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Note 11 - Income Taxes - Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) | Dec. 31, 2016 | Dec. 31, 2015
--- | --- | ---
Deferred tax assets: |  |
Net operating loss carryforward | $ 24,689,298 | $ 23,822,431
Research and development tax credit carryforward | 892,231 | 893,797
Stock-based compensation expense | 2,748,899 | 2,419,892
Depreciation | 1,331 |
Total deferred tax assets | 28,331,759 | 27,136,120
Deferred tax liabilities |  |
Depreciation |  | (5,086)
Total deferred tax liabilities |  | (5,086)
Net deferred tax assets | 28,331,759 | 27,131,034
Valuation allowance | (28,331,759) | (27,131,034)
| $ 0 | $ 0

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