” subject to Code Section 409A.

Grant of Awards; Shares Available for Awards. The 2010 Incentive Plan provides for the grant of Options (both incentive stock options and non-incentive stock options), SARs (including limited SARs), restricted stock, deferred stock, stock granted as a bonus or in lieu of another award, dividend equivalents, bonus stock, awards in lieu of obligations, and performance or annual incentive awards (each an “award”) to our executive officers, directors and employees, and independent contractors (each a “participant”) (however, solely employees are eligible for awards which are incentive stock options). We have reserved a total of 1,200,000 shares for issuance as or under awards to be made under the 2010 Incentive Plan. If any award lapses, expires, is cancelled, or terminates unexercised or ceases to be exercisable for any reason, the number of shares subject thereto is again available for grant under the 2010 Incentive Plan. The number of shares for which awards which are Options, SARs, performance awards or annual incentive awards may be granted to a participant under the 2010 Incentive Plan in any fiscal year is limited to 350,000.

The number of awards to be granted to officers, directors, employees and consultants cannot be determined at this time as the grant of awards is dependent upon various factors such as hiring requirements and job performance.

Options. The exercise price per share purchasable under an Option shall be determined by the Committee or the Board, provided that such per share exercise price shall not be less than 100% of the fair market value of a share on the date of grant of the Option and shall not, in any event, be less than the par value of a share on the date of grant of such option. The Committee or the Board shall determine the time or times at which or the circumstances under which an Option may be exercised in whole or in part, the time or times at which Options shall cease to be or become exercisable following termination of employment or upon other conditions, the methods by which such exercise price may be paid or deemed to be paid, the form of such payment, and the methods by or forms in which shares will be delivered or deemed to be delivered to participants who exercise Options.

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Options which are incentive stock options (“ISOs”) granted under the 2010 Incentive Plan shall comply in all respects with Code Section 422. In the case of ISOs, if an employee owns or is deemed to own (by reason of the attribution rules applicable under Code Section 424(d)) more than 10% of the combined voting power of all classes of our shares or the shares of any parent or subsidiary (a “ten percent shareholder”) and an ISO is granted to such employee, the per share exercise price under such ISO (to the extent required by the Code at the time of grant) shall be no less than 110% of the fair market value of a share on the date such ISO is granted. The term of an ISO may not exceed 10 years (5 years in the case of an ISO granted to a ten percent shareholder). ISOs may be granted to solely employees. In addition, the aggregate fair market value of the shares subject to an ISO (determined at the time of grant) which are exercisable for the first time by an employee during any calendar year may not exceed $100,000.

Stock Appreciation Rights. A SAR provides the participant to whom it is granted the right to receive, upon its exercise, the excess of (A) the fair market value of the number of shares subject to the SAR on the date of exercise (or, in the case of a “Limited SAR” (as defined in the 2010 Incentive Plan) which may be exercised only in the event of a “change in control” (as defined in the 2010 Incentive Plan), the fair market value determined by reference to the change in control price, as defined in the 2010 Incentive Plan), over (B) the product of the number of shares subject to the SAR multiplied by the grant price under the SAR, as determined by the Committee or the Board. The per share grant price of a SAR shall not be less than the fair market value of a share on the date of grant.

Restricted Stock Awards. A restricted stock award is a grant or sale of shares to the participant, subject to such restrictions on transferability, risk of forfeiture and other restrictions, if any, as the Committee or the Board may impose, which restrictions may lapse separately or in combination at such times, under such circumstances (including based on achievement of performance goals and/or future service requirements), in such installments or otherwise, as the Committee or the Board may determine at the date of grant or purchase or thereafter. Except to the extent restricted under the terms of the 2010 Incentive Plan and any agreement relating to the restricted stock award, a participant who is granted or has purchased restricted stock shall have all of the rights of a shareholder, including the right to vote the restricted stock and the right to receive dividends thereon (subject to any mandatory reinvestment or other requirement imposed by the Committee or the Board). During the restricted period applicable to the restricted stock, subject to certain exceptions, the restricted stock may not be sold, transferred, pledged, hypothecated, margined or otherwise encumbered by the participant.

Deferred Stock. A deferred stock award is a right to receive shares, cash, or a combination thereof at the end of a specified deferral period, subject to certain terms and conditions, and in compliance with Code Section 409A. Payment under an award of deferred stock shall occur upon expiration of the deferral period specified for such deferred stock award by the Committee or the Board (or, if permitted by the Committee or the Board, as elected by the participant). In addition, deferred stock awards shall be subject to such restrictions (which may include a risk of forfeiture) as the Committee or the Board may impose, if any, which restrictions may lapse at the expiration of the deferral period or at earlier specified times (including based on achievement of performance goals and/or future service requirements), separately or in combination, in installments or otherwise, as the Committee or the Board may determine. Payments under deferred stock awards may be by delivery of Shares, cash equal to the fair market value of the specified number of shares covered by the deferred stock award, or a combination thereof, as determined by the Committee or the Board at the date of grant or thereafter. Prior to the end of the specified deferral period for a deferred stock award, the award carries no voting or dividend or other rights associated with share ownership.

Bonus Shares and Awards in Lieu of Obligations. The Committee and the Board are each authorized to grant shares as a bonus, or to grant shares or other awards in lieu of our obligations to pay cash or deliver other property under the 2010 Incentive Plan or under other plans or compensatory arrangements, provided that, in the case of participants subject to Section 16 of the Exchange Act, the amount of such grants remains within the discretion of the Committee to the extent necessary to ensure that acquisitions of shares or other awards are exempt from liability under Section 16(b) of the Exchange Act. These bonus shares or awards granted under the 2010 Incentive Plan shall be subject to such other terms as shall be determined by the Committee or the Board.

Dividend Equivalents. The Committee and the Board are each authorized to grant dividend equivalents to a participant, entitling the participant to receive cash, shares, other awards, or other property equal in value to dividends paid with respect to a specified number of Shares, or other periodic payments. Dividend equivalents may be awarded on a free-standing basis or in connection with another award. The Committee or the Board may provide that dividend equivalents shall be paid or distributed when accrued or shall be deemed to have been reinvested in additional shares, awards, or other investment vehicles, and subject to such restrictions on transferability and risks of forfeiture, as the Committee or the Board may specify.

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Other Stock-Based Awards. The Committee and the Board are each authorized, subject to limitations under applicable law, to grant to participants such other awards that may be denominated or payable in, valued in whole or in part by reference to, or otherwise based on, or related to, shares, as deemed by the Committee or the Board to be consistent with the purposes of the 2010 Incentive Plan, including, without limitation, convertible or exchangeable debt securities, other rights convertible or exchangeable into shares, purchase rights for shares, awards with value and payment contingent upon our performance or any other factors designated by the Committee or the Board, and awards valued by reference to the book value of shares or the value of securities of or the performance of our specified subsidiaries or business units.

Performance and Annual Incentive Awards. The Committee and the Board (except for such awards to be made to participants who are “covered employees” for purposes of Code Section 162(m), which awards must be made by the Committee) are each authorized to grant (i) performance awards, under which participants will receive cash payments, shares or other awards upon the satisfaction of pre-specified (generally, other than annual) performance criteria, and (ii) annual incentive awards, under which participants will receive cash payments, shares or other awards upon the satisfaction of pre-specified annual performance criteria. The performance criteria which may be used for performance awards or annual incentive awards made to participants who are “covered employees” for purposes of Code Section 162(m) may solely include, for us, on a consolidated basis and/or our specified subsidiaries or business units (except with respect to total shareholder return and earnings per share criteria) - total shareholder return; total shareholder return as compared to total return (on a comparable basis) of a publicly available index such as, but not limited to, the Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock Index or the S&P Specialty Retailer Index; net income; pretax earnings; earnings before interest expense, taxes, depreciation and amortization; pretax operating earnings after interest expense and before bonuses, service fees, and extraordinary or special items; operating margin; earnings per share; return on equity; return on capital; return on investment; operating earnings; working capital or inventory; and ratio of debt to shareholders’ equity.

Change in Control Provisions. In the event of a change in control (as defined in the 2010 Incentive Plan), (i) any award subject to vesting and exercisability requirements that was not previously vested and exercisable shall become fully vested and exercisable as of the occurrence of the change in control, subject to certain restrictions; (ii) Limited SARs (and other SARs if so provided by their terms) shall become exercisable for amounts, in cash, determined by reference to the change in control price; (iii) the restrictions, deferral of settlement, and forfeiture conditions applicable to any other award shall lapse and such awards shall be deemed fully vested as of the occurrence of the change in control, except to the extent of any waiver by the participant and subject to certain restrictions; (iv) with respect to any outstanding award subject to achievement of performance goals and conditions under the 2010 Incentive Plan, such performance goals and other conditions will be deemed to be met if and to the extent so provided by the Committee in the award agreement relating to such award; (v) the Board may in its sole and absolute discretion, provide on a case by case basis that Options shall terminate, provided however, that a participant holding a terminating Option shall have the right, immediately prior to the occurrence of such change in control and during such period as the Board in its sole discretion shall determine and designate, to exercise that Option, to the extent exercisable, in whole or in part; and (vi) the Board may in its sole and absolute discretion, provide on a case by case basis that any award entitled to be settled in shares shall instead be entitled to be settled, during such period as the Board in its sole discretion shall determine and designate, by means of a cash payment equal to the fair market value of such award immediately prior to the occurrence of such change in control, as determined in good faith by the Board.

Amendment and Termination. The Board may amend, alter, suspend, discontinue or terminate the 2010 Incentive Plan, or the Committee’s authority to grant awards under the 2010 Incentive Plan, without the consent of shareholders or participants, except that any amendment or alteration to the 2010 Incentive Plan shall be subject to the approval of the Company’s shareholders not later than the annual meeting next following such Board action if such shareholder approval is required by any federal or state law or regulation (including, without limitation, Rule 16b-3 or Code Section 162(m)) or the rules of any stock exchange or automated quotation system on which the Shares may then be listed or quoted, and the Board may otherwise, in its discretion, determine to submit other such changes to the 2010 Incentive Plan to shareholders for approval; provided that, without the consent of an affected participant, no such Board action may materially and adversely affect the rights of such participant under any previously granted and outstanding award. The Committee or the Board may waive any conditions or rights under, or amend, alter, suspend, discontinue or terminate any award theretofore granted and any award agreement relating thereto, except as otherwise provided in the 2010 Incentive Plan; provided that, without the consent of an affected participant, no such Committee or the Board action may materially and adversely affect the rights of such participant under such award.

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Compensation Committee. The shareholders of the Company approved the 2010 Incentive Plan at the annual meeting held on December 27, 2010. In accordance with the 2010 Incentive Plan, the Board of Directors of the Company has appointed the Compensation Committee (the “Committee”) to administer the 2010 Incentive Plan. The Company granted an aggregate of 1,130,000 stock options to Huang Jia Dong, Su Pei Zhi, Su Wei Feng, Hen Man Edmund, Paul K. Kelly, Cheng Yan Davis, Ding Wei Dong and William L. Stulginsky, upon the approval by the Board of Directors on January 27, 2011, the grant date. The exercise price of the share options granted is $7.65 per share and the share options are valid for a period of 5 years from January 27, 2011 to January 27, 2016. One-fourth of options granted will vest in every year from the grant date. As at the grant date of January 27, 2011, the estimated total fair value of the options granted is $3,977,600.

Certain U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences of the 2010 Incentive Plan

The following is a general summary of the U.S. federal income tax consequences under current tax law to Antelope Enterprises, were it subject to U.S. federal income taxation on a net income basis, and to participants under the 2010 Incentive Plan who are individual citizens or residents of the United States for U.S. federal income tax purposes (“U.S. participants”) of Options, which include ISOs and Options that are not ISOs, SARs, restricted stock, deferred stock, performance shares, performance units, restricted stock units, dividend equivalent rights and bonus stock. It does not purport to cover all of the special rules that may apply, including special rules relating to limitations on the ability of Antelope Enterprises to deduct certain compensation, special rules relating to deferred compensation, golden parachutes, participants subject to Section 16(b) of the Exchange Act and the exercise of an Option with previously-acquired shares. This summary assumes that U.S. participants will hold their shares as capital assets within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Code. This summary does not address the application of the passive foreign investment company rules of the Code to U.S. participants. These rules are discussed generally under the section below entitled “Taxation–United States Federal Income Taxation–U.S. Holders–Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules”. In addition, this summary does not address the foreign, state or local income or other tax consequences, or any U.S. federal non-income tax consequences, inherent in the acquisition, ownership, vesting, exercise, termination or disposition of an award under the 2010 Incentive Plan or shares issued pursuant thereto. Participants are urged to consult their own tax advisors concerning the tax consequences to them of an award under the 2010 Incentive Plan or shares issued pursuant thereto.

A U.S. participant generally does not recognize taxable income upon the grant of an Option. Upon the exercise of an Option that is not an ISO, the participant generally recognizes ordinary income in an amount equal to the excess, if any, of the fair market value of the shares acquired on the date of exercise over the exercise price therefor, and Antelope Enterprises would be entitled to a deduction for such amount at that time. If the U.S. participant later disposes of the shares acquired under an Option that is not an ISO, the U.S. participant generally recognizes a long-term or short-term gain or loss, depending upon the period for which the shares were held thereby. A long-term capital gain generally is subject to more favorable tax treatment than ordinary income or a short-term capital gain. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to certain limitations.

Upon the exercise of an ISO, a U.S. participant generally does not recognize taxable income. If the U.S. participant disposes of the shares acquired pursuant to the exercise of an ISO more than two years after the date of grant and more than one year after the transfer of the shares to the participant, the U.S. participant generally recognizes a long-term capital gain or loss, and Antelope Enterprises would not be entitled to a deduction. However, if the U.S. participant disposes of such shares prior to the end of the required holding period, all or a portion of the gain is treated as ordinary income, and Antelope Enterprises generally would be entitled to deduct such amount.

In addition to the U.S. federal income tax consequences described above, the U.S. participant may be subject to the alternative minimum tax (“AMT”), which is payable to the extent it exceeds the participant’s regular income tax. For this purpose, upon the exercise of an ISO, the excess of the fair market value of the shares for which the ISO is exercised over the exercise price thereunder for such shares is a preference item for purposes of the AMT. In addition, the U.S. participant’s basis in such shares is increased by such excess for purposes of computing the gain or loss on the disposition of the shares for AMT purposes. If a U.S. participant is required to pay any AMT, the amount of such tax which is attributable to deferral preferences (including any ISO adjustment) generally may be allowed as a credit against the participant’s regular income tax liability (and, in certain cases, may be refunded to the participant) in subsequent years. To the extent the credit is not used, it may be carried forward.

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A U.S. participant who receives a restricted stock award or who purchases shares of restricted stock, which shares, in either case, are subject to a substantial risk of forfeiture and certain transfer restrictions, generally does not recognize income on the receipt of the award or the purchased restricted shares and generally recognizes ordinary compensation income at the time the restrictions lapse in an amount equal to the excess, if any, of the fair market value of the shares at such time over any amount paid by the U.S. participant for the shares. Alternatively, the U.S. participant may elect to be taxed upon receipt of the restricted shares based on the value of the shares at the time of receipt. Antelope Enterprises generally would be entitled to deduct such amount at the same time as ordinary compensation income is required to be included by the U.S. participant and in the same amount. Dividends received with respect to restricted shares generally are treated as compensation, unless the U.S. participant elects to be taxed on the receipt (rather than the vesting) of the restricted shares.

A U.S. participant generally does not recognize income upon the grant of an SAR. The U.S. participant recognizes ordinary compensation income upon the exercise of the SAR equal to the increase in the value of the underlying shares, and Antelope Enterprises generally would be entitled to a deduction for such amount.

A U.S. participant generally does not recognize income on the receipt of a deferred stock award or a bonus stock award and generally recognizes income when the shares are received. At such time, the U.S. participant recognizes ordinary compensation income equal to the excess, if any, of the fair market value of the shares over any amount paid for the shares, and Antelope Enterprises generally would be entitled to deduct such amount at such time.

A U.S. participant generally does not recognize income on the receipt of a performance award, annual incentive award or dividend equivalent right award until a payment is received under the award. At such time, the U.S. participant recognizes ordinary compensation income equal to the amount of any cash payments and the fair market value of any shares received, and Antelope Enterprises generally would be entitled to deduct such amount at such time.

Antelope Enterprise Holdings Limited 2017 Equity Compensation Plan

On May 21, 2017, the Board of Directors of the Company (the “Board”) approved the 2017 Equity Compensation Plan (the “Plan”) is to attract and retain outstanding individuals as employees, directors and consultants of the Company and its subsidiaries, to recognize the contributions made to the Company and its Subsidiaries by such individuals and to provide them with additional incentive to expand and improve the profits and achieve the objectives of the Company

The Plan is administered by the Board. The Board, in its sole discretion, will determine the eligible individuals to whom, and the time or times at which awards will be granted, the form and amount of each award, the expiration date of each award, the time or times within which the awards may be exercised, the cancellation of the awards and the other limitations, restrictions, terms and conditions applicable to the grant of the awards.

The total number of shares that may be issued under the Plan is 280,000, subject to adjustments in the event of any reorganization, recapitalization, share split, distribution, merger, consolidation, split-up, spin-off, combination, subdivision, consolidation or exchange of shares, any change in the capital structure of the Company or any similar corporate transaction. The Board may, in its discretion, (a) grant shares under the Plan to any participant without consideration from such Participant or (b) sell shares under the Plan to any participant for such amount of cash, shares or other consideration as the Board deems appropriate. Notwithstanding any of the provisions of the Plan or any outstanding award agreement, upon a Change in Control of the Company, the Board is authorized and has sole discretion to provide that all restrictions applicable to all awards shall terminate or lapse in order that Participants may fully realize the benefits thereunder. Awards granted under the Plan, and any rights and privileges pertaining thereto, may not be transferred, assigned, pledged or hypothecated in any manner, or be subject to execution, attachment or similar process, by operation of law or otherwise, other than by will or by the laws of descent and distribution. The Board may terminate, suspend, or amend the Plan, in whole or in part, from time to time. The Board also has the authority to amend any award agreement at any time.

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2019 Equity Incentive Plan

At the 2019 Annual Meeting the Company’s shareholders approved the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan. In December 2019, our Board approved the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, subject to shareholder approval. All of our employees, officers, and directors, and consultants are eligible to be granted options or restricted stock awards (each, an “Award”) under the Plan. The Plan is currently administered by the Board, which has all the power to administer the Plan according to its terms, including the power to grant Awards, determine who may be granted Awards and the types and amounts of Awards to be granted, prescribe Award agreements, and establish programs for granting Awards. Awards may be made under the Plan for up to 1,000,000 of our common shares. No awards have been granted under the Plan as of today. The Plan is a stock-based compensation plan that provides for discretionary grants of, among others, stock options, stock awards and stock unit awards to employees and directors of the Company. The purpose of the Plan is to recognize contributions made to our company and its subsidiaries by such individuals and to provide them with additional incentive to achieve the objectives of our Company.

Administration. The Plan will be administered by our board of directors, or, once constituted, the Compensation Committee of the board of directors (we refer to body administering the Plan as the “Committee”).

Number of Shares of Common Shares. The number of common shares that may be issued under the Plan is 1,000,000. Shares issuable under the Plan may be authorized but unissued shares or treasury shares. If there is a lapse, forfeiture, expiration, termination or cancellation of any award made under the Plan for any reason, the shares subject to the award will again be available for issuance. Any shares subject to an award that are delivered to us by a participant, or withheld by us on behalf of a participant, as payment for an award or payment of withholding taxes due in connection with an award will not again be available for issuance, and all such shares will count toward the number of shares issued under the Plan. The number of common shares issuable under the Plan is subject to adjustment, in the event of any reorganization, recapitalization, stock split, stock distribution, merger, consolidation, split-up, spin-off, combination, subdivision, consolidation or exchange of shares, any change in the capital structure of the company or any similar corporate transaction. In each case, the Committee has the discretion to make adjustments it deems necessary to preserve the intended benefits under the Plan. No award granted under the Plan may be transferred, except by will, the laws of descent and distribution.

Eligibility. All employees, directors, and consultants of the Company are eligible to receive awards under the Plan.

Awards to Participants. The Plan provides for discretionary awards of, among others, stock options, stock awards and stock unit awards to participants. Each award made under the Plan will be evidenced by a written award agreement specifying the terms and conditions of the award as determined by the Committee in its sole discretion, consistent with the terms of the Plan.

Stock Options. The Committee has the discretion to grant non-qualified stock options or incentive stock options to participants and to set the terms and conditions applicable to the options, including the type of option, the number of shares subject to the option and the vesting schedule; each option will expire ten years from the date of grant and no dividend equivalents may be paid with respect to stock options.

Stock Awards. The Committee has the discretion to grant stock awards to participants. Shares granted under the Plan will be effective and exercisable as of the Company’s completion of our initial public offering of its securities and other terms, restrictions and qualifications that may be set forth in the individual grant agreements. Stock awards will consist of common shares granted without any consideration from the participant or shares sold to the participant for appropriate consideration as determined by the Board. The number of shares awarded to each participant, and the restrictions, terms and conditions of the award, will be at the discretion of the Committee. Subject to the restrictions, a participant will be a shareholder with respect to the shares awarded to him or her and will have the rights of a shareholder with respect to the shares, including the right to vote the shares and receive dividends on the shares; provided that dividends otherwise payable on any performance-based stock award will be held by us and will be paid to the holder of the stock award only to the extent the restrictions on such stock award lapse, and the Committee in its discretion can accumulate and hold such amounts payable on any other stock awards until the restrictions on the stock award lapse.

Payment for Stock Options and Withholding Taxes. The Committee may make one or more of the following methods available for payment of any award, including the exercise price of a stock option, and for payment of the minimum required tax obligation associated with an award: (i) cash; (ii) cash received from a broker-dealer to whom the holder has submitted an exercise notice together with irrevocable instructions to deliver promptly to us the amount of sales proceeds from the sale of the shares subject to the award to pay the exercise price or withholding tax; (iii) by directing us to withhold common shares otherwise issuable in connection with the award having a fair market value equal to the amount required to be withheld; and (iv) by delivery of previously acquired common shares that are acceptable to the Committee and that have an aggregate fair market value on the date of exercise equal to the exercise price or withholding tax, or certification of ownership by attestation of such previously acquired shares.

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Amendment of Award Agreements; Amendment and Termination of the Plan; Term of the Plan. The Committee may amend any award agreement at any time, provided that no amendment may adversely affect the right of any participant under any agreement in any material way without the written consent of the participant, unless such amendment is required by applicable law, regulation or stock exchange rule. The Board may terminate, suspend or amend the Plan, in whole or in part, from time to time, without the approval of the shareholders, unless such approval is required by applicable law, regulation or stock exchange rule, and provided that no amendment may adversely affect the right of any participant under any outstanding award in any material way without the written consent of the participant, unless such amendment is required by applicable law, regulation or rule of any stock exchange on which the shares are listed. Notwithstanding the foregoing, neither the Plan nor any outstanding award agreement can be amended in a way that results in the repricing of a stock option. Repricing is broadly defined to include reducing the exercise price of a stock option or cancelling a stock option in exchange for cash, other stock options with a lower exercise price or other stock awards. No awards may be granted under the Plan on or after the tenth anniversary of the effective date of the Plan.

C.Board Practices

The term of each director is until their resignation or removal.

Our board of directors has established an audit committee, a compensation committee and a governance and nominating committee.

Audit Committee. The audit committee consists of Roy Tan Choon Kang (Chair and the Audit Committee financial expert), Shen Cheng Liang and Song Chungen.

The board of directors has adopted an audit committee charter, providing for the following responsibilities of the audit committee:

| ● | appointing and replacing our independent auditors and pre-approving all auditing and permitted non-auditing services to be performed by the independent auditors;

| ● | reviewing and discussing the annual audited financial statements with management and the independent auditors;

| ● | annually reviewing and reassessing the adequacy of our audit committee charter;

| ● | such other matters that are specifically delegated to our audit committee by our board of directors from time to time;

| ● | meeting separately and periodically with management, the internal auditors and the independent auditors; and

| ● | reporting regularly to the board of directors.

A copy of the audit committee charter is available on our website at http://aehltd.com/Corporate-Governance.html. The information contained on our website is not a part of this Annual Report.

Compensation Committee. Our compensation committee consists of Shen Cheng Liang (Chair), Song Chungen and Roy Tan. Our board of directors adopted a compensation committee charter, providing for the following responsibilities of the compensation committee:

| ● | reviewing and making recommendations to the board regarding our compensation policies and forms of compensation provided to our directors and officers;

| ● | reviewing and making recommendations to the board regarding bonuses for our officers and other employees;

| ● | administering our incentive-compensation plans for our directors and officers;

| ● | reviewing and assessing the adequacy of the charter annually;

| ● | administering our share option plans, if they are established in the future, in accordance with the terms thereof; and

| ● | such other matters that are specifically delegated to the compensation committee by our board of directors from time to time.

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A copy of the compensation committee charter is available on our website at http://aehltd.com/Corporate-Governance.html. The information contained on our website is not a part of this Annual Report.

Governance and Nominating Committee. Our governance and nominating committee consists Shen Cheng Liang (Chair), Song Chungen and Roy Tan. Our board of directors adopted a governance and nominating committee charter, providing for the following responsibilities of the governance and nominating committee:

| ● | overseeing the process by which individuals may be nominated to our board of directors;

| ● | identifying potential directors and making recommendations as to the size, functions and composition of our board of directors and its committees;

| ● | reviewing candidates proposed by our shareholders;

| ● | developing the criteria and qualifications for the selection of potential directors; and

| ● | making recommendations to the board of directors on new candidates for board membership.

A copy of the governance and nominating committee charter is available on our website at http://aehltd.com/Corporate-Governance.html. The information contained on our website is not a part of this Annual Report.

In making nominations, the governance and nominating committee is required to submit candidates who have the highest personal and professional integrity, who have demonstrated exceptional ability and judgment and who shall be most effective, in conjunction with the other nominees to the board, in collectively serving the long-term interests of the shareholders. In evaluating nominees, the governance and nominating committee is required to take into consideration the following attributes, which are desirable for a member of the board: leadership, independence, interpersonal skills, financial acumen, business experiences, industry knowledge, and diversity of viewpoints.

Code of Ethics

In May 2010, our board of directors adopted a code of ethics that applies to our directors, officers and employees. Our code of ethics is available on our website at http://aehltd.com/Corporate-Governance.html.

Director Independence

Our Board is subject to the independence requirements of the Nasdaq Stock Market (“Nasdaq”). The Board undertakes periodic reviews of director independence. During this review, the Board considers transactions and relationships between each director or any member of his immediate family, the Company and its affiliates to determine whether any such relationships or transactions exist that are inconsistent with a determination that the director is independent. Our Board has determined that all current members of the Audit Committee, the Compensation Committee and the Nominating and Governance Committee (Song Chungen, Roy Tan Choon Kang, and Shen Cheng Liang) are ‘‘independent” in accordance with the Nasdaq independence requirements. Our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer does not serve on any of the Board committees. The majority of the Board is comprised of independent directors. The Board based these determinations primarily on a review of the responses of the directors and executive officers to questions regarding employment and transaction history, affiliations and family and other relationships and on discussions with the directors and the fact that no director previously reported a change in circumstances that could affect his independence.

D.Employees

The table below provides information as to the total number of employees at the end of the last three fiscal years. We reduced the number of our employees in 2021 due to the reduction in the facilities that were being operated. We have no contracts or collective bargaining agreements with labor unions and have never experienced work stoppages due to labor dispute. We consider our relations with our employees to be good.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021
Number of Employees |  | 431 |  | 297 |  | 236

​

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E.Share Ownership

See Item 7 below.

ITEM 7.MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

A.Major shareholders

The following table sets forth certain information regarding beneficial ownership of our shares by each person who is known by us to beneficially own more than 5% of our shares. The table also identifies the share ownership of each of our directors, each of our named executive officers, and all directors and officers as a group. Except as otherwise indicated, the shareholders listed in the table have sole voting and investment powers with respect to the shares indicated. Our major shareholders do not have different voting rights than any other holder of our shares.

Shares which an individual or group has a right to acquire within 60 days pursuant to the exercise or conversion of options, warrants or other similar convertible or derivative securities are deemed to be outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of such individual or group, but are not deemed to be outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person shown in the table.

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission and generally includes voting and investment power. Except as otherwise indicated below, each beneficial owner holds voting and investment power directly. The percentage of ownership is based on 6,031,604 shares issued and outstanding as of April 25, 2022.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Number of | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Shares | ​ | ​ |
​ |  | Beneficially | ​ | % of | ​
Name (1) |  | Owned |  | Ownership | ​
Huang Meishuang |  | 13,750 | ​ | * |
Hen Man Edmund |  | 12,112 | ​ | * |
Song Chungen |  | — | ​ | — |
Roy Tan Choon Kang |  | — | ​ | — |
Shen Cheng Liang |  | — | ​ | — |
Alex Ng Man Shek |  | — | ​ | — |
All directors and executive officers as a group (6 individuals) |  | 25,862 | ​ | * |
Sound Treasure Limited |  | 368,388 | (2) | 6.11 | %
Weilai Zhang |  | 977,755 | (3) | 16.21 | %

* | Less than 1%

(1)Unless otherwise indicated, the business address of each of the individuals is c/o Jinjiang Hengda Ceramics Co., Ltd.; Junbing Industrial Zone; Anhai, Jinjiang City; Fujian Province, PRC.

(2)Huang Jia Dong is the sole director and shareholder of Sound Treasure Limited. The mailing address for Sound Treasure is c/o Jinjiang Hengda Ceramics Co., Ltd.; Junbing Industrial Zone; Anhai, Jinjiang City; Fujian Province, PRC, Attn: Huang Jia Dong. Includes (i) an aggregate of 368,388 shares owned by Mr. Huang’s spouse and Children for which Mr. Huang may be deemed to be the beneficial owner, which beneficial ownership Mr. Huang disclaims, and (ii) 217,205 shares owned by Sound Treasure Limited, an entity of which Mr. Huang is the sole director and shareholder.

(3)The mailing address for this individual is 2302 Bldg. 2 Renheng, Binhewan No. 88, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, China.

B.Related Party Transactions

Mr. Huang Jia Dong, the founder of Hengda and former Chairman and the former Chief Executive Officer and former director of the Company and Mr. Wong Kung Tok, formerly one of the Company’s significant shareholders, provide working capital loans to the Company from time to time during the normal course of its business. These loans amounted to RMB 35,057,000 and RMB 35,057,000 as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. These loans are interest free, unsecured and repayable on demand. Mr. Huang and Mr. Wong are brothers-in-law. Mr. Huang and Mr. Wong are brothers-in-law.

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As of December 31, 2021, the Company had a loan of US$167,000 (equivalent to RMB 1,160,000) (2019: US$167,000 (equivalent to RMB 1,146,000)) payable to Sound Treasure Limited, an affiliate of Mr. Huang Jia Dong and a shareholder of the Company. This loan is interest free, unsecured and repayable on demand.

As of December 31, 2021, the Company had a loan of US $20,000 (equivalent to RMB 131,000) (2019: nil) payable to Alex Ng Man Shek, a director and corporate secretary of the Company. This loan is interest free, unsecured and repayable on demand.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company paid a total of RMB 8,840,000 in consultancy fees to Anhui Zhongjun Enterprise Management Co., Ltd. (“Anhui Zhongjun”); of the RMB 8,840,000 total consultancy fees, RMB 5,993,000 were expensed during the year. The remaining RMB 2,847,000 was recorded under prepayments under current assets as of December 31, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company received a total of RMB 1,460,000 from Anhui Zhongjun for the provision of business management services. The Company completed all performance obligations pertaining to the RMB 1,460,000 received and recognized revenue of RMB 1,378,000, net of PRC value-added tax of RMB 82,000. The director of Anhui Zhongjun, Zhang Yonghong is also a director of the Company's subsidiary, Chengdu Future Talented Management and Consulting Co., Ltd.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company incurred a total of RMB 36,929,000 in cost of revenue to Lianjie (Hainan)Technology Co., Ltd. (“Lianjie”). The Company paid RMB 34,464,000 to Lianjie for the cost of revenue incurred. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had trade accounts payable of RMB 2,565,000 due to Lianjie. Lin Yufeng, a director of the Company’s subsidiary, Hainan KylinCloud Services Technology Co., Ltd., was a significant shareholder of Lianjie from September 22, 2021 until November 19, 2021.

C.Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not required.

ITEM 8.FINANCIAL INFORMATION

A.Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information.

See Item 18 for our audited consolidated financial statements.

Legal Proceedings

From time to time in the ordinary course of our business, we may be involved in legal proceedings, the outcomes of which may not be determinable. The results of litigation are inherently unpredictable. Any claims against us, whether meritorious or not, could be time consuming, result in costly litigation, require significant amounts of management time and result in diversion of significant resources. We are not able to estimate an aggregate amount or range of reasonably possible losses for those legal matters for which losses are not probable and estimable, primarily for the following reasons: (i) many of the relevant legal proceedings are in preliminary stages, and until such proceedings develop further, there is often uncertainty regarding the relevant facts and circumstances at issue and potential liability; and (ii) many of these proceedings involve matters of which the outcomes are inherently difficult to predict. We have insurance policies covering potential losses where such coverage is cost effective.

We are not at this time involved in any legal proceedings.

Dividend Policy

Our Board of Directors has discretion to pay dividends. The form, frequency and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that our Board of Directors may deem relevant. Although we have paid dividends in the past, there is no assurance that we will continue to pay dividends in the future.

On February 25, 2014, we announced two semi-annual cash dividends of $0.0125 per share. The first dividend of $0.0125 per share was paid on July 14, 2014 and the second of $0.0125 per share was paid on January 14, 2015, with record dates of June 13, 2014 and December 12, 2014, respectively. No dividends were paid subsequent to January 14, 2015. The Company does not anticipate paying dividends in the near future.

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We are a holding company incorporated in the British Virgin Islands. We rely on dividends paid by our Hong Kong and Chinese subsidiaries for our cash needs. The payment of dividends by entities organized in China is subject to limitations. If the Boards of our Chinese subsidiaries decide to pay dividends in the future, these restrictions may impede our ability to pay dividends and/or the amount of dividends we could pay. In addition, if our Chinese subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us.

B.Significant Changes

Except as disclosed elsewhere in this Annual Report, we have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our audited consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report.

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ITEM 9.THE OFFER AND LISTING

A.Offer and Listing Details

The following tables set forth, for the calendar quarters indicated and through March 2021, the quarterly high and low sale prices for our shares, as reported on NASDAQ Stock Market, the OTC Bulletin Board or the NYSE Amex, as applicable. The OTC Bulletin Board market quotations reflect inter-dealer prices, without retail mark-up, mark-down or commission and may not necessarily reflect actual transactions.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Shares
​ |  | High |  | Low
Annual Highs and Lows |  |  |  |
2012 |  | 36.32 |  | 11.76
2013 |  | 32.48 |  | 15.84
2014 |  | 20.48 |  | 5.92
2015 |  | 11.36 |  | 6.00
2016 |  | 8.64 |  | 2.09
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Quarterly Highs and Lows |  |  |  |
2017 |  |  |  |
First Quarter |  | 2.53 |  | 2.08
Second Quarter |  | 2.26 |  | 1.32
Third Quarter |  | 1.68 |  | 1.31
Fourth Quarter |  | 2.39 |  | 1.32
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
2018 |  |  |  |
First Quarter |  | 2.69 |  | 1.43
Second Quarter |  | 1.76 |  | 1.37
Third Quarter |  | 1.87 |  | 1.32
Fourth Quarter |  | 3.67 |  | 0.80
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
2019 |  |  |  |
First Quarter |  | 2.08 |  | 1.38
Second Quarter |  | 1.76 |  | 0.80
Third Quarter |  | 0.93 |  | 0.73
Fourth |  | 1.06 |  | 0.67
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
2020 |  |  |  |
First Quarter |  | 0.90 |  | 0.27
Second Quarter |  | 0.94 |  | 0.38
Third Quarter |  | 3.12 |  | 1.83
Fourth |  | 2.64 |  | 1.97
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
2021 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
First Quarter | ​ | 4.90 | ​ | 2.42
Second Quarter | ​ | 4.55 | ​ | 2.50
Third Quarter | ​ | 4.08 | ​ | 2.53
Fourth Quarter | ​ | 3.14 | ​ | 1.50
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
2022 |  |  |  |
January |  | 1.79 |  | 1.08
February |  | 1.40 |  | 1.07
March |  | 1.48 |  | 1.02

​

B.Plan of Distribution

Not Applicable.

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C.Markets

Our shares have been listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market beginning on October 15, 2020 under the symbol “AEHL” subsequent to our publicly announced corporate name change to Antelope Enterprise Holdings Limited from China Ceramics Co., Ltd. Previously, our shares have been listed on the NASDAQ Stock Market under the symbol “CCCL” since January 18, 2011. Our shares were listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market from November 3, 2010 through January 17, 2011 and were relisted on the NASDAQ Capital Market on March 23, 2016 following the listing transfer where it is trading now under the same symbol “CCCL.” Our shares were listed on the NASDAQ Global Market from January 18, 2011 until March 22, 2016. The shares were previously quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board from December 29, 2009 through November 2, 2010. Prior to December 29, 2009, our shares were traded on NYSE Amex, under the symbols “HOL and CHAC; CHAC’s shares commenced to trade on December 17, 2007.

D.Selling Shareholders

Not Applicable.

E.Dilution

Not Applicable.

F.Expenses of the Issue

Not Applicable.

ITEM 10.ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

A.Share Capital

Not Applicable.

B.Memorandum and Articles of Association

The information required by Item 10.B of Form 20-F is included in the section titled “Description of Securities–Memorandum and Articles of Association” in our Registration Statement on Form F-1 initially filed with the SEC on October 29, 2010 (File No.: 333-170237), which section is incorporated herein by reference.

C.Material Contracts

The Company did not enter into any other material contracts during our fiscal years 2019 or 2020.

D.Exchange controls

Under British Virgin Islands law, there are currently no restrictions on the export or import of capital, including foreign exchange controls or restrictions that affect the remittance of dividends, interest or other payments to nonresident holders of our shares.

E.Taxation

The following summary of the material PRC and U.S. federal income tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of Antelope Enterprises shares, sometimes referred to as “securities,” is based upon laws and relevant interpretations thereof in effect as of the date of this Annual Report, all of which are subject to change. This summary does not deal with all possible tax consequences relating to an investment in Antelope Enterprises’ securities, such as the tax consequences under state, local and other tax laws. For purposes of this discussion, references to “Antelope Enterprises,” “we,” “us” or “our” refer only to Antelope Enterprises Co., Ltd.

PRC Taxation

The following discussion summarizes the material PRC income tax considerations relating to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of Antelope Enterprises’ securities. You should consult with your own tax adviser regarding the PRC tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of Antelope Enterprises’ securities.

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Resident Enterprise Treatment

On March 16, 2007, the Fifth Session of the Tenth National People’s Congress passed the Enterprise Income Tax Law of the PRC (“EIT Law”), which became effective on January 1, 2008. Under the EIT Law, enterprises are classified as “resident enterprises” and “non-resident enterprises.” Pursuant to the EIT Law and its implementing rules, enterprises established outside China whose “de facto management bodies” are located in China are considered “resident enterprises” and subject to the uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate on their worldwide taxable income. According to the implementing rules of the EIT Law, “de facto management body” refers to a managing body that in practice exercises overall management control over the production and business, personnel, accounting and assets of an enterprise.

On April 22, 2009, the State Administration of Taxation issued the Notice on the Issues Regarding Recognition of Enterprises that are Domestically Controlled as PRC Resident Enterprises Based on the De Facto Management Body Criteria, which was retroactively effective as of January 1, 2008. This notice provides that an overseas incorporated enterprise that is controlled by PRC domestic companies will be recognized as a “tax-resident enterprise” if it satisfies all of the following conditions: (i) the senior management responsible for daily production/business operations are primarily located in the PRC, and the location(s) where such senior management execute their responsibilities are primarily in the PRC; (ii) strategic financial and personnel decisions are made or approved by organizations or personnel located in the PRC; (iii) major properties, accounting ledgers, company seals and minutes of board meetings and stockholder meetings, etc., are maintained in the PRC; and (iv) 50% or more of the board members with voting rights or senior management habitually reside in the PRC.

Given the short history of the EIT Law and lack of applicable legal precedent, it remains unclear how the PRC tax authorities will determine the resident enterprise status of a company organized under the laws of a foreign (non-PRC) jurisdiction, such as Antelope Enterprises, Success Winner and Stand Best. If the PRC tax authorities determine that Antelope Enterprises, Success Winner and/or Stand Best is a “resident enterprise” under the EIT Law, a number of tax consequences could follow. First, Antelope Enterprises, Success Winner and/or Stand Best could be subject to the enterprise income tax at a rate of 25% on their worldwide taxable income, as well as PRC enterprise income tax reporting obligations. Second, the EIT Law provides that dividend income between “qualified resident enterprises” is exempt from income tax. As a result, if Antelope Enterprises, Success Winner and Stand Best are each treated as a “qualified resident enterprise,” all dividends paid from Hengda to Antelope Enterprises, through Success Winner and Stand Best, should be exempt from the PRC enterprise income tax.

As of the date of this Annual Report, there has not been a definitive determination by Antelope Enterprises, Success Winner, Stand Best or the PRC tax authorities as to the “resident enterprise” or “non-resident enterprise” status of Antelope Enterprises, Success Winner and Stand Best. However, since it is not anticipated that Antelope Enterprises, Success Winner and/or Stand Best would receive dividends or generate other income in the near future, Antelope Enterprises, Success Winner and Stand Best are not expected to have any income that would be subject to the 25% enterprise income tax on worldwide taxable income in the near future. Antelope Enterprises, Success Winner and Stand Best will make any necessary tax payment if Antelope Enterprises, Success Winner or Stand Best (based on future clarifying guidance issued by the PRC), or the PRC tax authorities, determine that Antelope Enterprises, Success Winner or Stand Best is a resident enterprise under the EIT Law, and if Antelope Enterprises, Success Winner or Stand Best were to have income in the future.

Dividends From Hengda

If Stand Best is not treated as a resident enterprise under the EIT Law, then dividends that Stand Best receives from Hengda may be subject to PRC withholding tax. The EIT Law and the implementing rules of the EIT Law provide that (A) an income tax rate of 25% will normally be applicable to investors that are “non-resident enterprises” which (i) have an establishment or place of business inside the PRC, and (ii) have income in connection with their establishment or place of business that is sourced from the PRC or is earned outside the PRC but has an actual connection with their establishment or place of business inside the PRC, and (B) a PRC withholding tax at a rate of 10% will normally be applicable to dividends payable to non-resident enterprises that (i) do not have an establishment or place of business in the PRC or (ii) have an establishment or place of business in the PRC, but the relevant income is not effectively connected with such establishment or place of business, to the extent such dividends are derived from sources within the PRC.

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As described above, the PRC tax authorities may determine the resident enterprise status of entities organized under the laws of foreign jurisdictions on a case-by-case basis. Antelope Enterprises, Success Winner and Stand Best are holding companies and substantially all of Antelope Enterprises’, Success Winner’s and Stand Best’s income may be derived from dividends. Thus, if Antelope Enterprises, Success Winner and/or Stand Best are considered a “non-resident enterprise” under the EIT Law and the dividends paid to Antelope Enterprises, Success Winner and/or Stand Best are considered income sourced within the PRC, such dividends received may be subject to PRC withholding tax as described in the foregoing paragraph.

The State Council of the PRC or a tax treaty between China and the jurisdiction in which the non-resident enterprise resides may reduce such income or withholding tax, with respect to a non-resident enterprise. Pursuant to the Arrangement between the Mainland of China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income (the “PRC-Hong Kong Tax Treaty”), if the Hong Kong resident enterprise that is not deemed to be a conduit by the PRC tax authorities owns more than 25% of the equity interest in a PRC resident enterprise, the 10% PRC withholding tax on the dividends the Hong Kong resident enterprise receives from such PRC resident enterprise is reduced to 5%.

Antelope Enterprises is a British Virgin Islands holding company, and it has a British Virgin Islands subsidiary (Success Winner), which owns a 100% equity interest in a subsidiary in Hong Kong (Stand Best), which in turns owns a 100% equity interest in Hengda, a PRC company. As a result, if Stand Best were treated as a “non-resident enterprise” under the EIT Law, then dividends that Stand Best receives from Hengda (assuming such dividends were considered sourced within the PRC) (i) may be subject to a 5% PRC withholding tax, if the PRC-Hong Kong Tax Treaty were applicable, or (ii) if such treaty does not apply (i.e., because the PRC tax authorities may deem Stand Best to be a conduit that is not entitled to treaty benefits), may be subject to a 10% PRC withholding tax. Similarly, if Success Winner were treated as a PRC “non-resident enterprise” under the EIT Law and Stand Best were treated as a PRC “resident enterprise” under the EIT Law, then dividends that Success Winner receives from Stand Best (assuming such dividends were considered sourced within the PRC) may be subject to a 10% PRC withholding tax. A similar situation may arise if Antelope Enterprises were treated as a “non-resident enterprise” under the EIT Law, and Success Winner were treated as a “resident enterprise” under EIT Law. Any such taxes on dividends could materially reduce the amount of dividends, if any, Antelope Enterprises could pay to its shareholders.

As of the date of this Annual Report, there has not been a definitive determination by Antelope Enterprises, Success Winner, Stand Best or the PRC tax authorities as to the “resident enterprise” or “non-resident enterprise” status of Antelope Enterprises, Success Winner and Stand Best. As described above, however, Hengda, Stand Best and Success Winner are not expected to pay any dividends in the near future. Hengda, Stand Best and Success Winner will make any necessary tax withholding if, in the future, Hengda, Stand Best or Success Winner were to pay any dividends and Hengda, Stand Best or Success Winner (based on future clarifying guidance issued by the PRC), or the PRC tax authorities, determine that Stand Best, Success Winner or Antelope Enterprises is a non-resident enterprise under the EIT Law.

Dividends that Non-PRC Resident Investors Receive From Antelope Enterprises; Gain on the Sale or Transfer of Antelope Enterprises’ Securities

If we are determined to be a resident enterprise under the EIT Law and dividends payable to (or gains realized by) Antelope Enterprises’ investors that are not tax residents of the PRC (“non-resident investors”) are treated as income derived from sources within the PRC, then the dividends that the non-resident investors receive from us and any such gain derived by such investors on the sale or transfer of Antelope Enterprises’ securities may be subject to income tax under the PRC tax laws.

Under the PRC tax laws, PRC withholding tax at the rate of 10% is applicable to dividends payable to non-resident investors that are enterprises, but not individuals, and that (i) do not have an establishment or place of business in the PRC or (ii) have an establishment or place of business in the PRC but the relevant income is not effectively connected with the establishment or place of business, to the extent that such dividends are deemed to be sourced within the PRC. Similarly, any gain realized on the transfer of Antelope Enterprises’ securities by such investors also is subject to 10% PRC income tax if such gain is regarded as income derived from sources within the PRC.

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The dividends paid by us to such non-resident investors with respect to Antelope Enterprises’ securities, or gain such non-resident investors may realize from the sale or transfer of Antelope Enterprises’ securities, may be treated as PRC-sourced income and, as a result, may be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 10%. In such event, Antelope Enterprises may be required to withhold a 10% PRC tax on any dividends paid to such non-resident investors. In addition, such non-resident investors in Antelope Enterprises’ securities may be responsible for paying PRC tax at a rate of 10% on any gain realized from the sale or transfer of Antelope Enterprises’ securities if such non-resident investors and the gain satisfy the requirements under the PRC tax laws. However, under the PRC tax laws, Antelope Enterprises would not have an obligation to withhold PRC income tax in respect of the gains that such non-resident investors (including U.S. enterprise investors) may realize from the sale or transfer of Antelope Enterprises’ securities. Also, if Antelope Enterprises is determined to be a “resident enterprise,” its non-resident investors who are individuals may also be subject to potential PRC individual income tax at a rate of 20% with respect to dividends received from Antelope Enterprises and/or gains derived by them from the sale or transfer of Antelope Enterprises’ securities.

If Antelope Enterprises were to pay any dividends in the future, and if Antelope Enterprises (based on future clarifying guidance issued by the PRC), or the PRC tax authorities, determine that Antelope Enterprises must withhold PRC tax on any dividends payable by Antelope Enterprises under the PRC tax laws, Antelope Enterprises will make any necessary tax withholding on dividends payable to its non-resident investors. If non-resident investors as described under the PRC tax laws (including U.S. investors) realize any gain from the sale or transfer of Antelope Enterprises’ securities and if such gain were considered as PRC-sourced income, such non-resident investors would be responsible for paying the applicable PRC income tax on the gain from the sale or transfer of Antelope Enterprises’ securities. As indicated above, under the PRC tax laws, Antelope Enterprises would not have an obligation to withhold PRC income tax in respect of the gains that non-resident investors (including U.S. investors) may realize from the sale or transfer of Antelope Enterprises’ securities.

On December 10, 2009, the SAT released Circular Guoshuihan No. 698 (“Circular 698”) that reinforces the taxation of certain equity transfers by non-resident investors through overseas holding vehicles. Circular 698 addresses indirect equity transfers as well as other issues. Circular 698 is retroactively effective from January 1, 2008. According to Circular 698, where a non-resident investor who indirectly holds an equity interest in a PRC resident enterprise through a non-PRC offshore holding company indirectly transfers an equity interest in the PRC resident enterprise by selling an equity interest in the offshore holding company, and the latter is located in a country or jurisdiction where the actual tax burden is less than 12.5% or where the offshore income of its residents is not taxable, the non-resident investor is required to provide the PRC tax authority in charge of that PRC resident enterprise with certain relevant information within 30 days of the execution of the equity transfer agreement. The tax authorities in charge will evaluate the offshore transaction for tax purposes. In the event that the PRC tax authorities determine that such transfer is abusing forms of business organization and a reasonable commercial purpose for the offshore holding company other than the avoidance of PRC income tax liability is lacking, the PRC tax authorities will have the power to re-assess the nature of the equity transfer under the doctrine of substance over form. A reasonable commercial purpose may be established when the overall international (including U.S.) offshore structure is set up to comply with the requirements of supervising authorities of international (including U.S.) capital markets. If the SAT’s challenge of a transfer is successful, it may deny the existence of the offshore holding company that is used for tax planning purposes and subject the seller to PRC tax on the capital gain from such transfer. Since Circular 698 has a short history, there is uncertainty as to its application. Antelope Enterprises (or a non-resident investor) may become at risk of being taxed under Circular 698 and may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with Circular 698 or to establish that Antelope Enterprises (or such non-resident investor) should not be taxed under Circular 698, which could have a material adverse effect on Antelope Enterprises’ financial condition and results of operations (or such non-resident investor’s investment in Antelope Enterprises).

In addition, the PRC resident enterprise may be required to provide necessary assistance to support the enforcement of Circular 698.

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On February 3, 2015, the State Administration of Tax issued a Public Notice Regarding Certain Corporate Income Tax Matters on Indirect Transfer of Properties by Non-tax Resident Enterprise, or Public Notice 7. Public Notice 7 has introduced a new tax regime that is significantly different from that under Circular 698. Public Notice 7 extends its tax jurisdiction to not only indirect transfers set forth under Circular 698 but also transactions involving transfer of other taxable assets, through the offshore transfer of a foreign intermediate holding company. In addition, Public Notice 7 provides clearer criteria the Circular 698 on how to assess reasonable commercial purposes and has introduced safe harbors for internal group restructurings and the purchase and sale of equity through a public securities market. Public Notice 7 also brings challenges to both the foreign transferor and transferee (or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer) of the taxable assets. Where a non-resident enterprise conducts an “indirect transfer” by transferring the taxable assets indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, the non-resident enterprise being the transferor, or the transferee, or the PRC entity which directly owned the taxable assets may report to the relevant tax authority such indirect transfer. Using a “substance over form” principle, the PRC tax authority may re-characterize such indirect transfer as a direct transfer of the equity interests in the PRC tax resident enterprise and other properties in China. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax, and the transferee or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer is obligated to withhold the applicable taxes, currently at a rate of up to 10% for the transfer of equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise. Both the transferor and the transferee may be subject to penalties under PRC tax laws if transferee fails to withhold the taxes and the transferor fails to pay the taxes.

We face uncertainties with respect to the reporting and consequences of private equity financing transactions, share exchange or other transactions involving the transfer of shares in our company by investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises, or sale or purchase of shares in other non-PRC resident companies or other taxable assets by us. Our company and other non-resident enterprises in our group may be subject to filing obligations or being taxed if our company and other non-resident enterprises in our group are transferors in such transactions, and may be subject to withholding obligations if our company and other non-resident enterprises in our group are transferees in such transactions, under Circular 698 and Public Notice 7. For the transfer of shares to our company by investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises, our PRC subsidiaries may be requested to assist in the filing under Circular 698 and Public Notice 7. As a result, we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with Circular 698 and Public Notice 7 to request the relevant transferors from whom we purchase taxable assets to comply with these circulars, or to establish that our company and other non-resident enterprises in our group should not be taxed under these circulars, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The PRC tax authorities have the discretion under Circular 698 and Public Notice 7 to make adjustments to the taxable capital gains based on the difference between the fair value of the taxable assets transferred and the cost of investment. If the PRC tax authorities make adjustments to the taxable income of the transactions under Circular 698 and Public Notice 7, our income tax costs associated with such potential acquisitions will be increased, which may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Penalties for Failure to Pay Applicable PRC Income Tax

A non-resident investor in us may be responsible for paying PRC tax on any gain realized from the sale or transfer of Antelope Enterprises’ securities if such non-resident investor and the gain satisfy the requirements under the PRC tax laws, as described above.

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According to the EIT Law and its implementing rules, the PRC Individual Income Tax Law and its implementing rules, the PRC Tax Administration Law (the “Tax Administration Law”) and its implementing rules, the Provisional Measures for the Administration of Withholding of Enterprise Income Tax for Non-resident Enterprises (the “Administration Measures”) and other applicable PRC laws or regulations (collectively the “Tax Related Laws”), where any gain derived by a non-resident investor from the sale or transfer of Antelope Enterprises’ securities is subject to any income tax in the PRC, and such non-resident investor fails to file any tax return or pay tax in this regard pursuant to the Tax Related Laws, such investor may be subject to certain fines, penalties or punishments, including without limitation: (1) if the non-resident investor fails to file a tax return and present the relevant information in connection with tax payments, the competent tax authorities shall order it to do so within the prescribed time limit and may impose a fine up to RMB 2,000, and in egregious cases, may impose a fine ranging from RMB 2,000 to RMB 10,000; (2) if the non-resident investor fails to file a tax return or fails to pay all or part of the amount of tax payable, the non-resident investor shall be required to pay the unpaid tax amount payable, a surcharge on overdue tax payments (the daily surcharge is 0.05% of the overdue amount, beginning from the day the deferral begins) and a fine ranging from 50% to 500% of the unpaid amount of the tax payable; (3) if the non-resident investor fails to file a tax return and to pay the tax within the prescribed time limit according to the order by the PRC tax authorities, the PRC tax authorities may collect and check information about the income receivable by the non-resident investor in the PRC from other payers (the “Other Payers”) who will pay amounts to such non-resident investor, and send a “Notice of Tax Issues” to the Other Payers to collect and recover the tax payable and overdue fines imposed on such non-resident investor from the amounts otherwise payable to such non-resident investor by the Other Payers; (4) if the non-resident investor fails to pay the tax payable within the prescribed time limit as ordered by the PRC tax authorities, a fine may be imposed on the non-resident investor ranging from 50% to 500% of the unpaid tax payable, and the PRC tax authorities may, upon approval by the director of the tax bureau (or sub-bureau) of, or higher than, the county level, take the following compulsory measures: (i) notify in writing the non-resident investor’s bank or other financial institution to withhold from the account thereof for payment of the amount of tax payable, and (ii) detain, seal off, or sell by auction or on the market the non-resident investor’s commodities, goods or other property in a value equivalent to the amount of tax payable; or (5) if the non-resident investor fails to pay all or part of the amount of tax payable or surcharge for overdue tax payment, and cannot provide a guarantee to the PRC tax authorities, the tax authorities may notify the frontier authorities to prevent the non-resident investor or its legal representative from leaving the PRC.

United States Federal Income Taxation

General

The following is a summary of the material U.S. federal income tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of Antelope Enterprises’ securities.

The discussion below of the U.S. federal income tax consequences to “U.S. Holders” will apply to a beneficial owner of Antelope Enterprises’ securities that is for U.S. federal income tax purposes:

| ● | an individual citizen or resident of the United States;

| ● | a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation) that is created or organized (or treated as created or organized) in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia;

| ● | an estate whose income is includible in gross income for U.S. federal income tax purposes regardless of its source; or

| ● | a trust if (i) a U.S. court can exercise primary supervision over the trust’s administration and one or more U.S. persons are authorized to control all substantial decisions of the trust, or (ii) it has a valid election in effect under applicable U.S. Treasury regulations to be treated as a U.S. person.

A beneficial owner of our securities that is described above is referred to herein as a “U.S. Holder.” If a beneficial owner of Antelope Enterprises’ securities is not described as a U.S. Holder and is not an entity treated as a partnership or other pass-through entity for U.S. federal income tax purposes, such owner will be considered a “Non-U.S. Holder.” The material U.S. federal income tax consequences applicable specifically to Non-U.S. Holders are described below under the heading “Non-U.S. Holders.”

This summary is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the “Code,” its legislative history, Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder, published rulings and court decisions, all as currently in effect. These authorities are subject to change or differing interpretations, possibly on a retroactive basis.

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This discussion does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be relevant to any particular holder of Antelope Enterprises’ securities based on such holder’s individual circumstances. In particular, this discussion considers only holders that own and hold Antelope Enterprises’ securities as capital assets within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Code. This discussion also does not address the alternative minimum tax. In addition, this discussion does not address the U.S. federal income tax consequences to holders that are subject to special rules, including:

| ● | financial institutions or financial services entities;

| ● | broker-dealers;

| ● | persons that are subject to the mark-to-market accounting rules under Section 475 of the Code;

| ● | tax-exempt entities;

| ● | governments or agencies or instrumentalities thereof;

| ● | insurance companies;

| ● | regulated investment companies;

| ● | real estate investment trusts;

| ● | certain expatriates or former long-term residents of the United States;

| ● | persons that actually or constructively own 5% or more of Antelope Enterprises’ voting shares;

| ● | persons that acquired Antelope Enterprises’ securities pursuant to an exercise of employee share options, in connection with employee share incentive plans or otherwise as compensation;

| ● | persons that hold Antelope Enterprises’ securities as part of a straddle, constructive sale, hedging, conversion or other integrated transaction;

| ● | persons whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar;

| ● | controlled foreign corporations; or

| ● | passive foreign investment companies.

This discussion does not address any aspect of U.S. federal non-income tax laws, such as gift or estate tax laws, or state, local or non-U.S. tax laws, or, except as discussed herein, any tax reporting obligations of a holder of Antelope Enterprises’ securities. Additionally, this discussion does not consider the tax treatment of partnerships or other pass-through entities or persons who hold Antelope Enterprises’ securities through such entities. If a partnership (or other entity classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) is the beneficial owner of Antelope Enterprises’ securities, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a partner in the partnership will generally depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. This discussion also assumes that any distribution made (or deemed made) in respect to the Antelope Enterprises’ securities and any consideration received (or deemed received) by a holder in connection with the sale or other disposition of such securities will be in U.S. dollars.

Antelope Enterprises has not sought, and will not seek, a ruling from the Internal Revenue Service, or “IRS,” or an opinion of counsel, as to any U.S. federal income tax consequence described herein. The IRS may disagree with the description herein, and its determination may be upheld by a court. Moreover, there can be no assurance that future legislation, regulations, administrative rulings or court decisions will not adversely affect the accuracy of the statements in this discussion.

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THIS DISCUSSION IS ONLY A SUMMARY OF THE MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES OF THE ACQUISITION, OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF ANTELOPE ENTERPRISES’ SECURITIES. EACH HOLDER OF ANTELOPE ENTERPRISES’ SECURITIES IS URGED TO CONSULT ITS OWN TAX ADVISOR WITH RESPECT TO THE PARTICULAR TAX CONSEQUENCES TO SUCH HOLDER OF THE ACQUISITION, OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF ANTELOPE ENTERPRISES’ SECURITIES, INCLUDING THE APPLICABILITY AND EFFECT OF ANY STATE, LOCAL AND NON-U.S. TAX LAWS, AS WELL AS U.S. FEDERAL TAX LAWS AND APPLICABLE TAX TREATIES.

Tax Treatment of Antelope Enterprises After the Redomestication and the Business Combination

Section 7874(b) of the Code generally provides that a corporation organized outside the United States that acquires, directly or indirectly, pursuant to a plan or series of related transactions, substantially all of the assets of a corporation organized in the United States will be treated as a domestic corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes if shareholders of the acquired corporation, by reason of owning shares of the acquired corporation, own at least 80% of either the voting power or the value of the stock of the acquiring corporation after the acquisition. Under regulations promulgated under Section 7874, a warrant holder of either the acquired corporation or the acquiring corporation generally is treated for this purpose as owning stock of the acquired corporation or the acquiring corporation, as the case may be, with a value equal to the excess of the value of the shares underlying the warrant over the exercise price of the warrant. If Section 7874(b) were to have applied to the Redomestication, then, among other things, Antelope Enterprises, as the surviving entity, would have been subject to U.S. federal income tax on its worldwide taxable income following the Redomestication and the Business Combination as if it were a domestic corporation.

After the completion of the Business Combination, which occurred immediately after and as part of the same integrated transaction as the Redomestication, the former stockholders of CHAC (including warrant holders treated as owning stock of CHAC pursuant to the regulations under Section 7874) should have been considered as owning, by reason of owning (or being treated as owning) stock of CHAC, less than 80% of the voting power and the value of the shares of Antelope Enterprises (including any warrants treated as shares of Antelope Enterprises pursuant to the regulations promulgated under Section 7874). Accordingly, Section 7874(b) should not have applied to treat Antelope Enterprises as a domestic corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. However, due to the absence of full guidance on how the rules of Section 7874(b) applied to the transactions completed pursuant to the Redomestication and the Business Combination, this result is not entirely free from doubt. If, for example, the Redomestication were ultimately determined for purposes of Section 7874(b) as having occurred prior to, and separate from, the Business Combination for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the share ownership threshold for applicability of Section 7874(b) generally would have been satisfied (and Antelope Enterprises would have been treated as a domestic corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) because the former stockholders of CHAC (including warrant holders treated as owning stock of CHAC), by reason of owning (or being treated as owning) stock of CHAC, would have owned all of the shares (including any warrants treated as shares) of Antelope Enterprises immediately after the Redomestication. Although normal “step transaction” tax principles supported the view that the Redomestication and the Business Combination should have been viewed together for purposes of determining whether Section 7874(b) was applicable, because of the absence of guidance under Section 7874(b) directly on point, this result is not entirely free from doubt. The balance of this discussion assumes that Antelope Enterprises has been and will be treated as a foreign corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

U.S. Holders

Taxation of Cash Distributions Paid on Shares

Subject to the passive foreign investment company, or “PFIC,” rules discussed below, a U.S. Holder generally will be required to include in gross income as ordinary income the amount of any cash dividend paid on the shares of Antelope Enterprises. A cash distribution on such shares generally will be treated as a dividend for U.S. federal income tax purposes to the extent the distribution is paid out of current or accumulated earnings and profits of Antelope Enterprises (as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes). Such dividend generally will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction generally allowed to U.S. corporations in respect of dividends received from other U.S. corporations. The portion of such cash distribution, if any, in excess of such earnings and profits will be applied against and reduce (but not below zero) the U.S. Holder’s adjusted basis in its shares in Antelope Enterprises. Any remaining excess generally will be treated as gain from the sale or other taxable disposition of such shares.

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With respect to non-corporate U.S. Holders, such dividends may be subject to U.S. federal income tax at the lower applicable regular long-term capital gains tax rate (see “—Taxation on the Disposition of Securities” below) provided that (1) the shares of Antelope Enterprises are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States or, in the event Antelope Enterprises is deemed to be a Chinese “resident enterprise” under the EIT Law, Antelope Enterprises is eligible for the benefits of the Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the People’s Republic of China for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Tax Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income, or the “U.S.-PRC Tax Treaty,” (2) Antelope Enterprises is not a PFIC, as discussed below, for either the taxable year in which the dividend was paid or the preceding taxable year, and (3) certain holding period requirements are met. Under published IRS authority, shares are considered for purposes of clause (1) above to be readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States only if they are listed on certain exchanges, which presently include the NASDAQ Stock Market. Although Antelope Enterprises’ shares are currently listed and traded on the NASDAQ Stock Market, it cannot guarantee that its shares will continue to be listed or traded on the NASDAQ Stock Market. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the availability of the lower rate for any dividends paid with respect to the shares of Antelope Enterprises.

If a PRC income tax applies to any cash dividends paid to a U.S. Holder on the shares of Antelope Enterprises, such tax may be treated as a foreign tax eligible for a deduction from such holder’s U.S. federal taxable income or a foreign tax credit against such holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability (subject to applicable conditions and limitations). In addition, if such PRC tax applies to such dividends, such U.S. Holder may be entitled to certain benefits under the U.S.-PRC Tax Treaty if such holder is considered a resident of the United States for purposes of, and otherwise meets the requirements of, the U.S.-PRC Tax Treaty. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the deduction or credit for any such PRC tax and their eligibility for the benefits of the U.S.-PRC Tax Treaty.

Taxation on the Disposition of Securities

Upon a sale or other taxable disposition of the securities in Antelope Enterprises, and subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, a U.S. Holder generally will recognize capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized and the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the securities.

The regular U.S. federal income tax rate on capital gains recognized by U.S. Holders generally is the same as the regular U.S. federal income tax rate on ordinary income, except that long-term capital gains recognized by non-corporate U.S. Holders are generally subject to U.S. federal income tax at a maximum regular rate of 20%. Capital gain or loss will constitute long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the securities exceeds one year. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to various limitations.

If a PRC income tax applies to any gain from the disposition of the securities in Antelope Enterprises by a U.S. Holder, such tax may be treated as a foreign tax eligible for a deduction from such holder’s U.S. federal taxable income or a foreign tax credit against such holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability (subject to applicable conditions and limitations). In addition, if such PRC tax applies to any gain, such U.S. Holder may be entitled to certain benefits under the U.S.-PRC Tax Treaty if such holder is considered a resident of the United States for purposes of, and otherwise meets the requirements of, the U.S.-PRC Tax Treaty. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the deduction or credit for any such PRC tax and their eligibility for the benefits of the U.S.-PRC Tax Treaty.

Additional Taxes

U.S. Holders that are individuals, estates or trusts and whose income exceeds certain thresholds generally will be subject to a 3.8% Medicare contribution tax on unearned income, including, without limitation, dividends on, and gains from the sale or other taxable disposition of, Antelope Enterprises’ securities, subject to certain limitations and exceptions. Under regulations, in the absence of a special election, such unearned income generally would not include income inclusions under the qualified electing fund, or QEF, rules discussed below under “ Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules,” but would include distributions of earnings and profits from a QEF. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the effect, if any, of such tax on their ownership and disposition of Antelope Enterprises’ securities.

Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules

A foreign (i.e., non-U.S.) corporation will be a PFIC if at least 75% of its gross income in a taxable year of the foreign corporation, including its pro rata share of the gross income of any corporation in which it is considered to own at least 25% of the shares by value, is passive income. Alternatively, a foreign corporation will be a PFIC if at least 50% of its assets in a taxable year of the foreign corporation, ordinarily determined based on fair market value and averaged quarterly over the year, including its pro rata share of the assets of any corporation in which it is considered to own at least 25% of the shares by value, are held for the production of, or produce, passive income. Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, rents and royalties (other than certain rents or royalties derived from the active conduct of a trade or business) and gains from the disposition of passive assets.

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Based on the composition (and estimated values) of the assets and the nature of the income of Antelope Enterprises and its subsidiaries during its 2015 taxable year, Antelope Enterprises does not believe that it was treated as a PFIC for such year. However, because Antelope Enterprises has not performed a definitive analysis as to its PFIC status for its 2015 taxable year, there can be no assurance in respect to its PFIC status for such year. There also can be no assurance with respect to Antelope Enterprises’ status as a PFIC for its current (2016) taxable year or any future taxable year.

If Antelope Enterprises is determined to be a PFIC for any taxable year (or portion thereof) that is included in the holding period of a U.S. Holder of Antelope Enterprises’ shares and, the U.S. Holder did not make a timely QEF election for Antelope Enterprises’ first taxable year as a PFIC in which the U.S. Holder held (or was deemed to hold) shares, a QEF election along with a purging election or a mark-to-market election, each as described below, such holder generally will be subject to special rules for regular U.S. federal income tax purposes with respect to:

| ● | any gain recognized by the U.S. Holder on the sale or other disposition of its shares; and

| ● | any “excess distribution” made to the U.S. Holder (generally, any distributions to such U.S. Holder during a taxable year of the U.S. Holder that are greater than 125% of the average annual distributions received by such U.S. Holder in respect of the shares of Antelope Enterprises during the three preceding taxable years of such U.S. Holder or, if shorter, such U.S. Holder’s holding period for the shares).

Under these rules:

| ● | the U.S. Holder’s gain or excess distribution will be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the shares;

| ● | the amount allocated to the U.S. Holder’s taxable year in which the U.S. Holder recognized the gain or received the excess distribution or to the period in the U.S. Holder’s holding period before the first day of the first taxable year of Antelope Enterprises in which Antelope Enterprises qualified as a PFIC will be taxed as ordinary income;

| ● | the amount allocated to other taxable years (or portions thereof) of the U.S. Holder and included in its holding period will be taxed at the highest tax rate in effect for that year and applicable to the U.S. Holder; and

| ● | the interest charge generally applicable to underpayments of tax will be imposed in respect of the tax attributable to each such other taxable year of the U.S. Holder.

In general, if we are determined to be a PFIC, a U.S. Holder may avoid the PFIC tax consequences described above in respect to its shares in Antelope Enterprises by making a timely QEF election (or a QEF election along with a purging election). Pursuant to the QEF election, a U.S. Holder generally will be required to include in income its pro rata share of Antelope Enterprises’ net capital gains (as long-term capital gain) and other earnings and profits (as ordinary income), on a current basis, in each case whether or not distributed, in the taxable year of the U.S. Holder in which or with which Antelope Enterprises’ taxable year ends if Antelope Enterprises is treated as a PFIC for that taxable year. A U.S. Holder may make a separate election to defer the payment of taxes on undistributed income inclusions under the QEF rules, but if deferred, any such taxes will be subject to an interest charge.

The QEF election is made on a shareholder-by-shareholder basis and, once made, can be revoked only with the consent of the IRS. A U.S. Holder generally makes a QEF election by attaching a completed IRS Form 8621 (Information Return by a Shareholder of a Passive Foreign Investment Company or Qualified Electing Fund), including the information provided in a PFIC annual information statement, to a timely filed U.S. federal income tax return for the taxable year to which the election relates. Retroactive QEF elections generally may be made only by filing a protective statement with such return and if certain other conditions are met or with the consent of the IRS.

In order to comply with the requirements of a QEF election, a U.S. Holder must receive certain information from Antelope Enterprises. Upon request from a U.S. Holder, Antelope Enterprises will endeavor to provide to the U.S. Holder, no later than 90 days after the request, such information as the IRS may require, including a PFIC annual information statement, in order to enable the U.S. Holder to make and maintain a QEF election. However, there is no assurance that Antelope Enterprises will have timely knowledge of its status as a PFIC in the future or of the required information to be provided.

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If a U.S. Holder has made a QEF election with respect to its shares in Antelope Enterprises, and the special tax and interest charge rules do not apply to such shares (because of a timely QEF election for Antelope Enterprises’ first taxable year as a PFIC in which the U.S. Holder holds (or is deemed to hold) such shares or a QEF election, along with a purge of the PFIC taint pursuant to a purging election, as described below), any gain recognized on the sale or other taxable disposition of such shares generally will be taxable as capital gain and no interest charge will be imposed. As discussed above, for regular U.S. federal income tax purposes, U.S. Holders of a QEF generally are currently taxed on their pro rata shares of the QEF’s earnings and profits, whether or not distributed. In such case, a subsequent distribution of such earnings and profits that were previously included in income generally should not be taxable as a dividend to such U.S. Holders. The adjusted tax basis of a U.S. Holder’s shares in a QEF will be increased by amounts that are included in income, and decreased by amounts distributed but not taxed as dividends, under the above rules. Similar basis adjustments apply to property if by reason of holding such property the U.S. Holder is treated under the applicable attribution rules as owning shares in a QEF.

Although a determination as to Antelope Enterprises’ PFIC status will be made annually, an initial determination that it is a PFIC generally will apply for subsequent years to a U.S. Holder who held shares of Antelope Enterprises while it was a PFIC, whether or not it met the test for PFIC status in those subsequent years. A U.S. Holder who makes the QEF election discussed above for Antelope Enterprises’ first taxable year as a PFIC in which the U.S. Holder holds (or is deemed to hold) shares in Antelope Enterprises, however, will not be subject to the PFIC tax and interest charge rules discussed above in respect to such shares. In addition, such U.S. Holder will not be subject to the QEF inclusion regime with respect to such shares for any taxable year of Antelope Enterprises that ends within or with a taxable year of the U.S. Holder and in which Antelope Enterprises is not a PFIC. On the other hand, if the QEF election is not effective for each of the taxable years of Antelope Enterprises in which Antelope Enterprises is a PFIC and during which the U.S. Holder holds (or is deemed to hold) shares in Antelope Enterprises, the PFIC rules discussed above will continue to apply to such shares unless the holder files on a timely filed U.S. income tax return (including extensions) a QEF election and a purging election to recognize under the rules of Section 1291 of the Code any gain that the U.S. Holder would otherwise recognize if the U.S. Holder had sold its shares for their fair market value on the “qualification” date. The qualification date is the first day of Antelope Enterprises’ tax year in which it qualifies as a QEF with respect to such U.S. Holder. The purging election can only be made if such U.S. Holder held shares on the qualification date. The gain recognized by the purging election will be subject to the special tax and interest charge rules treating the gain as an excess distribution, as described above. As a result of the purging election, the U.S. Holder will increase the adjusted tax basis in its shares by the amount of the gain recognized and will also have a new holding period in the shares for purposes of the PFIC rules.

Alternatively, if a U.S. Holder, at the close of its taxable year, owns shares in a PFIC that are treated as marketable stock, the U.S. Holder may make a mark-to-market election with respect to such shares for such taxable year. If the U.S. Holder makes a valid mark-to-market election for the first taxable year of the U.S. Holder in which the U.S. Holder holds (or is deemed to hold) shares in Antelope Enterprises and for which Antelope Enterprises is determined to be a PFIC, such holder generally will not be subject to the PFIC rules described above in respect to its shares as long as such shares continue to be treated as marketable stock. Instead, in general, the U.S. Holder will include as ordinary income for each year that Antelope Enterprises is treated as a PFIC, the excess, if any, of the fair market value of its shares at the end of its taxable year over the adjusted tax basis in its shares. The U.S. Holder also will be allowed to take an ordinary loss in respect of the excess, if any, of the adjusted tax basis of its shares over the fair market value of its shares at the end of its taxable year (but only to the extent of the net amount of previously included income as a result of the mark-to-market election). The U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in its shares will be adjusted to reflect any such income or loss amounts, and any further gain recognized on a sale or other taxable disposition of the shares in a taxable year in which Antelope Enterprises is treated as a PFIC generally will be treated as ordinary income. Special tax rules may apply if a U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election for a taxable year after the U.S. Holder holds (or is deemed to hold) the shares and for which Antelope Enterprises is determined to be a PFIC.

The mark-to-market election is available only for stock that is regularly traded on a national securities exchange that is registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including the NASDAQ Stock Market, or on a foreign exchange or market that the IRS determines has rules sufficient to ensure that the market price represents a legitimate and sound fair market value. Although Antelope Enterprises’ shares are currently listed and traded on the NASDAQ Stock Market, it cannot guarantee that its shares will continue to be listed or traded on the NASDAQ Stock Market. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the availability and tax consequences of a mark-to-market election in respect to the shares of Antelope Enterprises under their particular circumstances.

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If Antelope Enterprises is a PFIC and, at any time, has a foreign subsidiary that is classified as a PFIC, a U.S. Holder of Antelope Enterprises’ shares generally should be deemed to own a portion of the shares of such lower-tier PFIC, and generally could incur liability for the deferred tax and interest charge described above if Antelope Enterprises receives a distribution from, or disposes of all or part of its interest in, or the U.S. Holder were otherwise deemed to have disposed of an interest in, the lower-tier PFIC. Upon request, Antelope Enterprises will endeavor to cause any lower-tier PFIC to provide to a U.S. Holder no later than 90 days after the request the information that may be required to make or maintain a QEF election with respect to the lower- tier PFIC. However, there is no assurance that Antelope Enterprises will have timely knowledge of the status of any such lower-tier PFIC or will be able to cause the lower-tier PFIC to provide the required information. A mark-to-market election generally would not be available with respect to such a lower-tier PFIC. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the tax issues raised by lower-tier PFICs.

A U.S. Holder that owns (or is deemed to own) shares in a PFIC during any taxable year of the U.S. Holder may have to file an IRS Form 8621 (whether or not a QEF election or mark-to-market election is or has been made) with such U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax return and provide such other information as may be required by the U.S. Treasury Department.

The rules dealing with PFICs and with the QEF and mark-to-market elections are very complex and are affected by various factors in addition to those described above. Accordingly, U.S. Holders of shares in Antelope Enterprises should consult their own tax advisors concerning the application of the PFIC rules to such shares under their particular circumstances.

Non-U.S. Holders

Cash dividends paid or deemed paid to a Non-U.S. Holder in respect to its securities in Antelope Enterprises generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax, unless the dividends are effectively connected with the Non-U.S. Holder’s conduct of a trade or business within the United States (and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, are attributable to a permanent establishment or fixed base that such holder maintains or maintained in the United States).

In addition, a Non-U.S. Holder generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on any gain attributable to a sale or other taxable disposition of securities in Antelope Enterprises unless such gain is effectively connected with its conduct of a trade or business in the United States (and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, is attributable to a permanent establishment or fixed base that such holder maintains or maintained in the United States) or the Non-U.S. Holder is an individual who is present in the United States for 183 days or more in the taxable year of such sale or other disposition and certain other conditions are met (in which case, such gain from U.S. sources generally is subject to U.S. federal income tax at a 30% rate or a lower applicable tax treaty rate).

Dividends and gains that are effectively connected with the Non-U.S. Holder’s conduct of a trade or business in the United States (and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, are attributable to a permanent establishment or fixed base that such holder maintains or maintained in the United States) generally will be subject to regular U.S. federal income tax at the same regular U.S. federal income tax rates applicable to a comparable U.S. Holder and, in the case of a Non-U.S. Holder that is a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, may also be subject to an additional branch profits tax at a 30% rate or a lower applicable tax treaty rate.

Backup Withholding and Information Reporting

In general, information reporting for U.S. federal income tax purposes should apply to distributions made on the securities of Antelope Enterprises within the United States to a U.S. Holder (other than an exempt recipient) and to the proceeds from sales and other dispositions of securities of Antelope Enterprises by a U.S. Holder (other than an exempt recipient) to or through a U.S. office of a broker. Payments made (and sales and other dispositions effected at an office) outside the United States will be subject to information reporting in limited circumstances. In addition, certain information concerning a U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in its securities and adjustments to that tax basis and whether any gain or loss with respect to such securities is long-term or short-term also may be required to be reported to the IRS, and certain holders may be required to file an IRS Form 8938 (Statement of Specified Foreign Financial Assets) to report their interest in our securities.

Moreover, backup withholding of U.S. federal income tax at a rate of 28% generally will apply to dividends paid on the securities of Antelope Enterprises to a U.S. Holder (other than an exempt recipient) and the proceeds from sales and other dispositions of securities of Antelope Enterprises by a U.S. Holder (other than an exempt recipient), in each case who (a) fails to provide an accurate taxpayer identification number; (b) is notified by the IRS that backup withholding is required; or (c) in certain circumstances, fails to comply with applicable certification requirements.

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A Non-U.S. Holder generally may eliminate the requirement for information reporting and backup withholding by providing certification of its foreign status, under penalties of perjury, on a duly executed applicable IRS Form W-8 or by otherwise establishing an exemption.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Rather, the amount of any backup withholding will be allowed as a credit against a U.S. Holder’s or a Non-U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability and may entitle such holder to a refund, provided that certain required information is timely furnished to the IRS. Holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of backup withholding and the availability of and procedures for obtaining an exemption from backup withholding in their particular circumstances.

F.Dividends and paying agents

Not required.

G.Statement by experts

Not required.

H.Documents on display

Documents concerning us that are referred to in this document may be inspected at Junbing Industrial Zone, Anhai, Jinjiang City, Fujian Province, PRC. In addition, we file annual reports and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission. We file annual reports on Form 20-F and submit other information under cover of Form 6-K. As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the proxy requirements of Section 14 of the Exchange Act and our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the insider short-swing disclosure and profit recovery rules of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. Annual reports and other information we file with the Commission may be inspected at the public reference facilities maintained by the Commission at Room 1024, 100 F. Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549, and copies of all or any part thereof may be obtained from such offices upon payment of the prescribed fees. You may call the Commission at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the operation of the public reference rooms and you can request copies of the documents upon payment of a duplicating fee, by writing to the Commission. In addition, the Commission maintains a web site that contains reports and other information regarding registrants (including us) that file electronically with the Commission which can be assessed at http://www.sec.gov.

I.Subsidiary Information

Not required.

ITEM 11.QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK

Interest Rate Risk

Our exposure to interest rate risk primarily relates to our outstanding debts and interest income generated by excess cash, which is mostly held in interest-bearing bank deposits. Interest-earning instruments carry a degree of interest rate risk. As of December 31, 2021, our total outstanding loans for the continuing operations amounted to RMB nil ($ nil). We have not been exposed, nor do we anticipate being exposed, to material risks due to changes in market interest rates.

Foreign Currency Risk

As of December 31, 2021, nearly all of our monetary assets and monetary liabilities were denominated in RMB except for certain bank balances, bank borrowings and other payables which were denominated in US dollars. However, in the future, a proportion of our sales may be denominated in other currencies as we expand into overseas markets. In such circumstances, we anticipate our primary market risk, if any, to be related to fluctuations in exchange rates. Exchange rate risk may arise if we are required to use different currencies for various aspects of its operations.

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The Renminbi’s exchange rate with the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by, among other things, changes in China’s political and economic conditions. The exchange rate for conversion of Renminbi into foreign currencies is heavily influenced by intervention in the foreign exchange market by the People’s Bank of China. From 1995 until July 2005, the People’s Bank of China intervened in the foreign exchange market to maintain an exchange rate of approximately 8.3 Renminbi per U.S. dollar. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed this policy and began allowing modest appreciation of the Renminbi versus the U.S. dollar. However, the Renminbi is restricted to a rise or fall of no more than 0.5% per day versus the U.S. dollar, and the People’s Bank of China continues to intervene in the foreign exchange market to prevent significant short-term fluctuations in the Renminbi exchange rate. On March 17, 2014, the People’s Bank of China announced that the RMB exchange rate flexibility increased to 2% in order to proceed further with reform of the RMB exchange rate regime. These could result in a further and more significant floatation in the RMB’s value against the U.S. dollar. The international reaction to the RMB revaluation has generally been positive. But, international pressure continues to be placed on the Chinese government to adopt an even more flexible currency policy, which could result in significant fluctuation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar.

Very limited hedging transactions are available in China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. While we have no present intention to enter into currency hedging transactions in the future. we may decide to enter into hedging transactions if we are exposed to foreign currency risk. The availability and effectiveness of these hedging transactions may be limited and we may not be able to successfully hedge our exposure at all. In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency.

ITEM 12.DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES

Not required.

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PART II

ITEM 13.DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES

There has been no default of any indebtedness nor is there any arrearage in the payment of dividends.

ITEM 14.MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Not applicable.

ITEM 15.CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2021. Based on that evaluation, management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2021 were effective.

Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms, and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer and effected by our management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of our financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with IFRS. Internal control over financial reporting includes policies and procedures that pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of our financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with the authorization of our board of directors and management; and provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements.

Because of inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatement. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with our policies and procedures may deteriorate.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2021.

Changes in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting

During the year ended December 31, 2021, there were no changes in the company’s internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect our company’s internal control over financial reporting.

It should be noted that while our management believes that our disclosure controls and procedures provide a reasonable level of assurance; our management does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or internal financial controls will prevent all errors or fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived or operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.

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ITEM 16.RESERVED

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ITEM 16A.AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT.

Our Board of Directors has determined that Mr. Roy Tan Choon Kang is an audit committee financial expert as that term is defined in Item 16A(b) of Form 20-F, and “independent” as that term is defined in the NASDAQ listing standards.

ITEM 16B.CODE OF ETHICS.

We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, and principal accounting officer. A copy of the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is available on our website, http://www.cceramics.com/Corporate-Governance.html. The information on our corporate website is not a part of this Annual Report.

ITEM 16C.PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES.

The following table represents the approximate aggregate fees for services rendered by Centurion ZD CPA & Co. for the periods indicated:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, | ​ | December 31,
​ | ​ | 2021 | ​ | 2020
​ |  | RMB’000 |  | RMB’000
Audit Fees – Centurion ZD CPA & Co. |  | 1,898 |  | 1,951
Audit Related Fees |  | — |  | —
Tax Fees |  | — |  | —
All Other Fees |  | — |  | —
Total Fees |  | 1,898 |  | 1,951

​

Audit Fees

Centurion ZD CPA & Co. audit fees for 2021 and 2020 consisted of fees in relation to the audit of our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

Audit Related Fees

There were no audit-related fees.

Tax Fees

There were no tax fees.

All Other Fees

There were no other fees.

Pre-Approval of Services

Our audit committee evaluated and approved in advance the scope and cost of the engagement of an auditor before the auditor rendered its audit and non-audit services.

ITEM 16D.EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES.

None.

ITEM 16E.PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS.

No purchase of our securities were made by us or our affiliates in 2021.

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ITEM 16F.CHANGES IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT.

There were no changes to our certifying accountants for the year ended December 31, 2021.

ITEM 16G.CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Pursuant to the home country rule exemption set forth under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5615, we elected to be exempt from the requirement under NASDAQ Listing Rule 5635 to obtain shareholder approval for (i) certain acquisitions of stock or assets of another company; (ii) an issuance of shares that will result in a change of control of the company; (iii) the establishment or amendment of certain equity based compensation plans and arrangements; and (iv) certain transactions (other than a public offering) involving issuances of a 20% or more of our outstanding shares. Our shares are listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market (“NASDAQ”). As such, we are subject to corporate governance requirements imposed by NASDAQ. Under NASDAQ rules, listed non-US companies may, in general, follow their home country corporate governance practices in lieu of some of the NASDAQ corporate governance requirements. Except for the foregoing, we endeavor to comply with the NASDAQ corporate governance practices and except for the foregoing, there is no significant difference between our corporate governance practices and what the NASDAQ requires of domestic U.S. companies.

ITEM 16H.MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE

Not applicable.

ITEM 16I.DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENUE INSPECTION

Not applicable.

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PART III

ITEM 17.FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

We have elected to provide financial statements pursuant to Item 18.

ITEM 18.FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The financial statements are filed as part of this Annual Report beginning on page F-1.

ITEM 19.EXHIBITS

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Exhibit No. |  | Description
1.1 |  | Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of Antelope Enterprise Holdings Limited. (1).
1.2 |  | Memorandum and Articles of Association of Success Winner Limited (2).
1.3 |  | Memorandum and Articles of Association of Stand Best Creation Limited (2).
1.4 |  | Operation Charter of Jinjiang Hengda Ceramics Co., Ltd. (2).
2.1 |  | Specimen Unit Certificate (3).
2.2 |  | Specimen Common Stock Certificate (3).
3.1 |  | Form of Voting Agreement (2).
4.1 |  | Common Stock Warrant (14).
10.1 |  | Merger and Stock Purchase Agreement among CHAC, Antelope Enterprise Holdings Limited, Hengda, Success Winner and the Seller (2).
10.2 |  | Form of Registration Rights Agreement among CHAC and the founders (3).
10.3 |  | Form of Earn-Out Escrow Agreement (2).
10.4 |  | Form of Indemnity Escrow Agreement (2).
10.5 |  | Form of Lock-Up Agreement for CHAC founders (2).
10.6 |  | Form of Lock-Up Agreement (2).
10.7 |  | Acquisition Agreement, dated November 19, 2009, by and between Jinjiang Hengda Ceramics Co., Ltd., all of the shareholders of Jiangxi Hengdali Constructional Ceramics Co., Ltd., and Jiangxi Hengdali Constructional Ceramics Co., Ltd (8).
10.9 |  | License Agreement between Huang Jia Dong and Jinjiang Hengda Ceramics Co., Ltd. (6).
10.10 |  | Antelope Enterprise Holdings Limited 2010 Incentive Compensation Plan (7).
10.11 |  | Employment Agreement, dated as of February 1, 2016, by and between Antelope Enterprises and Huang Jia Dong (9).
10.12 |  | Employment Agreement, dated as of February 1, 2016, by and between Antelope Enterprises and Su Wei Feng (9).
10.13 |  | Employment Agreement, dated as of August 1, 2015, by and between Antelope Enterprises and Hen Man Edmund (9).
10.14 |  | Term sheets relating to agreements for derivative instruments (10).
10.15 |  | Agreement between Taishin International Bank, Co., Ltd., Stand Best Creation Limited and Sound Treasure Limited, dated July 31, 2014 (10).

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10.16 |  | Agreement between Stand Best Creation Limited, Huang Jia Dong, Wong Kung Tok, Mr. Huang’s brother-in-law, and Sound Treasure Limited, dated July 31, 2014 (10).
10.17 |  | Form of Warrant (11).
10.18 |  | Securities Purchase Agreement dated as of April 3, 2017 (13).
​ | ​ | ​
10.19 |  | Convertible Promissory Note dated as of April 3, 2017 (13).
10.20 |  | Form of Securities Purchase Agreement (14).
8.1 |  | List of Subsidiaries (5).
11.1 |  | Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (8).
12.1 |  | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act, as amended.
12.2 |  | Certification of the Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act, as amended.
13.1 |  | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
15.1 |  | Consent of Centurion ZD CPA & Co., an independent registered public accounting firm.
99.1 |  | Press release, dated April 29, 2022.
101.1NS |  | XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definitions Linkbase Document
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

​

(1) | Incorporated by reference to Annexes C and D of Antelope Enterprises’ Prospectus on Form 424B3 filed with the SEC on November 13, 2009.

(2) | Incorporated by reference to Antelope Enterprises’ Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-161557).

(3) | Incorporated by reference to exhibits of the same number filed with CHAC’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 or amendments thereto (File No. 333-145085).

(4) | Incorporated by reference to CHAC’s Form 8-K, dated November 21, 2007.

(5) | Incorporated by reference to exhibits of the same number filed with Antelope Enterprises’ Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-164784).

(6) | Incorporated by reference to exhibits of the same number filed with Antelope Enterprises’ Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-170237).

(7) | Incorporated by reference to Annex A to Exhibit 99.1 filed with Antelope Enterprises’ Report on Form 6-K filed with the SEC on November 20, 2010

(8) | Incorporated by reference to Antelope Enterprises’ Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the SEC on May 17, 2010.

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(9) | Incorporated by reference to Antelope Enterprises’ Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the SEC on April 20, 2016.

(10) | Incorporated by reference to Antelope Enterprises’ Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the SEC on July 31, 2014.

(11) | Incorporated by reference to Antelope Enterprises’ Report on Form 6-K filed with the SEC on February 8, 2016

(12) | Incorporated by reference to Antelope Enterprises’ Report on Form 6-K filed with the SEC on April 3, 2017.

(13) | Incorporated by reference to Antelope Enterprises’ Report on Form 6-K filed with the SEC on April 20, 2018.

(14) | Incorporated by reference to Antelope Enterprises’ Report on Form 6-K filed with the SEC on December 20, 2019.

(15) | Incorporated by reference to Antelope Enterprises’ Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the SEC on May 15, 2017.

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SIGNATURES

The Registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ANTELOPE ENTERPRISE HOLDINGS LIMITED
​ | ​ | ​
April 29, 2022 | By: | /s/ Huang Meishuang
​ | ​ | Name: | Huang Meishuang
​ | ​ | Title: | Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

​

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ANTELOPE ENTERPRISE HOLDINGS LIMITED
​ | ​ | ​
April 29, 2022 | By: | /s/ Hen Man Edmund
​ | ​ | Name: | Hen Man Edmund
​ | ​ | Title: | Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

​

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

​

Signature |  | Title |  | Date
By: | /s/ Huang Meishuang |  | Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) |  | April 29, 2022
| Huang Meishuang |  |  |  |
By: | /s/ Hen Man Edmund |  | Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) |  | April 29, 2022
| Hen Man Edmund |  |  |  |
By: | /s/ Song Chungen |  | Director |  | April 29, 2022
| Song Chungen |  |  |  |
By: | /s/ Roy Tan Choon Kang |  | Director |  | April 29, 2022
| Roy Tan Choon Kang |  |  |  |
By: | /s/ Shen Cheng Liang |  | Director |  | April 29, 2022
| Shen Cheng Liang |  |  |  |
By: | /s/ Alex Ng Man Shek |  | Director |  | April 29, 2022
| Alex Ng Man Shek |  |  |  |

​

​

​

​

​

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​ 會計師事務所 & Co. ​ ​ ​ 13/F, Two Harbourfront, 22 Tak Fung Street, Hunghom, Hong Kong. 紅磡 德豐街 22 號 海濱廣場二期 13 樓 1304 室 電話: (852) 2126 2388 Fax 傳真: (852) 2122 9078 mail 電郵: info@czdcpa.com ​
​ ​ 中正達會計師事務所 Centurion ZD CPA & Co. Certified Public Accountants (Practising) ​ ​ Unit 1304, 13/F, Two Harbourfront, 22 Tak Fung Street, Hunghom, Hong Kong. 香港 紅磡 德豐街 22 號 海濱廣場二期 13 樓 1304 室 Tel 電話: (852) 2126 2388 Fax 傳真: (852) 2122 9078 E mail 電郵: info@czdcpa.com

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Antelope Enterprises Holdings Limited

​

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of Antelope Enterprises Holdings Limited and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss), changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

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Table of Contents

Inventory write-down

As described in Note 2.8 of the consolidated financial statements, inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value, with cost determined on a weighted-average basis. Write-down of potential obsolete or slow moving inventories is recorded based on management’s assumptions about future demands, product trends and market conditions. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recorded a reverse of inventory impairment charges of RMB 99.2 million. Inventories include items that have been written down to the Company’s best estimate of their realizable value, which includes consideration of various factors. The significant increase in reversal of inventory impairment charges was due to the Company’s subsidiary, Jiangxi Hengdali Ceramic Materials Co., Ltd., no longer having inventory balances as of December 31, 2021, with RMB100.1 million of its opening inventory impairment balance charged off as a credit to cost of revenue.

We identified the inventory write-down as a critical audit matter. The Company’s determination of future markdowns is subjective. Specifically, there was a high degree of subjective auditor judgment in evaluating how the Company’s merchandising strategy considerations and related inventory markdown assumptions affected the realizable value of inventory.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included the following, among others: (i) observing the physical condition of inventories during inventory counts; (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of management's process for developing the estimates of net realizable value; (iii) testing the reliability of reports used by management by agreeing to underlying records; (iv) testing the reasonableness of the assumptions about quality, damages, future demand, selling prices and market conditions by considering with historical trends and consistency with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit; and corroborating the assumptions with individuals within the product team; (v) assessing the Company’s adjustments of inventory costs to net realizable value for slow-moving and obsolete inventories by (1) comparing the historical estimate for net realizable value adjustments to actual adjustments of inventory costs, and (2) analyzing sales subsequent to the measurement date.

Measurement of expected credit losses on trade receivables

As described in Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements, gross trade receivables amounted to RMB 822.7 million (net – RMB 51.4 million). The valuation of trade receivables requires management judgement due to the credit risks associated with each individual trade receivable account. Management assesses the recoverability of trade receivables by reviewing customers’ aging profile, credit history, collection period and status of subsequent settlement, and determines whether an impairment provision is required.

​

We identified the expected credit loss (“ECL”) as a critical audit matter. The Company’s determination of future credit loss is subjective. Specifically, there was a high degree of subjective auditor judgment in evaluating how the Company’s credit granting policies and related accounts receivable written down assumptions affected the net accounts receivable balance.

​

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included the following, among others: (i) obtaining an understanding of the Company’s credit control procedures and assessing the design, implementation and operating effectiveness of key internal controls over granting of credit to customers; (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of management's process for developing the ECL model, related assumptions and considerations; (iii) testing a sample of the data used in the ECL model to the underlying records; (iv) evaluating the ECL model calculations, agreeing the data inputs and checking the mathematical accuracy of the calculations; (v) comparing the Company’s definition of default, as outlined in the accounting policy against the definition that Company uses for credit risk management; (vi) assessing the Company’s adjustments of provision for credit loss to net accounts receivable collection period for slow-collecting and aging outstanding accounts receivable balance by (1) comparing the historical estimate for net provision value adjustments to actual adjustments of accounts receivable balance, (2) analyzing accounts receivable collection and recovery time subsequent to the measurement date; and (3) assessing the disclosures in the consolidated financial statements are appropriate and adequate.

/s/ Centurion ZD CPA & Co.

Centurion ZD CPA & Co.

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2016.

Hong Kong, China

April 29, 2022

PCAOB ID: 2769

​

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Table of Contents

ANTELOPE ENTERPRISE HOLDINGS LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Years ended December 31,
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | 2021 | ​ | 2020 | ​ | 2019
​ |  | Notes |  | RMB’000 |  | RMB’000 |  | RMB’000
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net sales | ​ | 5 | ​ | 216,270 | ​ | 182,989 | ​ | 327,581
​ |  |  |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cost of goods sold |  |  |  | 148,929 | ​ | 208,991 | ​ | 246,255
​ |  |  |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Gross profit (loss) |  |  |  | 67,341 | ​ | (26,002) | ​ | 81,326
​ |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |
Other income |  | 5 |  | 9,420 | ​ | 21,931 | ​ | 14,636
Selling and distribution expenses |  |  |  | (6,322) | ​ | (9,356) | ​ | (11,321)
Administrative expenses |  |  |  | (32,436) | ​ | (26,619) | ​ | (25,111)
Bad debt expense |  |  |  | (125,554) | ​ | (150,268) | ​ | (68,660)
Finance costs |  | 6 |  | (2,166) | ​ | (2,748) | ​ | (315)
Other expenses |  |  |  | (124) | ​ | — | ​ | —
​ |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |
Loss before taxation |  | 7 |  | (89,841) | ​ | (193,062) | ​ | (9,445)
​ |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |
Income tax expense |  | 8 |  | (217) | ​ | (33) | ​ | (56)
​ |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |
Net loss | ​ | ​ | ​ | (90,058) | ​ | (193,095) | ​ | (9,501)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net income (loss) attributable to : | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Equity holders of the Company | ​ | ​ | ​ | (88,752) | ​ | (193,095) | ​ | (9,501)
Non-controlling interest | ​ | ​ | ​ | (1,306) | ​ | — | ​ | —
Net loss | ​ | ​ | ​ | (90,058) | ​ | (193,095) | ​ | (9,501)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |
Exchange differences on translation of financial statements of foreign operations |  |  |  | 585 | ​ | 371 | ​ | (118)
​ |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |
Total comprehensive loss for the year |  |  |  | (89,473) | ​ | (192,724) | ​ | (9,619)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total comprehensive loss attributable to: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Equity holders of the Company | ​ | ​ | ​ | (88,167) | ​ | (192,724) | ​ | (9,619)
Non-controlling interest | ​ | ​ | ​ | (1,306) | ​ | — | ​ | —
Total comprehensive loss |  |  |  | (89,473) | ​ | (192,724) | ​ | (9,619)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Loss per share attributable to the equity holders of the Company |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |
Basic (RMB) |  | 9 |  | (17.24) | ​ | (65.67) | ​ | (4.68)
Diluted (RMB) |  | 9 |  | (17.24) | ​ | (65.67) | ​ | (4.68)

​

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

​

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Table of Contents

ANTELOPE ENTERPRISE HOLDINGS LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | As of December 31, 2021 | ​ | As of December 31, 2020
​ |  | Notes |  | RMB’000 |  | RMB’000
ASSETS AND LIABILITIES | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ |
NONCURRENT ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Property and equipment, net |  | 11 |  | 1,250 |  | 68
Right-of-use assets, net |  | 21 |  | 44,288 | ​ | 58,458
Total noncurrent assets |  |  |  | 45,538 | ​ | 58,526
​ |  |  |  |  |  |
CURRENT ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Inventories, net |  | 14 |  | 31,589 | ​ | 52,201
Trade receivables, net |  | 15 |  | 51,416 | ​ | 101,470
VAT recoverable |  | ​ |  | 663 | ​ | —
Other receivables and prepayments |  | 16 |  | 20,781 | ​ | 845
Cash and bank balances |  | 17 |  | 27,880 | ​ | 12,344
Total current assets |  |  |  | 132,329 | ​ | 166,860
​ |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​
CURRENT LIABILITIES |  |  |  | ​ |  | ​
Trade payables |  | 18 |  | 6,290 | ​ | 6,750
Accrued liabilities and other payables |  | 19 |  | 22,381 | ​ | 22,846
Unearned revenue | ​ | ​ | ​ | 15,545 | ​ | —
Amounts owed to related parties |  | 25 |  | 36,348 | ​ | 36,348
Lease liabilities | ​ | 21 | ​ | 13,404 | ​ | 13,431
Taxes payable |  | 20 |  | 1,018 | ​ | 1,934
Total current liabilities |  |  |  | 94,986 | ​ | 81,309
​ |  |  |  | ​ |  | ​
NET CURRENT ASSETS |  |  |  | 37,343 | ​ | 85,551
​ |  |  |  | ​ |  | ​
NONCURRENT LIABILITIES | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Lease liabilities | ​ | 21 | ​ | 33,325 | ​ | 46,728
Total noncurrent liabilities | ​ | ​ | ​ | 33,325 | ​ | 46,728
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
NET ASSETS |  |  |  | 49,556 | ​ | 97,349
​ |  |  |  | ​ |  |
EQUITY |  |  |  | ​ |  |
Share capital |  | 22 |  | 943 | ​ | 591
Reserves |  | 23 |  | 49,919 | ​ | 96,758
Noncontrolling interest | ​ | ​ | ​ | (1,306) | ​ | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total equity |  | — |  | 49,556 | ​ | 97,349

​

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidate financial statements.

​

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ANTELOPE ENTERPRISE HOLDINGS LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | Reverse |  | ​ |  | Share-based |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | Currency | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Share | ​ | recapitalization | ​ | Merger | ​ | payment | ​ | Statutory | ​ | Capital | ​ | Retained | ​ | translation | ​ | ​ | ​ | Non-controlling | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Share capital | ​ | premium | ​ | reserve | ​ | reserve | ​ | reserves | ​ | reserve | ​ | reserve | ​ | earnings | ​ | reserve | ​ | Total | ​ | Interest | ​ | Total Equity
​ | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB'000 | ​ | RMB'000 | ​ | RMB’000
Notes | ​ | Note 22 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Initial application of IFRS 16 (Note 3) | ​ | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — | ​ | — |  | — |  | (2,114) | ​ | — | ​ | (2,114) | ​ | — | ​ | (2,114)
Restated balance at January 1, 2019 | ​ | 306 |  | 694,048 | ​ | (507,235) | ​ | 58,989 | ​ | 124,421 | ​ | 135,343 | ​ | 61,266 | ​ | (291,472) | ​ | (1,762) | ​ | 273,904 | ​ | — | ​ | 273,904
Net loss for the year | ​ | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — | ​ | — |  | — |  | (9,501) | ​ | — | ​ | (9,501) | ​ | — | ​ | (9,501)
Exchange difference on transaction of financial statements of foreign operations | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | (118) | ​ | (118) | ​ | — | ​ | (118)
Total comprehensive loss for the year | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | (9,501) | ​ | (118) | ​ | (9,619) | ​ | — | ​ | (9,619)
Issuance of new shares for equity financing | ​ | 67 | ​ | 6,199 | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | 6,266 | ​ | — | ​ | 6,266
Warrants exercised | ​ | 19 | ​ | 1,697 | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | 1,716 | ​ | — | ​ | 1,716
Equity compensation - employee share-based compensation | ​ | 5 | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | 621 | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | 626 | ​ | — | ​ | 626
Transfer to statutory reserves | ​ | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — | ​ | — |  | — |  | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | —
Balance at December 31, 2019 | ​ | 397 | ​ | 701,944 | ​ | (507,235) | ​ | 58,989 | ​ | 125,042 | 0 | 135,343 | ​ | 61,266 | ​ | (300,973) | ​ | (1,880) | ​ | 272,893 | ​ | — | ​ | 272,893
​ | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |
Net loss for the year | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | (193,095) | ​ | — | ​ | (193,095) | ​ | — | ​ | (193,095)
Exchange difference on transaction of financial statements of foreign operations | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | 371 | ​ | 371 | ​ | — | ​ | 371
Total comprehensive loss for the year | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | (193,095) | ​ | 371 | ​ | (192,724) | ​ | — | ​ | (192,724)
Issuance of new shares for equity financing | ​ | 181 | ​ | 15,864 | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | 16,045 | ​ | — | ​ | 16,045
Equity compensation - employee share-based compensation | ​ | 13 | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | 1,122 | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | 1,135 | ​ | — | ​ | 1,135
Transfer to statutory reserves | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | —
Balance at December 31, 2020 | ​ | 591 | ​ | 717,808 | ​ | (507,235) | ​ | 58,989 | ​ | 126,164 | ​ | 135,343 | ​ | 61,266 | ​ | (494,068) | ​ | (1,509) | ​ | 97,349 | ​ | — | ​ | 97,349
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net income (loss) for the year | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | (88,752) | ​ | — | ​ | (88,752) | ​ | (1,306) | ​ | (90,058)
Exchange difference on transaction of financial statements of foreign operations | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | 585 | ​ | 585 | ​ | — | ​ | 585
Total comprehensive loss for the year | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | (88,752) | ​ | 585 | ​ | (88,167) | ​ | (1,306) | ​ | (89,473)
Issuance of new shares for equity financing | ​ | 230 | ​ | 29,357 | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | 29,587 | ​ | — | ​ | 29,587
Warrants exercised | ​ | 105 | ​ | 10,153 | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | 10,258 | ​ | — | ​ | 10,258
Equity compensation - employee share-based compensation | ​ | 17 | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | 1,818 | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | 1,835 | ​ | — | ​ | 1,835
Transfer to statutory reserves | ​ | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — | ​ | — |  | — |  | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | —
Balance at December 31, 2021 | ​ | 943 | ​ | 757,318 | ​ | (507,235) | ​ | 58,989 | ​ | 127,982 | ​ | 135,343 | ​ | 61,266 | ​ | (582,820) | ​ | (924) | ​ | 50,862 | ​ | (1,306) | ​ | 49,556

​

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

​

​

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Table of Contents

ANTELOPE ENTERPRISE HOLDINGS LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Years ended December 31,
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | 2021 | ​ | 2020 | ​ | 2019
​ |  | Notes |  | RMB’000 |  | RMB’000 |  | RMB’000
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ |
Loss before taxation |  |  |  | (89,841) | ​ | (193,062) |  | (9,445)
Adjustments for |  |  |  | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Operating lease charge |  | 21 |  | 14,067 | ​ | 13,082 |  | 12,187
Depreciation of property, plant and equipment | ​ | 11 | ​ | 96 | ​ | 12 | ​ | 12
Amortization of prepaid expenses |  | ​ |  | — | ​ | — |  | 2,677
Write down of inventories ( reversal of inventory provision) |  | 14 |  | (99,237) | ​ | (2,301) |  | (56,766)
Bad debt provision of trade receivables |  | ​ |  | 125,554 | ​ | 150,268 |  | 68,661
Share based compensation |  | 14 |  | 1,835 | ​ | 1,135 |  | 627
Interest expense on lease liability |  | 6 |  | 2,166 | ​ | 2,746 |  | 315
Operating cash flows before working capital changes |  |  |  | (45,360) | ​ | (28,120) |  | 18,268
Increase in inventories |  |  |  | 119,850 | ​ | 115,395 |  | 18,817
Increase in trade receivables |  |  |  | (75,499) | ​ | (74,714) |  | (21,570)
Decrease (Increase) in other receivables and prepayments |  |  |  | (19,936) | ​ | 1,191 |  | (40)
Decrease in trade payables |  |  |  | (461) | ​ | (15,826) |  | (1,753)
Decrease(Increase) in unearned revenue |  |  |  | 15,545 | ​ | (619) |  | 619
Decrease (Increase) in taxes payable | ​ | ​ | ​ | (1,756) | ​ | 2,922 | ​ | (5,502)
Decrease (Increase) in accrued liabilities and other payables |  |  |  | (465) | ​ | (497) |  | (2,552)
Cash generated from (used in) operations |  |  |  | (8,082) | ​ | (268) |  | 6,287
Interest paid |  |  |  | — | ​ | — |  | —
Income tax paid |  |  |  | (41) | ​ | (45) |  | —
Net cash generated from (used in) operating activities |  |  |  | (8,123) | ​ | (313) |  | 6,287
​ |  |  |  | ​ |  | ​ |  |
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  | ​ |  | ​ |  |
Acquisition of fixed assets |  |  |  | (1,279) | ​ | (46) |  | —
Decrease in restricted cash |  |  |  | — | ​ | 2,785 |  | (1,066)
Net cash generated from (used in) investing activities |  |  |  | (1,279) | ​ | 2,739 |  | (1,066)
​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment for lease liabilities | ​ | 21 | ​ | (15,447) | ​ | (14,841) | ​ | (13,902)
Insurance of share capital for equity financing |  | 22 |  | 29,586 | ​ | 16,045 |  | 5,033
Warrants exercised | ​ | 22 | ​ | 10,258 | ​ | — | ​ | 2,948
Advance from related parties |  | 25 |  | — | ​ | 131 |  | 14
Net cash generated from (used in) financing activities |  |  |  | 24,397 | ​ | 1,335 |  | (5,907)
​ |  |  |  | ​ |  | ​ |  |
NET INCREASE IN CASH & EQUIVALENTS |  |  |  | 14,995 |  | 3,761 |  | (686)
CASH & EQUIVALENTS, BEGINNING OF YEAR |  |  |  | 12,344 |  | 8,212 |  | 9,016
EFFECT OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE RATE DIFFERENCES |  |  |  | 541 |  | 371 |  | (118)
CASH & EQUIVALENTS, END OF YEAR |  |  |  | 27,880 |  | 12,344 |  | 8,212

​

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

​

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Table of Contents

ANTELOPE ENTERPRISE HOLDINGS LIMITED AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the Three Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

1. GENERAL INFORMATION

Antelope Enterprise Holdings Limited (“Antelope Enterprises” or the “Company”), formerly known as China Ceramics Co., Ltd (“CCCL”), is a British Virgin Islands company operating under the BVI Business Companies Act (2004) with its shares listed on the NASDAQ (“symbol: AEHL”). Its predecessor company, China Holdings Acquisition Corp. (“CHAC”), was incorporated in Delaware on June 22, 2007, and was organized as a blank check company for the purpose of acquiring, through a stock exchange, asset acquisition or other similar business combination, or controlling, through contractual arrangements, an operating business, that has its principal operations in Asia. The Company has no operations and has no assets or liabilities of consequence outside its investments in its operating subsidiaries. The head office of the Company is located at Junbing Industrial Zone, Jinjiang City, Fujian Province, the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”).

On November 20, 2009, CHAC merged with and into Antelope Enterprises, its wholly owned British Virgin Islands subsidiary, with Antelope Enterprise surviving the merger (the “Redomestication”). On the same day, pursuant to the terms of a merger and stock purchase agreement dated August 19, 2009 (the “acquisition agreement”), Antelope Enterprise acquired all of the outstanding securities of Success Winner Limited (“Success Winner”) held by Mr. Wong Kung Tok in exchange for US$10.00 and 5,743,320 shares of Antelope Enterprise (the “Success Winner Acquisition”). The total number of issued and outstanding shares of Antelope Enterprise immediately after the acquisition was 8,950,171.

Prior to the Success Winner Acquisition on November 20, 2009, neither CHAC nor Antelope Enterprises had an operating business.

Jinjiang Hengda Ceramics Co., Ltd. (“Hengda”), which became the operating entity of Antelope Enterprise in connection with the Success Winner Acquisition, was established on September 30, 1993 under the laws of PRC with 15% of its equity interest owned by Fujian Province Jinjiang City Anhai Junbing Hengda Construction Material Factory (“Anhai Hengda”) and 85% owned by Chi Wah Trading Import and Export Company (“Chi Wah”). Chi Wah is a sole proprietor under the laws of Hong Kong with its legal and equitable interest solely owned by Mr. Wong Kung Tok. Anhai Hengda was owned by Mr. Wong Kung Tok’s family, which was considered an act-in-concert party of Mr. Wong Kung Tok for accounting purposes.

Hengda is principally engaged in the manufacture and sale of ceramic tiles used for exterior siding and for interior flooring and design in residential and commercial buildings.

Hengda’s owners reorganized the corporate structure in 2008 and 2009 (the “Hengda Reorganization” or the “Reorganization”), as follows:

Stand Best Creation Limited (“Stand Best”) was established on January 17, 2008 under the laws of Hong Kong with its paid-up share capital being HK$1.00 divided into 1 ordinary share solely owned by Mr. Wong Kung Tok. Stand Best acquired 100% of Hengda’s equity interest from Anhai Hengda and Chi Wah on April 1, 2008 at the consideration of RMB 58,980,000.

Success Winner Limited (“Success Winner”) was incorporated in the British Virgin Islands on May 29, 2009 as a limited liability company. Its paid-up and issued capital is US$1 divided into 1 ordinary share solely owned by Mr. Wong Kung Tok.

On June 30, 2009, through a capitalization agreement between Mr. Wong Kung Tok and Stand Best, Stand Best capitalized a shareholder loan due to Mr. Wong Kung Tok in the amount of HK$ 67.9 million (equivalent to approximately RMB 58.9 million) through the issuance of an aggregate of 9,999 ordinary shares of HK$ 1.00 par value which Mr. Wong Kung Tok allotted to Success Winner.

On the same date, Mr. Wong Kung Tok transferred his ownership of the remaining 1 ordinary share of Stand Best to Success Winner, thus making Success Winner the sole parent company of Stand Best.

On January 8, 2010, Hengda completed the acquisition of all voting equity interests of Jiangxi Hengdali Ceramic Materials Co., Ltd. (“Hengdali” or the “Gaoan Facility”), located in Gaoan, Jiangxi Province (the “Hengdali Acquisition”). Hengdali manufactures and sells ceramics tiles used for exterior siding and for interior flooring. In total, Hengda assumed loans of RMB 60.0 million and paid cash consideration of RMB 185.5 million for the acquisition.

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On September 22, 2017, Success Winner incorporated a 100% owned subsidiary Vast Elite Limited (“Vast Elite”) in Hong Kong with an initial registered capital of HKD1. Vast Elite is a holding company and had no material operations during the year ended December 31, 2019.

On November 20, 2019, Vast Elite incorporated a 100% owned subsidiary Chengdu Future Talented Management and Consulting Co, Ltd ("Chengdu Future") in China. Chengdu Future is engaged in the business management and consulting services.

On December 3, 2019, Success Winner incorporated a 100% owned subsidiary Antelope Enterprise (HK) Holdings Limited ("Antelope HK") in Hong Kong. Antelope HK only serves the purpose as a holding company.

On May 5, 2020, Antelope HK incorporated a 100% owned subsidiary Antelope Holdings (Chengdu) Co., Ltd (“Antelope Chengdu”) in China. Antelope Chengdu is engaged in the business management and consulting services.

On August 10, 2021, Antelope HK incorporated a 100% owned subsidiary Hainan Antelope Holdings Co., Ltd ("Antelope Hainan") in China. Antelope Hainan is engaged in the business management and consulting services. Antelope Hainan does not have any operations as of this report date.

On August 11, 2021, Antelope HK incorporated a 100% owned subsidiary Antelope Future (Yangpu) Investment Co., Ltd ("Antelope Yangpu") in China. Antelope Yangpu is engaged in the business management and consulting services. Antelope Yangpu does not have any operations as of this report date.

On August 23, 2021, Antelope Hainan incorporated a 100% owned subsidiary Antelope Investment (Hainan) Co., Ltd ("Antelope Investment") in China. Antelope Investment is engaged in the business management and consulting services. Antelope Investment does not have any operations as of this report date.

On September 9, 2021, Antelope Future incorporated a 100% owned subsidiary Antelope Ruicheng Investment (Hainan) Co., Ltd ("Antelope Ruicheng") in China. Antelope Ruicheng is engaged in the business management and consulting services. Antelope Ruicheng does not have any operations as of this report date.

On September 18, 2021, Antelope Ruicheng incorporated a 51% owned subsidiary Hainan Kylin Cloud Services Technology Co., Ltd (("Hainan Kylin") in China. Hainan Kylin is engaged in the business management and consulting services for online social commerce and live streaming industry.

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Antelope Enterprise Holdings Limited and its subsidiaries’ (the “Company”) corporate structure as of December 31, 2021 is as follows:

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Nominal value of | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Place and date of |  | issued ordinary |  | Percentage of | ​ | ​
​ |  | incorporation or |  | share |  | equity | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | establishment/ |  | /registered | ​ | attributable to the | ​ | ​
Name | ​ | operations | ​ | capital |  | Company | ​ | Principal activities
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Direct |  | Indirect | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​
Success Winner Limited | ​ | British Virgin Islands, May 29, 2009 | ​ | US$ | ​ | 1 | ​ | 100 | ​ | — | ​ | Investment holding
​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Stand Best Creation Limited |  | Hong Kong, January 17, 2008 |  | HKD |  | 10,000 |  | — |  | 100 |  | Investment holding
​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Jinjiang Hengda Ceramics Co., Ltd. |  | PRC, September 30, 1993 |  | RMB |  | 288,880,000 |  | — |  | 100 |  | Manufacture and sale of ceramic tiles
​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Jiangxi Hengdali Ceramic Materials Co., Ltd. |  | PRC, May 4, 2008 |  | RMB |  | 55,880,000 |  | — |  | 100 |  | Manufacture and sale of ceramic tiles
​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Vast Elite Limited |  | Hong Kong, September 22, 2017 |  | HKD |  | 1 |  | — |  | 100 |  | Trading of building material
​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Chengdu Future Talented Management and Consulting Co, Ltd (note 2) | ​ | PRC, November 20, 2019 | ​ | RMB | ​ | 30,000,000 | ​ | — | ​ | 100 | ​ | Business management and consulting services
​ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Antelope Enterprise (HK) Holdings Limited | ​ | Hong Kong, December 3, 2019 | ​ | HKD | ​ | 10,000 | ​ | — | ​ | 100 | ​ | Investment holding
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Antelope Holdings (Chengdu) Co., Ltd (note 3) | ​ | PRC, May 9, 2020 | ​ | USD | ​ | 10,000,000 |  | — |  | 100 |  | Business management and consulting services
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Hainan Antelope Holdings Co., Ltd (note 4) | ​ | PRC, August 10, 2021 | ​ | USD | ​ | 10,000,000 |  | — |  | 100 |  | Business management and consulting services
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Antelope Future (Yangpu) Investment Co., Ltd (note 5) | ​ | PRC, August 11, 2021 | ​ | USD | ​ | 10,000,000 | ​ | — | ​ | 100 | ​ | Business management and consulting services
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Antelope Investment (Hainan) Co., Ltd (note 6) | ​ | PRC, August 23, 2021 | ​ | RMB | ​ | 50,000,000 |  | — |  | 100 |  | Business management and consulting services
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Antelope Ruicheng Investment (Hainan) Co., Ltd (note 7) | ​ | PRC, September 9, 2021 | ​ | RMB | ​ | 50,000,000 |  | — |  | 100 |  | Business management and consulting services
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ Hainan Kylin Cloud Services Technology Co., Ltd (note 8) | ​ | PRC, September 18, 2021 | ​ | RMB | ​ | 5,000,000 |  | — |  | 51 |  | Business management and consulting services

​

Note:

1. | The registered capital of Hengda, Hengdali, Vast Elite and Antelope HK had been fully paid up.

2. | Chengdu Future is allowed to pay the registered capital in full before November 12, 2049.

3. | Antelope Chengdu is allowed to pay the registered capital in full before April 13, 2060.

4. | Hainan Antelope is allowed to pay the registered capital in full before December 31, 2041.

5. | Antelope Future is allowed to pay the registered capital in full before December 31, 2051.

6. | Antelope Investment is allowed to pay the registered capital in full before December 31, 2041.

7. | Antelope Ruicheng is allowed to pay the registered capital in full before December 31, 2051.

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8. | Hainan Kylin is allowed to pay the registered capital in full before September 16, 2050.

​

On September 3, 2020, the Company effected a reverse stock split, every three issued and outstanding ordinary shares as of the effective date will automatically be combined into one issued and outstanding share. Consequently, the reverse stock split will reduce the number of outstanding ordinary shares of the Company from approximately 9.2 million shares to approximately 3.1 million shares, and the par value per share will increase from $0.008 to $0.024. All outstanding stock options, warrants and other rights to purchase the Company's ordinary shares will be adjusted proportionately as a result of the reverse stock split.

​

​

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2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

2.1 Basis of preparation

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRSs”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”), which collective term includes all applicable individual International Financial Reporting Standards, International Accounting Standards and Interpretations issued by the IASB.

The significant accounting policies that have been used in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements are summarized below. These policies have been consistently applied to all the years presented unless otherwise stated. The adoption of new or amended IFRSs and the impacts on the Company’s financial statements, if any, are disclosed in Note 3.

The COVID-19 pandemic has created and may continue to create significant uncertainty in macroeconomic conditions, which may cause further business slowdowns or shutdowns, depress demand for the Company’s business, and adversely impact its results of operations. During the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company faced increasing uncertainties around its estimates of revenue collectability, accounts receivable credit losses, impairment of inventory and long-lived assets. The Company expects uncertainties around its key accounting estimates to continue to evolve depending on the duration and degree of impact associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Its estimates may change as new events occur and additional information emerges, and such changes are recognized or disclosed in its consolidated financial statements. Judgments made by management in the application of IFRSs that have significant effect on the financial statements and major sources of estimation uncertainty are discussed in Note 4.

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis, except for derivative financial instruments that have been measured at fair value.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRSs requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of policies and reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses. The estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experience and various other factors believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis of making the judgements about carrying amounts of assets and liabilities not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimate is revised if the revision affects only that period, or in the period of the revision and future periods if the revision affects both current and future periods.

Judgments made by management in the application of IFRSs that have significant effect on the financial statements and major sources of estimation uncertainty are discussed in Note 4.

The consolidated financial statements were approved and authorized for issue by the Board of Directors on April 28, 2021.

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2.2 Basis of consolidation

(i) 100% owned Subsidiaries

The Success Winner Acquisition on November 22, 2009 has been accounted for as a reverse recapitalization. The acquisition agreement resulted in the former owner of Success Winner obtaining effective operating and financial control of the combined entity. Prior to the acquisition, Antelope Enterprise had no operating business. Accordingly, the acquisition does not constitute a business combination for accounting purposes and is accounted for as a capital transaction. That is, the transaction is in substance a reverse recapitalization, equivalent to the issuance of equity interests by Success Winner for the net monetary assets of Antelope Enterprise accompanied by a recapitalization. The consolidated financial statements are a continuation of the financial statements of Success Winner. The assets and liabilities of Antelope Enterprise are recognized at their carrying amounts at the date of acquisition with a corresponding credit to the consolidated equity and no goodwill or other intangible assets are recognized. The equity of the combined entity recognized at the date of acquisition represents the equity balances of Success Winner together with the deemed proceeds from the reverse recapitalization determined as described above. However, the equity structure presented in the consolidated financial statements (number and values of equity instruments issued) reflects the equity structure of the legal parent, Antelope Enterprise. Costs directly attributable to the transaction have been debited to equity to the extent of net monetary assets received.

Success Winner and its subsidiaries as a group is regarded as a continuing entity resulting from the Hengda Reorganization since the management of all the entities which took part in the Reorganization were controlled by the same director and shareholder before and immediately after the Reorganization. Immediately after the Reorganization, there was a continuation of the control over the entities’ financial and operating policy decision and risk and benefits to the ultimate shareholders that existed prior to the Reorganization. Accordingly, the reorganization has been accounted for as a reorganization under common control and the financial statements of Success Winner, Stand Best and Hengda have been combined on the basis of merger accounting for all periods presented.

The assets and liabilities of the combining entities or businesses are combined using the existing book values from the controlling party’s perspective. No amount is recognized as consideration for goodwill or excess of the acquirer’s interest in the net fair values of the acquiree’s identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities over cost at the time of the common control combination. The consolidated statement of comprehensive income includes the results of each of the combining entities or businesses from the earliest date presented or the date of their incorporation/establishment or since the date when the combining entities or businesses first came under common control, where this is a shorter period, regardless of the date of the common control combination.

The Hengdali Acquisition on January 8, 2010 has been accounted for as a business combination using the acquisition method. Hengdali is a subsidiary of the Company, and the Company has the power to govern the financial and operating policies which accompanies its shareholding of 100% of the voting rights in Hengdali. Therefore, Hengdali as a subsidiary is fully consolidated from January 8, 2010, the date on which control was transferred to the Company.

The accounting for the Hengdali Acquisition under the acquisition method, treats the consideration transferred for the acquisition of Hengdali as the fair values of the assets transferred, the liabilities incurred and the equity interests issued by the Company. The consideration transferred includes the fair value of any asset or liability resulting from a contingent consideration arrangement. Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred. Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed in this business combination are measured initially at their fair values at the acquisition date.

The excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill.

The Company’s financial statements consolidate those of the Company and all of its subsidiaries as of December 31, 2021. Subsidiaries are entities controlled by the Company. The Company controls an entity when it is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the entity. When assessing whether the Company has power, only substantive rights (held by the Company and other parties) are considered. All subsidiaries have a reporting date of December 31.

An investment in a subsidiary is consolidated into the consolidated financial statements form the date that control commences until the date that control ceases. Inter-company transactions, balances and unrealized gains or losses on transactions between group companies are eliminated. Accounting policies of subsidiaries have been changed where necessary to ensure consistency with the policies adopted by the Company.

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(ii) Non-controlling interests

Antelope Ruicheng owns 51% of Hainan Kylin, while non-controlling interest owns 49% of Hainan Kylin. Non-controlling interests in the financial results and equity of subsidiaries are shown separately in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), Consolidated Statements of Financial Position and Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity respectively.

2.3 Foreign currency translation

The financial statements are presented in RMB (to the nearest thousand), being the currency that best reflects the economic substance of the underlying events and circumstances relevant to the Company. The Company’s operations are conducted through the subsidiaries in the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”). The functional currency of these subsidiaries in China is Renminbi (“RMB”). The functional currency of Antelope Enterprise and Antelope HK is the United State dollars (US$). The functional currency of Vast Elite is Hong Kong dollar.

In the individual financial statements of the consolidated entities, foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency of the individual entity using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions. At the reporting date, monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the foreign exchange rates ruling at that date. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the reporting date retranslation of monetary assets and liabilities are recognized in profit or loss.

Non-monetary items carried at fair value that are denominated in foreign currencies are retranslated at the rates prevailing on the date when the fair value was determined and are reported as part of the fair value gain or loss. Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are not retranslated.

In the consolidated financial statements, all individual financial statements of foreign operations, originally presented in a currency different from the Company’s presentation currency, have been converted into Renminbi. Assets and liabilities have been translated into Renminbi at the closing rates at the reporting date. Income and expenses have been converted into Renminbi at the exchange rates ruling at the transaction dates, or at the average rates over the reporting period provided that the exchange rates do not fluctuate significantly. Any differences arising from this procedure have been recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated separately in the currency translation reserve in equity.

When a foreign operation is sold, such exchange differences are reclassified from equity to profit or loss as part of the gain or loss on sale.

The translation of certain RMB amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2021 into US$ is included in these financial statements solely for the convenience of readers and was made at the rate of RMB 6.37 to US$1.00, which was based on the noon buying rate on December 31, 2021 in the City of New York cable transfers of RMB as certified for customers purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Such translation should be construed as representation that RMB amounts could be converted, realized or settled into US$ at the rate stated above or at any other rate.

2.4 Property, plant and equipment

Leasehold land and buildings for own use

When a lease includes both land and building elements, the Company assesses the classification of each element as a finance or an operating lease separately based on the assessment as to whether substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of each element have been transferred to the Company, unless it is clear that both elements are operating leases in which case the entire lease is classified as an operating lease. Specifically, the minimum lease payments (including any lump sum upfront payments) are allocated between the land and the building elements in proportion to the relative fair values of the leasehold interests in the land element and building element of the lease at the inception of the lease.

To the extent the allocation of the lease payments can be made reliably, interest in leasehold land that is accounted for as an operating lease is presented as "land use rights" in the consolidated statements of financial position and is amortized over the lease term on a straight-line basis.

All buildings are depreciated over their expected useful lives of 40 years.

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Other property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment are stated in the consolidated statements of financial position at cost less any accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses.

Depreciation is provided to write off the cost less their residual values over their estimated useful lives as follows, using the straight-line method:

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​ | ​ | ​
Plant and machinery |  | 10 years
Motor vehicles |  | 10 years
Office equipment |  | 5 years

​

The assets’ residual values, depreciation methods and useful lives are reviewed, and adjusted if appropriate, at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate accounted for on a prospective basis.

Historical cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to the acquisition of the items. Subsequent costs are included in the asset’s carrying amount or recognized as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of the replaced part is derecognized. All other costs, such as repairs and maintenance, are charged to profit or loss during the financial period in which they are incurred.

An asset’s carrying amount is written down immediately to its recoverable amount if the asset’s carrying amount is greater than its estimated recoverable amount.

The gain or loss arising on retirement or disposal is determined as the difference between the sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and is recognized in profit or loss.

2.5 Investment property

Investment properties are properties held to earn rentals or for capital appreciation.

Investment properties are initially measured at historical cost, including any directly attributable expenditure. Subsequent to initial recognition, investment properties are measured at their historical cost less any accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses.

Historical cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to the acquisition of the items. Subsequent costs are included in the asset’s carrying amount or recognized as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of the replaced part is derecognized. All other costs, such as repairs and maintenance, are charged to profit or loss during the financial period in which they are incurred.

An asset’s carrying amount is written down immediately to its recoverable amount if the asset’s carrying amount is greater than its estimated recoverable amount.

The gain or loss arising on retirement or disposal is determined as the difference between the sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and is recognized in profit or loss.

An investment property is derecognized upon disposal or when the investment property is permanently withdrawn from use or no future economic benefits are expected from its disposal. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition of the property (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is included in profit or loss in the period in which the item is derecognized.

2.6 Land use rights

Upfront payments made to acquire land held under an operating lease are stated at cost less accumulated amortization and any accumulated impairment losses. Amortization is calculated on a straight line basis over the leasing period of 50 years. The carrying amounts of land used rights were reclassified to right-of-use assets to conform to IFRS 16.

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2.7 Goodwill

Goodwill arising on an acquisition of a business is carried at cost as established at the date of acquisition of the business less accumulated impairment losses, if any.

For the purposes of impairment testing, goodwill is allocated to each of the Company’s cash-generating units, or groups of cash-generating units, that is expected to benefit from the synergies of the combination.

A cash-generating unit to which goodwill has been allocated is tested for impairment annually, or more frequently whenever there is indication that the unit may be impaired. If some or all of the goodwill allocated to a cash-generating unit was acquired in a business combination during the current annual period, that unit shall be tested for impairment before the end of the current annual period. If the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit is less than the carrying amount, the impairment loss is allocated first to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to the unit and then to the other assets of the unit on a pro – rata basis based on the carrying amount of each asset in the unit. Any impairment loss for goodwill is recognized directly in profit or loss. An impairment loss recognized for goodwill is not reversed in subsequent periods.

On disposal of the relevant cash generating unit, the attributable amount of goodwill is included in the determination of the profit or loss on disposal.

2.8 Inventories

Inventories are carried at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost is determined using the weighted average basis, and in the case of work in progress and finished goods, comprises direct materials, direct labor and an appropriate proportion of overhead.

Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated cost of completion and applicable selling expenses.

When inventories are sold, the carrying amount of those inventories is recognized as an expense in the period in which the related revenue is recognized. The amount of any write-down of inventories to net realizable value and all losses of inventories are recognized as an expense in the period the write-down or loss occurs. The amount of any reversal of any write-down of inventories is recognized as a reduction in the amount of inventories recognized as an expense in the period in which the reversal occurs.

2.9 Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash at bank and in hand, demand deposits with banks and short term highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less that are readily convertible into known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. For the purpose of the statement of cash flows presentation, cash and cash equivalents include bank overdrafts which are repayable on demand and form an integral part of the Company’s cash management.

2.10 Financial instruments

Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognized when a group entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

Financial assets and financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value except for trade debtors arising from contracts with customers which are initially measured in accordance with HKFRS 15 since 1 January 2019. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets or liabilities at fair value through profit or loss) are added to or deducted from the fair value of the financial assets or financial liabilities, as appropriate, on initial recognition. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets or financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are recognized immediately in profit or loss.

The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortized cost of a financial asset or financial liability and of allocating interest income and interest expense over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts and payments (including all fees and points paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the financial asset or financial liability, or, where appropriate, a shorter period, to the net carrying amount on initial recognition.

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Interest income which are derived from the Company’s ordinary course of business are presented as revenue.

Financial assets

Classification and subsequent measurement of financial assets (upon application of IFRS 9)

Financial assets that meet the following conditions are subsequently measured at amortized cost:

| ● | the financial asset is held within a business model whose objective is to collect contractual cash flows; and

| ● | the contractual terms give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

All other financial assets are subsequently measured at fair value through profit or loss (“FVTPL”).

A financial asset is classified as held for trading if:

| ● | it has been acquired principally for the purpose of selling in the near term; or

| ● | on initial recognition it is a part of a portfolio of identified financial instruments that the Company manages together and has a recent actual pattern of short-term profit-taking; or

| ● | it is a derivative that is not designated and effective as a hedging instrument.

In addition, the Company may irrevocably designate a financial asset that are required to be measured at the amortized cost as measured at FVTPL if doing so eliminates or significantly reduces an accounting mismatch.

(i) Amortized cost and interest income

Interest income is recognized using the effective interest method for financial assets measured subsequently at amortized cost. Interest income is calculated by applying the effective interest rate to the gross carrying amount of a financial asset, except for financial assets that have subsequently become credit-impaired. For financial assets that have subsequently become credit-impaired, interest income is recognized by applying the effective interest rate to the amortized cost of the financial asset from the next reporting period. If the credit risk on the credit-impaired financial instrument improves so that the financial asset is no longer credit-impaired, interest income is recognized by applying the effective interest rate to the gross carrying amount of the financial asset from the beginning of the reporting period following the determination that the asset is no longer credit impaired.

(ii) Financial assets at FVTPL

Financial assets that do not meet the criteria for being measured at amortized cost are measured at FVTPL.

Financial assets at FVTPL are measured at fair value at the end of each reporting period, with any fair value gains or losses recognized in profit or loss. The net gain or loss recognized in profit or loss includes any dividend or interest earned on the financial asset and is included in the “other gains and losses” line item.

Impairment of financial assets (upon application IFRS 9)

The Company recognizes a loss allowance for expected credit loss (“ECL”) on financial assets which are subject to impairment under IFRS 9 (including trade and other receivables, bank deposits and bank balances). ECLs are based on the difference between the contractual cash flows due in accordance with the contract and all the cash flows that the Company expects to receive, discounted at an approximation of the original effective interest rate. The expected cash flows will include cash flows from the sale of collateral held or other credit enhancements that are integral to the contractual terms. The amount of ECL is updated at each reporting date to reflect changes in credit risk since initial recognition.

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General approach

ECLs are recognized in two measurement bases. For credit exposures for which there has not been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, ECLs are provided for credit losses that result from default events that are possible within the next 12-months (a 12-month ECL). For those credit exposures for which there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, a loss allowance is required for credit losses expected over the remaining life of the exposure, irrespective of the timing of the default (a lifetime ECL).

At each reporting date, the Company assesses whether the credit risk on a financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition. When making the assessment, the Company compares the risk of a default occurring on the financial instrument as at the reporting date with the risk of a default occurring on the financial instrument as at the date of initial recognition and considers reasonable and supportable information that is available without undue cost or effort, including historical and forward looking information.

The Company considers a financial asset in default when contractual payments are 90 days past due. However, in certain cases, the Company may also consider a financial asset to be in default when internal or external information indicates that the Company is unlikely to receive the outstanding contractual amounts in full before taking into account any credit enhancements held by the Company. A financial asset is written off when there is no reasonable expectation of recovering the contractual cash flows.

Financial assets at amortized cost are subject to impairment under the general approach and they are classified within the following stages for measurement of ECLs except for trade receivables which apply the simplified approach as detailed below.

Stage 1 — Financial instruments for which credit risk has not increased significantly since initial recognition and for which the loss allowance is measured at an amount equal to 12-month ECLs

Stage 2 — Financial instruments for which credit risk has increased significantly since initial recognition but that are not credit-impaired financial assets and for which the loss allowance is measured at an amount equal to lifetime ECLs

Stage 3 — Financial assets that are credit-impaired at the reporting date (but that are not purchased or originated credit-impaired) and for which the loss allowance is measured at an amount equal to lifetime ECLs

Simplified approach

For trade receivables that do not contain a significant financing component or when the Company applies the practical expedient of not adjusting the effect of a significant financing component, the Company applies the simplified approach in calculating ECLs. Under the simplified approach, the Company does not track changes in credit risk, but instead recognizes a loss allowance based on lifetime ECLs at each reporting date.

The Company assesses at the end of each reporting period whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or a group of financial assets is impaired. An impairment exists if one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset have an impact on the estimated future cash flows of the financial asset or the Company of financial assets that can be reliably estimated. Evidence of impairment may include indications that a debtor or a group of debtors is experiencing significant financial difficulty, default or delinquency in interest or principal payments, the probability that they will enter bankruptcy or other financial reorganization and observable data indicating that there is a measurable decrease in the estimated future cash flows, such as changes in arrears or economic conditions that correlate with defaults.

Financial assets carried at amortized cost

For financial assets carried at amortized cost, the Company first assesses whether impairment exists individually for financial assets that are individually significant, or collectively for financial assets that are not individually significant. If the Company determines that no objective evidence of impairment exists for an individually assessed financial asset, whether significant or not, it includes the asset in a group of financial assets with similar credit risk characteristics and collectively assesses them for impairment. Assets that are individually assessed for impairment and for which an impairment loss is, or continues to be, recognized are not included in a collective assessment of impairment.

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The amount of any impairment loss identified is measured as the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows (excluding future credit losses that have not been incurred). The present value of the estimated future cash flows is discounted at the financial asset’s original effective interest rate (i.e., the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition).

The carrying amount of the asset is reduced through the use of an allowance account and the loss is recognized in profit or loss. Interest income continues to be accrued on the reduced carrying amount using the rate of interest used to discount the future cash flows for the purpose of measuring the impairment loss. Loans and receivables together with any associated allowance are written off when there is no realistic prospect of future recovery and all collateral has been realized or has been transferred to the Company.

If, in a subsequent period, the amount of the estimated impairment loss increases or decreases because of an event occurring after the impairment was recognized, the previously recognized impairment loss is increased or reduced by adjusting the allowance account. If a write-off is later recovered, the recovery is credited to other expenses in the statement of profit or loss.

Classification and subsequent measurement of financial assets (before application of IFRS 9 on January 1, 2018)

The Company’s financial assets are loans and receivables. The classification depends on the nature and purpose of the financial assets and is determined at the time of initial recognition.

Loans and receivables

Loans and receivables are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market. They are initially recognized at fair value. Subsequent to initial recognition, loans and receivables (including trade and other receivables, pledged bank deposits, fixed bank deposits with maturity periods over three months and bank balances) are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method, less any identified impairment losses).

Impairment of financial assets

Financial assets are assessed for indicators of impairment at the end of each reporting period. Financial assets are considered to be impaired when there is objective evidence that, as a result of one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of the financial asset, the estimated future cash flows of the financial assets have been affected.

Objective evidence of impairment could include:

| ● | significant financial difficulty of the issuer or counterparty; or

| ● | breach of contract, such as a default or delinquency in interest or principal payments; or

| ● | it becoming probable that the borrower will enter bankruptcy or financial re-organization; or disappearance of an active market for that financial asset because of financial difficulties.

If any such evidence exists, the impairment loss on trade receivables and other current receivables and other financial assets carried at amortized cost is measured as the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the present value of the estimated future cash flows discounted at the financial asset’s original effective interest rate (i.e. the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition of these assets), where the effect of discounting is material. This assessment is made collectively where these financial assets share similar risk characteristics, such as similar past due status, and have not been individually assessed as impaired. Future cash flows for financial assets which are assessed for impairment collectively are based on historical loss experience for assets with credit risk characteristics similar to the collective group.

If in a subsequent period the amount of an impairment loss decreases and the decrease can be linked objectively to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognized, the impairment loss is reversed through profit or loss. A reversal of an impairment loss shall not result in the asset’s carrying amount exceeding that which would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognized in prior years.

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Impairment losses are written off against the corresponding assets directly, except for impairment losses recognized in respect of trade receivables included within trade and other receivables and prepayments, whose recovery is considered doubtful but not remote. In this case, the impairment losses for doubtful debts are recorded using an allowance account. When the Company is satisfied that recovery is remote, the amount considered irrecoverable is written off against trade debtors directly and any amounts held in the allowance account relating to that debt are reversed. Subsequent recoveries of amounts previously charged to the allowance account are reversed against the allowance account. Other changes in the allowance account and subsequent recoveries of amounts previously written off directly are recognized in profit or loss.

Derecognition of financial assets

The Company derecognizes a financial asset only when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire, or when it transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset to another entity. If the Company neither transfers nor retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership and continues to control the transferred asset, the Company recognizes its retained interest in the asset and an associated liability for amounts it may have to pay. If the Company retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of a transferred financial asset, the Company continues to recognize the financial asset and recognizes a collateralized borrowing for the proceeds received.

On derecognition of a financial asset measured at amortized cost, the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the sum of the consideration received and receivable is recognized in profit or loss.

Financial liabilities and equity instruments

Debt and equity instruments issued by a group entity are classified as either financial liabilities or as equity in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangements and the definitions of a financial liability and an equity instrument.

Equity instruments

An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of the Company after deducting all of its liabilities. Equity instruments issued by the Company are recognized at the proceeds received, net of direct issue costs.

Effective interest method

The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortized cost of a financial liability and of allocating interest expense over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments (including all fees and points paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the financial liability, or, where appropriate, a shorter period, to the net carrying amount on initial recognition.

Interest expense is recognized on an effective interest basis.

Financial liabilities

Interest-bearing borrowings are recognized initially at fair value less attributable transaction costs. They are subsequently stated at amortized cost with any difference between the amount initially recognized and redemption value being recognized in profit or loss over the period of the borrowings, together with any interest and fees payable, using the effective interest method.

Trade and other payables are initially recognized at fair value. They are subsequently stated at amortized cost unless the effect of discounting would be immaterial, in which case they are stated at cost.

Derecognition

The Company derecognizes a financial asset only when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire.

On derecognition of a financial asset in its entirety, the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the sum of the consideration received and receivable and the cumulative gain or loss that had been recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity is recognized in profit or loss.

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The Company derecognizes a financial liability when, and only when, the Company’s obligations are discharged, cancelled or expire. The difference between the carrying amount of the financial liability derecognized and the consideration paid and payable is recognized in profit or loss.

2.11 Derivative financial instruments

Initial recognition and subsequent measurement

The Company uses derivative financial instruments, such as forward currency contracts, for investment purposes. Such derivative financial instruments are initially recognized at fair value on the date on which a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently re-measured at fair value. Derivatives are carried as financial assets when the fair value is positive and as financial liabilities when the fair value is negative.

Any gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value of derivatives are taken directly to profit or loss.

2.12 Leases

Finance leases refers to the situation that the economic ownership of a leased asset is transferred to the lessee if the lessee bears substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the leased asset.

All other leases are treated as operating leases. Where the Company has the use of assets under operating leases, payments made under the leases are charged to profit or loss on a straight line basis over the lease terms except where an alternative basis is more representative of the time pattern of benefits to be derived from the leased assets. Lease incentives received are recognized in profit or loss as an integral part of the aggregate net lease payments made. Contingent rental are charged to profit or loss in the accounting period in which they are incurred. Operating leases were treated in accordance to IFRS 16 commencing January 1, 2019.

All the leases of the Company are operating leases for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019.

2.13 Provisions and contingencies

Provisions for product warranties, legal disputes, onerous contracts or other claims are recognized when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate of the amount of the obligation can be made. Where the time value of money is material, provisions are stated at the present value of the expenditure expected to settle the obligation.

All provisions are reviewed at each reporting date and adjusted to reflect the current best estimate.

Where it is not probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required, or the amount cannot be estimated reliably, the obligation is disclosed as a contingent liability, unless the probability of outflow of economic benefits is remote. Possible obligations, whose existence will only be confirmed by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more future uncertain events not wholly within the control of the Company are also disclosed as contingent liabilities unless the probability of outflow of economic benefits is remote.

2.14 Share capital

Ordinary shares are classified as equity. Share capital is determined using the nominal value of shares that have been issued.

Any transaction costs associated with the issuing of shares are deducted from share premium (net of any related income tax benefit) to the extent they are incremental costs directly attributable to the equity transaction.

2.15 Revenue recognition

Revenue comprises the fair value of the consideration received or receivable for the sale of goods, net of rebates and discounts. No such rebates were paid to distributors since year 2013. Provided it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the revenue and costs, if applicable, can be measured reliably, revenue is recognized as follows:

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Sales of goods are recognized upon transfer of the significant risks and rewards of ownership to the customer. This is usually taken as the time when the goods are delivered and the customer has accepted the goods. Once goods are accepted by a customer, there is no continuing management involvement with the goods and the Company does not have the obligation to accept the return of the goods to the Company from the customer.

Rental income is recognized based upon our annual rental over the life of the lease under operating lease, using the straight-line method.

Interest income is recognized on a time-proportion basis using the effective interest method.

2.16 Impairment of non-financial assets

Impairment testing is made on the Company’s goodwill at each reporting date. Property, plant and equipment and land use rights are tested for impairment if there is any indication that the assets may be impaired at the balance sheet date.

If any indication exists, or when annual impairment testing for an asset is required, the Company estimates the asset’s recoverable amount.

Calculation of recoverable amount

An asset’s recoverable amount is the greater of an asset’s or cash-generating unit’s fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. Where an asset does not generate cash inflows largely independent of those from other assets, the recoverable amount is determined for the smallest group of assets that generates cash inflows independently (i.e. a cash-generating unit).

Recognition of impairment losses

An impairment loss is recognized in profit or loss whenever the carrying amount of an asset, or the cash-generating unit to which it belongs, exceeds its recoverable amount. Impairment losses recognized in respect of cash-generating units are allocated first to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to that cash-generating unit (or group of units), and then, to reduce on a pro rata basis the carrying amount of the other assets in the unit (or group of units), except that the carrying amount of an asset will not be reduced below its individual fair value less costs of disposal (if measurable) or value in use (if determinable).

Reversal of impairment losses

In respect of assets other than goodwill, an impairment loss is reversed if there has been a favorable change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount. An impairment loss in respect of goodwill is not reversed.

A reversal of an impairment loss is limited to the asset’s carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognized in prior years. Reversals of impairment losses are credited to profit or loss in the year in which the reversals are recognized.

2.17 Employee benefits

Retirement benefits

The employees of the Company’s PRC subsidiaries are required to participate in a central pension scheme operated by the local municipal government. Contributions are recognized as an expense in profit or loss as employees render services during the year. The Company’s obligation under these plans is limited to the fixed percentage contributions payable.

Share-based employee remuneration

The Company operates equity-settled share-based remuneration plans for its employees. None of the Company’s plans feature any options for a cash settlement.

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The fair value of share options granted to employees is recognized as an employee cost with a corresponding increase in the share-based payment reserve within equity. The fair value is measured at the grant date using the Black Scholes Option Pricing Model, taking into account the terms and conditions upon which the options were granted. Where the employees have to meet vesting conditions before becoming unconditionally entitled to the share options, the total estimated fair value of the share options is spread over the vesting period, taking into account the probability that the options will vest.

During the vesting period, the number of share options expected to vest is reviewed. Any resulting adjustment to the cumulative fair value recognized in prior years is charged/credited to the profit or loss for the year under review, unless the original employee expenses qualify for recognition as an asset, with a corresponding adjustment to the share-based payment reserve. On the vesting date, the amount recognized as an expense is adjusted to reflect the actual number of share options that vest (with a corresponding adjustment to the share-based payment reserve) except where forfeiture is only due to not achieving vesting conditions that relate to the market price of the Company’s shares. The equity amount is recognized in the share-based payment reserve until either the option is exercised (when it is transferred to the share premium account) or the option expires (when it is released directly to retained earnings).

2.18 Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs consist of interest and other costs incurred in connection with the borrowing of funds. Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of qualifying asset which necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale are capitalized as part of the cost of that asset until such time as the assets are substantially ready for their intended use or sale. Other borrowing costs are expensed when incurred.

2.19 Accounting for income taxes

Income tax comprises current tax and deferred tax.

Current tax and movements in deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized in profit or loss except to the extent that they relate to items recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, in which case the relevant amounts of tax are recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, respectively.

Current tax is the expected tax payable on the taxable income for the year, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the end of the reporting period, and any adjustment to tax payable in respect of previous years.

Deferred tax is calculated using the liability method on temporary differences at the reporting date between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities in the financial statements and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognized for all taxable temporary differences. Deferred tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences, tax losses available to be carried forward as well as other unused tax credits, to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit, including existing taxable temporary differences, will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, unused tax losses and unused tax credits can be utilized.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are not recognized if the temporary difference arises from goodwill or from initial recognition (other than in a business combination) of assets and liabilities in a transaction that affects neither taxable nor accounting profit or loss.

Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences arising on investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures, except where the Company is able to control the reversal of the temporary differences and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

Deferred tax is calculated, without discounting, at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period the liability is settled or the asset realized, based on tax rate (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.

The carrying amount of a deferred tax asset is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and is reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow the related tax benefit to be utilized. Any such reduction is reversed to the extent that it becomes probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available.

Additional income taxes that arise from the distribution of dividends are recognized when the liability to pay the related dividends is recognized.

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Current tax balances and deferred tax balances, and movements therein, are presented separately from each other and are not offset. Current tax assets are offset against current tax liabilities, and deferred tax assets are offset against deferred tax liabilities, if the Company has the legally enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts and the following additional conditions are met:

| (a) | in the case of current tax assets and liabilities, the Company intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously; or

| (b) | in the case of deferred tax assets and liabilities, if they relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority on either:

| (i) | the same taxable entity; or

| (ii) | different taxable entities, which, in each future period in which significant amounts of deferred tax liabilities or assets are expected to be settled or recovered, intend either to settle current tax liabilities and realize the current tax assets on a net basis, or to settle the liabilities and realize the assets simultaneously.

2.20 Research and development activities

Costs associated with research activities are expensed in profit or loss as they incur. Costs that are directly attributable to development activities are recognized as intangible assets if, and only if, all of the following have been demonstrated:

| (i) | the technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that the asset will be available for use or sale;

| (ii) | the intention to complete the intangible asset and use or sell it;

| (iii) | the ability to use or sell the intangible asset;

| (iv) | how the intangible asset will generate probable future economic benefits;

| (v) | the availability of adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell the intangible asset; and

| (vi) | the ability to measure reliably the expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during its development.

The amount initially recognized for internally-generated intangible assets is the sum of the expenditure incurred from the date when the intangible asset first meets the recognition criteria listed above. Where no internally-generated intangible asset can be recognized, development expenditure is recognized in profit or loss in the period in which it is incurred.

Subsequent to initial recognition, internally-generated intangible assets are reported at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses, on the same basis as intangible assets that are acquired separately.

Gains and losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset, measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset, are recognized in profit or loss when the asset is derecognized.

2.21 Segment reporting

The Company identifies operating segments and prepares segment information based on the regular internal financial information reported to the Chief Executive Officer and executive directors, who are the Company’s chief operating decision maker, for their decisions about the allocation of resources to the Company’s business components and for their review of the performance of those components.

Business segment

The Company operates principally in the 1) manufacturing and sale of medium to high-end ceramic tiles and 2) providing business management consulting, information system technology consulting services including the sales of software use rights for digital data deposit platforms and asset management systems, and online social media platform development and consulting. The Chief Executive Officer and executive directors regularly review the Company's business as two business segments.

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Geographical segment

The business of the Company is engaged entirely in the PRC. The Chief Executive Officer and executive directors regularly review the Company’s business as one geographical segment.

2.22 Related parties

| (a) | A person, or a close member of that person’s family, is related to the Company if that person:

| (i) | has control or joint control over the Company;

| (ii) | has significant influence over the Company; or

| (iii) | is a member of the key management personnel of the Company.

| (b) | An entity is related to the Company if any of the following conditions applies:

| (iv) | The entity and the Company are members of the same group (which means that each parent, subsidiary and fellow subsidiary is related to the others).

| (v) | One entity is an associate or joint venture of the other entity (or an associate or joint venture of a member of a group of which the other entity is a member).

| (vi) | Both entities are joint ventures of the same third party.

| (vii) | One entity is a joint venture of a third entity and the other entity is an associate of the third entity.

| (viii) | The entity is a post-employment benefit plan for the benefit of employees of either the Company or an entity related to the Company.

| (ix) | The entity is controlled or jointly controlled by a person identified in (a).

| (x) | A person identified in (a)(i) has significant influence over the entity or is a member of the key management personnel of the entity (or of a parent of the entity).

Close members of the family of a person are those family members who may be expected to influence, or be influenced by, that person in their dealings with the entity.

​

3. CHANGES IN ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND DISCLOSURES

3.1 Adoption of new or amended IFRSs

The following amendments to standards have been adopted by the Company for the first time for the financial year beginning on 1 January 2019.

IFRS 16 Lease

IFRS 16 will result in almost all leases being recognized on the statement of financial position, as the distinction between operating and finance leases is removed. Under the new standard, an asset (the right to use the leased item) and a financial liability to pay rentals are recognized. The only exceptions are short-term and low-value leases. The accounting for lessors will not be significantly changed. The standard will affect primarily the accounting for Company’s operating leases.

Management has just commenced its assessment and have not yet determined to what extent its commitments will result in the recognition of an asset and a liability for future payments and how this will affect the Company’s profit and classification of cash flows.

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The Company adopted IFRS 16 Leases retrospectively from January 1, 2019. In accordance with the transitional provision under IFRS 16, the Company applied the simplified transition approach, and all right-of-use assets were measured at the amount of the lease liabilities on adoption (adjusted for any prepaid or accrued lease expenses). Comparative figures for the 2018 financial year have not been restated.

On adoption of IFRS 16, the Company recognized lease liabilities in relation to leases which had previously been classified as “operating leases” under the principles of IAS 17 Leases. These liabilities were measured at the present value of the remaining lease payments, discounted using the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate as of January 1, 2019. The weighted average lessee’s incremental borrowing rate applied to the lease liabilities on January 1, 2019 was 5.75%.

​

​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | RMB’000
​ | ​ | ​
Operating lease commitments disclosed as at December 31, 2018 |  | 19,695
Discounted using weighted average incremental borrowing rate of 5.75% |  | 15,496
Lease liabilities recognized as at January 1, 2019 |  | 19,380

​

All right-of-use assets were measured at the amount equal to the lease liability, adjusted by the amount of any prepaid or accrued lease payments relating to that lease recognized in the consolidated statement of financial position as at December 31, 2018. The impact on transition of IFRS 16 is summarized as below:

​

​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | January 1, 2019
​ | ​ | RMB’000
Right-of-use assets |  | 17,266
Lease liability |  | (19,380)
Retained earnings |  | 2,114

​

​

The IASB has issued a number of new IFRSs and amendments to IFRSs that are first effective for the current accounting period of the Group. Of these, the following developments are relevant to the Group’s financial statements:

(i) Amendments to IFRS3, Definition of a Business

(ii) Amendments to the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting, Amendments to references to the Conceptual Framework in IFRS Standards

(iii) Amendments to IAS1 and IAS8, Definition of Material

(iv) Amendments to IFRS7, IAS39 and IFRS9, Interest Rate Benchmark Reform (Phase 1)

The application of the above new and amendments to IFRSs in the current year has had no material effect on the Group’s financial performance and positions for the current and prior years and/or on the disclosures set out in these consolidated financial statements.

​

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3.2 Accounting standards issued but not yet effective

Up to the date of issue of these financial statements, the IASB has issued a number of amendments, new standards and interpretations which are not yet effective for the year ended December 31, 2021 and which have not been adopted in these financial statements. These include the following which may be relevant to the Group:

​

IFRS 17 |  | Insurance Contracts (3)
​ | ​ | ​
Amendments to IFRS 10 and IAS 28 | ​ | Sale or Contribution of Assets between an Investor and its Associate or Joint Venture (4)
​ | ​ | ​
Amendments to IFRS 3 | ​ | Reference to the Conceptual Framework (2)
​ | ​ | ​
Amendments to IAS 16 | ​ | Property, Plant and Equipment—Proceeds before Intended Use (2)
​ | ​ | ​
Amendments to IAS 37 | ​ | Onerous Contracts—Cost of Fulfilling a Contract (2)
​ | ​ | ​
Amendments to IAS 1 | ​ | Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current (3)
​ | ​ | ​
Amendments to IFRS 4 | ​ | Extension of the Temporary Exemption from Applying IFRS 9 (3)
​ | ​ | ​
Annual Improvements to IFRS Standards 2018-2020 Cycle | ​ | Amendments to IFRS 1 First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards, IFRS 9 Financial Instruments, IFRS 16 Leases, and IAS 41 Agriculture (2)

​

2. Effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2022

3. Effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2023

4. The effective date of the amendments has yet to be set by the IASB; however, earlier application of the amendments is permitted

The management of the Company anticipate that the application of all the new and amendments to IFRSs will have no material impact on the consolidated financial statements in the foreseeable future.

​

4. CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES AND JUDGMENTS

The preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities, and the accompanying disclosures, and the disclosure of contingent liabilities. Uncertainty about these assumptions and estimates could result in outcomes that require a material adjustment to the carrying amount of assets or liabilities affected in future periods.

Estimates and judgments are continually evaluated and are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances.

The Company makes estimates and assumptions concerning the future. The resulting accounting estimates will, by definition, seldom equal the related actual results. The key sources of estimation uncertainty and key assumptions concerning the future at the end of the reporting period, that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year are discussed below:

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Useful lives and impairment assessment of property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and identified impairment losses. The estimation of useful lives impacts the level of annual depreciation expenses recorded. Property, plant and equipment are evaluated for possible impairment on a specific asset basis or in groups of similar assets, as applicable. This process requires management’s estimate of future cash flows generated by each asset or group of assets. For any instance where this evaluation process indicates impairment, the relevant asset’s carrying amount is written down to the recoverable amount and the amount of the write-down is charged against profit or loss.

Investment properties are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and identified impairment losses. The estimation of useful lives impacts the level of annual depreciation expenses recorded. Investment properties are evaluated for possible impairment on a specific asset basis or in groups of similar assets, as applicable. This process requires management’s estimate of future cash flows generated by each asset or group of assets. For any instance where this evaluation process indicates impairment, the relevant asset’s carrying amount is written down to the recoverable amount and the amount of the write-down is charged against profit or loss.

Impairment loss recognized in respect of property, plant and equipment

As of December 31, 2021, the net carrying amount of property, plant and equipment was approximately RMB 1,250,000 (2020: RMB 68,000). No impairment loss was recognized against the original carrying amount of property, plant and equipment for the year ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019. Determining whether property, plant and equipment are impaired requires an estimation of the recoverable amount of the property, plant and equipment. Such estimation was based on certain assumptions, which are subject to uncertainty and might materially differ from the actual results.

Impairment loss recognized in respect of investment property

As of December 31, 2021, the net carrying amount of investment property was nil (2020: nil). No impairment loss was recognized against the original carrying amount of investment property for the year ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Determining whether investment property are impaired requires an estimation of the recoverable amount of the investment property. Such estimation was based on certain assumptions, which are subject to uncertainty and might materially differ from the actual results.

Impairment loss recognized in respect of land use rights

As of December 31, 2021, the net carrying amount of land use rights was nil (2020: nil). No impairment loss was recognized against the original carrying amount of land use rights for the year ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019. The carrying amounts of land used rights were reclassified to right-of-use assets to conform to IFRS 16 during the year ended December 31, 2021. Determining whether land use rights are impaired requires an estimation of the recoverable amount of the land use rights. Such estimation was based on certain assumptions, which are subject to uncertainty and might materially differ from the actual results.

Impairment of goodwill

Determining whether goodwill is impaired requires an estimation of the value in use of the cash-generating units to which goodwill has been allocated. The value in use calculation requires the Company to estimate the future cash flows expected to arise from the cash-generating unit and a suitable discount rate in order to calculate present value. Where the actual future cash flows are less than expected, a material impairment loss may arise. No impairment was made on goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019.

Income tax

The Company has exposure to income taxes in the PRC. Significant judgment is required in determining the provision for income taxes. There are certain transactions and computations for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain during the ordinary course of business. The Company recognizes liabilities for expected tax issues based on estimates of whether additional taxes will be due. When the final tax outcome of these matters is different from the amounts that were initially recognized, such differences will impact the income tax and deferred tax provisions in the period in which such determination is made. The carrying amounts of the Company’s income tax payable as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 were RMB 209,000 and nil, respectively.

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Provision for deferred tax

Determining income tax provisions involves judgement on the future tax treatment of certain transactions. The management evaluates tax implications of transactions and tax provisions are set up accordingly. The tax treatment of such transactions is reconsidered periodically to take into account all changes in tax legislation. Deferred tax assets are recognized for tax losses not yet used and temporary deductible differences. As those deferred tax assets can only be recognized to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profit will be available against which the unused tax credits can be utilized, management’s judgement is required to assess the probability of future taxable profits. Management’s assessment is constantly reviewed and additional deferred tax assets are recognized if it becomes probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.

Impairment of trade receivables

The Company recognizes a loss allowance for expected credit loss (“ECL”) on financial assets which are subject to impairment under IFRS 9 (including trade and other receivables, amounts due from related parties, restricted cash, bank balances and cash). The amount of ECL is updated at each reporting date to reflect changes in credit risk since initial recognition.

Lifetime ECL represents the ECL that will result from all possible default events over the expected life of the relevant instrument. In contrast, 12-month ECL (“12m ECL”) represents the portion of lifetime ECL that is expected to result from default events that are possible within 12 months after the reporting date. Assessment are done based on the Company’s historical credit loss experience, adjusted for factors that are specific to the debtors, general economic conditions and an assessment of both the current conditions at the reporting date as well as the forecast of future conditions.

The Company applies the IFRS 9 simplified approach to measure ECL which uses a lifetime ECL for all trade receivables. The ECL on these assets are assessed individually for debtors with significant balances and/or collectively using a provision matrix with appropriate groupings.

For all other instruments, the Company measures the loss allowance equal to 12m ECL, unless when there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, the Company recognizes lifetime ECL. The assessment of whether lifetime ECL should be recognized is based on significant increases in the likelihood or risk of a default occurring since initial recognition.

The Company recognized bad debts of RMB 125.6 million and RMB 150.3 million in the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The net carrying amounts of the Company’s trade receivables as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 were RMB 51,416,000 and RMB 101,470,000, respectively.

Net realizable value of inventories

Net realizable value of inventories is the management’s estimation of future selling price in the ordinary course of business, less estimated costs of completion and selling expenses. These estimates are based on the current market condition and the historical experience of selling products of a similar nature. It could change significantly as a result of various market factors. The net carrying amounts of the Company’s inventories as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 were RMB 31,589,000 and RMB 52,201,000, respectively.

Share-based payment transaction

The Company measures the cost of equity-settled transactions with employees by reference to the fair value of the equity instruments at the date at which they are granted. Estimating fair value for share-based payment transactions requires determining the most appropriate valuation model, which is dependent on the terms and conditions of the grant. This estimate also requires determining the most appropriate inputs to the valuation model including the expected life of the stock option, volatility and dividend yield and making assumptions about them. The assumptions and models used for estimating fair value for share-based payment transactions are disclosed in Note 24.

​

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5. REVENUE AND OTHER INCOME

Revenue comprises the fair value of the consideration received or receivable for the sale of goods. An analysis of the Company’s revenue and other income is as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the years ended December 31,
​ | ​ | 2021 | ​ | 2020 | ​ | 2019
​ |  | RMB’000 |  | RMB’000 |  | RMB’000
Revenue | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ |
Sale of goods |  | 144,743 |  | 182,989 |  | 327,581
Business management and consulting |  | 71,527 |  | — |  | —
Total income |  | 216,270 |  | 182,989 |  | 327,581
Other income |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​
Interest income |  | 16 |  | 49 |  | 73
Foreign exchange gain | ​ | — | ​ | 124 | ​ | 74
Consulting income |  | — |  | 7,249 |  | 109
Rent deposit refund |  | — |  | — |  | 88
Other income |  | 21 |  | 223 |  | 96
Rental income |  | 9,383 |  | 14,286 |  | 14,196
​ |  | 9,420 |  | 21,931 |  | 14,636

​

b)Segment reporting

The Company identifies operating segments and prepares segment information based on the regular internal financial information reported to the Chief Executive Officer and executive directors, who are the Company’s chief operating decision makers for their decisions about the allocation of resources to the Company’s business components and for their review of the performance of those components.

All of the Company’s operations are considered by the chief operating decision makers to be aggregated into two reportable operating segments: 1) the manufacture and sale of standard to high-end ceramic tiles, 2) the business management consulting, information system technology consulting services including the sales of software use rights for digital data deposit platforms and asset management systems, and online social media platform development and consulting. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available and evaluated regularly by the Company’s chief operating decision makers in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance.

The business of the Company is engaged entirely in the PRC. The Chief Executive Officer and executive directors regularly review the Company’s business as one geographical segment.

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The following table shows the Company's operations by business segment for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | For the years Ended December 31,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
​ | ​ | RMB'000 | ​ | RMB'000 | ​ | RMB'000
Revenues | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Sales of tile products | ​ | 144,743 |  | 182,989 |  | 327,581
Business management and consulting | ​ | 71,527 |  | — |  | —
Total revenues | ​ | 216,270 |  | 182,989 |  | 327,581
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cost of revenues | ​ |  |  |  |  |
Sales of tile products | ​ | 83,436 |  | 208,991 |  | 246,255
Business management and consulting | ​ | 65,493 |  | — |  | —
Total cost of revenues | ​ | 148,929 |  | 208,991 |  | 246,255
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Operating costs and expenses | ​ |  |  |  |  |
Sales of tile products | ​ | 20,292 |  | 38,723 |  | 36,747
Business management and consulting | ​ | 9,955 |  | — |  | —
Other | ​ | 10,677 |  | — |  | —
Total operating costs and expenses | ​ | 40,924 |  | 38,723 |  | 36,747
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Bad debt expense | ​ |  |  |  |  |
Sales of tile products | ​ | 115,407 |  | 150,268 |  | 68,660
Business management and consulting | ​ | 10,147 |  | — |  | —
Total bad debt expense | ​ | 125,554 |  | 150,268 |  | 68,660
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other -expenses | ​ |  |  |  |  |
Sales of tile products | ​ | 90 |  | — |  | —
Business management and consulting | ​ | 34 |  | — |  | —
Total other expenses | ​ | 124 |  | — |  | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other income | ​ |  |  |  |  |
Sales of tile products | ​ | 9,389 |  | 14,682 |  | 7,436
Business management and consulting | ​ | 29 |  | 7,249 |  | 7,200
Other | ​ | 2 |  | — |  | —
Total other income | ​ | 9,420 |  | 21,931 |  | 14,636
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Loss from operations | ​ |  |  |  |  |
Sales of tile products | ​ | (65,093) |  | (193,062) |  | (9,445)
Business management and consulting | ​ | (14,073) |  | — |  | —
Other | ​ | (10,675) |  | — |  | —
Loss from operations | ​ | (89,841) |  | (193,062) |  | (9,445)

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | As of |  | As of
​ | ​ | December 31, | ​ | December 31,
​ | ​ | 2021 | ​ | 2020
Segment assets | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Sale of tile products |  | 147,890 |  | 225,386
Business management and consulting |  | 27,222 |  | —
Others |  | 2,755 |  | —
Total assets |  | 177,867 |  | 225,386

​

​

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6. FINANCE COSTS

Finance costs comprise interest expense recognized from lease liabilities upon application of IFRS 16:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the years ended December 31,
​ | ​ | 2021 | ​ | 2020 | ​ | 2019
​ |  | RMB’000 |  | RMB’000 |  | RMB’000
Interest on lease liability | ​ | 2,166 | ​ | 2,746 | ​ | 315
Other | ​ | — | ​ | 2 | ​ | —

​

​

​

7. LOSS BEFORE TAXATION

The Company’s loss before taxation is arrived at after charging:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the years ended December 31,
​ | ​ | 2021 | ​ | 2020 |  | 2019
​ |  | RMB’000 |  | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000
Cost of inventories recognized as expense(1) | ​ | 148,929 | ​ | 208,991 | ​ | 246,255
Depreciation expenses |  | 96 |  | 12 |  | 12
Amortization of land use rights |  | — |  | — |  | —
Right-of-use asset amortization charge |  | 14,067 |  | 13,082 |  | 12,187
Auditors’ remuneration |  | ​ |  | ​ |  |
– Audit fees |  | 1,898 |  | 1,951 |  | 1,689
– Audit-related fees |  | — |  | — |  | —
​ |  | 1,898 |  | 1,951 |  | 1,689
Directors’ remuneration |  | ​ |  | ​ |  |
– salaries and related cost |  | 1,656 |  | 1,457 |  | 1,747
– retirement scheme contribution |  | 16 |  | 16 |  | 16
– share-based payments |  | — |  | — |  | —
Key management personnel (other than directors) |  | ​ |  | ​ |  |
– salaries and related cost |  | 639 |  | 693 |  | 671
– retirement scheme contribution |  | 23 |  | 25 |  | 20
– share-based payments |  | 1,835 |  | 1,135 |  | 622
Research and development personnel |  | ​ |  | ​ |  |
– salaries and related cost |  | 644 |  | 240 |  | 313
– retirement scheme contribution |  | 111 |  | 44 |  | 45
Other personnel |  | ​ |  | ​ |  |
– salaries and related cost |  | 7,493 |  | 13,351 |  | 26,001
– retirement scheme contribution |  | 1,318 |  | 2,466 |  | 3,867
Total employee benefit expenses |  | 13,735 |  | 19,427 |  | 33,302

(1)Cost of inventories recognized as expense included staff costs of RMB 4,065,000, RMB 7,554,000 and RMB 19,867,000, retirement scheme contributions of RMB 756,704, RMB 1,590,660 and RMB 2,734,411, depreciation and amortization expense of RMB nil, RMB nil and RMB nil, right-of-use asset depreciation/operating lease charges of RMB 12,801,485, RMB 13,082,071 and RMB 12,503,000, and (reversal of ) / write-down of inventories of RMB (99,237,173), RMB (2,301,000) and RMB (56,766,000) for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, which amounts are also included in the respective total amounts disclosed separately for each of these types of expenses.

​

​

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8. INCOME TAX EXPENSE/(CREDIT)

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the years ended December 31,
​ | ​ | 2021 | ​ | 2020 | ​ | 2019
​ | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000
Current Tax: |  |  |  |  |  |
PRC Income Tax |  | 217 |  | 33 |  | 29
Reversal of income tax refundable |  | — |  | — |  | 27
​ |  | — |  | — |  | —
Deferred tax expense |  | — |  | — |  | —
​ |  | 217 |  | 33 |  | 56

​

Reconciliation between income tax expense (credit) and (loss) profit before taxation at applicable tax rates is as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the years ended December 31,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
​ | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000
Loss before taxation |  | (89,841) |  | (193,062) |  | (9,445)
Tax calculated at a tax rate of 25% |  | (22,460) |  | (48,266) |  | (2,361)
Tax effect on non-deductible expenses |  | — |  | — |  | —
Tax effect on different tax rates of group entities operating in other jurisdictions |  | 5,163 |  | 1,607 |  | 842
Inventory provision (reversal) that are not tax deductible (taxable) |  | (24,809) |  | (575) |  | (14,192)
Bad debts expense that are not tax deductible |  | 30,417 |  | 37,567 |  | 17,165
Depreciation and amortization adjustments that are not tax deductible |  | (11,337) |  | (14,757) |  | (18,050)
Other |  | — |  | — |  | 29
Lease charge under IFRS 16 | ​ | (193) | ​ | 282 | ​ | —
Net operating losses not recognized to deferred tax assets |  | 23,436 |  | 24,175 |  | 16,623
Tax per financial statements |  | 217 |  | 33 |  | 56

​

British Virgin Islands Profits Tax

The Company has not been subject to any taxation in this jurisdiction for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019.

Hong Kong Profits Tax

The subsidiary in Hong Kong is subject to tax charged on Hong Kong sourced income with a statutory tax rate of 8.25% for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019. No Hong Kong profits tax has been provided as the Company has no assessable profit arising in Hong Kong for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019.

PRC Income Tax

The subsidiaries in the PRC are subject to the enterprise income tax in accordance with “PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law” (“EIT Law”), and the applicable income tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 is 25%.

Under the prevailing EIT Law and its relevant regulations, any dividends paid by the Company’s PRC subsidiaries to an overseas parent made out of profits earned after January 1, 2008 to non-PRC corporate residents are subject to a 10% PRC dividend withholding tax, unless reduced by tax treaties or arrangements. In addition, under the Sino-Hong Kong Double Tax Arrangement and its relevant regulations, a qualified Hong Kong tax resident will be liable for withholding tax at the rate of 5% for dividend income derived from the PRC if the Hong Kong tax resident is the “beneficial owner” and holds 25% or more of the equity interests of the PRC company. Deferred tax liabilities have been provided for based on the expected dividends to be distributed from these subsidiaries in the foreseeable future in respect of the profits generated since 1 January 2008.

Dividends withholding tax represents tax charged/to be charged by the PRC tax authority on dividends distributed or intended to be distributed by the Company’s subsidiaries in Mainland China during the years.

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The Company did not recognize any deferred tax (assets)/liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial position as of December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019.

The Company’s PRC subsidiaries, have cumulative undistributed earnings of RMB 88,164,000, RMB 174,072,000 and RMB 267,193,000, as of December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, which are included in consolidated retained earnings. No provision has been made for deferred taxes related to future repatriation of the remaining earnings, as the Company controls the dividend policy of these PRC subsidiaries and it has been determined that it is probable that these profits will not be distributed in the foreseeable future. If the Company were to distribute these cumulated earnings in the foreseeable future, the deferred tax liabilities of RMB 4,408,000, RMB 8,704,000 and RMB 13,360,000 would be recognized as of December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019.

​

​

9. LOSS PER SHARE

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the years ended December 31, |
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |
Loss attributable to holders of ordinary shares (RMB’000): |  | (88,752) |  | (193,095) |  | (9,501) | ​
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding used in computing basic (loss)/earnings per share |  | 5,147,737 |  | 2,940,265 |  | 2,025,222 | ​
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding used in computing basic and diluted (loss)/earnings per share | ​ | 5,147,737 | ​ | 2,940,265 | ​ | 2,025,222 | ​
Loss per share - basic (RMB) |  | (17.24) |  | (65.67) | * | (4.68) | *
Loss per share - diluted (RMB) |  | (17.24) |  | (65.67) |  | (4.68) | ​

​

| ● | Reflect 3 : 1 reverse stock split

Warrants to purchase common stock are not included in the diluted loss per share calculations when their effect is antidilutive. For the year ended December 31, 2021, about 1,868,414 of potential shares of common stock related to outstanding warrants and stock options were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share as such shares are antidilutive when there is a loss. There were 968,894 and 576,479 post-reverse split outstanding warrants and stock options were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share as such shares are antidilutive for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

​

10. GOODWILL

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2020
​ | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000
Carrying amount |  | 3,735 |  | 3,735
Accumulated impairment losses |  | (3,735) |  | (3,735)
​ |  | — |  | —

​

On January 8, 2010, the Company consummated the acquisition of all voting equity interests of Hengdali (which is considered to be a CGU), and the excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill.

The Company performs a goodwill impairment test in year 2015 and was fully impaired at that time. At the end of the reporting period, the Company assessed the recoverable amount of goodwill, and determined that no further impairment of goodwill was required for the 2016 year-end because it was written down to zero in 2015. The impairment loss on goodwill recognized during the year ended December 31, 2015 was RMB 3,735,000.

​

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11. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ |  | Plant and |  | Motor |  | Office |  | ​
​ | ​ | Buildings | ​ | machinery | ​ | vehicles | ​ | equipment | ​ | Total
​ | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000
Cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At January 1, 2020 |  | 349,630 |  | 746,042 |  | 4,225 |  | 1,886 |  | 1,101,783
Additions |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 46 |  | 46
Disposals |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | —
At December 31,2020 |  | 349,630 |  | 746,042 |  | 4,225 |  | 1,932 |  | 1,101,829
Additions |  | — |  | — |  | 1,144 |  | 133 |  | 1,277
Transferred to investment property | ​ | (331,359) | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | (331,359)
Disposals |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | —
At December 31, 2021 |  | 18,271 |  | 746,042 |  | 5,369 |  | 2,065 |  | 771,747
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Accumulated depreciation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At January 1, 2020 |  | 49,297 |  | 349,382 |  | 3,748 |  | 1,547 |  | 403,974
Depreciation charge |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 12 |  | 12
At December 31, 2020 |  | 49,297 |  | 349,382 |  | 3,748 |  | 1,559 |  | 403,986
Depreciation charge |  | — |  | — |  | 54 |  | 42 |  | 96
Transferred to investment property | ​ | (47,452) | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | (47,452)
At December 31, 2021 |  | 1,845 |  | 349,382 |  | 3,802 |  | 1,601 |  | 356,630
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Impairment |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At January1, 2020 |  | 300,333 |  | 396,660 |  | 477 |  | 304 |  | 697,774
Impairment losses recognized in profit or loss |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | —
At December 31, 2020 |  | 300,333 |  | 396,660 |  | 477 |  | 304 |  | 697,774
Impairment losses recognized in profit or loss |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | —
Transferred to investment property | ​ | (283,907) | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | (283,907)
At December 31, 2021 |  | 16,426 |  | 396,660 |  | 477 |  | 304 |  | 413,867
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Carrying amount |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At December 31, 2020 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 68 |  | 68
At December 31, 2021 |  | — |  | — |  | 1,090 |  | 160 |  | 1,250

​

All property, plant and equipment held by the Company are located in the PRC. The Company’s buildings are situated on land under medium-term land use rights.

For the buildings owned collectively by the Company and other three unrelated companies, the cost of buildings are stated according to the amounts paid by the Company for its part of buildings, which represent the Company’s interests in the buildings. Buildings are depreciated over their expected useful lives of 40 years. These buildings’ cost was RMB 2,913,000, and accumulated depreciation of RMB 1,226,000 and RMB 1,226,000 as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and an impairment allocation of RMB 1,687,000 and RMB 1,687,000 as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. No property, plant and equipment was pledged to secure the Company interest-bearing bank borrowings at December 31, 2021 and 2020.

At the end of the reporting period, the Company assessed the recoverable amount of property, plant and equipment, and determined that carrying amount was nil (2020: nil).

During the year ended December 31, 2021, Hengdali subleased all its land and buildings. The cost, accumulated depreciation and impairment of land and buildings were reclassified to investment property. The net effect on the consolidated balance sheet was nil.

Loss (gain) on disposal of property, plant and equipment in fiscal years 2021, 2020 and 2019 was nil.

​

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12. INVESTMENT PROPERTY

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2020
​ | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000
Cost |  |  |  |
As of beginning of the year |  | 37,253 |  | 37,253
Transferred from property, plant and equipment | ​ | 331,359 | ​ | —
Transferred from right-of-use assets | ​ | 32,619 | ​ | —
As of end of the year | ​ | 401,231 | ​ | 37,253
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Accumulated depreciation |  |  |  |
As of beginning of the year |  | (1,886) |  | (1,886)
Depreciation for the year |  | — |  | —
Transferred from property, plant and equipment | ​ | (47,452) | ​ | —
Transferred from right-of-use assets | ​ | (4,649) | ​ | —
As of end of the year |  | (53,987) |  | (1,886)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Impairment for the year |  |  |  |
As of beginning of the year |  | (35,367) |  | (35,367)
Transferred from property, plant and equipment | ​ | (283,907) | ​ | —
Transferred from right-of-use assets | ​ | (27,970) | ​ | —
As of end of the year |  | (347,244) |  | (35,367)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Carrying amount |  |  |  |
At December 31, 2021 and 2020 |  | — |  | —

​

The fair value of this investment property, which is the estimation of the depreciated replacement cost, as of December 31, 2021 was RMB 269,900,000.

However, due to the absence of the real estate ownership certificate, the Company assessed the recoverable amount of investment property, and determined that carrying amount was nil at December 31, 2021 and 2020.

​

During the year ended December 31, 2021, Hengdali subleased all its land and buildings. The cost, accumulated depreciation and impairment of land and buildings were reclassified to investment property. The net effect on the consolidated balance sheet was nil.

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13. LAND USE RIGHTS

The Company’s land use rights are under medium-term leases in the PRC, and are analyzed for reporting purposes as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2020
​ | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000
Cost |  |  |  |
At the beginning of the year |  | — |  | 32,619
Impact on initial application of HKFRS 16 (Note 2.6) |  | — |  | (32,619)
At end of the year |  | — |  | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Accumulated amortization |  |  |  |
At beginning of the year |  | — |  | (4,649)
Amortization |  | — |  | —
Impact on initial application of HKFRS 16 (Note 2.6) |  | — |  | 4,649
At end of the year |  | — |  | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Impairment |  |  |  |
At beginning of the year |  | — |  | (27,970)
Impact on initial application of HKFRS 16 (Note 2.6) |  | — |  | 27,970
At end of the year |  | — |  | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Carrying amount |  |  |  |
At December 31, 2021 and 2020 |  | — |  | —

​

No land use rights of the Company were pledged to the banks as securities for the Company’s interest-bearing bank borrowings at December 31, 2021 and 2020. At the end of the reporting period, the Company assessed the recoverable amount of land use right, and determined that carrying amount was nil (2020: nil). The carrying amounts of land used rights were reclassified to right-of-use assets to conform to IFRS 16.

​

During the year ended December 31, 2021, Hengdali subleased all its land and buildings. The cost, accumulated depreciation and impairment of land and buildings were reclassified to investment property. The net effect on the consolidated balance sheet was nil.

​

​

14. INVENTORIES

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2020
​ | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000
Raw materials |  | 4,659 |  | 6,281
Work in progress |  | 244 |  | 1,040
Finished goods |  | 26,686 |  | 44,880
​ |  | 31,589 |  | 52,201

​

The analysis of the amount of inventories recognized as an expense and included in profit or loss is as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the years ended December 31,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
​ | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000
Carrying amount of inventories sold |  | 248,166 |  | 211,292 |  | 303,021
Write down (reversal) of inventories (included in cost of sales) |  | (99,237) |  | (2,301) |  | (56,766)
​ |  | 148,929 |  | 208,991 |  | 246,255

​

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​

15. TRADE RECEIVABLES

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2020
​ | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000
Trade receivables |  | 822,747 |  | 747,247
Less: provision for bad debt allowance |  | (771,331) |  | (645,777)
​ |  | 51,416 |  | 101,470

​

The Company’s trade receivables are denominated in Renminbi and non-interest bearing. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company accrued RMB 771,331,000 and RMB 645,777,000, respectively, as a provision for bad debt related to the amount of outstanding trade receivables that did not conform with the Company’s credit policy.

All of the trade receivables are expected to be recovered within one year. An aging analysis of the Company’s trade receivables, based on the invoice date, is as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2020
​ | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000
Within 90 days |  | 81 |  | 34,309
Between 3 and 6 months |  | — |  | 52,477
More than 6 months |  | 51,335 |  | 14,684
​ |  | 51,416 |  | 101,470

​

An aging analysis of trade receivables that were neither past due nor impaired or past due but not impaired, is as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Past due but not impaired | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Neither past due nor | ​ | Less than | ​ | ​ | ​ | Over 120 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | impaired | ​ | 30 days | ​ | 31 to 120 days | ​ | days | ​ | Sub-total | ​ | Total
​ | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000
December 31, 2020 |  | 67,161 |  | 34,309 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 101,470
December 31, 2021 |  | 81 |  | — |  | — |  | 51,335 |  | — |  | 51,416

​

Receivables that were neither past due nor impaired relate to a large number of customers for whom there was no recent history of default. All amounts are short-term. The Company does not hold any collateral over these receivables.

The net carrying value of trade receivables is considered a reasonable approximation of fair value. As of December 31, 2021, the Company is exposed to certain credit risks as 16% and 47% of the total trade receivables were due from the Company’s largest and the five largest customers, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, the Company is exposed to certain credit risks as 15% and 45% of the total trade receivables were due from the Company’s largest and the five largest customers, respectively.

​

16. OTHER RECEIVABLES AND PREPAYMENTS

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2020
​ | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000
Prepaid expense and prepayments* |  | 20,264 |  | 640
Security deposit |  | 105 |  | 121
Other receivable | ​ | 412 | ​ | 84
​ |  | 20,781 |  | 845

​

All of the other receivables and prepayments are expected to be recovered or recognized as expense within one year. The net carrying value of these balances is considered a reasonable approximation of fair value. Prepaid expense mainly consisted of advance payment to the vendors as of December 31, 2021.

​

*Refer to note 25 on prepayments made by the Company to a related party.

​

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17. CASH AND BANK BALANCES

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2020
​ | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000
Cash on hand |  | 1,709 |  | 8
Cash at banks |  | 26,171 |  | 12,336
Cash and bank balances |  | 27,880 |  | 12,344

​

Cash and bank balances are denominated in the following currencies:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2020
​ | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000
Renminbi |  | 4,594 |  | 1,067
Hong Kong dollars |  | 74 |  | 77
US dollars |  | 23,212 |  | 11,200
​ |  | 27,880 |  | 12,344

​

Bank balances denominated in Renminbi are deposited with banks in the PRC and are not freely convertible to foreign currencies. The conversion of these RMB denominated balances into foreign currencies is subject to the foreign exchange control rules and regulations promulgated by the PRC Government.

Bank balances denominated in US dollars are mainly held in bank accounts in Hong Kong and the United States of America.

Cash at banks and bank deposits comprise cash held by the Company and short-term bank deposits with an original maturity of three months or less. The deposits carry interest at prevailing market rates.

As of December 31, 2021, the Company has restricted cash of nil (2020: nil), of which nil (2020: nil) was used as collateral for the Company’s bank borrowings, and nil was used as collateral for the Company’s financial derivatives (2020: nil). They were temporarily not available for general use by the Company.

​

18. TRADE PAYABLES

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2020
​ | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000
Trade payables* |  | 6,290 |  | 6,750

​

Trade payables are denominated in Renminbi, non-interest bearing and generally settled within 120-day terms. All of the trade payables are expected to be settled within one year. The carrying value of trade payables is considered to be a reasonable approximation of fair value.

​

*Refer to note 25 on trade payables due by the Company to a related party.

​

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19. ACCRUED LIABILITIES AND OTHER PAYABLES

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2020
​ | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000
Deposits received from distributors |  | 16,200 |  | 16,200
Accrued salary |  | 514 |  | 871
Accrued rent, electricity and water |  | 1,156 |  | 1,352
Accrued other taxes |  | 866 |  | 1,042
Rental income received in advance | ​ | — | ​ | 2,358
Others |  | 3,645 |  | 1,023
​ |  | 22,381 |  | 22,846

​

Accrued liabilities and other payables are denominated in the following currencies:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2020
​ | ​ | ‘000 | ​ | ‘000
In Renminbi |  | 22,381 |  | 22,846
In US dollars |  | — |  | —

​

Deposits received represent deposits from the Company’s distributors. The Company usually requests a deposit from RMB 400,000 to RMB 1,000,000 from new distributors upon signing a distributorship agreement as security for the performance of their obligations under the distributorship agreement.

Accrued liabilities consist mainly of accrued rental, wages and utility expenses. Others consist mainly of advance from third-party individuals and companies, which bear no interest and payable upon demand.

The carrying value of accrued liabilities and other payables is considered to be a reasonable approximation of fair value.

​

20. TAXES PAYABLE

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31,
​ | ​ | 2021 | ​ | 2020
​ |  | RMB’000 |  | RMB’000
VAT |  | 44 |  | 1,188
Income tax |  | 209 |  | 18
Property tax |  | 718 |  | 718
Other |  | 47 |  | 10
​ |  | 1,018 |  | 1,934

​

​

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21. RIGHT-OF-USE ASSETS AND LEASES LIABILITIES

​

(a) Amounts recognized in the consolidated statement of financial position

The carrying amounts of right-of-use assets for lease are as below:

​

​ | ​ | ​
Net book amount at January 1, 2020 |  | RMB 5,078,000
Net book amount at December 31, 2020 | ​ | RMB 58,458,000
Net book amount at January 1, 2021 | ​ | RMB 58,458,000
Net book amount at December 31, 2021 | ​ | RMB 44,288,000

​

During the year ended December 31, 2021, Hengdali subleased all its land and buildings. The cost, accumulated depreciation and impairment of land and buildings were reclassified to investment property. The net effect on the consolidated balance sheet was nil.

​

The lease liabilities are as below:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31,
​ | ​ | 2021 | ​ | 2020
​ |  | RMB’000 |  | RMB’000
Lease liabilities - current |  | 13,404 |  | 13,431
Lease liabilities – noncurrent |  | 33,325 |  | 46,728
​ |  | 46,729 |  | 60,159

​

Contractual undiscounted cash flows for the leases:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31, 2021
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | Total contractual
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | undiscounted
​ | ​ | Within one year | ​ | One to five years | ​ | cash flow
​ |  | RMB’000 |  | RMB’000 |  | RMB’000
​ |  | 14,883 |  | 34,565 |  | 49,448

​

(b) Amounts recognized in the consolidated income statement

The consolidated income statement shows the following amounts relating to leases:

​

​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Year ended
​ | ​ | December 31, 2021
Amortization charge of right-of-use assets |  | 14,067
Interest expense |  | 2,166

​

​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Year ended
​ |  | December 31, 2020
Amortization charge of right-of-use assets |  | 13,082
Interest expense |  | 2,746

​

The total cash outflow in financing activities for leases during the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 was RMB 15,447,000 and RMB 14,841,000.

​

​

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22. SHARE CAPITAL

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31,
​ | ​ | 2021 | ​ | 2020
​ |  | Number |  | US$ |  | Number |  | US$
​ | ​ | of shares | ​ | ‘000 | ​ | of shares | ​ | ‘000
Authorized: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ordinary shares of US$0.024 each |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At January 1 and December 31 |  | 50,000,000 |  | 1,200 |  | 50,000,000 |  | 1,200

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31, |
​ | ​ | 2021 | ​ | 2020 |
​ |  | Number |  | RMB | ​ | Number |  | RMB |
​ | ​ | of shares | ​ | ‘000 | ​ | of shares | ​ | ‘000 |
Issued: |  | 5,976,098 |  | 943 | ​ | 3,674,370 | * | 591 | ​
Outstanding and fully paid: |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Ordinary shares of US$0.024 each |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
At January 1 |  | 3,674,370 |  | 591 | ​ | 2,435,662 |  | 397 | ​
Issuance of new shares for equity financing |  | 1,502,110 |  | 230 | ​ | 1,156,251 |  | 181 | ​
Warrants exercised into shares |  | 685,339 |  | 105 | ​ | — |  | — | ​
Equity compensation |  | 114,279 |  | 17 | ​ | 82,457 |  | 13 | ​
At December 31 |  | 5,976,098 |  | 943 | (2) | 3,674,370 | * | 591 | (1)

(1) Equivalent to US$91,000

(2) Equivalent to US$143,000

* reflect 3:1 reverse stock split

On September 3, 2020, the Company effected a reverse stock split, every three issued and outstanding ordinary shares as of the effective date will automatically be combined into one issued and outstanding share. Consequently, the reverse stock split will reduce the number of outstanding ordinary shares of the Company from approximately 9.2 million shares to approximately 3.1 million shares, and the par value per share will increase from $0.008 to $0.024. All outstanding stock options, warrants and other rights to purchase the Company's ordinary shares will be adjusted proportionately as a result of the reverse stock split.

Equity Financing

On December 16, 2019, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with certain institutional investors for the sale by the Company of 1,200,000 pre-reverse split common shares, at a purchase price of $0.75 per share (pre-reverse split). Concurrently with the sale of the Common Shares, the Company also sold warrants to purchase 1,200,000 pre-reverse split common shares. The Company sold the Common Shares and Warrants for aggregate gross proceeds of $900,000 (the "Offering"). Subject to certain beneficial ownership limitations, the five-year Warrants will be initially exercisable on the six-month anniversary of the issuance date at an exercise price equal to $0.82 per share (pre-reverse split), subject to adjustments as provided under the terms of the Warrants, and will terminate on the five-year anniversary of the initial exercise date of the Warrants. The closing of the sales of these securities under the Purchase Agreement took place on December 18, 2019. The Company received net proceeds from the transactions of approximately $748,000, after deducting certain fees due to the placement agent and the Company's estimated transaction expenses. The net proceeds received by the Company from the transactions will be used for working capital and general corporate purposes.

Pursuant to the terms and provisions of the engagement letter between the Company and the Placement Agent, the Company agreed to pay the Placement Agent a cash placement fee equal to 8% of the gross proceeds of the Offering, or $72,000, plus other expenses of the Placement Agent not to exceed $45,000. The Placement Agent also received five-year warrants to purchase up to a number of common shares equal to 5% of the aggregate number of shares sold in the Offering, including the warrant shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrants, which such Compensation Warrants have substantially the same terms as the Warrants sold in the Offering, except that such Compensation Warrants have an exercise price of $0.9375 per share (pre-reverse split) and will terminate on the five year anniversary of the effective date of this offering.

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The total fair value of the warrants granted to investors and placement agent is RMB 5,250,000. The fair values of warrants granted were determined using a variation of the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model that takes into account factors specific to the share incentive plans, such as the vesting period. The following principal assumptions were used in the valuation:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Grant date |  | ​ | December 18, 2019 | ​
Share price at date of grant (pre-reverse split) |  | US$ | 0.68 | ​
Exercise price at date of grant (investors and placement agent, respectively) (pre-reverse split) |  | US$ | 0.82 & 0.9375 | ​
Volatility |  | ​ | 141 | %
Warrant life |  | ​ | 5 years | ​
Dividend yield |  | ​ | 0 | %
Risk-free interest rate |  | ​ | 1.74 | %
Average fair value at grant date |  | US$ | 0.598 | ​

​

On January 8, 2020, the Company executed a subscription agreement (each, a “Subscription Agreement”) in connection with a $500,000 private placement (the “Private Placement”) of its 666,666 pre-reverse stock split ordinary shares with three accredited investors at the price of $0.75 per share (pre-reverse stock split). The Company agreed to register the shares sold in the Private Placement for resale no later than 270 days after the closing of the Private Placement. There were no discounts or brokerage fees associated with this Offering. The net proceeds of the Private Placement will be used for working capital and general corporate purposes.

On May 22, 2020, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with certain institutional investors for the sale by the Company of 1,102,950 common shares (pre-reverse stock split), at a purchase price of $0.68 per share (pre-reverse stock split). Concurrently with the sale of the Common Shares, pursuant to the Purchase Agreement the Company also sold Warrants to purchase 1,102,950 Common Shares (pre-reverse stock split). The Company sold the Common Shares and Warrants for aggregate gross proceeds of $750,006. Subject to certain beneficial ownership limitations, the five-year Warrants will be initially exercisable on the six-month anniversary of the issuance date at an exercise price equal to $0.79 per share (pre-reverse stock split), and will terminate on the five-year anniversary of the initial exercise date of the Warrants. The closing of the sales of these securities under the Purchase Agreement will take place on May 27, 2020. The net proceeds from the transactions will be approximately $595,000, after deducting certain fees due to the placement agent and the Company’s estimated transaction expenses, and will be used for working capital and general corporate purposes.

The Placement Agent also received five-year Warrants to purchase up to a number of common shares equal to 5% of the aggregate number of shares sold in the offering, including the warrant shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrants, which such Compensation Warrants having substantially the same terms as the Warrants sold in the Offering, except that such Compensation Warrants have an exercise price of $0.85 per share (pre-reverse stock split) and will terminate on the five year anniversary of the effective date of this offering.

The total fair value of the Warrants granted to investors and the Placement Agent is RMB 3,552,000. The fair value of the Warrants granted were determined using a variation of the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model that takes into account factors specific to the share incentive plans, such as the vesting period. The following principal assumptions were used in the valuation:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Grant date (investors and placement agent, respectively) |  | ​ | May 27 and May 25, 2020 | ​
Share price at date of grant (investors and placement agent, respectively) (pre-reverse stock split) |  | US$ | 0.59 & 0.64 | ​
Exercise price at date of grant (investors and placement agent, respectively) (pre-reverse stock split) |  | US$ | 0.79 & 0.85 | ​
Volatility |  | ​ | 100 | %
Warrant life |  | ​ | 5 years | ​
Dividend yield |  | ​ | 0 | %
Risk-free interest rate |  | ​ | 0.34 | %
Average fair value at grant date |  | US$ | 0.416 | ​

​

On December 7, 2020, the Company executed subscription agreements with three individual accredited investors to offer and sell in a private placement 566,379 of the Company’s common shares at the per share price of $2.32 (which was the closing price for the Company’s common shares on December 4, 2020) for gross proceeds of approximately $1.3 million. The proceeds of the transaction will be used for working capital and general working purposes. There were no discounts or brokerage fees associated with this offering.

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On February 12, 2021, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with certain institutional investors for the sale of 588,235 common shares, at a purchase price of $3.57 per share. Concurrently with the sale of the Common Shares, pursuant to the Purchase Agreement the Company also sold warrants to purchase 588,235 common shares. The Company sold the Common Shares and Warrants for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately US$2.1 million, before commissions and expenses. The five-year Warrants will be immediately exercisable at an exercise price equal to $3.57 per share, and will terminate on the five-year anniversary of the initial exercise date of the Warrants. The net proceeds from the transactions will be approximately US$1.86 million, after deducting certain fees due to the placement agent and the Company’s estimated transaction expenses, and will be used for working capital and general corporate purposes.

In addition, the Placement Agent of this offering also received five-year warrants (the “Compensation Warrants”) to purchase up to a number of common shares equal to 5% of the aggregate number of shares sold in the Offering, including the warrant shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrants, which such Compensation Warrants have substantially the same terms as the Warrants sold in the Offering, except that such Compensation Warrants have an exercise price of $4.46 per share and will be exercisable six months from the effective date of this offering and will terminate on the five year anniversary of the effective date of this offering.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Grant date (investors and placement agent, respectively) |  | ​ | February 17, 2021 | ​
Share price at date of grant (investors and placement agent, respectively) |  | US$ | 4.45 | ​
Exercise price at date of grant (investors and placement agent, respectively) |  | US$ | 3.57 & 4.46 | ​
Volatility |  | ​ | 107 | %
Warrant life |  | ​ | 5 years | ​
Dividend yield |  | ​ | 0 | %
Risk-free interest rate |  | ​ | 0.57 | %
Average fair value at grant date |  | US$ | 3.54 | ​

​

On June 10, 2021, the Company commenced a registered direct offering of securities, and executed a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “SPA”) with three institutional accredited investors pursuant to which it sold 913,875 of the Company’s common shares at the per share price of $3.48 (which was priced in excess of the average of the five-day closing price for the Company’s common shares preceding execution of the SPA, which was $3.42). In a concurrent private placement, the Company sold to such investors warrants to purchase 913,875 common shares (the “Investor Warrants”). The Investor Warrants have an exercise price per share of $3.42, subject to adjustment, and have a term of five years. The transactions yielded gross proceeds to the Company of $3,180,285, before the payment of commissions and expenses.

In addition, the Company issued warrants (the “Placement Agent Warrants”) to the Placement Agent to purchase a number of common shares equal to 5.0% of the aggregate number of shares sold to the investors in this offering, as well as the warrant shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrants issued in the concurrent private placement, as additional placement agency compensation. The Placement Agent Warrants have substantially the same terms as the Investor Warrants, except that the Placement Agent Warrants will have an exercise price of $4.35.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Grant date (investors and placement agent, respectively) |  | ​ | June 14, 2021 | ​
Share price at date of grant (investors and placement agent, respectively) |  | US$ | 3.15 | ​
Exercise price at date of grant (investors and placement agent, respectively) |  | US$ | 3.42 & 4.35 | ​
Volatility |  | ​ | 115 | %
Warrant life |  | ​ | 5 years | ​
Dividend yield |  | ​ | 0 | %
Risk-free interest rate |  | ​ | 0.80 | %
Average fair value at grant date |  | US$ | 2.50 | ​

​

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Following is a summary of the warrant activity (post-reverse stock split) for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | Weighted
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Average
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Remaining
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Average | ​ | Contractual
​ | ​ | Number of | ​ | Exercise | ​ | Term in
​ | ​ | Warrants | ​ | Price | ​ | Years
Outstanding at January 1, 2020 |  | 576,479 | ​ | $ | 4.56 |  | 4.38
Exercisable at January 1, 2020 |  | 576,479 | ​ | $ | 4.56 |  | 4.38
Granted |  | 404,415 | ​ | ​ | 0.80 |  | 5.00
Exercised |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | —
Forfeited |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | —
Expired |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | —
Outstanding at December 31, 2020 |  | 980,894 | ​ | ​ | 1.21 |  | 3.85
Exercisable at December 31, 2020 |  | 980,894 | ​ | ​ | 1.21 |  | 3.85
Granted |  | 1,652,322 | ​ | ​ | 3.56 |  | 5.00
Exercised |  | 700,516 | ​ |  | 2.43 |  | —
Forfeited |  | — | ​ |  | — |  | —
Expired |  | 64,286 | ​ |  | 18.72 |  | —
Outstanding at December 31, 2021 |  | 1,868,414 | ​ | $ | 3.50 |  | 4.14
Exercisable at December 31, 2021 |  | 1,868,414 | ​ | $ | 3.50 |  | 4.14

​

During the year ended December 31, 2021, a total of 700,516 shares of warrants were exercised into 685,339 shares of the Company’s common stock (of which, 32,677 shares of warrants were exercised cashless into 17,500 common shares) for total proceeds of RMB 10,258,000.

Share-based Compensation

From January to December 31, 2019, the Company issued aggregate of 94,862 shares to its Chief Financial Officer as stock compensation expense. The fair value of 94,862 shares was RMB 627,000.

From January to December 31, 2020, the Company issued aggregate of 46,256 shares to its Chief Financial Officer as stock compensation expense. The fair value of 46,256 shares was RMB 587,000. From January to December 31, 2020, the Company issued aggregate of 36,201 shares to its Chief Executive Officer as stock compensation expense. The fair value of 36,201 shares was RMB 548,000.

From January to December 31, 2021, the Company issued aggregate of 33,269 shares to its Chief Financial Officer as stock compensation expense. The fair value of 33,269 shares was RMB 573,000. From January to December 31, 2021, the Company issued aggregate of 81,010 shares to its Chief Executive Officer as stock compensation expense. The fair value of 81,010 shares was RMB 1,262,000.

​

23. RESERVES

| (a) | Statutory reserve

In accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the PRC, the Company’s PRC subsidiaries are required to transfer 10% of its profit after taxation prepared in accordance with the accounting regulation of the PRC to the statutory reserve until the reserve balance reaches 50% of the respective registered capital. Such reserve may be used to offset accumulated losses or increase the registered capital of these subsidiaries, subject to the approval from the Board of Directors, and are not available for dividend distribution to the shareholders.

| (b) | Currency translation reserve

The reserve comprises all foreign exchange differences arising from the translation of the financial statements of foreign operations.

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| (c) | Merger reserve

The merger reserve of the Company represents the difference between the nominal value of the shares of the subsidiaries acquired in the Hengda Reorganization (Note 1) over the nominal value of the shares of the Company issued in exchange thereof.

| (d) | Share-based payment reserve

After the successful consummation of the reverse recapitalization, Mr. Wong Kung Tok, the former sole shareholder of Success Winner, allotted a total of 1,521,528 the Company's ordinary shares (pre-reverse stock split) to two financial advisors for their financial advisory services related to the recapitalization activities. The shared based payment reserve represents the fair value of these allotted shares measured based on the average market price over the service periods.

The share-based payment reserve also represents the equity-settled share options granted to employees (Note 24). The reserve is made up of the cumulative value of services received from employees recorded over the vesting period commencing from the grant date of equity-settled share options, and is reduced by the expiry or exercise of the share options.

The share-based payment reserve also represents the shares issued to its senior officers as stock compensation expense.

| (e) | Reverse recapitalization reserve

The reverse recapitalization reserve arises as a result of the method of accounting for the Success Winner Acquisition. In accordance with IFRS, the acquisition has been accounted for as a reverse recapitalization.

| (f) | Capital reverse

On July 31, 2014, Sound Treasure Limited, the Company’s largest shareholder and an affiliate of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, entered into a three party agreement (the “Novation”) with the financial institution that originated the foreign currency transaction agreements and the Company. Under the Novation, Sound Treasure Limited assumed these agreements and all assets (mainly deposits placed with the financial institution) and all existing and future liabilities arising under these agreements, and the Company was released from the liabilities arising under the foreign currency transaction agreements. As a result, after July 31, 2014, the Company is no longer required to fund any losses related to these agreements, and the Company will neither suffer any future liabilities arising under those agreements nor enjoy any benefit arising under those agreements.

At the time that each of the foreign currency transaction agreements was established with the financial institution, the Company was required to deposit monies with the financial institution. RMB 6.7 million of a total of RMB 15.6 million in deposits were funded on behalf of the Company by Wong Kung Tok (who is the brother-in-law of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer) at the request of the Chief Executive Officer, and were included in a total of RMB 40.2 million in loans owed by the Company to Wong Kung Tok as of July 9, 2014. In connection with the Novation discussed above, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Sound Treasure Limited and Wong Kung Tok entered into an agreement with the Company (the “Offset Agreement”) pursuant to which loans totaling RMB 20.7 million owed by the Company to Wong Kung Tok as of the date of the Offset Agreement were transferred to Sound Treasure Limited and then were forgiven by Sound Treasure Limited; and in return the Company agreed to forego any claim to RMB 15.6 million in deposits under the foreign currency transaction agreements which were transferred to Sound Treasure Limited pursuant to the Novation. As a result of these transactions, Sound Treasure Limited released the Company from liabilities aggregating RMB 76.8 million and the Company transferred ownership of RMB 15.6 million in deposits held at the financial institution from the Company to Sound Treasure Limited. Except as disclosed above, neither the Company’s Chief Executive Officer nor any affiliate of the Chief Executive Officer received any remuneration for agreeing to assume the foreign currency transaction agreements. The material terms of the Novation and the Sound Treasure Agreement were reviewed and approved by the Audit Committee of the Company. As a result of the Novation and the Offset Agreement, approximately RMB 76.8 million in liabilities on the Company’s books were extinguished in 2014 and the Capital Reserve account was increased by approximately RMB 61.3 million.

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24. SHARE-BASED EMPLOYEE REMUNERATION

| (a) | Employee share scheme

The Board of Directors duly adopted and approved the 2019 Equity Compensation Plan (“the 2019 Plan”) on December 20, 2019. The purpose of the 2019 Plan was to attract and retain outstanding individuals as Employees, Directors and Consultants of the Company and its Subsidiaries, to recognize the contributions made to the Company and its Subsidiaries by Employees, Directors and Consultants, and to provide such Employees, Directors and Consultants with additional incentive to expand and improve the profits and achieve the objectives of the Company and its Subsidiaries, by providing such Employees, Directors and Consultants with the opportunity to acquire or increase their proprietary interest in the Company through receipt of Awards.

The Board, in its sole discretion, shall determine the Employees, Consultants and Directors to whom, and the time or times at which Awards will be granted, the form and amount of each Award, the expiration date of each Award, the time or times within which the Awards may be exercised, the cancellation of the Awards and the other limitations, restrictions, terms and conditions applicable to the grant of the Awards. To the extent permitted by applicable law, regulation, and rules of a stock exchange on which the Ordinary Shares are listed or traded, the Board may delegate its authority to grant Awards to Employees or Consultants and to determine the terms and conditions thereof to its standing committee, e.g., Compensation Committee, as it may determine in its discretion, on such terms and conditions as it may impose.

The total number of shares that may be issued under the 2019 Plan was 333,333. Such shares may be either be authorized but unissued shares or treasury shares. In the event of any reorganization, recapitalization, share split, distribution, merger, consolidation, split-up, spin-off, combination, subdivision, consolidation or exchange of shares, any change in the capital structure of the Company or any similar corporate transaction, the Board shall make such adjustments as it deems appropriate, in its sole discretion, to preserve the benefits or intended benefits of the 2019 Plan and Awards granted under the 2019 Plan.

The number of shares issued to Employees, Directors and Consultants is the offer amount divided by the Fair Market Value, meaning (i) if the principal trading market for the Ordinary Shares is the NASDAQ Capital Market or another national securities exchange, the “closing transaction” price at which shares of Ordinary Shares are traded on such securities exchange on the relevant date or (if there were no trades on that date) the latest preceding date upon which a sale was reported, (ii) if the Ordinary Shares is not principally traded on a national securities exchange, but is quoted on the NASD OTC Bulletin Board (“OTCBB”) or the Pink Sheets, the last reported “closing transaction” price of Ordinary Shares on the relevant date, as reported by the OTCBB or Pink Sheets, or, if not so reported, as reported in a customary financial reporting service, as the Committee determines, or (iii) if the Ordinary Shares is not publicly traded or, if publicly traded, is not subject to reported closing transaction prices as set forth above, the Fair Market Value per share shall be as determined by the Board.

From January to December 31, 2019, the Company issued aggregate of 94,862 (pre-reverse split) shares to its Chief Financial Officer as stock compensation expense.

From January to December 31, 2020, the Company issued aggregate of 46,256 shares to its Chief Financial Officer as stock compensation expense, and issued aggregate of 36,201 shares to its Chief Executive Officer as stock compensation expense.

From January to December 31, 2021, the Company issued aggregate of 33,269 shares to its Chief Financial Officer as stock compensation expense, and issued aggregate of 81,010 shares to its Chief Executive Officer as stock compensation expense.

For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, employee remuneration expense (all of which related to equity-settled share-based payment transactions) of RMB 1,835,000, RMB 1,135,000 and RMB 626,000, respectively, has been included in profit or loss and credited to the share-based payment reserve.

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25. SIGNIFICANT RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

(a) Apart from those discussed elsewhere in these financial statements, the following are significant related party transactions entered into between the Company and its related parties at agreed rates:

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2020
​ | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000
Amounts owed to related parties |  | 36,348 |  | 36,348
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 36,348 |  | 36,348

​

Mr. Huang Jia Dong, the prior Chief Executive Officer and a prior director of the company, and Mr. Wong Kung Tok, formerly one of the Company’s significant shareholders, provide working capital loans to the Company from time to time during the normal course of its business. These loans amounted to RMB 35,057,000 and RMB 35,057,000 as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. These loans are interest free, unsecured and repayable on demand. Mr. Huang and Mr. Wong are brothers-in-law.

As of December 31, 2021, the Company had a loan of US$167,000 (equivalent to RMB 1,160,000) (2020: US$167,000 (equivalent to RMB 1,160,000)) payable to Sound Treasure Limited, an affiliate of Mr. Huang Jia Dong and a shareholder of the Company. This loan is interest free, unsecured and repayable on demand.

As of December 31, 2021, the Company had a loan of US $20,000 (equivalent to RMB 131,000) (2020: US$20,000 (equivalent to RMB131,000)) payable to Alex Ng Man Shek, a director and corporate secretary of the Company. This loan is interest free, unsecured and repayable on demand.

​

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company paid a total of RMB 8,840,000 in consultancy fees to Anhui Zhongjun Enterprise Management Co., Ltd. (“Anhui Zhongjun”); of the RMB 8,840,000 total consultancy fees, RMB 5,993,000 were expensed during the year. The remaining RMB 2,847,000 was recorded under prepayments under current assets as of December 31, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company received a total of RMB 1,460,000 from Anhui Zhongjun for the provision of business management services. The Company completed all performance obligations pertaining to the RMB 1,460,000 received and recognized revenue of RMB 1,378,000, net of PRC value-added tax of RMB 82,000. The director of Anhui Zhongjun, Zhang Yonghong is also a director of the Company's subsidiary, Chengdu Future Talented Management and Consulting Co., Ltd.

​

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company incurred a total of RMB 36,929,000 in cost of revenue to Lianjie (Hainan)Technology Co., Ltd. (“Lianjie”). The Company paid RMB 34,364,000 to Lianjie for the cost of revenue incurred. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had trade accounts payable of RMB 2,565,000 due to Lianjie. Lin Yufeng, a director of the Company’s subsidiary, Hainan KylinCloud Services Technology Co., Ltd., was a significant shareholder of Lianjie from September 22, 2021 until November 19, 2021.

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26. COMMITMENTS

(a) Operating lease commitments

The Company leases production factories, warehouses and employees’ hostel from unrelated parties under non-cancellable operating lease arrangements. The leases have varying terms and the total future minimum lease payments of the Company under non-cancellable operating leases are payable as follows:

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
​ | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000
Within one year |  | 13,404 |  | 13,431 |  | 5,793
After one year and within five years |  | 33,325 |  | 46,728 |  | —
​ |  | 46,729 |  | 60,159 |  | 5,793

​

The leases typically run for an initial period of three to five years, with an option to renew the lease when all terms are renegotiated. Lease payments are usually increased every five years to reflect market rentals. None of the leases includes contingent rentals.

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(b) Capital commitments

The Company’s capital expenditures consist of expenditures on property, plant and equipment and capital contribution. Capital expenditures contracted for at the balance sheet date but not recognized in the financial statements are as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
​ | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000
Contracted for capital commitment in respect of capital contribution to its wholly foreign owned subsidiary in the PRC: |  |  |  |  |  |
Chengdu Future | ​ | 30,000,000 | ​ | 30,000,000 | ​ | 30,000,000
Antelope Chengdu | ​ | 65,250,000 | ​ | 65,250,000 | ​ | —
Hainan Antelope Holding | ​ | 63,726,000 | ​ | — | ​ | —
Antelope Future (Yangpu) | ​ | 63,726,000 | ​ | — | ​ | —
Antelope Investment (Hainan) |  | 50,000,000 |  | — |  | —
Antelope Ruicheng Investment | ​ | 50,000,000 | ​ | — | ​ | —
Hainan Kylin Cloud Service Technology |  | 5,000,000 |  | — |  | —

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27. FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT

The Company’s overall financial risk management program seeks to minimize potential adverse effects of financial performance of the Company. Management has in place processes and procedures to monitor the Company’s risk exposures while balancing the costs associated with such monitoring and management against the costs of risk occurrence. The Company’s risk management policies are reviewed periodically for changes in market conditions and the Company’s operations.

The Company is exposed to financial risks arising from its operations and the use of financial instruments. The key financial risks included credit risk, liquidity risk, interest rate risk, foreign currency risk and market price risk.

Except as disclosed in (d), the Company does not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading purposes or to hedge against fluctuations, if any, in interest rates and foreign exchange rates.

| (a) | Credit risk

Credit risk refers to the risk that a counterparty will default on its contractual obligations resulting in financial loss to the Company. The Company’s exposure to credit risk arises primarily from bank balances and trade receivables. For trade receivables, the Company adopts the policy of dealing only with customers of appropriate credit history to mitigate credit risk. For other financial assets, the Company adopts the policy of dealing only with high credit quality counterparties.

As the Company does not hold any collateral, the maximum exposure to credit risk for each class of financial assets is the carrying amount of that class of financial assets presented on the consolidated statements of financial position.

Cash and bank balances

The Company’s bank deposits are placed with reputable banks in the PRC, Hong Kong and the United States, which management believes are of high credit quality. The Company performs periodic evaluations of the relative credit standing of these financial institutions.

Trade receivables

The Company’s objective is to seek continual growth while minimizing losses incurred due to increased credit risk exposure.

The Company’s exposure to credit risks is influenced mainly by the individual characteristics of each customer. The Company typically gives the existing customers credit terms of approximately 120 days to 150 days. In deciding whether credit shall be extended, the Company will take into consideration factors such as the relationship with the customer, its payment history and credit worthiness. In relation to new customers, the sales and marketing department will prepare credit proposals for approval by the Chief Executive Officer.

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The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers’ financial condition and requires no collateral from its customers. The provision for impairment loss for doubtful debts is based upon a review of the expected collectability of all trade and other receivables.

The Company’s concentration of credit risk by geographical location is wholly in the PRC as of December 31, 2021 and 2020. Further details of the Company’s concentration of credit risk are set out in Note 15.

| (b) | Liquidity risk

The Company’s policy is to regularly monitor current and expected liquidity requirements and its compliance with loan covenants to ensure that it maintains a sufficient amount of cash and adequate committed lines of funding from major financial institutions to meet its liquidity requirements in the short and longer term.

The following table details the Company’s remaining contractual maturities for its financial liabilities. The table has been drawn up based on undiscounted cash flows of financial liabilities based on the earliest date on which the Company can be required to pay. The table includes both interest and principal cash flows. To the extent that interest flows are at a floating rate, the undiscounted amount is calculated based on interest rate at the end of the reporting periods:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31, 2021
​ |  | ​ |  | More than 1 |  | Total contractual |  | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | year but less | ​ | undiscounted | ​ | Carrying
​ | ​ | Within 1 year | ​ | than 5 years | ​ | cash flow | ​ | amount
​ | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000
Trade payables |  | 6,290 |  | — |  | 6,290 |  | 6,290
Amounts owed to related parties |  | 36,348 |  | — |  | 36,348 |  | 36,348
Lease liabilities | ​ | 14,883 | ​ | 34,565 | ​ | 49,448 | ​ | 49,448
Total |  | 57,521 |  | 34,565 |  | 92,086 |  | 92,086

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31, 2020
​ |  | ​ |  | More than 1 |  | Total contractual |  | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | year but less | ​ | undiscounted | ​ | Carrying
​ | ​ | Within 1 year | ​ | than 5 years | ​ | cash flow | ​ | amount
​ | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000
Trade payables |  | 6,750 |  | — |  | 6,750 |  | 6,750
Amounts owed to related parties |  | 36,348 |  | — |  | 36,348 |  | 36,348
Lease liabilities |  | 15,478 |  | — |  | 49,469 |  | 64,947
Total |  | 58,576 |  | 49,469 |  | 108,045 |  | 108,045

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| (c) | Interest rate risk

Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of the Company’s financial instruments will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates.

The Company’s exposure to interest rate risk arises primarily from the Company’s interest-bearing bank deposits and borrowings.

The Company is exposed to fair value interest rate risk in relation to its fixed-rate bank borrowings. Bank borrowings subject to fixed interest rates are contractually repriced at intervals of 12 months. The Company currently does not have an interest rate hedging policy. However, the management monitors interest rate exposure and will consider other necessary actions when significant interest rate exposure is anticipated.

The Company is also exposed to cash flow interest rate risk related to bank balances and cash held at financial institutions carried at the prevailing market rates and variable-rate bank borrowings.

At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the company has paid off all its loan. Thus was no variable-rate risk.

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| (d) | Foreign currency risk

Currency risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate due to changes in foreign exchange rates. Currency risk arises when transactions are denominated in foreign currencies.

The Company is mainly exposed to foreign exchange risk arising from future commercial transactions, recognized assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the Company entities to which they relate. The Company’s operations are primarily conducted in the PRC. All the sales and purchases transactions are denominated in RMB. As such, the operations are not exposed to exchange rate fluctuation.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, nearly all of the Company’s monetary assets and monetary liabilities were denominated in RMB except certain bank balances (Note 17) were denominated in US dollars and HKD.

Sensitivity analysis

The Company’s foreign currency risk is mainly concentrated on the fluctuation of US$ and HK$. The following table details the Company’s sensitivity to a 4% increase and decrease in RMB against the relevant foreign currencies. The sensitivity analysis includes only outstanding foreign currency denominated monetary items and adjusts their translation at the years end for a 4% change. On this basis, if RMB strengthens against foreign currencies by 4%, the Company’s loss before taxation for the year would decrease by the following amount, and vice versa.

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
​ | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000
Loss before taxation |  | 895 |  | 421 |  | 414

​

The sensitivity analysis has been determined assuming that the change in foreign exchange rates had occurred at the end of the reporting period and had been applied to re-measure those financial instruments held by the Company which expose the Company to foreign currency risk at the end of the reporting period. The stated changes represent management’s assessment of reasonably possible changes in foreign exchange rates over the period until the end of next annual reporting period. The analysis is performed on the same basis for 2021, 2020 and 2019.

In management’s opinion, the sensitivity analysis is unrepresentative of the inherent foreign exchange risk as the year end exposure at the end of the reporting period does not reflect the exposure during the year.

| (e) | Fair value measurements

| (i) | Financial instruments carried at fair value

Fair value hierarchy

The following table presents the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments measured at the end of the reporting period on a recurring basis, categorized into the three-level fair value hierarchy as defined in IFRS 13 Fair value measurement. The level into which a fair value measurement is classified is determined with reference to the observability and significance of the inputs used in the valuation technique as follows:

| ● | Level 1: quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

| ● | Level 2: inputs other than quoted prices included within level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly (that is, as prices) or indirectly (that is, derived from prices)

| ● | Level 3: inputs for the assets or liability that are not based on observable market data (that is, unobservable inputs). The Company’s directors are responsible to determine the appropriate valuation techniques and inputs for fair value measurements.

There were no transfers between instrument levels during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

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As of December 31, 2021 and 2020 there were no other financial instruments measured on a recurring basis.

| (ii) | Financial assets and liabilities measured at other than fair value

The carrying amounts of the Company’s other financial instruments carried at cost or amortized cost approximate their fair values as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.

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28. CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

The Company’s objectives when managing capital are:

| (i) | To safeguard the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern and to be able to service its debts when they are due;

| (ii) | To maintain an optimal capital structure so as to maximize shareholder value; and

| (iii) | To maintain a strong credit rating and healthy capital ratios in order to support the Company’s stability and growth.

The Company actively and regularly reviews and manages its capital structure to ensure optimal shareholder returns, taking into consideration the future capital requirements of the Company and capital efficiency, prevailing and projected profitability, projected operating cash flows, projected capital expenditures and projected strategic investment opportunities. The Company manages its common shares and stock options as capital.

The Company is not subject to externally imposed capital requirements, except for, as disclosed in Note 23(a), the Company’s PRC subsidiaries are required by the Foreign Enterprise Law of the PRC to contribute to and maintain a non-distributable statutory reserve fund whose utilization is subject to approval by the Board of Directors. This externally imposed capital requirement has been complied with by the PRC subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019.

In order to maintain or adjust the capital structure, the Company may adjust the amount of dividends paid to shareholders, return capital to shareholders, increase share capital, obtain new borrowings or sell assets to reduce debt.

There were no changes in the Company’s overall approach to capital management during the report periods.

The capital structure of the Company consists of debts (which include borrowings, less cash and cash equivalents) and equity attributable to shareholders of the Company (comprising issued capital and reserves). The Company monitors capital on the basis of the debt to capital ratio, which is calculated as net debts divided by equity attributable to shareholders of the Company.

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31, |
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |
​ | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 |
Interest-bearing bank borrowings |  | — |  | — | ​
Amounts owed to related parties |  | 36,348 |  | 36,348 | ​
Total debts |  | 36,348 |  | 36,348 | ​
Less: Cash and cash equivalents (excluding restricted bank balances) |  | (27,880) |  | (12,344) | ​
Net debts |  | 8,548 |  | 24,004 | ​
Equity attributable to shareholders of the Company |  | 61,943 |  | 97,349 | ​
Gearing ratio |  | 13.8 | % | 24.7 | %

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29. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

The Company has evaluated all events that have occurred subsequent to December 31, 2021 through the date that the consolidated financial statements were issued. Management has concluded that there is no material subsequent event required disclosure in these financial statements.

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