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Note 11 - Income Taxes | 3 Months Ended | 12 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016
Notes to Financial Statements |  |
Income Tax Disclosure [Text Block] | 9. Income Taxes Because of our historically significant net operating losses, we have not paid income taxes since inception. We maintain deferred tax assets that reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. These deferred tax assets are comprised primarily of net operating loss carryforwards and also include amounts relating to nonqualified stock options and research and development credits. The net deferred tax asset has been fully offset by a valuation allowance because of the uncertainty of our future profitability and our ability to utilize the deferred tax assets. Utilization of operating losses and credits will be subject to substantial annual limitations due to ownership change provisions of Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. The annual limitation will result in the expiration of net operating losses and credits before utilization. | 11 . Income Taxes At December 31, 2016, we have a consolidated federal net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforward of approximately $69.5 million, available to offset against future taxable income which expires in varying amounts in 2019 through 2036. Additionally, we have approximately $892,000 in research and development (“R&D”) tax credits that expire in 2022 through 2036 unless utilized earlier. No income taxes have been paid to date. Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code contains provisions that may limit our utilization of our NOL and R&D tax credit carryforwards in any given year as a result of significant changes in ownership interests that have occurred in past periods or may occur in future periods. Deferred income taxes reflect the net effect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities included the following at December 31, 2016 and 2015:
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net operating loss carryforward |  | $ | 24,689,298 |  |  | $ | 23,822,431 |
Research and development tax credit carryforward |  |  | 892,231 |  |  |  | 893,797 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | 2,748,899 |  |  |  | 2,419,892 |
Depreciation |  |  | 1,331 |  |  |  | - |
Total deferred tax assets |  |  | 28,331,759 |  |  |  | 27,136,120 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation |  |  | - |  |  |  | (5,086 | )
Total deferred tax liabilities |  |  | - |  |  |  | (5,086 | )
Net deferred tax assets |  |  | 28,331,759 |  |  |  | 27,131,034 |
Valuation allowance |  |  | (28,331,759 | ) |  |  | (27,131,034 | )
|  | $ | -0- |  |  | $ | -0- |
We have established a full valuation allowance equal to the amount of our net deferred tax assets due to uncertainties with respect to our ability to generate sufficient taxable income to realize these assets in the future. A reconciliation of the income tax benefit on losses at the U.S. federal statutory rate to the reported income tax expense is as follows:
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |
U.S. federal statutory rate applied to pretax loss |  | $ | (1,112,378 | ) |  | $ | (936,936 | ) |  | $ | (906,830 | )
Permanent differences |  |  | 2,012 |  |  |  | 2,914 |  |  |  | 1,734 |
Research and development credits |  |  | 59,087 |  |  |  | 67,901 |  |  |  | 26,648 |
Change in valuation allowance |  |  | 1,051,279 |  |  |  | 866,121 |  |  |  | 878,448 |
Reported income tax expense |  | $ | -0- |  |  | $ | -0- |  |  | $ | -0- |

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- Definition The entire disclosure for income taxes. Disclosures may include net deferred tax liability or asset recognized in an enterprise's statement of financial position, net change during the year in the total valuation allowance, approximate tax effect of each type of temporary difference and carryforward that gives rise to a significant portion of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, utilization of a tax carryback, and tax uncertainties information. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 740 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2144680 + Details
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